Article(id=1315372024734794033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1315372022658613552, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1733068800000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-02, revisedDate=1744128000000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1791538729117, onlineDateStr=2026-10-09, pubDate=1773504000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791538729117, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791538729117, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791538729117, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315372022658613552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, year='2026', volume='44', issue='3', pageStart='449', pageEnd='672', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773504000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791538728624, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791538856865, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315372560565523080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1315372022658613552, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315372560569717385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1315372022658613552, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=599, endPage=609, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315372024978063666, articleId=1315372024734794033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=EN, title=Exploring the impact of cross-border M&A on innovation quality from the perspective of ambidextrous learning, columnId=1309226334803550422, journalTitle=Studies in Science of Science, columnName=Innovation Explorations, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Existing studies focus on whether cross-border M&A can improve innovation quality, but lack of attention to how cross-border M&A has differentiated impact on innovation quality. The deconstruction of the relationship between cross-border M&A and innovation quality in innovation management literature still remains at the issue of whether cross-border M&A can improve innovation quality, and no consensus has been reached. The sharp contrast between the contradictory research conclusion and the hot wave of cross-border M&A in the industry indicates that the academic community urgently needs to shift its research focus from “whether to improve” to “how to improve”, that is, to clarify the internal mechanism of cross-border M&A affecting innovation quality.

The narrow research perspective leads to theoretical deficiencies in existing literature in revealing the impact of cross-border M&A on innovation quality. Firstly, existing research regards cross-border M&A as homogeneous and neglects exploring the differential innovation effects of different types of cross-border M&A. The existing literature that measures cross-border M&A based on transaction quantity is too simplified and cannot present the heterogeneity of M&A transactions, which hinders a deeper analysis of the impact of cross-border M&A innovation quality. Secondly, existing research focuses on analyzing whether cross-border M&A can affect the technology dimension of innovation quality, while neglecting the exploration of the market dimension. Looking at the literature on innovation quality, it is found that the characterization of innovation quality should be based on both technology and market dimensions, and there are differences in connotation and measurement between the two dimensions. Thirdly, existing research has focused on testing whether “can be improved”, resulting in a lack of interpretation for boundary conditions. Only a few literature have revealed the moderating effects of technological relevance, institutional distance, and intellectual property protection from the perspective of pre-merger factors, and have not addressed the contingency scenarios that affect the acquisition and exploitation of knowledge in the process of M&A integration.

This paper divides cross-border M&A into exploratory M&A and exploitative M&A based on the perspective of ambidextrous learning, divides innovation quality into technology quality and market quality based on technology and market dimension, empirically tests the differentiated effects of two cross-border M&A behaviors on different dimensions of innovation quality, and explores the moderating effects of integration depth and knowledge depth based on knowledge management theory. Exploratory M&A aims to establish new competitive advantages, which is a long-distance, out of domain knowledge search characterized by exploration, change, experimentation, and innovation; exploitative M&A aims to leverage own technological advantages, which is a local, domain specific knowledge search characterized by refinement, execution, efficiency, and selection. Technology quality represents the technological value or impact of innovation achievements, while market quality represents the market value or impact of innovation achievements.

This article collects conceptual data on exploratory M&A, exploitative M&A, technological quality, market quality, etc. through a questionnaire survey. The sample comes from the global M&A transaction analysis database (Orbis M&A) in the BvD series from 2010 to 2023. It is found that exploratory M&A helps to improve technology quality, exploitative M&A helps to improve market quality, and the impact of cross-border M&A on innovation quality depends on the post M&A knowledge management process. Firms with deep integration (high knowledge acquisition degree) and deep field knowledge (strong knowledge exploitation ability) can benefit more from cross-border M&A.

, authors=Hang WU1, Jin CHEN2, Kun WANG1, authorsList=Hang WU, Jin CHEN, Kun WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315372026668368190, articleId=1315372024734794033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=CN, title=双元学习视域跨国并购的创新质量影响, columnId=1309226334996488408, journalTitle=科学学研究, columnName=创新探索, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

已有研究重点关注跨国并购能否提升创新质量,而对于跨国并购如何产生差异化创新质量影响缺乏关注。基于双元学习视角将跨国并购划分为探索性并购、利用性并购,基于技术和市场维度将创新质量划分为技术质量、市场质量,实证检验了两种跨国并购行为对创新质量不同维度的差异化影响,同时基于知识管理理论探究了整合深度、知识深度的调节效应。研究发现,探索性并购有助于提升技术质量,利用性并购有助于提升市场质量;跨国并购的创新质量影响还取决于并购后的知识获取与知识利用,深度整合(知识获取程度高)、深度知识储备(知识利用能力强)的企业更能从跨国并购中获益。

, authors=吴航1, 陈劲2, 王琨1, authorsList=吴航, 陈劲, 王琨, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

吴航(1984-),男,教授,博士,E-mail: 。

陈劲(1968-),男,教授、博士生导师。

王琨(1984-),女,副教授,博士。

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Confirmatory factor analysis, AVE value, and alpha coefficient

