Article(id=1315372092435055300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1315372022658613552, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1737561600000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-23, revisedDate=1752422400000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1791538745267, onlineDateStr=2026-10-09, pubDate=1773504000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791538745267, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791538745267, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791538745267, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315372022658613552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, year='2026', volume='44', issue='3', pageStart='449', pageEnd='672', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773504000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791538728624, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791538856865, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315372560565523080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1315372022658613552, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315372560569717385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1315372022658613552, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=514, endPage=528, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315372092791571141, articleId=1315372092435055300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=EN, title=The knowledge enhancement mechanism of innovation consortium for breaking through the key core technology in the context of complex product systems, columnId=1309226307540574209, journalTitle=Studies in Science of Science, columnName=Theories and Methods, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Under the background of major power competition, complex product systems represented by national heavy equipment are the focus of global technological competition. Breakthroughs in key core technologies face dual challenges across multiple technological levels and fields. It’s very important to enhance the overall efficiency of indigenous innovation. The existing research has identified the dual barriers in complex product systems innovation, including horizontal integration and vertical collaborative iteration. Case studies of indigenous innovation in complex product systems such as pressurized reactor, heavy-duty gas turbines, and tunnel boring machines reveal that knowledge interaction among innovation actors is the fundamental driving force to overcome above barriers. However, existing research still has several gaps. First, several scholars argue that new knowledge is a critical driver for technological breakthroughs. However, the mechanisms by which new knowledge emerges during the process of breaking through key core technologies remain unclear. Second, existing research tends to regard the innovation consortium as homogeneous entities that uniformly pursue a strategic mission of technological catch-up and indigenous innovation. In reality, the technological bottlenecks faced by different innovation consortia vary significantly in both level and type. This calls for a more nuanced and categorized analysis of the internal mechanisms through which consortia achieve breakthroughs in complex product systems. Third, the emergence of new knowledge results from the joint influence of multiple factors. It is necessary to identify the key influencing factors that shape the evolution of new knowledge during the technological breakthrough process.

In response to above research gaps, we try to do a systematic analysis of the knowledge enhancement mechanisms through which the innovation consortium achieve breakthroughs in key core technologies of complex product systems. First, innovation consortia are classified into four distinct types according to their technological breakthrough objectives and knowledge interaction strategies. Second, the model of knowledge interaction is constructed using the Lotka-Volterra framework to uncover the heterogeneous mechanisms of knowledge enhancement across different types of innovation consortia. Finally, simulation analysis is conducted to examine the influence of key factors on knowledge enhancement outcomes. The results of numerical simulations indicate that both mutually beneficial and partially beneficial symbiotic relationships among innovation agents significantly improve the effect of knowledge enhancement. Only temporary and low-level knowledge enhancement can be achieved under the independent symbiotic relationship. Moreover, the architect’s capability for knowledge orchestration is positively correlated with the effectiveness of knowledge enhancement. Even in the context of an independent symbiotic relationship among members, strong knowledge orchestration efforts by the architect can effectively stimulate knowledge interaction dynamics. In addition, the architect's knowledge breadth is also positively associated with the level of knowledge enhancement. Although extensive knowledge interaction may slow down the speed of enhancement, it ultimately results in a higher overall level of knowledge enhancement.

In this study, several theoretical and practical contributions are proposed. First, it echoes scholarly discussions on collaborative innovation in complex product systems and proposes knowledge enhancement as the intrinsic driving force behind breakthroughs in key core technologies. In doing so, it advances the mechanism research of innovation consortia from a new perspective, offering a more fundamental understanding of how such breakthroughs occur. Second, based on prior research, this study categorizes the differentiated mechanisms of knowledge enhancement within innovation consortia. It moves beyond the conventional view of consortia as homogeneous entities with unified goals. This new perspective broadens the conceptualization of innovation consortia and deepens our understanding of their heterogeneous dynamics. Furthermore, regarding to practical implications, several recommendations are proposed for policy makers and practitioners. First, it is important to promote the establishment of innovation consortia led by enterprises. Giving full play to the role of enterprises as the principal agents of technological innovation, and fostering enterprise-led consortia, can effectively promote the deep integration between scientific innovation and industrial innovation. Second, in light of the characteristics of complex product systems, it is important to build differentiated types of innovation consortia. On the one hand, coordination among upstream and downstream innovation actors should be supported. On the other hand, participation should also be encouraged among actors operating in the same segment of the value chain, even if potential competitive relationships exist. Third, innovation actors should align their strategies with their positions in the industrial chain and resource endowments. Both vertical collaboration and horizontal integration can be used to form innovation consortia that are well-matched to specific technological breakthrough goals and pathways. Internal relationships within innovation consortia should be effectively managed by improving value distribution mechanisms, strengthening trust-based governance, and stimulating partners’ willingness to share knowledge. These efforts are essential for enhancing knowledge sharing and co-creation efficiency within the consortium.

, authors=Zeng-yuan WU1, 2, Hang-yu YANG1, Ze-lin WANG1, Le-ping ZHANG3, authorsList=Zeng-yuan WU, Hang-yu YANG, Ze-lin WANG, Le-ping ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hang-yu YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315372096709051102, articleId=1315372092435055300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=CN, title=创新联合体突破关键核心技术的知识增强机制——基于复杂产品系统情境, columnId=1309226307683180547, journalTitle=科学学研究, columnName=理论与方法, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

大国博弈背景下以大国重器为代表的复杂产品系统是全球科技竞争的焦点。复杂产品系统关键核心技术突破面临多技术层级和多技术领域的双重挑战,提升我国复杂产品系统自主创新的整体效能至关重要。本研究运用Lotka - Volterra生态演化模型探究新知识的演化过程,剖析创新联合体突破复杂产品系统关键核心技术的知识增强机制。研究发现:(1)创新联合体的技术突破目标和知识交互策略不同,其知识增强机制存在显著差异;(2)创新联合体中架构者-成员关系、架构者知识编排能力、架构者-架构者关系、架构者知识广度是影响知识增强效果进而驱动复杂产品系统关键核心技术突破的关键因素;(3)创新主体间的互利共生和偏利共生关系显著提升知识增强效果,架构者知识编排能力和架构者知识广度分别与知识增强效果显著正相关。上述发现有助于深化对创新联合体协同攻关内在机制的理解,为加快复杂产品系统关键核心技术突破提供政策参考与实践指引。

, authors=吴增源1, 2, 杨航宇1, 王泽林1, 张乐萍3, authorsList=吴增源, 杨航宇, 王泽林, 张乐萍, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=杨航宇, authorNote=

吴增源(1979-),男,教授,博士。

王泽林(1992-),女,讲师,博士。

张乐萍(1981-),女,副研究员。

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杨航宇(2001-),女,硕士研究生, E-mail:。
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吴增源(1979-),男,教授,博士。

