Article(id=1315372052278788603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1315372022658613552, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1737302400000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-20, revisedDate=1744732800000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1791538735693, onlineDateStr=2026-10-09, pubDate=1773504000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791538735693, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791538735693, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791538735693, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315372022658613552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, year='2026', volume='44', issue='3', pageStart='449', pageEnd='672', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773504000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791538728624, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791538856865, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315372560565523080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1315372022658613552, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315372560569717385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1315372022658613552, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=558, endPage=570, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315372052975043068, articleId=1315372052278788603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=EN, title=Disciplinary diversity in scientific collaboration and firms’ radical technological innovation: An empirical study based on the “Little Giant” firms in the new material industry, columnId=1309226334803550422, journalTitle=Studies in Science of Science, columnName=Innovation Explorations, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study examines the innovation practices of specialized and sophisticated “little giant” firms in the era of big science, investigating how disciplinary diversity in scientific collaboration influences breakthrough technological innovation through the lens of knowledge recombination theory. Analyzing unbalanced panel data from 2,464 “little giant” firms in China's new materials sector from 2000 to 2018, we uncover significant findings regarding the mechanisms and boundary conditions of interdisciplinary scientific collaboration. Our empirical results demonstrate that disciplinary diversity in scientific collaboration positively affects breakthrough technological innovation in these specialized SMEs. This relationship is partially mediated by knowledge complementarity, suggesting that the integration of diverse yet complementary knowledge domains facilitate the recombination of existing ideas into novel technological solutions. The study further reveals two critical boundary conditions that shape this relationship. First, we find that intellectual property protection strength negatively moderates the relationship between disciplinary diversity and knowledge complementarity. Stronger IP protection appears to create barriers to effective knowledge sharing across disciplines, potentially limiting the synergistic benefits of interdisciplinary collaboration. Second, technological turbulence emerges as a positive moderator between knowledge complementarity and breakthrough innovation, indicating that rapidly changing technological environments enhance the value of integrating diverse knowledge streams. These findings contribute to multiple theoretical domains. The study advances knowledge recombination theory by elucidating how interdisciplinary scientific collaborations operate differently in specialized SMEs compared to larger firms or research institutions. We provide empirical evidence for the micro-level mechanisms through which diverse collaborations translate into innovation outcomes, particularly highlighting the pivotal yet partial mediating role of knowledge complementarity. Furthermore, our identification of IP protection and technological turbulence as opposing moderators offers new insights into the contextual factors that enable or constrain the innovation benefits of interdisciplinary collaboration. Methodologically, the research employs rigorous econometric techniques to analyze longitudinal data while controlling firm-level characteristics and environmental factors. We utilize multiple indicators of breakthrough innovation, including patent originality and technological impact measures, to ensure comprehensive assessment of innovation outcomes. The practical implications are significant for both policy and management. Policymakers should consider developing balanced IP frameworks that protect innovation incentives while facilitating cross-disciplinary knowledge flows. Targeted initiatives like interdisciplinary research platforms and public-private partnerships could enhance collaborative innovation for specialized SMEs. For “little giant” firms’ managers, the findings underscore the importance of strategically cultivating scientific partnerships across complementary disciplines while remaining responsive to technological changes that may amplify the value of knowledge integration. This study opens several promising research directions. Future work could explore optimal levels of disciplinary diversity, potential sector-specific variations beyond materials science, and the organizational processes that facilitate effective knowledge recombination in specialized SMEs. By integrating theoretical insights with empirical evidence from China's innovative firms, this research provides a nuanced understanding of how interdisciplinary scientific collaboration drives breakthrough innovation in the big science era. The findings highlight the complex interplay between knowledge diversity, institutional environments, and technological contexts in shaping innovative outcomes. They contribute to ongoing discussions about fostering innovation in specialized SMEs through scientific collaboration while accounting for the practical constraints imposed by IP regimes and technological dynamics. This research ultimately enhances our understanding of how “little giant” firms can leverage interdisciplinary scientific partnerships to achieve technological breakthroughs.

, authors=Jian LI, Di PENG, Zhi-yi QIU, authorsList=Jian LI, Di PENG, Zhi-yi QIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Di PENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315372056313709061, articleId=1315372052278788603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=CN, title=科学合作的学科多样性与企业突破式技术创新——基于新材料领域“小巨人”企业的实证研究, columnId=1309226334996488408, journalTitle=科学学研究, columnName=创新探索, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究聚焦大科学时代专精特新“小巨人”企业的创新实践,基于知识重组理论,深入探讨科学合作的学科多样性对企业突破式技术创新的影响。通过对2464家新材料领域“小巨人”企业在2000年至2018年的非平衡面板数据进行分析,研究发现:科学合作的学科多样性对“小巨人”企业突破式技术创新具有积极作用,其中知识互补性起到了部分中介作用。同时,知识产权保护强度负向调节学科多样性与知识互补性之间的关系,而技术动荡性正向调节知识互补性与企业突破式技术创新之间的关系。本研究不仅阐明了科学合作的学科多样性对“小巨人”企业突破式技术创新的作用机制,同时揭示出该作用机制的边界条件。本文结论有助于进一步理解科学合作的学科多样性对中小企业技术创新的助推作用。

, authors=李健, 彭迪, 邱智怡, authorsList=李健, 彭迪, 邱智怡, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=彭迪, authorNote=

李健(1986-),男,副教授,博士。

邱智怡(2000-),女,硕士研究生。

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彭迪(1995-),男,博士研究生, E-mail: 。
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Descriptive statistics and correlation analysis results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1.突破式技术创新 1
2.科学合作的学科多样性 0.136* 1
3.知识互补性 0.203* 0.108* 1
4.知识产权保护强度 0.042* 0.064* 0.079* 1
5.技术动荡性 -0.059* -0.054* -0.193* -0.064* 1
6.科学知识宽度 0.161* 0.507* 0.143* 0.101* -0.069* 1
7.知识积累 0.451* 0.218* 0.282* 0.078* -0.208* 0.283* 1
8.专利增量 0.001 0.004 -0.002 -0.026* -0.008 0.003 0.007 1
9.对外开放程度 0.045* -0.007 0.018* 0.155* 0.058* -0.013* 0.01 -0.007 1
10.政府干预程度 0.021* 0.015 0.057* 0.047* -0.116* 0.019* 0.061* -0.017* -0.287* 1
11.社会消费水平 0.024* 0.005 0.071* 0.021* -0.106* 0.011 0.067* 0.021* -0.161* 0.243* 1
均值 0.185 0.023 0.108 0.01 0.025 0.762 28.344 2.721 0.494 0.163 0.389
标准差 0.929 0.117 0.185 0.02 0.014 2.636 66.968 8.678 0.405 0.056 0.044
最小值 0 0 0 0 0.005 0 0 0 0.032 0.069 0.256
最大值 38 0.907 0.998 0.164 0.061 72 2037 304 1.711 0.753 0.521
VIF — 1.36 1.12 1.05 1.09 1.42 1.2 1 1.14 1.16 1.02
), ArticleFig(id=1315372062110237225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372052278788603, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

