Article(id=1309226394320732876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1309226306445865584, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1744560000000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-14, revisedDate=1748448000000, revisedDateStr=2025-05-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790073496656, onlineDateStr=2026-09-22, pubDate=1781452800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790073496656, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790073496656, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790073496656, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1309226306445865584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, year='2026', volume='44', issue='6', pageStart='1121', pageEnd='1344', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1781452800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790073475705, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790073520980, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1309226496414286647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1309226306445865584, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1309226496414286648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1309226306445865584, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1307, endPage=1319, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1309226394534642381, articleId=1309226394320732876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=EN, title=The impact of interdisciplinarity on public engagement in citizen science, columnId=1309226375089840648, journalTitle=Studies in Science of Science, columnName=Frontiers and Opinions, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Interdisciplinary approaches are widely advocated in global science policy as a key strategy for addressing complex social issues. However, evidence linking interdisciplinary research to its impact on the public remains limited. It is generally believed that interdisciplinary research produces solutions to critical problems by recombining knowledge from multiple fields. Yet the public often struggles to appreciate this recombination, since most individuals are not as specialized as patent examiners. To address this gap, our study introduces a more accessible attribute of interdisciplinary scientific knowledge—that of being a public good—alongside its re-combinatory nature, to explain how interdisciplinary citizen science fosters public engagement. Drawing on classic signaling theory from product management research, as well as social cognition theory and science communication theories, we focus on the signaling system formed by citizen science project teams, the public, and society as a whole. Based on this framework, we develop a theoretical model to examine how interdisciplinarity influences the public’s willingness to participate in citizen science projects. According to social role theory, we also consider how a research team’s identity might moderate the effect of interdisciplinarity on engagement willingness. Our study analyzes 880 citizen science projects hosted on Experiment (experiment.com) and engagement data from 37,867 contributors. We employ text‐mining methods—including Latent Dirichlet Allocation topic modeling and Word2Vec—to quantify three dimensions of interdisciplinarity in project titles and descriptions: diversity, balance, and disparity. Validation through manual checks and algorithmic tests confirms the robustness of our quantification approach, demonstrating that text mining effectively identifies disciplinary topics. Empirical results show that interdisciplinarity in citizen science projects promotes public engagement through two mechanisms. First, there is a direct positive effect: projects spanning diverse disciplines attract both broader and deeper public engagement. Second, there is an indirect positive effect: interdisciplinarity reduces a project’s novelty, thereby mitigating novelty’s negative impact on public engagement willingness; this indirect effect, however, pertains only to public engagement breadth. We find that when the research team is affiliated with academia, the direct positive effect of interdisciplinarity on public engagement breadth is strengthened, although no significant moderation appears for public engagement depth. Furthermore, when disciplinary diversity or balance is high, teams composed of both academic and amateur members negatively moderate interdisciplinarity’s impact on public engagement breadth. Under conditions of high disciplinary balance, such mixed teams also negatively moderate the effect on public engagement depth. In contrast, amateur teams’ identity shows no significant moderating effects. Using the Web of Science classification system and project tags, we classify citizen science projects as either natural science-oriented or humanities and social science-oriented. In natural science-oriented projects, interdisciplinarity enhances both public engagement breadth and depth, and the moderating effects of team identity align with our main findings. However, in humanities and social science-oriented projects, interdisciplinarity negatively affects public engagement breadth, though academic team can offset or even reverse this negative effect. This study enriches understanding of how interdisciplinary research influences public engagement. Practically, it offers guidance for government agencies and scientists in managing interdisciplinary citizen science activities.

, authors=Chao MIN1, Bing-yi WU1, 2, Wei WANG2, authorsList=Chao MIN, Bing-yi WU, Wei WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wei WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1309226395595801304, articleId=1309226394320732876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=CN, title=跨学科性对科学项目公众参与的影响, columnId=1309226375303750154, journalTitle=科学学研究, columnName=前沿与观点, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

科学政策呼吁将跨学科作为一种解决复杂社会问题的策略,但目前关于跨学科研究与其社会公众影响的证据仍然较少。本文关注科学知识的公共产品和重组两类属性,基于信号理论探讨了跨学科性对科学项目公众参与的影响。采用Experiment平台上的880个公众科学项目及其37,867人次公众参与的真实数据进行分析,结果表明,公众科学项目的跨学科性能够促进公众参与,包括直接影响和通过新颖性的中介产生的间接影响;学术研究团队身份能够正向调节跨学科性的直接影响,在特定跨学科策略下学术-非学术的混合团队身份会负向调节这种影响;在人文和社会科学导向和自然科学导向的公众科学项目中,跨学科性对公众参与的影响以及研究团队身份的调节作用存在显著差异。本文丰富了对跨学科研究产生社会影响的理解,为研究人员发起跨学科公众科学项目、开展跨学科公众科学实践提供了经验参考。

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闵超(1990-),男,副教授、博士生导师。

吴炳毅(2003-),男,硕士研究生。

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王伟(1982-),男,教授、博士生导师, E-mail: 。
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Descriptive statistics of variables