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吴增源(1979-),男,教授,博士。

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王泽林(1992-),女,讲师,博士。

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王泽林(1992-),女,讲师,博士。

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张乐萍(1981-),女,副研究员。

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张乐萍(1981-),女,副研究员。

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Chinese Journal of Management Science, 2021, 29(4): 202-212., articleTitle=Ecological evolution analysis of the emerging collective wisdomin open innovation communities from the perspective of knowledge openness, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1315372103222805281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372092435055300, awardId=24BGL008, language=CN, fundingSource=国家社会科学基金一般项目(24BGL008), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1315372096990069471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372092435055300, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315372096998458080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372092435055300, companyId=1315372096990069471, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 College of Management Science and Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China), 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caption=不同架构者知识编排能力下的知识增强曲线, figureFileSmall=Qtp+rN3ZUVh+2xox00QflA==, figureFileBig=llG9CkmkmPfE+8+nT7DiuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315372102610436889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372092435055300, language=EN, label=Figure 11, caption=Knowledge enhancement curves under different architect-architect relationships, figureFileSmall=QKQl0/WGssS9rNfOwouA0g==, figureFileBig=UJsRmZnLl7bvsljGDrB3ZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315372102706905882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372092435055300, language=CN, label=图11, caption=不同架构者-架构者关系下的知识增强曲线, figureFileSmall=QKQl0/WGssS9rNfOwouA0g==, figureFileBig=UJsRmZnLl7bvsljGDrB3ZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315372102769820443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372092435055300, language=EN, label=Figure 12, caption=Knowledge enhancement curves under different architect’s knowledge breadths, figureFileSmall=eh3VEuRZfhB3cV3nlNtZWw==, figureFileBig=cOm41jQNlRmXx0ec4K+DWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315372102845317916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372092435055300, language=CN, label=图12, caption=不同架构者知识广度下的知识增强曲线, figureFileSmall=eh3VEuRZfhB3cV3nlNtZWw==, figureFileBig=cOm41jQNlRmXx0ec4K+DWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315372102904038173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372092435055300, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Symbiotic relationship mode

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
关系模式 独立共生 竞争共生 偏利共生 寄生共生 互利共生
共生作用系数 μ12 = 0
μ21 = 0
μ12 < 0
μ21 < 0
μ12 = 0,μ21 > 0
或
μ12 > 0,μ21 = 0
μ12 < 0,μ21 > 0
或
μ12 > 0,μ21 < 0
μ12 > 0
μ21 > 0
), ArticleFig(id=1315372102979535646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372092435055300, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

共生关系模式

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
关系模式 独立共生 竞争共生 偏利共生 寄生共生 互利共生
共生作用系数 μ12 = 0
μ21 = 0
μ12 < 0
μ21 < 0
μ12 = 0,μ21 > 0
或
μ12 > 0,μ21 = 0
μ12 < 0,μ21 > 0
或
μ12 > 0,μ21 < 0
μ12 > 0
μ21 > 0
), ArticleFig(id=1315372103050838815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372092435055300, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of knowledge enhancement mechanisms in innovation consortia

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
创新联合体类型 知识交互策略 知识增强途径 知识增强结果 关键影响因素 模型关键参数 理想状态
架构者 成员
V - F型 引导探索 探索领域知识 深耕探索 领域知识
纵深增强
架构者-成员关系 知识吸收能力 互利共生
H - F型 整合调配 领域知识
交叉增强
架构者知识编排能力 知识吸收水平 知识编排能力强
V - I型 合作交互 反哺架构知识 融合补缺 架构知识
耦合增强
架构者-架构者关系 知识吸收能力 互利共生
H - I型 聚合重组 架构知识
裂变增强
架构者知识广度 追随成员数量 知识广度大
), ArticleFig(id=1315372103122141984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372092435055300, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

创新联合体知识增强机制

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
创新联合体类型 知识交互策略 知识增强途径 知识增强结果 关键影响因素 模型关键参数 理想状态
架构者 成员
V - F型 引导探索 探索领域知识 深耕探索 领域知识
纵深增强
架构者-成员关系 知识吸收能力 互利共生
H - F型 整合调配 领域知识
交叉增强
架构者知识编排能力 知识吸收水平 知识编排能力强
V - I型 合作交互 反哺架构知识 融合补缺 架构知识
耦合增强
架构者-架构者关系 知识吸收能力 互利共生
H - I型 聚合重组 架构知识
裂变增强
架构者知识广度 追随成员数量 知识广度大
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创新联合体突破关键核心技术的知识增强机制——基于复杂产品系统情境
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吴增源 1, 2 , 杨航宇 1 , 王泽林 1 , 张乐萍 3
科学学研究 | 理论与方法 2026,44(3): 514-528
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科学学研究 |理论与方法 2026 , 44 (3) : 514 -528
创新联合体突破关键核心技术的知识增强机制——基于复杂产品系统情境
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吴增源(1979-),男,教授,博士。

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张乐萍(1981-),女,副研究员。

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吴增源1, 2, 杨航宇1 , 王泽林1, 张乐萍3
作者信息
  • 1 中国计量大学管理科学与工程学院, 浙江杭州 310018
  • 2 中国计量大学“一带一路”区域标准化研究中心, 浙江杭州 310018
  • 3 浙江省科技项目管理服务中心, 浙江杭州 310006
通讯作者:
杨航宇(2001-),女,硕士研究生, E-mail:。
作者简介:

吴增源(1979-),男,教授,博士。

王泽林(1992-),女,讲师,博士。

张乐萍(1981-),女,副研究员。

The knowledge enhancement mechanism of innovation consortium for breaking through the key core technology in the context of complex product systems
Zeng-yuan WU1, 2, Hang-yu YANG1 , Ze-lin WANG1, Le-ping ZHANG3
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Management Science and Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
  • 2 "The Belt and Road" Regional Standardization Research Center, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
  • 3 Science and Technology Project Management Service Center of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310006, China
出版时间: 2026-03-15
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大国博弈背景下以大国重器为代表的复杂产品系统是全球科技竞争的焦点。复杂产品系统关键核心技术突破面临多技术层级和多技术领域的双重挑战,提升我国复杂产品系统自主创新的整体效能至关重要。本研究运用Lotka - Volterra生态演化模型探究新知识的演化过程,剖析创新联合体突破复杂产品系统关键核心技术的知识增强机制。研究发现:(1)创新联合体的技术突破目标和知识交互策略不同,其知识增强机制存在显著差异;(2)创新联合体中架构者-成员关系、架构者知识编排能力、架构者-架构者关系、架构者知识广度是影响知识增强效果进而驱动复杂产品系统关键核心技术突破的关键因素;(3)创新主体间的互利共生和偏利共生关系显著提升知识增强效果,架构者知识编排能力和架构者知识广度分别与知识增强效果显著正相关。上述发现有助于深化对创新联合体协同攻关内在机制的理解,为加快复杂产品系统关键核心技术突破提供政策参考与实践指引。

复杂产品系统  /  关键核心技术  /  创新联合体  /  知识增强

Under the background of major power competition, complex product systems represented by national heavy equipment are the focus of global technological competition. Breakthroughs in key core technologies face dual challenges across multiple technological levels and fields. It’s very important to enhance the overall efficiency of indigenous innovation. The existing research has identified the dual barriers in complex product systems innovation, including horizontal integration and vertical collaborative iteration. Case studies of indigenous innovation in complex product systems such as pressurized reactor, heavy-duty gas turbines, and tunnel boring machines reveal that knowledge interaction among innovation actors is the fundamental driving force to overcome above barriers. However, existing research still has several gaps. First, several scholars argue that new knowledge is a critical driver for technological breakthroughs. However, the mechanisms by which new knowledge emerges during the process of breaking through key core technologies remain unclear. Second, existing research tends to regard the innovation consortium as homogeneous entities that uniformly pursue a strategic mission of technological catch-up and indigenous innovation. In reality, the technological bottlenecks faced by different innovation consortia vary significantly in both level and type. This calls for a more nuanced and categorized analysis of the internal mechanisms through which consortia achieve breakthroughs in complex product systems. Third, the emergence of new knowledge results from the joint influence of multiple factors. It is necessary to identify the key influencing factors that shape the evolution of new knowledge during the technological breakthrough process.