相关性分析与描述性统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1.突破式技术创新 1
2.科学合作的学科多样性 0.136* 1
3.知识互补性 0.203* 0.108* 1
4.知识产权保护强度 0.042* 0.064* 0.079* 1
5.技术动荡性 -0.059* -0.054* -0.193* -0.064* 1
6.科学知识宽度 0.161* 0.507* 0.143* 0.101* -0.069* 1
7.知识积累 0.451* 0.218* 0.282* 0.078* -0.208* 0.283* 1
8.专利增量 0.001 0.004 -0.002 -0.026* -0.008 0.003 0.007 1
9.对外开放程度 0.045* -0.007 0.018* 0.155* 0.058* -0.013* 0.01 -0.007 1
10.政府干预程度 0.021* 0.015 0.057* 0.047* -0.116* 0.019* 0.061* -0.017* -0.287* 1
11.社会消费水平 0.024* 0.005 0.071* 0.021* -0.106* 0.011 0.067* 0.021* -0.161* 0.243* 1
均值 0.185 0.023 0.108 0.01 0.025 0.762 28.344 2.721 0.494 0.163 0.389
标准差 0.929 0.117 0.185 0.02 0.014 2.636 66.968 8.678 0.405 0.056 0.044
最小值 0 0 0 0 0.005 0 0 0 0.032 0.069 0.256
最大值 38 0.907 0.998 0.164 0.061 72 2037 304 1.711 0.753 0.521
VIF — 1.36 1.12 1.05 1.09 1.42 1.2 1 1.14 1.16 1.02
), ArticleFig(id=1315372062181540394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372052278788603, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Regression results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 模型1 模型2 模型3 模型4 模型5 模型6 模型7
突破式技术创新 突破式技术创新 知识互补性 知识互补性 突破式技术创新 知识互补性 突破式技术创新
知识产权保护强度 0.244 0.229 2.817*** 2.812*** -0.435 2.889*** -0.398
(1.03) (0.97) (18.55) (18.52) (-1.85) (18.88) (-1.70)
技术动荡性 -0.349** -0.339** -1.442*** -1.439*** -0.002 -1.432*** 0.285*
(-2.95) (-2.87) (-18.96) (-18.92) (-0.01) (-18.83) (2.28)
科学知识宽度 0.011*** 0.009*** 0.003*** 0.003*** 0.010*** 0.003*** 0.010***
(10.66) (9.35) (5.46) (4.83) (9.92) (5.04) (10.01)
知识积累 0.001*** 0.001*** 0.0005*** 0.0005*** 0.001*** 0.0005*** 0.001***
(37.09) (36.49) (21.97) (21.66) (33.78) (21.61) (34.38)
专利增量 -0.0002 -0.0002 -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0002 -0.0001 -0.0002
(-1.25) (-1.25) (-0.07) (-0.07) (-1.26) (-0.04) (-1.17)
政府干预程度 -0.026* -0.025* -0.013 -0.013 -0.023* -0.013 -0.025*
(-2.40) (-2.33) (-1.84) (-1.81) (-2.14) (-1.85) (-2.29)
对外开放程度 0.016 0.016 0.196*** 0.197*** -0.032 0.196*** -0.049
(0.27) (0.27) (5.26) (5.26) (-0.55) (5.25) (-0.85)
社会消费水平 0.123* 0.123* 0.306*** 0.306*** 0.049 0.303*** 0.048
(2.21) (2.21) (8.55) (8.55) (0.89) (8.48) (0.87)
科学合作的
学科多样性
0.080***
(4.82)
0.024*
(2.28)
0.032**
(2.94)
知识互补性 0.241*** 0.259***
(24.93) (25.88)
科学合作的
学科多样性×
知识产权保护强度
-1.339***
(-3.96)
知识互补性×
技术动荡性
5.271***
(6.85)
常数项 0.0135 0.0143 -0.160*** -0.160*** 0.0521* -0.159*** 0.0581*
(0.57) (0.61) (-10.63) (-10.61) (2.24) (-10.53) (2.50)
VIF 1.090 1.160 1.090 1.160 1.100 1.160 1.140
N 27827 27827 27827 27827 27827 27827 27827
企业数量 2464 2464 2464 2464 2464 2464 2464
), ArticleFig(id=1315372062273815083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372052278788603, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

回归结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 模型1 模型2 模型3 模型4 模型5 模型6 模型7
突破式技术创新 突破式技术创新 知识互补性 知识互补性 突破式技术创新 知识互补性 突破式技术创新
知识产权保护强度 0.244 0.229 2.817*** 2.812*** -0.435 2.889*** -0.398
(1.03) (0.97) (18.55) (18.52) (-1.85) (18.88) (-1.70)
技术动荡性 -0.349** -0.339** -1.442*** -1.439*** -0.002 -1.432*** 0.285*
(-2.95) (-2.87) (-18.96) (-18.92) (-0.01) (-18.83) (2.28)
科学知识宽度 0.011*** 0.009*** 0.003*** 0.003*** 0.010*** 0.003*** 0.010***
(10.66) (9.35) (5.46) (4.83) (9.92) (5.04) (10.01)
知识积累 0.001*** 0.001*** 0.0005*** 0.0005*** 0.001*** 0.0005*** 0.001***
(37.09) (36.49) (21.97) (21.66) (33.78) (21.61) (34.38)
专利增量 -0.0002 -0.0002 -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0002 -0.0001 -0.0002
(-1.25) (-1.25) (-0.07) (-0.07) (-1.26) (-0.04) (-1.17)
政府干预程度 -0.026* -0.025* -0.013 -0.013 -0.023* -0.013 -0.025*
(-2.40) (-2.33) (-1.84) (-1.81) (-2.14) (-1.85) (-2.29)
对外开放程度 0.016 0.016 0.196*** 0.197*** -0.032 0.196*** -0.049
(0.27) (0.27) (5.26) (5.26) (-0.55) (5.25) (-0.85)
社会消费水平 0.123* 0.123* 0.306*** 0.306*** 0.049 0.303*** 0.048
(2.21) (2.21) (8.55) (8.55) (0.89) (8.48) (0.87)
科学合作的
学科多样性
0.080***
(4.82)
0.024*
(2.28)
0.032**
(2.94)
知识互补性 0.241*** 0.259***
(24.93) (25.88)
科学合作的
学科多样性×
知识产权保护强度
-1.339***
(-3.96)
知识互补性×
技术动荡性
5.271***
(6.85)
常数项 0.0135 0.0143 -0.160*** -0.160*** 0.0521* -0.159*** 0.0581*
(0.57) (0.61) (-10.63) (-10.61) (2.24) (-10.53) (2.50)
VIF 1.090 1.160 1.090 1.160 1.100 1.160 1.140
N 27827 27827 27827 27827 27827 27827 27827
企业数量 2464 2464 2464 2464 2464 2464 2464
), ArticleFig(id=1315372062366089772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372052278788603, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The results of Sobel test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
中介路径 Sobel Goodman-1 Goodman-2
Z值 p值 Z值 p值 Z值 p值
科学合作的学科多样性→知识互补性→突破式技术创新 2.266 .02347307 2.264 .02358442 2.267 .02336191
), ArticleFig(id=1315372062454170157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372052278788603, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