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构念 测度题项 非标准化因子荷载值 C.R. AVE α系数
探索性并购 1.获取目标企业专利 1.000 Fixed 0.820 0.957
2.整合目标企业高端研发人才 0.918 18.701***
3.学习目标企业内部管控体系 0.924 20.063***
4.利用目标企业研发设施 0.919 19.358***
5.通过目标企业嵌入该国技术网络 0.980 25.585***
利用性并购 1.实现规模经济以降低生产成本 1.119 16.040*** 0.803 0.951
2.获取国外廉价劳动力和原材料 1.120 16.708***
3.建立生产基地以降低运输成本 1.169 20.977***
4.进一步利用自身技术优势 1.138 15.933***
5.快速拓展市场发展空间 1.000 Fixed
技术质量 1.发明专利申请量有所提升 0.995 16.143*** 0.783 0.912
2.发明专利授权量有所提升 0.950 16.888***
3.行业内技术影响力有所提升 1.000 Fixed
市场质量 1.新产品销售收入占比有所提升 1.071 13.980*** 0.746 0.897
2.新产品消费者满意度有所提升 1.050 14.058***
3.新产品新颖性有所提升 1.000 Fixed
整合深度 1.内部激励政策大幅调整 0.968 24.053*** 0.808 0.940
2.人员结构大幅调整 0.854 20.694***
3.组织文化发生很大改变 0.886 22.624***
4.决策和控制体系发生很大改变 1.000 Fixed
知识深度 1.对所在产业非常熟悉 0.987 21.439*** 0.800 0.937
2.已在该行业积累了大量经验 0.857 20.794***
3.对所在行业知识了解非常全面 0.893 21.682***
4.对行业技术有非常深入的了解 1.000 Fixed
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验证性因子分析、AVE值及α系数

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构念 测度题项 非标准化因子荷载值 C.R. AVE α系数
探索性并购 1.获取目标企业专利 1.000 Fixed 0.820 0.957
2.整合目标企业高端研发人才 0.918 18.701***
3.学习目标企业内部管控体系 0.924 20.063***
4.利用目标企业研发设施 0.919 19.358***
5.通过目标企业嵌入该国技术网络 0.980 25.585***
利用性并购 1.实现规模经济以降低生产成本 1.119 16.040*** 0.803 0.951
2.获取国外廉价劳动力和原材料 1.120 16.708***
3.建立生产基地以降低运输成本 1.169 20.977***
4.进一步利用自身技术优势 1.138 15.933***
5.快速拓展市场发展空间 1.000 Fixed
技术质量 1.发明专利申请量有所提升 0.995 16.143*** 0.783 0.912
2.发明专利授权量有所提升 0.950 16.888***
3.行业内技术影响力有所提升 1.000 Fixed
市场质量 1.新产品销售收入占比有所提升 1.071 13.980*** 0.746 0.897
2.新产品消费者满意度有所提升 1.050 14.058***
3.新产品新颖性有所提升 1.000 Fixed
整合深度 1.内部激励政策大幅调整 0.968 24.053*** 0.808 0.940
2.人员结构大幅调整 0.854 20.694***
3.组织文化发生很大改变 0.886 22.624***
4.决策和控制体系发生很大改变 1.000 Fixed
知识深度 1.对所在产业非常熟悉 0.987 21.439*** 0.800 0.937
2.已在该行业积累了大量经验 0.857 20.794***
3.对所在行业知识了解非常全面 0.893 21.682***
4.对行业技术有非常深入的了解 1.000 Fixed
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Descriptive statistical analysis and correlation coefficient matrix

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Mean S.D. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1.企业规模 7.660 1.451 1
2.企业年龄 15.92 8.532 0.269** 1
3.并购经验 0.300 0.457 0.108 0.077 1
4.相对规模 4.230 1.294 0.130 -0.006 0.012 1
5.并购前绩效 4.030 1.190 0.031 -0.044 0.033 0.152* 1
6.探索性并购 4.251 1.568 0.051 0.003 -0.014 -0.017 0.125 0.905
7.利用性并购 4.393 1.418 0.039 -0.025 0.161* 0.109 0.269** 0.293** 0.896
8.技术质量 3.910 1.319 0.102 0.039 0.155* -0.090 0.235** 0.356** 0.136 0.885
9.市场质量 4.680 1.119 0.039 0.104 0.001 0.110 0.399** 0.233** 0.358** 0.136 0.864
10.整合深度 4.730 1.780 -0.004 0.123 -0.066 -0.271** -0.139 -0.109 -0.175* -0.090 0.016 0.899
11.知识深度 4.470 1.699 -0.209** 0.064 -0.109 -0.103 -0.025 0.125 0.075 -0.039 0.094 0.158* 0.894
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描述性统计分析与相关系数矩阵

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Mean S.D. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1.企业规模 7.660 1.451 1
2.企业年龄 15.92 8.532 0.269** 1
3.并购经验 0.300 0.457 0.108 0.077 1
4.相对规模 4.230 1.294 0.130 -0.006 0.012 1
5.并购前绩效 4.030 1.190 0.031 -0.044 0.033 0.152* 1
6.探索性并购 4.251 1.568 0.051 0.003 -0.014 -0.017 0.125 0.905
7.利用性并购 4.393 1.418 0.039 -0.025 0.161* 0.109 0.269** 0.293** 0.896
8.技术质量 3.910 1.319 0.102 0.039 0.155* -0.090 0.235** 0.356** 0.136 0.885
9.市场质量 4.680 1.119 0.039 0.104 0.001 0.110 0.399** 0.233** 0.358** 0.136 0.864
10.整合深度 4.730 1.780 -0.004 0.123 -0.066 -0.271** -0.139 -0.109 -0.175* -0.090 0.016 0.899
11.知识深度 4.470 1.699 -0.209** 0.064 -0.109 -0.103 -0.025 0.125 0.075 -0.039 0.094 0.158* 0.894
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Hierarchical regression model