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 变量 最小值 中位数 最大值 均值 标准差
因变量 Backers 0 29 537 43.031 52.971
Money 0 72.72 10000 243.986 658.638
自变量 Variety 1 1 4 1.248 0.467
Balance 0.018 0.025 1.775 0.27 0.348
Disparity 0 0 0.658 0.087 0.166
中介变量 Novelty 0.588 0.963 0.998 0.885 0.13
调节变量 Academia (1=True) 0 1 1 0.581 0.494
Amateur (1=True) 0 0 1 0.141 0.348
Mixed (1=True) 0 0 1 0.278 0.448
控制变量 Challenge (1=True) 0 0 1 0.475 0.5
Institution (1=True) 0 1 1 0.824 0.381
NumGoal 1 4000 150000 6095.5 12203.413
NumBudget 1 5 29 5.275 3.187
NumNotes 0 4 44 5.728 6.522
NumDiscussion 0 5 188 10.511 18.074
NumEndorse 0 2 19 2.085 2.03
NumTeam 1 2 23 2.96 2.281
LengthIntroduce 183 2705.5 3444 2634.66 268.782
), ArticleFig(id=1309226398196269824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226394320732876, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

变量的描述性统计结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 变量 最小值 中位数 最大值 均值 标准差
因变量 Backers 0 29 537 43.031 52.971
Money 0 72.72 10000 243.986 658.638
自变量 Variety 1 1 4 1.248 0.467
Balance 0.018 0.025 1.775 0.27 0.348
Disparity 0 0 0.658 0.087 0.166
中介变量 Novelty 0.588 0.963 0.998 0.885 0.13
调节变量 Academia (1=True) 0 1 1 0.581 0.494
Amateur (1=True) 0 0 1 0.141 0.348
Mixed (1=True) 0 0 1 0.278 0.448
控制变量 Challenge (1=True) 0 0 1 0.475 0.5
Institution (1=True) 0 1 1 0.824 0.381
NumGoal 1 4000 150000 6095.5 12203.413
NumBudget 1 5 29 5.275 3.187
NumNotes 0 4 44 5.728 6.522
NumDiscussion 0 5 188 10.511 18.074
NumEndorse 0 2 19 2.085 2.03
NumTeam 1 2 23 2.96 2.281
LengthIntroduce 183 2705.5 3444 2634.66 268.782
), ArticleFig(id=1309226398280155905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226394320732876, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The impact of interdisciplinarity on the novelty of citizen science projects

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
DV Novelty
Model 1 Model 2 Model 3
Year dummy Yes Yes Yes
Variety -0.020** (0.009)
Balance -0.042*** (0.012)
Disparity -0.068*** (0.026)
Constant 1.221*** (0.148) 1.233*** (0.149) 1.206 *** (0.147)
F-statistic 3.52*** 3.90*** 3.64***
Observations 880 880 880
Adjusted R2 0.054 0.062 0.057
), ArticleFig(id=1309226398372430594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226394320732876, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

跨学科性对公众科学项目新颖性的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
DV Novelty
Model 1 Model 2 Model 3
Year dummy Yes Yes Yes
Variety -0.020** (0.009)
Balance -0.042*** (0.012)
Disparity -0.068*** (0.026)
Constant 1.221*** (0.148) 1.233*** (0.149) 1.206 *** (0.147)
F-statistic 3.52*** 3.90*** 3.64***
Observations 880 880 880
Adjusted R2 0.054 0.062 0.057
), ArticleFig(id=1309226398468899587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226394320732876, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The impact of interdisciplinarity on the public engagement of citizen science projects

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
), ArticleFig(id=1309226398544397060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226394320732876, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

跨学科性对公众科学项目公众参与的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
), ArticleFig(id=1309226398624088837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226394320732876, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Report on Bootstrap mediation effect analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
DV IV 模型 ACME ADE TE PM
Backers (In) Variety Model 1 0.008* 0.111** 0.119*** 0.069*
Balance Model 2 0.017** 0.118* 0.135** 0.125*
Disparity Model 3 0.028** 0.253** 0.280** 0.099*
Money (In) Variety Model 4 -0.006 0.149** 0.144** -0.038
Balance Model 5 -0.012 0.157 0.145 -0.083
Disparity Model 6 -0.019* 0.421** 0.401** -0.048
), ArticleFig(id=1309226398703780614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226394320732876, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

Bootstrap中介效应分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
DV IV 模型 ACME ADE TE PM
Backers (In) Variety Model 1 0.008* 0.111** 0.119*** 0.069*
Balance Model 2 0.017** 0.118* 0.135** 0.125*
Disparity Model 3 0.028** 0.253** 0.280** 0.099*
Money (In) Variety Model 4 -0.006 0.149** 0.144** -0.038
Balance Model 5 -0.012 0.157 0.145 -0.083
Disparity Model 6 -0.019* 0.421** 0.401** -0.048
), ArticleFig(id=1309226398770889479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226394320732876, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