Sobel检验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
中介路径 Sobel Goodman-1 Goodman-2
Z值 p值 Z值 p值 Z值 p值
科学合作的学科多样性→知识互补性→突破式技术创新 2.266 .02347307 2.264 .02358442 2.267 .02336191
), ArticleFig(id=1315372062529667630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372052278788603, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

The results of Bootstrap test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
中介路径 Bootstrap检验 95%置信区间
科学合作的学科多样性→知识互补性→突破式技术创新 Ind_eff
(间接效应)
0.009
(Z= 2.62)
.0027007 .0173294
Dir_eff
(直接效应)
0.000
(Z=3.62)
.0511482 .1623213
), ArticleFig(id=1315372062605165103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372052278788603, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

Bootstrap检验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
中介路径 Bootstrap检验 95%置信区间
科学合作的学科多样性→知识互补性→突破式技术创新 Ind_eff
(间接效应)
0.009
(Z= 2.62)
.0027007 .0173294
Dir_eff
(直接效应)
0.000
(Z=3.62)
.0511482 .1623213
), ArticleFig(id=1315372062693245488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372052278788603, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

The results for the random effects panel negative binomial regressions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 模型8 模型9 模型10 模型11 模型12
突破式技术创新 知识互补性 突破式技术创新 知识互补性 突破式技术创新
控制变量 Included Included Included Included Included
科学合作的学科多样性 0.0938***
(5.82)
0.0287**
(2.78)
0.0334**
(3.19)
知识互补性 0.264*** 0.285***
(28.51) (29.58)
科学合作的学科多样性×
知识产权保护强度
-0.821**
(-2.61)
知识互补性×
技术动荡性
5.881***
(7.74)
常数项 -0.0124 -0.135*** 0.0221 -0.135*** 0.0269
(-0.65) (-11.45) (1.19) (-11.43) (1.45)
VIF 1.160 1.160 1.100 1.160 1.140
N 27827 27827 27827 27827 27827
企业数量 2464 2464 2464 2464 2464
), ArticleFig(id=1315372062781325873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372052278788603, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

随机效应的面板回归模型检验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 模型8 模型9 模型10 模型11 模型12
突破式技术创新 知识互补性 突破式技术创新 知识互补性 突破式技术创新
控制变量 Included Included Included Included Included
科学合作的学科多样性 0.0938***
(5.82)
0.0287**
(2.78)
0.0334**
(3.19)
知识互补性 0.264*** 0.285***
(28.51) (29.58)
科学合作的学科多样性×
知识产权保护强度
-0.821**
(-2.61)
知识互补性×
技术动荡性
5.881***
(7.74)
常数项 -0.0124 -0.135*** 0.0221 -0.135*** 0.0269
(-0.65) (-11.45) (1.19) (-11.43) (1.45)
VIF 1.160 1.160 1.100 1.160 1.140
N 27827 27827 27827 27827 27827
企业数量 2464 2464 2464 2464 2464
), ArticleFig(id=1315372062848434738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372052278788603, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Estimating results of models with alternative dependent Variable

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 模型15 模型16 模型17 模型18 模型19
突破式技术创新 知识互补性 突破式技术创新 知识互补性 突破式技术创新
控制变量 Included Included Included Included Included
科学合作的学科多样性 0.0778*** 0.0241* 0.0317**
(5.81) (2.28) (2.94)
知识互补性 0.151*** 0.166***
(19.14) (20.33)
科学合作的学科多样性×
知识产权保护强度
-1.339***
(-3.96)
知识互补性×
技术动荡性
4.404***
(7.03)
常数项 0.0121 -0.160*** 0.0354 -0.159*** 0.0405*
(0.64) (-10.61) (1.87) (-10.53) (2.14)
VIF 1.160 1.160 1.100 1.160 1.140
N 27827 27827 27827 27827 27827
企业数量 2464 2464 2464 2464 2464
), ArticleFig(id=1315372066333901363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1315372052278788603, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

替换因变量测度回归结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 模型15 模型16 模型17 模型18 模型19
突破式技术创新 知识互补性 突破式技术创新 知识互补性 突破式技术创新
控制变量 Included Included Included Included Included
科学合作的学科多样性 0.0778*** 0.0241* 0.0317**
(5.81) (2.28) (2.94)
知识互补性 0.151*** 0.166***
(19.14) (20.33)
科学合作的学科多样性×
知识产权保护强度
-1.339***
(-3.96)
知识互补性×
技术动荡性
4.404***
(7.03)
常数项 0.0121 -0.160*** 0.0354 -0.159*** 0.0405*
(0.64) (-10.61) (1.87) (-10.53) (2.14)
VIF 1.160 1.160 1.100 1.160 1.140
N 27827 27827 27827 27827 27827
企业数量 2464 2464 2464 2464 2464
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科学合作的学科多样性与企业突破式技术创新——基于新材料领域“小巨人”企业的实证研究
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李健 , 彭迪 , 邱智怡
科学学研究 | 创新探索 2026,44(3): 558-570
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科学学研究 |创新探索 2026 , 44 (3) : 558 -570
科学合作的学科多样性与企业突破式技术创新——基于新材料领域“小巨人”企业的实证研究
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李健, 彭迪 , 邱智怡
作者信息
  • 湖南大学工商管理学院, 湖南长沙 410082
通讯作者:
彭迪(1995-),男,博士研究生, E-mail: 。
作者简介:

李健(1986-),男,副教授,博士。

邱智怡(2000-),女,硕士研究生。

Disciplinary diversity in scientific collaboration and firms’ radical technological innovation: An empirical study based on the “Little Giant” firms in the new material industry
Jian LI, Di PENG , Zhi-yi QIU
Affiliations
  • School of Business Administration, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
出版时间: 2026-03-15
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本研究聚焦大科学时代专精特新“小巨人”企业的创新实践,基于知识重组理论,深入探讨科学合作的学科多样性对企业突破式技术创新的影响。通过对2464家新材料领域“小巨人”企业在2000年至2018年的非平衡面板数据进行分析,研究发现:科学合作的学科多样性对“小巨人”企业突破式技术创新具有积极作用,其中知识互补性起到了部分中介作用。同时,知识产权保护强度负向调节学科多样性与知识互补性之间的关系,而技术动荡性正向调节知识互补性与企业突破式技术创新之间的关系。本研究不仅阐明了科学合作的学科多样性对“小巨人”企业突破式技术创新的作用机制,同时揭示出该作用机制的边界条件。本文结论有助于进一步理解科学合作的学科多样性对中小企业技术创新的助推作用。

科学合作  /  学科多样性  /  突破式技术创新  /  “小巨人”企业

This study examines the innovation practices of specialized and sophisticated “little giant” firms in the era of big science, investigating how disciplinary diversity in scientific collaboration influences breakthrough technological innovation through the lens of knowledge recombination theory. Analyzing unbalanced panel data from 2,464 “little giant” firms in China's new materials sector from 2000 to 2018, we uncover significant findings regarding the mechanisms and boundary conditions of interdisciplinary scientific collaboration. Our empirical results demonstrate that disciplinary diversity in scientific collaboration positively affects breakthrough technological innovation in these specialized SMEs. This relationship is partially mediated by knowledge complementarity, suggesting that the integration of diverse yet complementary knowledge domains facilitate the recombination of existing ideas into novel technological solutions. The study further reveals two critical boundary conditions that shape this relationship. First, we find that intellectual property protection strength negatively moderates the relationship between disciplinary diversity and knowledge complementarity. Stronger IP protection appears to create barriers to effective knowledge sharing across disciplines, potentially limiting the synergistic benefits of interdisciplinary collaboration. Second, technological turbulence emerges as a positive moderator between knowledge complementarity and breakthrough innovation, indicating that rapidly changing technological environments enhance the value of integrating diverse knowledge streams. These findings contribute to multiple theoretical domains. The study advances knowledge recombination theory by elucidating how interdisciplinary scientific collaborations operate differently in specialized SMEs compared to larger firms or research institutions. We provide empirical evidence for the micro-level mechanisms through which diverse collaborations translate into innovation outcomes, particularly highlighting the pivotal yet partial mediating role of knowledge complementarity. Furthermore, our identification of IP protection and technological turbulence as opposing moderators offers new insights into the contextual factors that enable or constrain the innovation benefits of interdisciplinary collaboration. Methodologically, the research employs rigorous econometric techniques to analyze longitudinal data while controlling firm-level characteristics and environmental factors. We utilize multiple indicators of breakthrough innovation, including patent originality and technological impact measures, to ensure comprehensive assessment of innovation outcomes. The practical implications are significant for both policy and management. Policymakers should consider developing balanced IP frameworks that protect innovation incentives while facilitating cross-disciplinary knowledge flows. Targeted initiatives like interdisciplinary research platforms and public-private partnerships could enhance collaborative innovation for specialized SMEs. For “little giant” firms’ managers, the findings underscore the importance of strategically cultivating scientific partnerships across complementary disciplines while remaining responsive to technological changes that may amplify the value of knowledge integration. This study opens several promising research directions. Future work could explore optimal levels of disciplinary diversity, potential sector-specific variations beyond materials science, and the organizational processes that facilitate effective knowledge recombination in specialized SMEs. By integrating theoretical insights with empirical evidence from China's innovative firms, this research provides a nuanced understanding of how interdisciplinary scientific collaboration drives breakthrough innovation in the big science era. The findings highlight the complex interplay between knowledge diversity, institutional environments, and technological contexts in shaping innovative outcomes. They contribute to ongoing discussions about fostering innovation in specialized SMEs through scientific collaboration while accounting for the practical constraints imposed by IP regimes and technological dynamics. This research ultimately enhances our understanding of how “little giant” firms can leverage interdisciplinary scientific partnerships to achieve technological breakthroughs.