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技术质量 市场质量
M1a M2a M3a M1b M2b M3b
企业规模 0.095 0.064 0.065 0.009 -0.004 0.002
企业年龄 0.025 0.028 0.013 0.106 0.114† 0.110†
并购经验 0.130† 0.136* 0.122† -0.008 -0.052 -0.085
相对规模 -0.166* -0.145* -0.141* 0.075 0.063 0.036
并购前绩效 0.241** 0.203** 0.143* 0.403*** 0.335*** 0.285***
整合深度 -0.095 -0.050 -0.045 0.064 0.104 0.027
知识深度 -0.003 -0.056 -0.078 0.096 0.057 0.050
探索性并购 0.328*** 0.352***
利用性并购 0.287*** 0.212**
探索性并购×整合深度 0.155*
探索性并购×知识深度 0.170*
利用性并购×整合深度 0.109†
利用性并购×知识深度 0.275***
R2 0.111 0.213 0.261 0.190 0.262 0.343
F 3.129** 5.881*** 6.083*** 5.878*** 7.716*** 8.983***
Max VIF 1.163 1.173 1.224 1.163 1.166 1.239
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层次回归模型

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技术质量 市场质量
M1a M2a M3a M1b M2b M3b
企业规模 0.095 0.064 0.065 0.009 -0.004 0.002
企业年龄 0.025 0.028 0.013 0.106 0.114† 0.110†
并购经验 0.130† 0.136* 0.122† -0.008 -0.052 -0.085
相对规模 -0.166* -0.145* -0.141* 0.075 0.063 0.036
并购前绩效 0.241** 0.203** 0.143* 0.403*** 0.335*** 0.285***
整合深度 -0.095 -0.050 -0.045 0.064 0.104 0.027
知识深度 -0.003 -0.056 -0.078 0.096 0.057 0.050
探索性并购 0.328*** 0.352***
利用性并购 0.287*** 0.212**
探索性并购×整合深度 0.155*
探索性并购×知识深度 0.170*
利用性并购×整合深度 0.109†
利用性并购×知识深度 0.275***
R2 0.111 0.213 0.261 0.190 0.262 0.343
F 3.129** 5.881*** 6.083*** 5.878*** 7.716*** 8.983***
Max VIF 1.163 1.173 1.224 1.163 1.166 1.239
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双元学习视域跨国并购的创新质量影响
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吴航 1 , 陈劲 2 , 王琨 1
科学学研究 | 创新探索 2026,44(3): 599-609
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科学学研究 |创新探索 2026 , 44 (3) : 599 -609
双元学习视域跨国并购的创新质量影响
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吴航1 , 陈劲2, 王琨1
作者信息
  • 1 嘉兴大学经济学院, 浙江嘉兴 314001
  • 2 清华大学经济管理学院, 北京 100083
作者简介:

吴航(1984-),男,教授,博士,E-mail: 。

陈劲(1968-),男,教授、博士生导师。

王琨(1984-),女,副教授,博士。

Exploring the impact of cross-border M&A on innovation quality from the perspective of ambidextrous learning
Hang WU1 , Jin CHEN2, Kun WANG1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Economics, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
  • 2 School of Economics and Management, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100083, China
出版时间: 2026-03-15
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已有研究重点关注跨国并购能否提升创新质量,而对于跨国并购如何产生差异化创新质量影响缺乏关注。基于双元学习视角将跨国并购划分为探索性并购、利用性并购,基于技术和市场维度将创新质量划分为技术质量、市场质量,实证检验了两种跨国并购行为对创新质量不同维度的差异化影响,同时基于知识管理理论探究了整合深度、知识深度的调节效应。研究发现,探索性并购有助于提升技术质量,利用性并购有助于提升市场质量;跨国并购的创新质量影响还取决于并购后的知识获取与知识利用,深度整合(知识获取程度高)、深度知识储备(知识利用能力强)的企业更能从跨国并购中获益。

跨国并购  /  创新质量  /  知识管理  /  整合深度  /  知识深度

Existing studies focus on whether cross-border M&A can improve innovation quality, but lack of attention to how cross-border M&A has differentiated impact on innovation quality. The deconstruction of the relationship between cross-border M&A and innovation quality in innovation management literature still remains at the issue of whether cross-border M&A can improve innovation quality, and no consensus has been reached. The sharp contrast between the contradictory research conclusion and the hot wave of cross-border M&A in the industry indicates that the academic community urgently needs to shift its research focus from “whether to improve” to “how to improve”, that is, to clarify the internal mechanism of cross-border M&A affecting innovation quality.

The narrow research perspective leads to theoretical deficiencies in existing literature in revealing the impact of cross-border M&A on innovation quality. Firstly, existing research regards cross-border M&A as homogeneous and neglects exploring the differential innovation effects of different types of cross-border M&A. The existing literature that measures cross-border M&A based on transaction quantity is too simplified and cannot present the heterogeneity of M&A transactions, which hinders a deeper analysis of the impact of cross-border M&A innovation quality. Secondly, existing research focuses on analyzing whether cross-border M&A can affect the technology dimension of innovation quality, while neglecting the exploration of the market dimension. Looking at the literature on innovation quality, it is found that the characterization of innovation quality should be based on both technology and market dimensions, and there are differences in connotation and measurement between the two dimensions. Thirdly, existing research has focused on testing whether “can be improved”, resulting in a lack of interpretation for boundary conditions. Only a few literature have revealed the moderating effects of technological relevance, institutional distance, and intellectual property protection from the perspective of pre-merger factors, and have not addressed the contingency scenarios that affect the acquisition and exploitation of knowledge in the process of M&A integration.