In response to above research gaps, we try to do a systematic analysis of the knowledge enhancement mechanisms through which the innovation consortium achieve breakthroughs in key core technologies of complex product systems. First, innovation consortia are classified into four distinct types according to their technological breakthrough objectives and knowledge interaction strategies. Second, the model of knowledge interaction is constructed using the Lotka-Volterra framework to uncover the heterogeneous mechanisms of knowledge enhancement across different types of innovation consortia. Finally, simulation analysis is conducted to examine the influence of key factors on knowledge enhancement outcomes. The results of numerical simulations indicate that both mutually beneficial and partially beneficial symbiotic relationships among innovation agents significantly improve the effect of knowledge enhancement. Only temporary and low-level knowledge enhancement can be achieved under the independent symbiotic relationship. Moreover, the architect’s capability for knowledge orchestration is positively correlated with the effectiveness of knowledge enhancement. Even in the context of an independent symbiotic relationship among members, strong knowledge orchestration efforts by the architect can effectively stimulate knowledge interaction dynamics. In addition, the architect's knowledge breadth is also positively associated with the level of knowledge enhancement. Although extensive knowledge interaction may slow down the speed of enhancement, it ultimately results in a higher overall level of knowledge enhancement.

In this study, several theoretical and practical contributions are proposed. First, it echoes scholarly discussions on collaborative innovation in complex product systems and proposes knowledge enhancement as the intrinsic driving force behind breakthroughs in key core technologies. In doing so, it advances the mechanism research of innovation consortia from a new perspective, offering a more fundamental understanding of how such breakthroughs occur. Second, based on prior research, this study categorizes the differentiated mechanisms of knowledge enhancement within innovation consortia. It moves beyond the conventional view of consortia as homogeneous entities with unified goals. This new perspective broadens the conceptualization of innovation consortia and deepens our understanding of their heterogeneous dynamics. Furthermore, regarding to practical implications, several recommendations are proposed for policy makers and practitioners. First, it is important to promote the establishment of innovation consortia led by enterprises. Giving full play to the role of enterprises as the principal agents of technological innovation, and fostering enterprise-led consortia, can effectively promote the deep integration between scientific innovation and industrial innovation. Second, in light of the characteristics of complex product systems, it is important to build differentiated types of innovation consortia. On the one hand, coordination among upstream and downstream innovation actors should be supported. On the other hand, participation should also be encouraged among actors operating in the same segment of the value chain, even if potential competitive relationships exist. Third, innovation actors should align their strategies with their positions in the industrial chain and resource endowments. Both vertical collaboration and horizontal integration can be used to form innovation consortia that are well-matched to specific technological breakthrough goals and pathways. Internal relationships within innovation consortia should be effectively managed by improving value distribution mechanisms, strengthening trust-based governance, and stimulating partners’ willingness to share knowledge. These efforts are essential for enhancing knowledge sharing and co-creation efficiency within the consortium.