scientific collaboration  /  disciplinary diversity  /  radical technological innovation  /  “Little Giant” firms
李健, 彭迪, 邱智怡. 科学合作的学科多样性与企业突破式技术创新——基于新材料领域“小巨人”企业的实证研究. 科学学研究, 2026 , 44 (3) : 558 -570 .
Jian LI, Di PENG, Zhi-yi QIU. Disciplinary diversity in scientific collaboration and firms’ radical technological innovation: An empirical study based on the “Little Giant” firms in the new material industry[J]. Studies in Science of Science, 2026 , 44 (3) : 558 -570 .
党的二十届三中全会《决定》提出,构建促进专精特新中小企业发展壮大机制。目前,我国已经涌现出专精特新中小企业14.1万家,专精特新“小巨人”企业1.46万家①(① 参见“新一轮财政资金奖补政策接续推出促进专精特新中小企业发展壮大(政策解读·金融支持高质量发展④)”, https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/202411/content_6986228.htm。)。其中,小巨人企业聚焦产业基础核心领域与产业链关键环节,广泛分布于新一代信息技术、高端装备制造、新能源、新材料、生物医药等中高端领域,是提升我国自主创新能力和构建新发展格局的关键力量。科学研究和科学知识在小巨人企业解决关键核心技术领域重点和难点问题的过程中发挥了重要作用[1]。随着科学研究的复杂性、高风险性,以及科学交叉性和创新复杂程度的不断提升,企业仅凭自身力量进行科学研究愈发困难。科学合作已成为企业获取外部互补性资源、开展基础研究的重要方式。
知识重组理论认为,创新源自知识元素的重新编排与整合[2]。已有文献大多关注企业技术领域内的知识重组,对跨学科知识在创新过程中的作用探讨不足。对于聚焦于特定领域或技术的专精特新企业而言,其专业知识与技能体系往往存在局限性,既定的研发与创新范式易陷入“认知锁定”或“能力刚性”的困境。鉴于突破式技术创新往往涉及跨领域知识重组,如何利用跨学科合作推动小巨人企业突破式技术创新已成为亟待解决的重要现实问题。
知识作为合作交流的核心媒介,其内容与结构特征深刻地影响着企业的创新实践。知识结构的互补性能够应对企业对多样化知识的需求,提高有效知识组合选择的概率,降低知识获取、吸收及应用的难度与成本[3]。鉴于此,本研究深入探究知识互补性在科学合作的学科多样性与企业突破式技术创新之间的中介作用。此外,跨学科合作为企业提供了搜索和获取外部科学知识的机会,通过内部知识与外部知识的互补性组合利用,从而形成创新成果。因此,针对知识重组的两个关键阶段,本研究引入知识产权保护强度与技术动荡性两个变量,分析它们在科学合作的学科多样性与企业突破式技术创新关系中的调节作用。
综上所述,本研究深入剖析科学合作的学科多样性对企业突破式技术创新的影响,以及知识互补性在此过程中的中介作用,并考察知识产权保护强度和技术动荡性的调节效应。本研究致力于解决小巨人企业如何高效整合外部知识、运用跨学科知识构建创新优势的挑战,为企业应对创新资源稀缺、行业与政策环境把握能力不足等创新障碍提供新的理论视角与实践路径。
跨学科合作作为一种促进知识交流与融合的有效机制,为不同领域的研究者提供了合作平台,使他们能够接触并吸纳其他学科的知识与观念,拓宽知识视野,获取多样化的技术和知识资源,推动知识的交叉融合[4]。本研究认为小巨人企业科学合作的学科多样性将有利于其实现突破式技术创新。
首先,通过与不同学科领域的研究者进行深入合作,小巨人企业可以获取更多元的知识和技术资源。创新思维往往源自不同想法或概念间的联结,而每个科学领域都能为发明活动提供独特的视角[5]。跨学科合作有助于小巨人企业打破传统思维框架,激发创新思维。
其次,科学合作的学科多样性能够提升小巨人企业的知识重组能力。科学研究的核心在于解答“是什么”和“为什么”的问题,包括揭示事物的现象、本质、特征及其运动规律。较高的知识多样性意味着发明人能够形成多元化的认知能力,从更多视角和层面去分析知识重组方案可能产生的结果。这种能力有助于提升重组方案的优化效率,提高产生高质量知识重组方案的可能性。
第三,科学合作的学科多样性能够有效降低小巨人企业创新的风险和不确定性,提高创新成功的概率[6]。在跨学科合作的过程中,各种关键资源如人才、资金、信息及平台服务等往往分散于不同的主体之间。为了实现这些资源的有效共享与创新利用,企业与高校之间需要形成基于优势互补、风险共担和利益共享为核心的协同关系。这种协同关系不仅促进了资源的优化配置,还加速了创新成果的产出与转化。综上,本研究提出以下假设:
H1科学合作的学科多样性对小巨人企业突破式技术创新具有正向影响。
“互补性”这一概念最初在经济学领域中被提出,随后拓展至知识管理范畴。相较于其他类型的知识,互补性知识具有更高的组合效用和创新潜力[7]。本研究认为小巨人企业参与跨学科合作是整合内外部新旧知识并产生互补性连接的重要方式。
首先,参加多学科合作有助于小巨人企业有效地联结分散的市场信息、想法与概念。通过与高校、科研机构等外部组织的互动,企业能够确保知识整合及新产品开发的质量,并显著提升对知识的利用效率与整合效益。这些知识在合作过程中可以相互补充、交叉融合,形成互补性知识。
其次,提高科学合作的学科多样性有助于小巨人企业获得互补性知识,缩小与外部知识源之间的知识势差。在知识整合的实践中,来自不同学科背景的成员通过知识交流、共享和整合,弥补彼此知识结构和工作技能的不足,共同实现团队的统一目标。这种跨学科的知识整合不仅提高了知识的互补性,还增强了团队成员之间学习、借鉴和解决问题的能力[8],形成协同创新的良好氛围[9]。综上,本研究提出以下假设:
H2科学合作的学科多样性对小巨人企业知识互补性具有正向影响。
创新的本质在于对已有知识与新知识的重新组合,这一过程为企业采用互补和创新的方法重组知识提供了契机,极大地提升了实现突破式技术创新的可能性。
首先,知识互补性展现了不同知识元素结合后增加其使用价值的能力。与共生知识元素不同,互补性知识元素在单独使用时可能并不显著,而一旦与其他知识元素相结合,便能产生显著的协同作用。例如,激光技术与光纤电缆技术在电话信号传输中的互补应用[10]。这种互补性不仅增加了企业选择有效知识组合的概率,还拓宽了企业的创新边界。