This paper divides cross-border M&A into exploratory M&A and exploitative M&A based on the perspective of ambidextrous learning, divides innovation quality into technology quality and market quality based on technology and market dimension, empirically tests the differentiated effects of two cross-border M&A behaviors on different dimensions of innovation quality, and explores the moderating effects of integration depth and knowledge depth based on knowledge management theory. Exploratory M&A aims to establish new competitive advantages, which is a long-distance, out of domain knowledge search characterized by exploration, change, experimentation, and innovation; exploitative M&A aims to leverage own technological advantages, which is a local, domain specific knowledge search characterized by refinement, execution, efficiency, and selection. Technology quality represents the technological value or impact of innovation achievements, while market quality represents the market value or impact of innovation achievements.

This article collects conceptual data on exploratory M&A, exploitative M&A, technological quality, market quality, etc. through a questionnaire survey. The sample comes from the global M&A transaction analysis database (Orbis M&A) in the BvD series from 2010 to 2023. It is found that exploratory M&A helps to improve technology quality, exploitative M&A helps to improve market quality, and the impact of cross-border M&A on innovation quality depends on the post M&A knowledge management process. Firms with deep integration (high knowledge acquisition degree) and deep field knowledge (strong knowledge exploitation ability) can benefit more from cross-border M&A.