complex product systems  /  key core technology  /  innovation consortium  /  knowledge enhancement
吴增源, 杨航宇, 王泽林, 张乐萍. 创新联合体突破关键核心技术的知识增强机制——基于复杂产品系统情境. 科学学研究, 2026 , 44 (3) : 514 -528 .
Zeng-yuan WU, Hang-yu YANG, Ze-lin WANG, Le-ping ZHANG. The knowledge enhancement mechanism of innovation consortium for breaking through the key core technology in the context of complex product systems[J]. Studies in Science of Science, 2026 , 44 (3) : 514 -528 .
关键核心技术是高水平科技自立自强的根基,对保障国家安全、提升国际竞争力至关重要。近年来,我国在载人航天、深地探测、超级计算等领域取得了一系列重大关键核心技术突破。然而,在航空发动机、高端数控机床、能源生产装备等复杂产品系统领域,关键核心技术仍受制于人,自主创新能力较弱[1]。复杂产品系统的攻关过程涵盖子系统突破、硬件与软件兼容、架构方式创新多个维度[2],具有极高的技术壁垒。结构复杂性、技术复杂性、管理复杂性等特征[3]决定了复杂产品系统关键核心技术突破并非单个技术的攻关而是多个技术群的自主可控。因此,创新主体突破复杂产品系统关键核心技术,更需要关注跨学科技术体系以及异质知识的融通创新。探明提升复杂产品系统协同创新的内在机制,提升复杂产品系统创新的整体效能成为亟待研究的重要议题。
现有研究表明复杂产品系统关键核心技术突破主要面临横向联合集成和纵向协作迭代的双重阻力,通过对压水堆核电、重型燃气轮机和盾构机等复杂产品系统自主创新的案例分析,发现创新主体的知识交互是破除上述阻力的根源动力。然而既有研究仍存在不足:第一,知识要素潜藏在既有研究的核心脉络中,新知识是技术突破的重要动力,但关键核心技术突破过程中新知识的涌现机制尚不清晰[4]。第二,现有研究将创新联合体视作具有技术追赶、自主创新共同战略使命的同质化主体,然而创新联合体面临的技术突破瓶颈在层级和类型上存在显著差异[5],需要分类讨论创新联合体突破复杂产品系统关键核心技术的内在机制。第三,新知识的涌现是诸多因素共同作用的结果[6,7],需要识别出技术突破过程中新知识演化的关键影响因素。
针对上述缺口,本文立足于重大领域科技创新的战略需求,对创新联合体突破复杂产品系统关键核心技术的知识增强机制进行系统性分析。首先,依据技术突破目标和知识交互策略将创新联合体分为四类。其次,使用Lotka - Volterra模型对知识交互过程建模,剖析不同创新联合体的差异化知识增强机制。最后,仿真分析关键因素对知识增强的影响。本文从理论层面阐明创新联合体突破复杂产品系统关键核心技术的知识增强机制,为复杂产品系统创新实践提供借鉴。
复杂产品系统的概念最早由Hobday[8]提出,通常指研发投入大、技术含量高、研发周期长、知识嵌入程度高的单件或小批量定制化生产的大型产品、系统或基础设施。近年来,高速列车等领域关键核心技术持续突破的实践经验提供了具有中国情境的多样事实,可归纳出复杂产品系统技术群协同突破面临的双重阻力:一方面,一项子系统技术可分解为多层级的子技术分支,任一技术的改进都需要上下游关联技术协作迭代[9],难以探寻子系统特定功能的“局部最优解”;另一方面,子系统之间、技术分支之间集成的技术逻辑存在差异[10],难以探寻系统整体功能的“全局最优解”。突破复杂产品系统关键核心技术,既需要重视决定子系统特定功能执行效率的功能性技术,也需要关注决定系统整体功能特性的集成性技术[11]。
从根本上看,复杂科学新知识是关键核心技术突破的源头和基础[6,12],复杂产品系统关键核心技术涉及大量异质知识,须通过创新主体间有效的知识交互实现突破。现有文献从制度理论[13]、追赶策略[14]和追赶路径[15]等多个视角对复杂产品系统创新展开研究,创新主体的知识交互及治理是不同研究视角共同的关注点之一。“华龙一号”的关键核心技术突破经验表明,核心企业协调与外部供应商的竞合关系时,应注重知识交互的柔性治理[16]。主导G50重型燃气轮机攻关的焦点企业面临外部资源可用性低的困境时,通过促进知识扩散跨越组织边界积累原始创新资源[17]。盾构机成功赶超的历程凸显出核心企业主导创新联合体整合跨学科知识、持续积累新知识的关键作用[18]。可见,复杂产品系统内部各技术层级和技术领域的集成商、组件供应商、零部件供应商等创新主体的知识交互行为能够提升技术突破的几率[19]。创新主体通过知识融合形成新知识、对原有知识建立新的链接关系、使新旧知识再结合的过程即为知识增强。
功能性技术和集成性技术的突破需要跨层级的领域知识和跨领域的架构知识[20]。然而,复杂产品系统的技术层级和技术领域之间呈耦合嵌套的复杂状态,而且单个创新主体难以兼具两类知识,因此创新主体间的知识协同是实现复杂产品系统知识增强的关键[21]。创新联合体是突破关键核心技术、破解协同创新瓶颈、强化国家创新体系效能的重要组织模式[5],为异质知识在创新主体之间转移、共享、迭代提供高效载体,能充分激发跨层级跨领域的新知识涌现[4]。因此,复杂产品系统关键核心技术突破本质上是领域知识与架构知识在创新联合体中协同共演,以知识增强驱动技术创新的过程。本文将创新主体间的知识交互过程抽象为数理模型,探寻隐藏在复杂现象背后的多主体知识交互规律,总结出不同类别创新联合体突破关键核心技术的知识增强机制,丰富复杂产品系统创新研究。
依据现有文献和协同创新案例,对复杂产品系统协同创新体系做三点考虑。首先,复杂产品系统中涉及功能性和集成性两种关键核心技术。功能性关键核心技术突破更依赖领域知识,集成性关键核心技术突破更依赖架构知识。任一技术的突破都需要领域知识和架构知识的双重驱动,技术层级越低则越需要充足的领域知识驱动突破,技术层级越高则对架构知识的要求更高[9]。其次,存在纵向和横向两种形态的创新联合体。纵向创新联合体侧重疏通技术层级间的知识交互渠道,横向创新联合体侧重融通技术领域间的知识交互壁垒。再次,每个创新联合体中活跃着架构者和成员两类创新主体。架构者可能调用现有架构知识引导成员开展领域知识探索,也可能与其他架构者交互架构知识以更新知识储备,其知识交互策略集合为{引导探索,合作交互};成员可能以领域知识反哺架构知识,也可能专注探索领域知识,其知识交互策略集合为{反哺架构知识,探索领域知识}。
分析复杂产品系统协同创新的实践案例,依据知识交互策略和技术突破目标的不同,可将创新联合体分为四类(见图1)。
(1)纵向协作突破功能性技术的创新联合体
突破较低层级零部件的功能性关键核心技术需要专业性强且深入的领域知识驱动。纵向协作突破功能性技术创新联合体(Vertical Innovation Consortium for Functional Technology,简称V-F型创新联合体)的架构者引导成员探索技术领域,增强领域知识解决技术痛点。例如,为使CRH2G型动车组适应恶劣气候特征,转向架供应商作为架构者牵头组织轴承供应商等成员深耕领域知识,提升零部件性能。V-F型创新联合体的知识交互过程如图2(a)所示。
(2)横向联合突破功能性技术的创新联合体
突破中等层级部件和组件的功能性关键核心技术需要交叉性强且前沿的领域知识驱动。横向联合突破功能性技术创新联合体(Horizontal Innovation Consortium for Functional Technology,简称H-F型创新联合体)的架构者整合互补的领域知识再重新调配给成员,缓和成员之间由于价值竞争形成的知识交互阻力,增强领域知识推进技术迭代。例如,中集海工承担“第七代超深水钻井平台(船)创新专项”,协调20余个成员的领域优势,钻研各组件的新技术,推动多个部件的“首台套”设备交付应用。H-F型创新联合体的知识交互过程如图2(b)所示。
(3)纵向协作突破集成性技术的创新联合体