其次,相较于低知识互补性元素,高知识互补性元素能够显著降低研发人员间的知识识别与匹配成本,提升知识组合的效率。在互补性知识存量较高的企业中,研发人员拥有更多高效的知识组合选项,这有助于提高新技术及知识的生产效率。通过知识元素的组合应用,企业能够深化对知识元素及其相互关系的理解,减少其他非最优组合选择,从而降低搜寻成本。此外,随着知识互补性的提高,认知距离逐渐缩小,这有利于企业内部知识的流动与共享,进而提升企业研发活动的有效性。
此外,不同学科背景的学者从不同角度建构知识,这不仅有助于科学地揭露事物的本质特征,还能创造性地解决单个学科难以攻克的复杂难题,成为知识生产和知识创新的重要合作形式。
综上,跨学科合作通过促进小巨人企业形成知识互补性,进而对突破式技术创新产生积极影响。因此,本文提出以下假设:
H3a 企业知识互补性对小巨人企业突破式技术创新具有正向影响。
H3b 企业知识互补性在科学合作的学科多样性与企业突破式技术创新的正向关系中发挥中介作用。
知识产权保护强度作为衡量一个地区对知识产权保护严格程度的指标[11],对小巨人企业跨学科合作与知识互补性之间的关系具有调节作用。
首先,信息过载会阻碍知识流动。在跨学科合作过程中,合作主体面对庞大的信息洪流,难以筛选出真正有价值、与自身创新目标契合的知识。一方面,信息过载会导致注意力分散,降低知识传播的效率,延长知识获取和吸收的时间[12,13]。另一方面,错误或低质量的信息可能混入其中,干扰合作主体的判断,增加知识理解的难度,从而形成知识传播障碍[14],阻碍跨学科合作向知识互补性的转化。其次,知识产权保护会加强知识产权所有者的垄断力量,减少自由竞争和研发投资的激励[15-17],进而扰乱市场秩序。例如,在“稀土永磁材料专利滥用市场支配地位案②(②该案的具体情况请参见:83.涉“稀土永磁材料专利”滥用市场支配地位案-最高人民法院知识产权法庭(court.gov.cn)。)”中,拥有关键专利的企业借助其专利权构筑起较高的行业准入壁垒,从而限制其他企业的进入和竞争,形成事实上的市场垄断。这使得跨学科合作中,优质的技术和知识难以在市场中有效传播和应用,创新资源被浪费,不利于形成互补性知识所需的良好市场环境。最后,高知识产权保护强度增加了企业的运营成本,削弱了企业参与跨学科合作的意愿,进而影响知识互补性的形成[18]。在知识产权保护强度较高的地区,企业需要支付高额的知识产权使用费用,增加了运营成本。随着成本的增加,企业会减少跨学科合作,从而影响知识互补性的形成。因此,本文提出如下假设:
H4a知识产权保护强度在小巨人企业科学合作的学科多样性与知识互补性之间发挥负向调节作用。即随着知识产权保护强度的提高,科学合作的学科多样性对知识互补性的积极作用会被削弱。
技术动荡性反映了企业所在行业的技术变化、不确定性、复杂性和难以预测性程度[19],其对小巨人企业知识互补性与突破式技术创新之间的关系具有正向调节作用。
首先,在动荡的技术环境中,技术的快速变化和不确定性促使小巨人企业不断寻求新的知识和技术来应对市场挑战。知识互补性作为一种将不同领域的知识相互补充或增强的过程,能够为小巨人企业提供新的创新思路和技术解决方案[20]。因此,在动荡的环境中,知识互补性对小巨人企业突破式技术创新的正向影响会被增强。
其次,动荡的技术环境要求小巨人企业具备快速适应和学习的能力。知识互补性能够帮助企业整合不同领域的知识和技术,形成新的创新能力和竞争优势。这种能力在动荡的环境中尤为重要,因为它能够帮助小巨人企业迅速响应市场变化和技术挑战,从而保持领先地位[21]。
此外,动荡的技术环境也为小巨人企业提供了更多的创新机会和知识组合选择。在高度动荡的环境中,企业需要不断探索新的知识和技术领域,以形成独特的创新能力和产品。知识互补性作为一种将不同领域的知识相互融合的过程,能够为小巨人企业提供更多的创新组合机会,从而推动突破式技术创新的实现[22]。因此,本文提出如下假设:
H4b技术动荡性在小巨人企业知识互补性与突破式技术创新之间发挥正向调节作用。即随着技术动荡性的提高,知识互补性对突破式技术创新的正向影响会被增强。
新材料产业是战略性新兴产业的关键组成部分,高度重视基础研究的发展,对推动我国技术创新体系的建设与发展扮演着重要的角色。根据工信部公示名单及《2023年专精特新“小巨人”企业科创力报告》,1-5批小巨人企业中共有2953家属于新材料产业,占比约24.2%,新材料产业与众多产业联系紧密,为电子信息、新能源、汽车制造等产业的发展提供支撑。此外,新材料产业具有高密集性和高研发投入等特点,其技术创新不仅在新材料产业内部发挥作用,还会外溢至其他产业,促进其他领域的技术创新。第三,新材料应用领域广泛,覆盖航空航天、医疗卫生、环境保护等多个领域,能满足不同场景的需求。鉴于新材料产业在产业关联、技术创新和应用场景等方面具有普适性,且对基础研究与技术创新高度关注,本研究将新材料产业小巨人企业作为实证研究的样本。如图2所示,本研究的数据收集与整理流程涵盖以下关键环节。
首先,本文将研究对象的范围设定为首批至第五批共12950家国家级专精特新小巨人企业。利用天眼查和企查查等APP,详细梳理出这些企业的经营范围。依据《重点新材料首批次应用示范指导目录(2021年版)》,与材料科学与工程领域的专家团队紧密合作,筛选出2542家小巨人新材料企业。其次,本研究通过企业发表的学术论文衡量学科多样性。鉴于中英文学术期刊的学科分类标准存在差异,本文采取了不同的分类策略:参考Web of Science(WOS)的分类体系确定英文论文的学科归属;依据中国图书馆分类法的前三位确定中文论文的学科类型[23]。最后,在专利数据的收集上,本研究利用智慧芽数据库全面检索了上述2542家小巨人企业的专利信息,共获取专利记录330958条。2000年作为中国经济发展的一个重要节点,出台了一系列有利于中小企业发展、技术创新与产业升级以及市场经济体制改革的宏观政策③(③例如,2000年8月24日,国务院办公厅转发了国家经贸委《关于鼓励和促进中小企业发展的若干政策意见》。该政策意见明确指出,中小企业是推动国民经济发展、促进市场繁荣和社会稳定的重要力量,并要求各地区、各部门采取有效措施,加大对中小企业的扶持力度。)。这些政策为小巨人企业的孕育和发展提供了良好的外部环境和政策支持。同时,鉴于突破式技术创新评价的时效性要求(通常采纳专利公开后5年内的前向引用频次作为衡量指标),本研究将专利数据收集的截止时间设定为2018年12月,从而可以涵盖到2024年1月之前的专利引用数据。经过识别并剔除存在错误及信息缺失的样本企业,本研究基于7356篇中文合作论文、717篇英文合作论文以及132532条专利数据,构建了包含2464家企业、时间跨度覆盖2000年至2018年的非平衡面板数据(样本量N=27831)。
(1)因变量
突破式技术创新。前向引用次数是衡量专利影响力及重要性的重要指标,能够反映企业专利在后续发明中的被认可程度。本研究借鉴Kaplan和Vakili的方法[24],将所有样本企业在t年所申请专利的后五年(即t+1~t+5年)前向引用次数从高到低进行排序,并将引用次数排名位于前5%的专利定义为突破式技术创新专利。在此基础上,本文以焦点企业在t年拥有的突破式技术创新专利数量作为企业突破式技术创新的代理变量。