cross-border M&A  /  innovation quality  /  knowledge management  /  integration depth  /  knowledge depth
吴航, 陈劲, 王琨. 双元学习视域跨国并购的创新质量影响. 科学学研究, 2026 , 44 (3) : 599 -609 .
Hang WU, Jin CHEN, Kun WANG. Exploring the impact of cross-border M&A on innovation quality from the perspective of ambidextrous learning[J]. Studies in Science of Science, 2026 , 44 (3) : 599 -609 .
提升创新质量是企业高质量发展取胜之道。在创新资源缺乏与要素市场缺失的双重限制下,跨国并购已成为企业突破技术瓶颈、提升创新质量的重要途径[1,2]。然而遗憾的是,创新管理文献对于跨国并购与创新质量关系的解构尚停留在“跨国并购能否提升创新质量”这一议题上,且未达成共识[3-8]。秉持资源观的“乐观派”认为,跨国并购为企业带来了多样化、异质性知识和互补资源,拓展了知识基宽度和深度,能够推动企业技术轨道跃迁及开发全新产品[3-5]。相比之下,“悲观派”认为跨国并购会带来业绩和资金压力,迫使企业更加急功近利、关注短期收益,偏爱熟悉领域创新,进而降低创新质量[6,7];同时会带来无法规避的制度冲突和整合成本,并且整合初期摩擦效应远大于协同效应,因而抑制创新质量提升[8]。矛盾性研究结论与业界火热并购浪潮之间形成鲜明反差,预示着学界亟需将研究重心从“能否提升”转向“如何提升”,即厘清跨国并购影响创新质量的内在机制。
研究视角狭隘致使现有文献在揭示跨国并购创新质量影响上存在理论缺陷。第一,将跨国并购视为同质化的,忽视了探究不同类型跨国并购的差异化创新效应。现有文献以交易数量测量跨国并购的方式过于简化,无法呈现并购交易异质性,阻碍了对跨国并购创新质量影响的深层解析[8]。事实上,国际商务文献已基于双元学习视角将跨国并购划分为探索性并购、利用性并购,并指出二者在动机、风险方面存在显著差异[9]。未来研究应从双元学习视域揭示不同类型跨国并购的创新质量影响。第二,重点解析跨国并购能否影响创新质量技术维度,忽视了对市场维度的探究。纵观创新质量文献,发现创新质量刻画应同时立足技术和市场维度[10],且两维度在内涵与测量上存在差异[11,12]。引用率高、新颖性强的技术专利并不一定具有广泛的市场价值,而受顾客青睐的新产品也未必包含新颖技术[13]。因此,仅关注技术维度显然无法揭示跨国并购影响创新质量的理论全貌。第三,侧重检验“能否提升”的理论关注导致已有研究对于边界条件缺乏阐释。仅有几篇文献从并购前因素角度揭示了技术相关性[1,8]、制度距离[2]、知识产权保护[5]的调节效应,而对于并购整合过程中影响企业获取与利用知识的权变情景未曾涉及。依据知识管理理论[14],跨国并购仅为提升创新质量提供了学习与知识获取机会,成败关键还取决于并购后的知识获取与知识利用[15]。因此,未来研究应立足知识管理视角探究并购后影响创新质量提升的权变因素。
鉴于此,本文基于双元学习理论实证检验不同类型跨国并购对创新质量的差异化影响,并基于知识管理理论探究整合深度与知识深度的调节效应(见图1)。具体而言:(1)基于双元学习理论[16]将跨国并购划分为探索性并购、利用型并购[9],从技术与市场维度将创新质量区分为技术质量、市场质量[11,12],认为探索性并购会带来大量领域外新知识进而提升技术质量,而利用性并购通过领域内重复学习提升市场质量。(2)基于知识管理理论强调并购后知识获取与知识利用对于提升创新质量的权变影响[14,15],并检验整合深度[17]与知识深度[18]的调节效应。深度整合有助于建立促进显性知识转移的惯例与机制,并通过提升并购双方理解互信促进隐性知识获取,而领域内深度知识储备有利于并购企业识别所获取知识用途并将其整合进现有知识库,进而促进创新质量提升。研究结论贡献于跨国并购创新质量影响文献,能够为企业通过跨国并购提升创新质量提供实践启示。
现有创新管理文献将并购视为同质化的,未考量行为异质性导致的创新质量差异[3-8]。仅有Makri[3]根据相似性、互补性探究了两种技术并购的创新影响差异,发现高互补性技术并购有助于提升创新质量,而高相似性技术并购限制搜索范围、抑制创新质量提升。然而纵览国际商务文献,发现企业跨国并购存在探索与利用两种动机,通过跨国并购不仅能利用技术优势、实现规模经济,还能嵌入海外创新网络、获取新颖知识与技术[3,9]。目前学界已基于双元学习理论[16]将跨国并购划分为探索性并购、利用性并购,并指出两种并购分属探索性与利用性学习活动[9]。探索性并购旨在建立新竞争优势,是一种远距离、领域外知识搜索,特征表现为探索、变化、试验和创新;利用性并购旨在利用自身技术优势,是一种本地、领域内知识搜索,特征表现为精炼、执行、效率和选择[16,19]。由于探索性与利用性并购带来的分属领域外和领域内知识[19],因而会对并购后整合行为与绩效产生差异化影响。如魏江和杨洋[20]发现探索性与利用性并购对并购整合战略具有差异化影响;Choi和McNamara[21]发现探索性与利用性并购会分别推动独立性、整合性知识利用行为;吴航和陈劲[9]也发现两种并购会触发不同的制度复杂性战略响应行为。基于上述研究,本文认为探索性与利用性并购的差异化学习属性也会导致不同的创新质量影响。
Haner[10]依据质量内涵演变和创新过程属性首次提出创新质量概念框架,并且从数量、性能、效率、特性、稳定性、成本、顾客价值、创新度、复杂性等方面刻画创新质量。由于Haner对质量的内涵解析涉及“多、快、好、省”等特征,对创新的理解涵盖了过程和产出所有方面,导致后续研究难以完全沿袭其概念框架。现有文献侧重从产出影响力/价值角度衡量创新质量,认为产生广泛技术或市场影响、具有较高技术或市场价值的创新是高质量创新。学界对于创新质量的探究可以划分为技术和市场两个流派。占据主导的技术学派以专利引用次数[11]、发明专利申请量[1,4]、专利知识含量[22]测量创新质量。部分学者认为专利引用次数越高,创新的技术影响力越大,创新质量越高[11];另一部分学者提出发明专利申请量越大、专利知识宽度越大,创新的技术价值、知识复杂度越高,创新质量越高[1,4,22]。相比之下,市场学派认为创新产出应具有市场影响力、能向消费者提供新价值,因而将新产品价值或消费者影响力作为创新质量衡量标准,重点考察企业新产品对消费者需求满足程度、新产品销售收入占总销售收入比重[12,23]。消费者对新产品越认可、新产品销售收入占总销售收入比重越高,企业创新质量就越高。