突破中等层级部件和组件的集成性关键核心技术需要融合性强且异质的架构知识驱动。纵向协作突破集成性技术创新联合体(Vertical Innovation Consortium for Integrated Technology,简称V-I型创新联合体)的架构者寻求异质创新主体的帮助,通过架构知识的精密耦合补缺现有知识,增强架构知识突破技术瓶颈。例如,东方电气集团东方汽轮机有限公司与西安交通大学以我国第一个燃气轮机国家973计划项目为契机组建创新联合体,融合纯粹理性知识和实践理性知识,协作实现多项性能突破。V-I型创新联合体的知识交互过程如图2(c)所示。
(4)横向联合突破集成性技术的创新联合体
突破较高层级系统的集成性关键核心技术需要颠覆性强且广泛的架构知识驱动。横向联合突破集成性技术创新联合体(Horizontal Innovation Consortium for Integrated Technology,简称H-I型创新联合体)由两个集成商牵头,解构架构知识并进行广泛的知识交互,再通过知识重组促进架构知识的平移式应用与迁移式创新,增强架构知识更新技术范式。例如,中核集团与中广核集团将ACP1000与ACRP1000+的知识模块聚合重组,联合研发出具有完全自主知识产权的三代压水堆核电“华龙一号”。H-I型创新联合体的知识交互过程如图2(d)所示。
本文所研究的问题是:在复杂产品系统协同创新体系中,不同创新联合体的知识增强机制有何差异?影响创新联合体知识增强的关键因素有哪些?
Lotka - Volterra模型[22]是Logistic模型的扩展。最初用来描述生物种群间的竞合关系,后来被学者推广应用到创新管理领域,研究开放式创新社区中的集体智慧涌现机制[23]、产业技术创新联盟中的知识交互关系[7]。知识增强是多主体共同合作的结果,其过程具有复杂的非线性特征,这与Lotka - Volterra模型的原理高度吻合。因此,本文使用Lotka - Volterra模型研究创新联合体突破复杂产品系统关键核心技术的知识增强机制。
以一个创新联合体中两个创新主体的知识交互为例,Lotka - Volterra模型的一般形式可以表示为:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\frac{\Delta {x}_{1}}{{x}_{1}}={r}_{1}\left(1-\frac{{x}_{1}}{{S}_{1}}+{\mu }_{12}\frac{{x}_{2}}{{S}_{2}}\right)\\ \frac{\Delta {x}_{2}}{{x}_{2}}={r}_{2}\left(1-\frac{{x}_{2}}{{S}_{2}}+{\mu }_{21}\frac{{x}_{1}}{{S}_{1}}\right)\end{array}\right.$
x1和x2表示创新主体在t时刻的初始知识状态;r1和r2表示知识自然增长率;μ12和μ21表示共生作用系数;S1和S2表示最大知识承载量。共生作用系数的值对应的主体间关系模式如表1。
XA、XB表示创新联合体架构者,存量知识以架构知识为主;Xi(i = 1,2,...,n)表示创新联合体成员,存量知识以领域知识为主;
Ci表示主体Xi在不受其他主体影响下的最大知识容量;
xi表示主体Xi在t时刻的初始知识存量;
Δxi表示主体Xi在t时刻的知识存量变化;
αij表示主体Xj对主体Xi的知识开放度(0 < αij < 1),能反映出主体之间的共生关系模式;
ri表示不受外界影响的自然条件下,主体Xi的知识自然增长率;
εA描述架构者的知识开放对其他主体知识增强的作用;
δj描述Xj的知识开放对其他主体知识增强的作用;
γ为知识吸收水平(0 < γ < 1),用于刻画跨层级、跨领域知识交互路径上的噪声对知识吸收比率的影响。
对创新联合体突破复杂产品系统关键核心技术的知识增强过程做如下假设:
(1)主体Xi知识增强受创新联合体内其他主体的影响。以成员为例,其知识增强既受到架构者的促进(用参数εA表示),又受到其他成员的补充(用参数δj表示)。令${\epsilon }_{A}={\alpha }_{1A}\frac{{x}_{A}}{{C}_{A}(1+{\alpha }_{A1})}$,架构者对成员的作用程度受架构者知识开放度α1A的影响,α1A越大,架构者的正向作用越明显。δj同理。
(2)知识密度的增长速度因交互迭代而减缓。依据Lotka - Volterra模型生态学特性,知识增强过程中知识密度增长,知识可拓展空间收缩。而创新主体吸收外部知识促进内部知识更新迭代,可适当减缓知识密度的增长速度。以架构者XA和成员X1为例,考虑XA对X1的知识开放,知识交互过程中成员X1的知识密度由$\frac{{x}_{1}}{{C}_{1}}$降低为 $\frac{{x}_{1}}{{C}_{1}(1+{\alpha }_{1A})}$ 。
(3)假定知识增强速度与阻力呈线性关系。用ri表示主体Xi在t时刻的知识增强速度,则此时知识增强效果可以表示为Δxi = ri xi。
根据以上假设,考虑主体Xi独立探索知识增强的速度ri以及其他主体对其知识增强的作用εA、δj,对Lotka - Volterra模型进行调整,t时刻Xi的知识增强过程可表示为:
$\frac{\Delta {x}_{i}}{{x}_{i}}={r}_{i}(1-\frac{{x}_{i}}{{C}_{i}(1+{\alpha }_{iA}+{\alpha }_{ij})}+{\alpha }_{iA}\frac{{x}_{A}}{{C}_{A}(1+{\alpha }_{Ai})}+{\alpha }_{ij}\frac{{x}_{j}}{{C}_{j}(1+{\alpha }_{ji})})$
V-F型创新联合体知识交互过程可描述为架构者向成员(X1)传递关键核心技术参数需求,并输出相应的架构知识引导成员开展领域知识的深入探索。知识增强模型为:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\frac{\Delta {x}_{A}}{{x}_{A}}={r}_{A}\left(1-\frac{{x}_{A}}{{C}_{A}(1+{\alpha }_{A1})}+\gamma {\alpha }_{A1}\frac{{x}_{1}}{{C}_{1}(1+{\alpha }_{1A})}\right)\\ \frac{\Delta {x}_{1}}{{x}_{1}}={r}_{1}\left(1+\gamma {\alpha }_{1A}\frac{{x}_{A}}{{C}_{A}(1+{\alpha }_{A1})}-\frac{{x}_{1}}{{C}_{1}(1+{\alpha }_{1A})}\right)\end{array}\right.$
由于知识自然增长率rA≠0,r1≠0,则当系统达到均衡时,有:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}1-\frac{{x}_{A}}{{C}_{A}(1+{\alpha }_{A1})}+\gamma {\alpha }_{A1}\frac{{x}_{1}}{{C}_{1}(1+{\alpha }_{1A})}=0\\ 1+\gamma {\alpha }_{1A}\frac{{x}_{A}}{{C}_{A}(1+{\alpha }_{A1})}-\frac{{x}_{1}}{{C}_{1}(1+{\alpha }_{1A})}=0\end{array}\right.$
求解方程组可得如下均衡解:A2 (CA (1 + αA1 ), 0),A3 (0, C1 (1 +α1A )),A4 (x1*, x2*)。其中,x1* = $\frac{{C}_{A}(1+{\alpha }_{A1}{)}^{2}}{1-{\gamma }^{2}{\alpha }_{A1}{\alpha }_{1A}},{x}_{2}*=\frac{{C}_{1}(1+{\alpha }_{1A}{)}^{2}}{1-{\gamma }^{2}{\alpha }_{A1}{\alpha }_{1A}}$。