(2)自变量
科学合作的学科多样性。本研究借鉴Porter等人于2007年提出的专门度(Specialization)指标[25,26],用以衡量焦点企业科学合作的学科多样性。专门度S的计算公式如下:
$S=\frac{{\sum }_{i=1}^{n}({P}_{S{C}_{i}}{)}^{2}}{({\sum }_{i=1}^{n}{P}_{S{C}_{i}}{)}^{2}}$
其中,PSCi表示焦点企业在学科i中的合作论文数量。S值越大,表明企业合作论文的学科多样性越低。学科多样性DD的计算公式为:
$DD=1-S$
DD值越接近1,表示焦点企业科学合作的学科多样性越高;反之,若企业仅在单一学科发表合作论文,则S值为1,DD值为0。例如,焦点企业A与B均发表5篇合作论文,A的论文分布在化学(3篇)、物理学(1篇)和生物学(1篇),而B的论文全部集中在化学(3篇)和物理学(2篇),则A和B的S值分别为0.44和0.52,DD值分别为0.56和0.48,由此可知A的学科多样性更高。
(3)中介变量
企业知识互补性。本研究采用Dibiaggio等学者的方法,将国际专利分类号的前4位视为知识元素,以测量企业的知识互补性。首先,构建技术分类共现矩阵,计算同时包含i和j技术分类的专利数量Vi,j。其次,基于超几何分布原理,计算i与j技术分类的关联性γi,j,并进行标准化处理得到γ'i,j。最后,计算给定技术分类i与所有其他技术分类的知识互补性Wari,以及企业层面的知识互补性KW,具体公式如下:
$Wa{r}_{i}=\frac{{\sum }_{i\ne j}\gamma {\text{'}}_{i,j}{W}_{j}}{{\sum }_{i\ne j}{W}_{j}}$
$KW=\frac{\sum Wa{r}_{i}{W}_{i}}{\sum {W}_{i}}$
其中,Wj和Wi分别表示与j和i技术分类相关联的专利数。
(4)调节变量
知识产权保护强度。本研究借鉴李勃昕等人的方法[28],利用焦点企业所在省份的技术市场交易额(TMT)与地区国内生产总值(GDP)的比值来反映知识产权保护强度(IPP),公式为:
$IPP=\frac{TMT}{GDP}$
技术市场交易额越高,表明知识产权保护强度越大。
技术动荡性。本研究参考Dai等人的测度方式[29],采用行业专利申请数来衡量技术动荡性。具体方法是以5年为移动窗口,对行业专利申请数量进行回归分析,计算年份变量与专利申请数量的相关系数标准差,并将其除以行业平均专利申请数量,得到标准化系数作为技术动荡性的指标。标准化系数越大,表示行业技术环境的不确定性越高。具体而言,$TT=\frac{\sigma \left({\stackrel{︿}{\beta }}_{j,t}\right)}{{\overline{N}}_{j}}$,其中TT为技术动荡性,$\sigma \left({\stackrel{︿}{\beta }}_{j,t}\right)$为行业j在5年窗口期(t-4到t)内,年份变量与专利申请数Nj,t的回归系数标准差,${\overline{N}}_{j}$为5年窗口期专利申请的平均值。
(5)控制变量
本研究根据已有文献,在回归模型中纳入以下企业层面的控制变量。
①科学知识宽度。本研究通过企业在观测期前五年内发表的论文所涵盖的学科领域数量来衡量其科学知识的广度。
②企业知识积累。本文以企业在观测期前五年的发明专利数量之和来衡量企业的技术知识积累,从而控制其对企业技术创新的影响。
③专利增量。本文以企业当年新增专利的数量来测量企业的专利增量。
④对外开放程度。本文采用地区进出口总额占地区生产总值的比率来测度对外开放程度。
⑤政府干预程度。本文采用地区财政一般预算支出占地区生产总值的比例来测度政府干预程度。
⑥社会消费水平。本文采用地区社会消费品零售总额与地区生产总值的比率来测度社会消费水平。
本研究的模型选择主要考虑以下因素。首先,本文的结果变量为非负整数,借鉴Tian等学者的研究方法[30],对该变量进行对数化处理。其次,豪斯曼检验结果拒绝原假设(p=0.000),本研究选择固定效应的面板回归模型对结果变量进行假设检验。第三,由于中介变量为连续变量,且豪斯曼检验结果拒绝原假设(p=0.000),本文采用固定效应面板回归模型对中介变量进行假设检验。此外,为了防止调节效应模型多重共线性问题的干扰,在进行回归模型时,对自变量、调节变量以及其交互项进行了中心化处理。
为检验科学合作的学科多样性对企业突破式技术创新的直接影响,构建回归模型:
$Breakthroug{h}_{i,t}={\beta }_{0}+{\beta }_{1}D{D}_{i,t-2}+{\beta }_{2}Controls+\sum Year+\sum Ind+{\xi }_{i,t-2}$
其中,Breakthrough代表突破式技术创新,DD代表解释变量科学合作的学科多样性,Controls代表控制变量,Year和Ind分别为年度和行业固定效应,ξ表示残差项,i表示企业,t表示年度。
为检验知识互补性在科学合作的学科多样性与企业突破式技术创新发挥的中介作用,构建回归模型:
$K{C}_{i,t-1}={\alpha }_{0}+{\alpha }_{1}D{D}_{i,t-2}+{\alpha }_{2}Controls+\sum Year+\sum Ind+{\xi }_{i,t-2}$
$Breakthroug{h}_{i,t}={\beta }_{0}+{\beta }_{1}D{D}_{i,t-2}+{\beta }_{2}K{C}_{i,t-1}+{\beta }_{3}Controls+\sum Year+\sum Ind+{\xi }_{i,t-2}$
其中,KC代表中介变量知识互补性。
最后,检验知识产权保护强度和技术动荡性在模型中的调节作用。
$K{C}_{i,t-1}={\beta }_{0}+{\beta }_{1}D{D}_{i,t-2}+IP{P}_{i,t-2}+{\beta }_{3}D{D}_{i,t-2}\times IP{P}_{i,t-2}+{\beta }_{4}Controls+\sum Year+\sum Ind+{\xi }_{i,t-2}$
$\begin{array}{l} \quad \text { Breakthrough }{ }_{i, t}=\beta_{0}+\beta_{1} K C_{i, t-1}+\beta_{2} T T_{i, t-1}+\beta_{3} \\ K C_{i, t-1} \times T T_{i, t-1}+\beta_{4} \text { Controls }+\sum \text { Year }+\sum \text { Ind }+ \\ \xi_{i, t-1} \end{array}$