(1)探索性并购与技术质量
依据探索性学习的试验、发现、创新属性[16],探索性并购属于远距离、跨边界知识搜索[19],能帮助企业获取大量技术领域外知识[9]。领域外知识与现有知识库融合将显著提升创新的技术质量。一方面,探索性跨国并购使得企业直接获取目标方新颖、异质性知识以提升技术质量。探索性并购的目标方往往拥有企业创新所需新知识或互补资源,一旦将其整合进现有知识库就能推动企业知识重组和技术革新[3]。已有研究发现新兴经济国家企业通过并购整合发达国家企业可以拓展知识基宽度[20]。知识域拓宽会促进企业更新创新思维方式、打破技术路径依赖,进而引发突破性技术变革和技术质量提升[13,24]。另一方面,探索性跨国并购使得企业通过被并购方迅速嵌入国外创新网络,与当地创新机构开展研发合作以提升技术质量。由于探索性并购目标方通常位于技术领先国创新集聚区域,并且并购方旨在完成对目标方职能、文化、管理的整合[17],因此并购企业在整合时能通过目标方嵌入当地创新网络获取新知识,利用当地创新基础设施、创新转化平台及高端创新要素,从而源源不断向企业贡献新创意及实现向新技术转化[2,8]。鉴于此,本文提出如下假设:
H1: 探索性并购与技术质量正相关。
(2)利用性并购与市场质量
依据利用性学习的精炼、效率、实施属性[16],利用性并购是窄范围、领域内知识搜索,是在已知、熟悉技术领域的深层次学习[9,19]。并购企业通过领域内重复学习将增进领域内知识理解、推动领域内知识重组以提升创新的市场质量。一方面,利用性跨国并购促使企业降低产品生产成本、提升产品稳定性,进而创造更高的市场认可和价值。由于并购企业旨在通过并购目标方将现有技术优势在海外重复利用,因此技术领域内的深层学习能够有效降低创新错误率、优化创新流程[19],尤其当并购企业将当地领先生产工艺、技术诀窍引入自身创新时,将开发出性能更佳、成本更低的新产品[24]。另一方面,利用性跨国并购促使企业开发出设计与功能更优的新产品,进而赢得更广泛、更深层的市场认可。领域内重复学习显著提升并购企业对领域内知识元素、知识模块及知识组合的认知,推动并购企业在领域内实现新的知识重组,带来产品设计和功能属性更新[25]。已有研究发现,企业通过跨国并购能够及时掌握国际市场前沿产品需求和创新变化趋势,开发出更受顾客欢迎、附加值更高的新产品[4,5]。鉴于此,本文提出如下假设:
H2: 利用性并购与市场质量正相关。
跨国并购交易的完成意味着企业得到了探索性或利用性学习机会,但并不意味着创新质量的必然提升。知识管理理论指出,外部知识转化为企业创新绩效需经过知识管理过程,包括知识获取与知识利用[14]。依据知识管理理论逻辑,跨国并购影响创新质量的最终成效还取决于并购企业获取目标方知识的程度以及将其应用于创新的能力[15]。本文以整合深度衡量并购企业获取目标方知识程度,认为深度整合有利于促进目标方知识转移和并购企业知识获取[17];以知识深度衡量并购企业利用目标方知识的能力,认为领域内知识储备越丰富的企业吸收、利用外部新知识的能力越强,越能整合现有知识提升创新质量[18]。
(1)整合深度的调节效应:知识获取视角
整合深度表示并购双方组织、技术、管理、文化等在并购后的变化程度[26]。轻度整合表示双方仅实现财务整合;中度整合表示实现生产、制造等职能整合,深度整合表示所有结构和文化边界均被消除[17]。探索性/利用性并购仅为企业提供了知识获取机会,知识获取程度与创新质量提升效果取决于对目标企业整合程度[14,15]。首先,深度整合帮助企业建立有利于显性知识转移的结构和惯例,成功获取目标方专利、技术以提升创新质量。并购整合文献发现,并购企业为响应整合中的制度冲突,需适应目标方制度或与目标方共创新制度,而这要求并购企业在沟通模式、跨职能整合机制等方面深度调整[9]。运营、控制、计划、沟通模式与程序的深度融合有利于目标方显性知识向并购方转移,进而实现协同创新[27]。其次,深度整合促进并购企业建立有利于隐性知识转移的文化氛围,成功从目标方获取创新经验、技术诀窍以提升创新质量。深度整合需要并购双方充分了解彼此信念、价值观和规范[17]。这种深入交流有助于降低矛盾与冲突、增强了解和互信,建立有助于隐性知识转移的氛围,如难以编码、以诀窍或经验存在的知识[9]。鉴于此,本文提出如下假设:
H3a:整合深度正向调节探索性并购与技术质量之间的关系。
H3b:整合深度正向调节利用性并购与市场质量之间的关系。
(2)知识深度的调节效应:知识利用视角
知识深度表示企业对特定领域知识的理解程度[18]。组织学习文献指出,知识深度直接影响企业对新知识的消化吸收[28]。对所属技术领域理解更透彻的企业更能识别新知识价值并将其应用于创新。因此,企业通过探索性/利用性并购获取的知识并不会自动提升创新质量,需要经过内部吸收与利用过程[14,15]。首先,精深的领域内知识促使企业更能实现新知识编码及将其与现有知识库融合,进而推动知识重组与创新质量提升。共享语言和符号对于组织间转移与扩散新知识极其重要,而拥有精深知识库的并购企业更能用组织成员共享的语言和符号编码从目标方获得的新知识,进而推动新知识与现有知识库融合[29]。其次,精深的领域内知识促使并购企业更能实现新知识与原有知识的创新性组合以提升创新质量。创新质量提升关键在于实现知识元素或知识模块的创新性重组,而领域内知识储备丰富的企业对本领域知识元素、知识架构均非常了解,更能识别新知识用途并推动新知识与现有知识库融合[30]。此外,精深的领域内知识还能减少用于知识整合的资源消耗,为提升创新质量提供更多资源支持[29]。鉴于此,本文提出如下假设:
H4a:知识深度正向调节探索性并购与技术质量之间的关系。
H4b:知识深度正向调节利用性并购与市场质量之间的关系。