由均衡点可知,创新联合体的知识增强主要受架构者与成员知识开放度的影响,知识开放度的取值反映出创新主体之间的关系模式。以下结合Lotka-Volterra模型机理分析架构者与成员关系模式对知识增强效果的影响。
(1)αA1、α1A较大(αA1、α1A趋近1),表明此时架构者与成员处于互利共生关系模式。架构者引导成员开展领域知识的探索,成员反哺架构知识更新。双方开始知识交互后,在各自稳定条件下沿图3中直线在A4点达到稳态。
(2)αA1、α1A较小(αA1、α1A趋近0),表明此时架构者与成员处于独立共生关系模式。成员成熟度不足无法独立探索领域知识,且架构者助力甚少。双方各自演化,在A2或A3达到稳态。
(3)0<α1A<αA1<1(αA1、α1A差值较大),表明此时处于架构者受益的偏利共生关系模式。成员有效反哺架构知识,然而架构者对领域知识探索帮助较少。双方知识交互的稳定状态将趋于A2。
(4)0<αA1<α1A<1(αA1、α1A差值较大),表明此时处于成员受益的偏利共生关系模式。架构者强力推动领域知识探索,而成员对架构知识的反馈不佳。双方知识交互的稳定状态将趋于A3。
综上,V-F型创新联合体侧重于领域知识纵深增强,架构者引导领域知识探索,成员反哺架构知识,知识增强过程如图4。式(3)的均衡状态主要由知识开放度αij决定。架构者-成员关系是此类创新联合体知识增强效果的关键影响因素。
H-F型创新联合体知识交互过程可描述为架构者(XA)引导存在价值竞争的成员(X1、X2)开展领域知识探索,同时整合、调配优势互补成员的领域知识提升知识增强效果的过程。知识增强模型为:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\frac{\Delta {x}_{A}}{{x}_{A}}={r}_{A}(1-\frac{{x}_{A}}{{C}_{A}(1+{\alpha }_{A1}+{\alpha }_{A2})}+\\ \gamma {\alpha }_{A1}\frac{{x}_{1}}{{C}_{1}(1+{\alpha }_{1A}+{\alpha }_{12})}+\\ \gamma {\alpha }_{A2}\frac{{x}_{2}}{{C}_{2}(1+{\alpha }_{2A}+{\alpha }_{21})})\\ \frac{\Delta {x}_{1}}{{x}_{1}}={r}_{1}(1+\gamma {\alpha }_{1A}\frac{{x}_{A}}{{C}_{A}(1+{\alpha }_{A1}+{\alpha }_{A2})}-\\ \frac{{x}_{1}}{{C}_{1}(1+{\alpha }_{1A}+{\alpha }_{12})}+{\alpha }_{12}\frac{{x}_{2}}{{C}_{2}(1+{\alpha }_{2A}+{\alpha }_{21})})\\ \frac{\Delta {x}_{2}}{{x}_{2}}={r}_{2}(1+\gamma {\alpha }_{2A}\frac{{x}_{A}}{{C}_{A}(1+{\alpha }_{A1}+{\alpha }_{A2})}+\\ {\alpha }_{21}\frac{{x}_{1}}{{C}_{1}(1+{\alpha }_{1A}+{\alpha }_{12})}-\frac{{x}_{2}}{{C}_{2}(1+{\alpha }_{2A}+{\alpha }_{21})})\end{array}\right.$
对(5)的推导可以转变为对多个成员加入导致领域知识交互更频繁进而影响领域知识增强这一过程的推导。这与对式(3)的讨论过程相似。该系统形成均衡后,架构者(XA)和成员(X1)知识增强的均衡点如图5所示:
式(5)中,由于其他成员的加入,成员X1领域知识增强的外部影响因素变为εA'+δ2'= $\gamma {\alpha }_{1A}\frac{{x}_{A}}{{C}_{A}(1+{\alpha }_{A1}+{\alpha }_{A2})}+{\alpha }_{12}\frac{{x}_{2}}{{C}_{2}(1+{\alpha }_{2A}+{\alpha }_{21})}$。因α12 > 0,所以始终有εA'+ δ2'>εA。同理,架构知识增强效果也得到提升。则图5均衡点A4'的知识增强效果优于均衡点A4的知识增强效果。
这表明,多元创新主体有组织的知识交互过程能激发领域知识的活力。架构者遴选优势成员为创新联合体注入更丰富的领域知识,知识更新加速,缓和知识密度的增长速度,削弱领域知识增强的内部阻力。同时,架构知识也得到补充,领域知识增强获得更多外部引导力。在这一过程中,架构者需要加强知识编排能力,提高创新联合体内主体的知识吸收水平γ,充分利用内外双向动力实现知识增强,若知识吸收水平γ过低将会影响知识整合效果。
综上,H-F型创新联合体侧重于领域知识交叉增强,架构者引导并协调领域知识交互,成员积极开展领域知识探索,知识增强过程如图6。架构者知识编排能力是此类创新联合体知识增强效果的关键影响因素。
V-I型创新联合体知识交互过程可描述为架构者A(XA)意识到储备的架构知识不足以突破现有技术瓶颈,向外求助其他架构者B(XB),引进异质架构知识,并利用融合互补衍生出的新架构知识引导成员(X1)开展领域探索。知识增强模型为:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\frac{\Delta {x}_{A}}{{x}_{A}}={r}_{A}(1-\frac{{x}_{A}}{{C}_{A}(1+{\alpha }_{AB}+{\alpha }_{A1})}+\\ {\alpha }_{AB}\frac{{x}_{B}}{{C}_{B}(1+{\alpha }_{BA})}+\gamma {\alpha }_{A1}\frac{{x}_{1}}{{C}_{1}(1+{\alpha }_{1A})})\\ \frac{\Delta {x}_{B}}{{x}_{B}}={r}_{B}(1+{\alpha }_{BA}\frac{{x}_{A}}{{C}_{A}(1+{\alpha }_{AB}+{\alpha }_{A1})}-\\ \frac{{x}_{B}}{{C}_{B}(1+{\alpha }_{BA})}+{\gamma }^{2}{\alpha }_{B1}\frac{{x}_{1}}{{C}_{1}(1+{\alpha }_{1A})})\\ \frac{\Delta {x}_{1}}{{x}_{1}}={r}_{1}(1+\gamma {\alpha }_{1A}\frac{{x}_{A}}{{C}_{A}(1+{\alpha }_{AB}+{\alpha }_{A1})}+\\ {\gamma }^{2}{\alpha }_{1B}\frac{{x}_{B}}{{C}_{B}(1+{\alpha }_{BA})}-\frac{{x}_{1}}{{C}_{1}(1+{\alpha }_{1A})})\end{array}\right.$
此例中,架构者B几乎不与成员直接交互,遂将双方知识吸收水平修改为γ2。使用Matlab求解模型,解出唯一均衡点E(xA**, xB**, x1**)。其中,
${x}_{A}^{**}=\frac{{C}_{A}\left(\right({\gamma }^{4}{a}_{B1}{a}_{1B}-1)-({a}_{AB}+{\gamma }^{3}{a}_{A1}{a}_{1B})-(\gamma {a}_{A1}+{\gamma }^{2}{a}_{AB}{a}_{B1}\left)\right)({a}_{AB}+{a}_{A1}+1)}{({\gamma }^{4}{a}_{B1}{a}_{1B}+\gamma {a}_{BA}{a}_{AB}+{\gamma }^{2}{a}_{1A}{a}_{A1}+{\gamma }^{3}{a}_{B1}{a}_{1A}{a}_{AB}+{\gamma }^{4}{a}_{1B}{a}_{BA}{a}_{A1}-1)}$