各变量的描述性统计特征和相关性分析结果如表1所示。绝大多数自变量间的相关系数小于 0.3;并且所有自变量的方差膨胀因子(VIF)取值小于1.5,远小于多重共线性的经验阈值5。这表明估计结果受到多重共线性问题的影响较小。
为了探究科学合作的学科多样性对突破式技术创新的直接影响,本研究构建了模型1与模型2进行分析。在模型1中,首先纳入了控制变量。结果显示,科学知识宽度、知识积累和社会消费水平均对突破式技术创新具有正向作用。
模型2进一步检验了科学合作的学科多样性对突破式技术创新的直接影响。结果显示,科学合作的学科多样性对应的回归系数β为0.080,且在统计上显著(p<0.01),这表明科学合作的学科多样性对突破式技术创新具有显著的积极作用,从而支持假设H1。模型4考察了科学合作的学科多样性对知识互补性的影响,其回归系数β为0.024,且在统计上接近显著水平(p<0.1),这验证了假设H2,即科学合作的学科多样性对知识互补性具有积极影响。其次,模型5验证了知识互补性对突破式技术创新的影响,其回归系数β为0.241,且在统计上显著(p<0.01),这支持了假设H3a,即知识互补性对突破式技术创新具有积极影响。
为了确认中介作用是否真实存在,本研究利用Stata软件进行Sobel检验和Bootstrap检验。如表3和表4所示,检验结果支持了知识互补性在科学合作的学科多样性对突破式技术创新影响中的部分中介作用。
模型6-7检验了知识产权保护强度和技术动荡性的调节作用。在模型6中,科学合作的学科多样性与知识产权保护强度乘积项对应的回归系数β=-1.339,p<0.01,证明知识产权保护强度在科学合作的学科多样性与知识互补性之间发挥负向调节作用,假设H4a得到支持,调节效应见图3所示。在模型7中,知识互补性与技术动荡性乘积项对应的回归系数β=5.271,p<0.01,证明技术动荡性在知识互补性与企业突破式技术创新之间发挥正向调节作用,假设H4b得到支持,调节效应见图4所示。
本文进行多次稳健性检验,首先,通过对样本中的连续变量进行了1%和99%的缩尾处理以剔除极端值的影响,回归结果与表2一致。其次,更换模型检验。采用随机效应的面板回归模型检验后结果无变化,回归结果见表5所示。
最后,采用不同的因变量测度方法。由于企业申请的专利在不同时间段内拥有的专利被引用次数的累计变化不同程度地反映了企业创新,用5年内被引次数前3%来测度突破式技术创新,重新对研究假设进行回归检验,回归结果没有显著性变化,回归结果见表6所示。
本文以2000-2018年专精特新小巨人企业为样本,实证检验了科学合作的学科多样性对突破式技术创新的影响机制。通过整理相关理论分析和实证研究结果,对实证研究结论进行讨论,得到以下结论:(1)科学合作的学科多样性正向影响突破式技术创新。(2)知识互补性不仅能够促进突破式技术创新,同时中介了科学合作的学科多样性与突破式技术创新的关系。(3)知识产权保护强度负向调节科学合作的学科多样性与知识互补性之间的正向关系,技术动荡性正向调节知识互补性与突破式技术创新之间的正向关系。
首先,明晰科学合作的学科多样性对企业突破式技术创新的作用机理,丰富了企业科学合作的相关研究。尽管相关研究已经指出企业参与科学合作可以获取更先进的理论知识从而有助于创新[31],但围绕学术论文的跨领域科学合作与突破式技术创新关系的关注较少。本研究基于知识重组理论分析并验证了科学合作的学科多样性对突破式技术创新的影响。这不仅响应了学者关于大科学时代进一步关注企业科学研究的呼吁,也为理解学科多样性在创新中发挥的重要作用提供了一个可行分析视角。
其次,丰富了知识重组理论的研究内容。近期关于科学合作对企业创新的影响主要集中在企业协同关系以及网络结构,忽视了跨学科合作关系对企业知识结构的影响,而企业通过搜索外部知识改变现有知识组合结构以产生创新被认为是知识重组的过程。企业通过跨学科领域知识搜索获得知识互补性,从而有助于实现跨学科领域的突破式技术创新,实现“知识搜索—知识组合”的知识重组路径。因此,本研究从跨学科的视角丰富了知识重组的相关理论。
最后,进一步明确了科学合作的学科多样性对突破式技术创新的边界条件。目前的研究中更多探讨知识重组对企业创新的权变作用,并未区分知识重组的两个不同过程。本研究考虑到知识重组过程分为知识搜索和知识组合两部分,因此在两个步骤中分别考虑不同的调节机制,探讨知识产权保护强度和技术动荡性在科学合作的学科多样性与突破式技术创新中的调节作用,丰富了知识重组与创新的理论边界。
首先,企业应积极参与科学合作以积累不同领域科学知识和技术。由于科学研究具有高不确定性、高投入、长周期、高风险、高回报、知识基础高度异质和复杂、对新知识需求高等特点,企业应该跨越自身边界,与外部高校、科研院所等进行广泛科学合作,从而更好地把握技术发展趋势,进行长远技术布局,解决技术难题,实现技术突破。
其次,在企业创新的过程中,管理者应结合企业知识基础的结构性特征,积极搜索和组合互补性知识。互补性知识元素是单个的元素,企业需要在跨领域的背景中组合和重构它们,实现高质量的技术突破与创新。
最后,企业跨领域知识重组进行创新时应该与外部环境相适应。企业在获取外部互补性知识进行创新过程中,应保持对外部技术环境的敏感性,根据技术变动情况,适当调整企业跨领域知识搜索活动。
首先,本研究从科研论文的视角探讨科学合作的学科多样性对突破式技术创新的影响,然而跨学科性不仅体现在科研论文中,还能反映在专利中,并且科研论文与技术专利关系密切。因此,在后续的研究中,可以基于技术专利的视角,探讨企业的学科多样性对突破式技术创新的影响。其次,本研究仅选取专精特新小巨人新材料企业进行实证分析,未来可选取其他样本对本文观点进行检验。最后,科学合作的学科多样性会形成知识互补性,然而知识搜索改变原有的知识结构,不仅会形成知识互补性,也可能形成知识替代性。因此,在未来的研究中可以关注知识替代性的作用。
  • 国家社会科学基金一般项目(23BGL051)
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2026年第44卷第3期
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  • 接收时间:2025-01-20
  • 首发时间:2026-10-09
  • 出版时间:2026-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-20
  • 修回日期:2025-04-16
基金
国家社会科学基金一般项目(23BGL051)
作者信息
    湖南大学工商管理学院, 湖南长沙 410082

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彭迪(1995-),男,博士研究生, E-mail: 。
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