现有文献以二手数据测量跨国并购与创新质量,仅刻画出跨国并购整体倾向与创新质量技术维度,无法精确揭示跨国并购的差异化创新机制。本文以问卷调查收集探索性并购、利用性并购、技术质量、市场质量等构念数据,样本来自BvD系列库中全球并购交易分析库(Orbis M&A)2010-2023年的跨国并购交易。样本筛选遵循以下标准:(1)为便于建立沟通渠道,并购方必须是中国大陆企业;(2)由于研究旨在揭示不同类型并购对整合后创新质量的影响,因此删除纯粹的财务并购和管理层收购、要求并购企业占股不低于50%且并购已完成,删除并购目的地处于避税天堂(香港、开曼群岛、英属维京群岛)的并购交易;(3)按照US SIC代码选择创新活跃产业:化学品和相关产品(SIC28)、工商业机械和计算机设备(SIC35)、电子电气设备(SIC36)、运输设备(SIC37)、测量,分析和控制仪器;摄影、医疗和光学用品(SIC38)、通讯(SIC48);(4)对于同一年度的多笔并购交易,选择交易金额最大的作为调查对象。经过筛选共获得641项跨国并购交易。
问卷填写者均为深度参与跨国并购战略制定和执行的公司高管,且对公司创新业绩极为了解。尽管整个问卷设计高度依赖成熟量表,仍选择5名跨国并购与创新管理领域优秀学者、5名具有丰富国际并购经验的高管对问卷预测试,以进一步提高量表准确性和清晰度。经过细微修改后,课题组经历了两轮电子邮件发放过程,对于未给予回复的企业通过电话访谈收集数据。课题组在问卷设计与电话访谈中均明确指出调研所获数据仅用于科学研究,课题组承诺并愿意承担保密责任。在删除2份存在缺失值和1份存在异常值的问卷后,共获得183份有效问卷,有效问卷回收率为28.5%,达到了并购领域文献的平均回收水平。为规避共同方法偏差和伪因果关系,问卷在设计过程中打乱了自变量与因变量排列顺序,插入了一些无关测量题项,同时部分题项采用反向设计。Harman单因子方差检验显示解释力最大的因子仅解释了23.328%的方差,证实本研究不存在严重的共同方法偏差。
(1)因变量
先前研究将创新质量视为单维构念,选用发明专利申请量[1]、专利引用数[11]作为测量指标,然而这种以发明专利作为测量基准的构思仅测度了创新质量技术维度,对于市场维度缺乏考量。本文从技术与市场两个维度设计创新质量测度量表。技术质量表示创新成果的技术价值或影响力,市场质量表示创新成果的市场价值或影响力。受制于中国专利数据库无法获取专利引用信息,参照Singh[11]、程思佳等[1]的测量方法,选用3个题项以Likert 7点打分量表测量企业发明专利数量及其影响力在并购后的变化情况;参照Duan等[12]、弋亚群等[23]的测量量表,选用3个题项以Likert 7点打分量表衡量企业新产品市场价值及对顾客需求满足程度在并购后的变化情况。1表示一点不赞同,7表示完全赞同(下同)。
(2)自变量
由于探索性并购旨在通过并购获取新知识或互补资源,而利用性并购旨在通过并购利用自身技术优势,因此借鉴吴航和陈劲[9]从并购动机角度设计的测量量表,分别选用五个题项以Likert 7点打分量表测量探索性并购和利用性并购。探索性并购衡量企业是否通过并购获取专利、研发人才、学习内控体系、利用目标方研发设施等,利用性并购衡量企业是否通过并购实现规模经济、利用技术优势、拓展市场空间等(见表1)。
(3)调节变量
遵循Cording等[17]、Pablo[26]对于整合深度的定义与测量,选用4个题项以Likert 7点打分量表测量整合深度,主要考察并购企业激励、人员、文化、决策系统等在整合过程中的变化幅度。借鉴Yao等[28]、Zhou和Li[29]的测量量表,选用4个题项以Likert 7点打分量表测量知识深度,主要考察并购企业对本领域知识理解深度。
(4)控制变量
将企业年龄、企业规模、相对规模、并购经验、并购前绩效纳入控制。①以企业成立至并购交易发生时的经营年限衡量企业年龄。②以员工人数自然对数衡量企业规模。③以并购前并购方相比目标方销售收入水平衡量相对规模[9]。相对规模越小,越有利于并购企业整合目标方资源开展创新。④先前文献指出拥有并购经验的企业更能整合目标方知识开展创新,因此以哑变量衡量并购经验。1表示企业开展过跨国并购,反之为0。⑤由于并购前绩效水平可能会影响并购后资源投入和创新质量,因此以并购前三年内并购企业相比同行业企业盈利水平衡量并购前绩效。
首先,通过计算内部一致性检验构念信度。探索性并购、利用性并购、技术质量、市场质量、整合深度、知识深度的Cronbach α系数均大于0.850(见表1),证明量表信度较好。其次,构建上述六个一阶因子彼此相关的测量模型,通过验证性因子分析检验构念效度。结果显示,模型拟合良好(χ2/df = 1.458,RMSEA = 0.052,NFI = 0.926,NNFI = 0.975,CFI = 0.976);所有构念平均提炼变差(AVE)均大于0.5,证实构念具有良好聚合效度;构念AVE值平方根远大于构念间相关系数(见表2),证实构念具有良好区分效度。
表2为描述性统计和相关系数矩阵。探索性并购与技术质量显著正相关(r=0.356,p<0.01),利用性并购与市场质量显著正相关(r=0.358,p<0.01)。核心变量的显著相关关系为进一步的假设检验奠定了基础。此外,所有变量相关系数均小于0.4,所有变量方差膨胀因子(VIF值)远小于10,证实变量之间不存在严重的多重共线性问题。
首先,以技术质量作为因变量开展层次回归分析。M1a是加入控制变量和调节变量的回归模型,M2a是在M1a基础上加入自变量探索性并购的回归模型。M2a显示,探索性并购对技术质量具有显著正向影响(β=0.328,p<0.001),H1得到支持。M3a是在M2a基础上加入探索性并购与整合深度、知识深度交互项的全模型。M3a显示,探索性并购与整合深度交互项对技术质量具有显著正向影响(β=0.155,p<0.05),H3a得到支持;探索性并购与知识深度交互项对技术质量具有显著正向影响(β=0.170,p<0.05),H4a得到支持。
其次,以市场质量作为因变量开展层次回归分析。M1b是加入控制变量和调节变量的回归模型,M2b是在M1b基础上加入自变量利用性并购的回归模型。M2b显示,利用性并购对市场质量具有显著正向影响(β=0.287,p<0.001),H2得到支持。M3b是在M2b基础上加入利用性并购与整合深度、知识深度交互项的全模型。M3b显示,利用性并购与整合深度交互项对市场质量具有显著正向影响(β=0.109,p<0.1),H3b得到支持;利用性并购与知识深度交互项对市场质量具有显著正向影响(β=0.275,p<0.001),H4b得到支持。
为进一步检验调节效应,本文还绘制了调节效应图(图2-5)。调节效应图再次支持了H3a、H3b、H4a、H4b。