${x}_{B}^{**}=\frac{{C}_{B}({a}_{BA}+1)\left(\right({\gamma }^{2}{a}_{1A}{a}_{A1}-1)-({\gamma }^{3}{a}_{1A}{a}_{B1}+\gamma {a}_{BA})-({\gamma }^{2}{a}_{B1}+{\gamma }^{2}{a}_{BA}{a}_{A1}\left)\right)}{({\gamma }^{4}{a}_{B1}{a}_{1B}+\gamma {a}_{BA}{a}_{AB}+{\gamma }^{2}{a}_{1A}{a}_{A1}+{\gamma }^{3}{a}_{B1}{a}_{1A}{a}_{AB}+{\gamma }^{4}{a}_{1B}{a}_{BA}{a}_{A1}-1)}$
${x}_{1}^{**}=\frac{{C}_{1}({a}_{1A}+1)\left(\right(\gamma {a}_{BA}{a}_{AB}-1)-(\gamma {a}_{1A}+{\gamma }^{3}{a}_{1B}{a}_{BA})-({\gamma }^{2}{a}_{1B}+\gamma {a}_{1A}{a}_{AB}\left)\right)}{({\gamma }^{4}{a}_{B1}{a}_{1B}+\gamma {a}_{BA}{a}_{AB}+{\gamma }^{2}{a}_{1A}{a}_{A1}+{\gamma }^{3}{a}_{B1}{a}_{1A}{a}_{AB}+{\gamma }^{4}{a}_{1B}{a}_{BA}{a}_{A1}-1)}$
下面使用Hurwitz定理检验系统均衡点的稳定性。设均衡点E(xA**, xB**, x1**)所形成的矩阵Z为:
$\begin{array}{l}Z=\left(\begin{array}{lll}-{a}_{11}{x}_{A}^{**}& {a}_{12}{x}_{A}^{**}& {a}_{13}{x}_{A}^{**}\\ {a}_{21}{x}_{B}^{**}& -{a}_{22}{x}_{B}^{**}& {a}_{23}{x}_{B}^{**}\\ {a}_{31}{x}_{1}^{**}& {a}_{32}{x}_{1}^{**}& -{a}_{33}{x}_{1}^{**}\end{array}\right)=\\ \left(\begin{array}{lll}{x}_{A}^{**}& 0& 0\\ 0& {x}_{B}^{**}& 0\\ 0& 0& {x}_{1}^{**}\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{lll}-{a}_{11}& {a}_{12}& {a}_{13}\\ {a}_{21}& -{a}_{22}& {a}_{23}\\ {a}_{31}& {a}_{32}& -{a}_{33}\end{array}\right)={X}^{**}A\end{array}$
根据Hurwitz定理,若A矩阵对应的特征多项式$\varphi \left(s\right)=\left|sI-A\right|=0$的根都是负实部,则此系统稳定。Z=|X**||A|=xA**xB**x1**|A|,由Hurwitz定理可知,当|Z|<0,系统具有稳定性。由于xi**>0,因此要证明|Z|<0,只需证明|A|<0。
将|A|逐行展开,可知当|A|<0时,需满足如式(7)的条件,将式(6)相关变量代入,结合变量取值易知式(7)恒成立。因此,V-I型创新联合体知识增强模型的均衡状态稳定且可持续。
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{a}_{23}{a}_{32}-{a}_{22}{a}_{33}0\\ {a}_{13}{a}_{31}-{a}_{11}{a}_{33}0\\ {a}_{12}{a}_{21}-{a}_{11}{a}_{22}0\end{array}\right.$
由均衡点可知,知识开放度取值表征的创新主体之间的关系模式值得进一步讨论。以下结合Lotka-Volterra模型机理分析架构者之间关系模式对知识增强效果的影响。
(1)αAB、αBA较大(αAB、αBA趋近1),表明此时架构者之间处于互利共生关系模式。创新链上基础研究、应用研究、综合研究等不同环节的异质架构知识充分开放、相互补充。
(2)αAB、αBA较小(αAB、αBA趋近0),表明此时架构者之间处于独立共生关系模式。创新链上不同环节创新主体缺少知识互联互通,单一主体同质化的架构知识限制知识增强空间。
(3)0<αBA<αAB<1或0<αAB<αBA<1(αAB、αBA差值较大),表明此时架构者之间处于偏利共生关系模式。二者缺乏合作基础,异质架构知识交互不畅,初始知识开放意愿高的一方可能放弃联合。
综上,V-I型创新联合体侧重于架构知识耦合增强,架构者之间进行异质架构知识交互,成员受到启发并反哺架构知识,知识增强过程如图7。架构者-架构者关系是此类创新联合体知识增强效果的关键影响因素。
式(6)描述了架构者(XA、XB)、成员(X1)三者的知识增强过程,不失一般性。当i(i=1...n)个架构者A的追随成员和j(j=1...m,m≠n)个架构者B的追随成员开展知识交互时,式(6)可推广得到H-I型创新联合体知识增强模型:
第i个成员知识增强过程:
$\begin{array}{l}\frac{\Delta {x}_{i}}{{x}_{i}}={r}_{i}(1+\gamma {\alpha }_{iA}\frac{{x}_{A}}{{C}_{A}(1+{\alpha }_{AB}+\sum _{i=1}^{n}{\alpha }_{Ai})}+\\ {\gamma }^{2}{\alpha }_{iB}\frac{{x}_{B}}{{C}_{B}\left(1+{\alpha }_{BA}+\sum _{j=1}^{m}{\alpha }_{Bj}\right)}-\frac{{x}_{i}}{{C}_{i}(1+{\alpha }_{iA})})\end{array}$
第j个成员知识增强过程:
$\begin{array}{l}\frac{\Delta {x}_{j}}{{x}_{j}}={r}_{j}(1+{\gamma }^{2}{\alpha }_{jA}\frac{{x}_{A}}{{C}_{A}(1+{\alpha }_{AB}+\sum _{i=1}^{n}{\alpha }_{Ai})}+\\ \gamma {\alpha }_{jB}\frac{{x}_{B}}{{C}_{B}(1+{\alpha }_{BA}+\sum _{j=1}^{m}{\alpha }_{Bj})}-\frac{{x}_{j}}{{C}_{j}(1+{\alpha }_{jB})})\end{array}$
架构者A知识增强过程:
$\begin{array}{l}\frac{\Delta {x}_{A}}{{x}_{A}}={r}_{A}(1-\frac{{x}_{A}}{{C}_{A}(1+{\alpha }_{AB}+\sum _{i=1}^{n}{\alpha }_{Ai})}+\\ {\alpha }_{AB}\frac{{x}_{B}}{{C}_{B}(1+{\alpha }_{BA}+\sum _{j=1}^{m}{\alpha }_{Bj})}+\gamma \sum _{i=1}^{n}{\alpha }_{Ai}\frac{{x}_{i}}{{C}_{i}(1+{\alpha }_{iA})}+{\gamma }^{2}\sum _{j=1}^{m}{\alpha }_{Aj}\frac{{x}_{j}}{{C}_{j}(1+{\alpha }_{jB})})\end{array}$
架构者B知识增强过程:
$\begin{array}{l}\frac{\Delta {x}_{B}}{{x}_{B}}={r}_{B}(1+{\alpha }_{BA}\frac{{x}_{A}}{{C}_{A}(1+{\alpha }_{AB}+\sum _{i=1}^{n}{\alpha }_{Ai})}-\\ \frac{{x}_{B}}{{C}_{B}(1+{\alpha }_{BA}+\sum _{j=1}^{m}{\alpha }_{Bj})}+{\gamma }^{2}\sum _{i=1}^{n}{\alpha }_{Bi}\frac{{x}_{i}}{{C}_{i}(1+{\alpha }_{iA})}+\gamma \sum _{j=1}^{m}{\alpha }_{Bj}\frac{{x}_{j}}{{C}_{j}(1+{\alpha }_{jB})})\end{array}$
式(8)至(11)描述了H-I型创新联合体中知识解构、交互、重组的过程。以架构者A为例,追随成员(Xi、Xj)加入创新联合体拓宽知识增强空间,进一步弱化内部阻力$\frac{{x}_{A}}{{C}_{A}(1+{\alpha }_{AB}+\sum _{i=1}^{n}{\alpha }_{Ai})}$,同时提升外部可吸收知识量εB″、δi″、δj″。以下对架构者追随成员数量(i、j)反映的架构者知识广度予以分析。
(1)i ≈ j且均较大,知识组合丰富。创新联合体中的知识获得更广的交叉、汇聚、融合空间,为颠覆性技术、新兴技术、前沿技术等前瞻性技术创造孵化条件。
(2)i ≈ j 且均较小,平均知识深度深。基础研究、应用研究、成果转化等环节的架构知识深度交互,打通隐性知识流通渠道,促成子系统平稳链接。
(3)i > j 且差值较大,此时架构者A更依赖内生知识,架构者B更依赖外生知识。架构者B知识吸收效率低,但能通过知识交互冲破知识重组空间狭窄的困局,知识吸收价值高。对于i < j 且差值较大情况的分析过程与此类似。
综上,H-I型创新联合体侧重于架构知识的裂变增强,架构者之间进行架构知识的广泛交互,成员反哺架构知识,知识增强过程如图8。架构者知识广度是此类创新联合体知识增强效果的关键影响因素。
结合参数的现实意义和Lotka - Volterra模型机理,借鉴现有文献的仿真参数设置规则[21,23]设定基本参数。假设架构者A、架构者B、成员1、成员2的知识自然增长率分别为0.05、0.04、0.06、0.03,采用控制变量的方法针对具体问题对其余参数赋值。利用Matlab绘制创新主体t时刻的知识增强曲线,探究关键因素状态变化对知识增强效果的影响。
架构者-成员关系是V-F型创新联合体知识增强效果的关键影响因素,架构者和成员的知识开放度表征了二者关系。下面保持其它参数不变,对知识开放度选取四组数值予以仿真。
如图9所示,偏利共生关系模式下可实现中等水平的知识增强,成员受益的偏利共生关系模式更利于领域知识增强;互利共生关系模式下,成员紧跟架构者的知识增强趋势,实现较高水平的知识增强;独立共生关系模式下,仅能实现短暂且低水平的知识增强。
架构者知识编排能力是H-F型创新联合体知识增强效果的关键影响因素,通过创新联合体内主体的知识吸收水平反映出来。下面将两成员关系模式设置为独立共生并保持其他参数不变,对知识吸收水平取两个数值予以仿真。
如图10所示,架构者知识编排能力越强,知识增强水平越高。即使成员之间处于独立共生关系,架构者对创新主体实施强知识编排行为也能充分激发知识交互活力。
架构者-架构者关系是V-I型创新联合体知识增强效果的关键影响因素,两个架构者的知识开放度表征了二者关系。下面保持其他参数不变,对架构者知识开放度选取三组数值予以仿真。
如图11所示,偏利共生关系模式下,受益方实现中等水平知识增强,其他创新主体则以较快速度达到低水平均衡;互利共生关系模式下,架构者实现高水平知识增强,成员的知识增强结果欠佳,架构知识增强效果更显著;独立共生关系模式下,创新联合体整体仅能实现短暂且低水平的知识增强。
架构者知识广度是H-I型创新联合体知识增强效果的关键影响因素,由各自追随成员数量表征出来。下面设定架构者之间处于互利共生关系模式并保持其他参数不变,对架构者追随成员数量选取三组数值予以仿真。
如图12所示,架构者知识广度越大,知识增强水平越高。对比图12与前文知识增强曲线的曲线斜率和均衡水平发现,H-I型创新联合体内广泛的知识交互会导致知识增强速度缓慢,但知识增强水平更高。
综上,本研究运用Lotka - Volterra模型分析四类创新联合体的知识增强过程,创新主体的知识交互策略、知识增强途径、知识增强结果以及关键影响因素均有明显差异。进一步,通过数值仿真分析关键因素对知识增强的影响。不同创新联合体突破复杂产品系统的知识增强机制详见表2。
基于协同创新理论,本文运用Lotka - Volterra生态演化模型剖析不同类型创新联合体的知识增强机制,进一步仿真分析影响各类创新联合体知识增强效果的关键因素,揭示创新联合体突破复杂产品系统关键核心技术的内在机制。主要研究结论如下:
第一,创新联合体的知识增强是复杂产品系统关键核心技术突破的内在动力。新知识是技术突破性创新的源泉,复杂产品系统关键核心技术是多个技术层级、多个技术领域嵌套耦合的技术集合,涉及的知识层级势差悬殊、知识领域异质性明显。创新联合体通过深度的知识协同建立技术层级、技术领域之间的链接,牵引各个创新主体形成复杂产品系统关键核心技术突破合力。
第二,不同创新联合体的知识增强机制存在显著差异。在V-F型创新联合体中,架构者引导成员深入探索领域知识,实现领域知识纵深增强;在H-F型创新联合体中,架构者协调成员间的竞合关系,整合调配领域知识,实现领域知识交叉增强;在V-I型创新联合体中,架构者融合异质架构知识补缺自身知识储备,实现架构知识耦合增强;在H-I型创新联合体中,架构者之间解构、交互、重组架构知识,实现架构知识裂变增强。
第三,知识增强效果受架构者-成员关系、架构者知识编排能力、架构者-架构者关系和架构者知识广度等因素的影响。创新主体之间的关系越倾向互利共生模式,知识开放意愿越强,知识增强效果越好。架构者知识编排能力和架构者知识广度与知识增强效果正相关。
需要指出的是,在不同的发展阶段,创新联合体的知识增强机制可能存在明显差异,未来需探讨创新联合体在复杂产品系统处于“落后-追赶”“并跑-赶超”阶段的知识增强机制。同时,本文重点讨论了互利共生、独立共生、偏利共生三种主体关系,是否存在竞争共生、寄生共生的创新联合体?若存在,如何刻画该类关系模式中创新联合体的知识增强机制,值得未来去深入探讨。
对政策制定者的启示。第一,鼓励构建企业主导的创新联合体。党的二十大报告提出,加强企业主导的产学研深度融合,强化目标导向,提高科技成果转化和产业化水平。发挥企业作为科技创新主体的作用,构建企业主导的创新联合体,能有效推进科技创新与产业创新深度融合。第二,根据复杂产品系统的特性,构建差异化的创新联合体。既要支持上下游创新主体协同攻关,也应鼓励同一环节可能存在价值竞争关系的创新主体共同参与。带动全产业链、全员参与复杂产品系统关键核心技术攻关,提升国家创新体系的整体效能。
对实践管理者的启示。第一,创新主体应紧密结合产业链位置和资源禀赋,按照“合纵连横”的思路,协同产业链上下游企业和同环节企业组建与技术突破目标与路线适配的创新联合体。第二,协调创新联合体内部的创新主体关系,完善价值分配规则,强化信任治理机制,激活合作伙伴的知识开放意愿,提高创新联合体内部的知识共享、共创效率。
  • 国家社会科学基金一般项目(24BGL008)
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2026年第44卷第3期
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  • 接收时间:2025-01-23
  • 首发时间:2026-10-09
  • 出版时间:2026-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-23
  • 修回日期:2025-07-14
基金
国家社会科学基金一般项目(24BGL008)
作者信息
    1 中国计量大学管理科学与工程学院, 浙江杭州 310018
    2 中国计量大学“一带一路”区域标准化研究中心, 浙江杭州 310018
    3 浙江省科技项目管理服务中心, 浙江杭州 310006

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杨航宇(2001-),女,硕士研究生, E-mail:。
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