跨国并购如何影响企业创新质量?本文立足双元学习理论将跨国并购划分为探索性并购、利用性并购,实证检验了不同类型跨国并购对创新质量技术与市场维度的差异化影响,同时基于知识管理理论探究了并购后知识获取程度(整合深度)与知识利用能力(知识深度)的调节效应。研究发现:
(1)探索性并购对技术质量具有正向影响,利用性并购对市场质量具有正向影响。这意味着尽管跨国并购为企业整合创新资源、利用自身优势提供了契机,但不同类型并购的创新质量影响存在差异。研究结论与双元学习视域跨国并购文献的观点一致。这一派文献认为探索性并购、利用性并购具有差异化学习属性,会在并购后激发不同的整合行为(如整合战略[20]、知识利用[21]、制度响应[9])。本文聚焦并购后创新绩效,发现不同类型跨国并购会产生差异化的创新质量影响。此外,研究结论还支持了创新质量文献的观点,证实创新质量的技术与市场维度在内涵与提升机制上存在差异[11,12]。探索性并购获取的领域外新知识会提升技术质量,而利用性并购获取的领域内熟悉知识会提升市场质量。
(2)整合深度、知识深度正向调节探索性并购与技术质量、利用性并购与市场质量的关系。这说明企业通过跨国并购提升创新质量并非一蹴而就,还取决于并购后的知识获取和知识利用过程。研究结论呼应了知识管理视域下的跨国并购文献,证实企业通过跨国并购提升创新质量是一个复杂的知识管理过程[14,15]。跨国并购仅为企业获取新知识提供了机会,最终创新效果依赖企业对并购后知识获取和知识利用过程的管理。整合程度越深,越有助于企业建立促进显性与隐性知识转移的结构与文化,进而促进知识获取与创新质量提升;领域知识越深,越有助于企业对新知识编码以实现知识融合、识别新知识用途以实现创新性重组,进而提升创新质量。
现有创新管理文献重点关注跨国并购能否提升创新质量,却得出了矛盾性结论[3-8]。本文整合双元学习与知识管理理论,揭示了不同类型跨国并购对创新质量的影响机制,一定程度上调和了跨国并购与创新质量间的矛盾关系,为回应现有文献的不一致结论提供了新洞察。具体来说:(1)基于双元学习理论揭示了探索性、利用性并购影响创新质量技术与市场维度的差异化机制。现有文献在解析跨国并购的创新质量影响时将并购视为无差异整体,重点关注并购对创新质量技术维度的影响,忽视了对其市场维度的探究[3-8]。本文从双元学习视角将跨国并购区分为探索性与利用性并购[9,16],同时从技术和市场维度将创新质量区分为技术质量与市场质量[11,12],发现探索性并购提升技术质量、利用性并购提升市场质量,揭示了不同类型跨国并购对创新质量不同维度的差异化影响效应。(2)基于知识管理过程视角拓展了跨国并购影响创新质量的理论边界。现有文献探究了技术相关性[1,8]、制度距离[2]、知识产权保护[5]等并购前因素的权变影响,而对影响并购后知识获取与知识利用的情景因素缺乏阐释。基于知识管理过程视角,本文提出创新质量能否提升还取决于并购后的知识获取与知识利用过程[14,15];以整合深度衡量并购企业知识获取程度、知识深度衡量并购企业知识利用能力,发现整合深度、知识深度正向调节跨国并购与创新质量之间的关系,进而揭示出跨国并购影响创新质量的知识管理情景。
本文对旨在以跨国并购提升创新质量的企业具有实践启示。一方面,企业管理者在实施跨国并购时应准确评估自身创新需求,根据技术与市场价值或影响力提升需求实施相应并购战略。管理者应意识到尽管跨国并购能够提升创新质量,但不同类型跨国并购会产生差异化创新质量影响。旨在提升技术质量的跨国企业应实施探索性并购,而旨在提升市场质量的跨国企业应实施利用性并购。另一方面,企业管理者应加强并购后知识管理,通过深度整合获取目标方新知识,同时增强领域内知识深度以利用新知识。管理者应意识到跨国并购仅为提升创新质量提供了机遇窗口,最终创新意图的实现还取决于企业获取知识的程度以及利用知识的能力。管理者应通过深度整合建立有利于显性知识获取的制度与惯例,打造有利于隐性知识获取的文化氛围;通过增强领域内知识积累提升对目标方知识的吸收与利用能力,进而促进并购后创新质量提升。
研究设计还存在局限之处。首先,本文从差异化并购类型、创新质量不同维度切入,探究了跨国并购对创新质量的直接影响,未来研究可以基于知识重组、动态能力等视角进一步探究差异化跨国并购行为影响创新质量的中介机制。例如,基于知识重组理论解析探索性、利用性并购是否会触发差异化知识重组机制,或基于动态能力理论解析探索性、利用性并购是否会建立差异化能力与惯例,进而影响创新质量不同维度。其次,本文仅关注探索性、利用性并购的创新后果,而对触发差异化跨国并购的前因未有涉及。未来研究可以基于企业行为学理论探究绩效反馈对差异化跨国并购行为的触发机制,或进一步搭建完整的“行为→绩效”逻辑链,阐释企业绩效反馈如何触发跨国并购进而影响创新质量。最后,本文采用问卷调查获取的是横截面数据,难以排除变量间的反向因果关系,未来研究可以通过案例或面板数据进一步检验跨国并购与创新质量间的因果关系。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(72472061)
  • 浙江省社会科学基金重点项目(24NDQN04Z)
  • 浙江省高校重大人文社科攻关计划项目(2024QN021)
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2026年第44卷第3期
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  • 接收时间:2024-12-02
  • 首发时间:2026-10-09
  • 出版时间:2026-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-02
  • 修回日期:2025-04-09
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目(72472061)
浙江省社会科学基金重点项目(24NDQN04Z)
浙江省高校重大人文社科攻关计划项目(2024QN021)
作者信息
    1 嘉兴大学经济学院, 浙江嘉兴 314001
    2 清华大学经济管理学院, 北京 100083
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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