The impact of research team identity on the relationship between interdisciplinarity and public engagement breadth

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Interaction Academia Amateur Mixed
Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Model 5 Model 6 Model 7 Model 8 Model 9
Variety*
Interaction
0.182**
(0.144)
-0.066
(0.121)
-0.177*
(0.095)
Balance*
Interaction
0.285**
(0.125)
-0.097
(0.167)
-0.279*
(0.143)
Disparity*
Interaction
0.487**
(0.457)
-0.274
(0.323)
-0.417
(0.264)
F-statistic 72.54*** 72.46*** 72.25*** 71.93*** 71.71*** 64.34*** 72.33*** 72.23*** 71.97***
Observations 880 880 880 880 880 880 880 880 880
Adjusted R2 0.642 0.641 0.641 0.640 0.639 0.662 0.641 0.641 0.640
), ArticleFig(id=1309226398846386952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226394320732876, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

公众科学项目研究团队身份对跨学科性与公众参与广度关系的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Interaction Academia Amateur Mixed
Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Model 5 Model 6 Model 7 Model 8 Model 9
Variety*
Interaction
0.182**
(0.144)
-0.066
(0.121)
-0.177*
(0.095)
Balance*
Interaction
0.285**
(0.125)
-0.097
(0.167)
-0.279*
(0.143)
Disparity*
Interaction
0.487**
(0.457)
-0.274
(0.323)
-0.417
(0.264)
F-statistic 72.54*** 72.46*** 72.25*** 71.93*** 71.71*** 64.34*** 72.33*** 72.23*** 71.97***
Observations 880 880 880 880 880 880 880 880 880
Adjusted R2 0.642 0.641 0.641 0.640 0.639 0.662 0.641 0.641 0.640
), ArticleFig(id=1309226398934467337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226394320732876, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

The impact of research team identity on the relationship between interdisciplinarity and public engagement depth

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Interaction Academia Amateur Mixed
Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Model 5 Model 6 Model 7 Model 8 Model 9
Variety*
Interaction
0.068
(0.137)
0.009
(0.250)
-0.094
(0.137)
Balance*
Interaction
0.339
(0.203)
0.140
(0.355)
-0.479**
(0.220)
Disparity*
Interaction
0.172
(0.428)
0.035
(0.859)
-0.237
(0.412)
F-statistic 16.90*** 16.95*** 16.90*** 16.82*** 16.75*** 16.82*** 16.71*** 16.87*** 16.70***
Observations 880 880 880 880 880 880 880 880 880
Adjusted R2 0.285 0.285 0.285 0.284 0.283 0.284 0.282 0.284 0.282
), ArticleFig(id=1309226399014159114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226394320732876, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

公众科学项目研究团队身份对跨学科性与公众参与深度关系的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Interaction Academia Amateur Mixed
Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Model 5 Model 6 Model 7 Model 8 Model 9
Variety*
Interaction
0.068
(0.137)
0.009
(0.250)
-0.094
(0.137)
Balance*
Interaction
0.339
(0.203)
0.140
(0.355)
-0.479**
(0.220)
Disparity*
Interaction
0.172
(0.428)
0.035
(0.859)
-0.237
(0.412)
F-statistic 16.90*** 16.95*** 16.90*** 16.82*** 16.75*** 16.82*** 16.71*** 16.87*** 16.70***
Observations 880 880 880 880 880 880 880 880 880
Adjusted R2 0.285 0.285 0.285 0.284 0.283 0.284 0.282 0.284 0.282
), ArticleFig(id=1309226399106433803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226394320732876, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

The impact of interdisciplinarity on public engagement in natural science - oriented projects

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
), ArticleFig(id=1309226399177736972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226394320732876, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

自然科学导向项目中跨学科性对公众参与的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
), ArticleFig(id=1309226399244845837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226394320732876, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

The impact of interdisciplinarity on public engagement in humanities and social sciences-oriented projects

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
DV Backers (In) Money (In)
Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Model 5 Model 6 Model 7 Model 8
Variety -0.418**
(0.169)
-0.125
(0.501)
Balance -0.465**
(0.216)
-0.009
(0.520)
Disparity -0.945**
(0.452)
-0.158
(1.453)
Variety*
Academia
0.473*
(0.270)
Balance*
Academia
1.178**
(0.513)
F-statistic 10.02*** 9.92*** 9.97*** 9.07*** 9.37*** 5.81*** 5.79*** 5.79***
Observations 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123
Adjusted R2 0.597 0.594 0.595 0.593 0.602 0.441 0.440 0.440
), ArticleFig(id=1309226399324537614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226394320732876, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

人文和社会科学导向项目中跨学科性对公众参与的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
DV Backers (In) Money (In)
Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Model 5 Model 6 Model 7 Model 8
Variety -0.418**
(0.169)
-0.125
(0.501)
Balance -0.465**
(0.216)
-0.009
(0.520)
Disparity -0.945**
(0.452)
-0.158
(1.453)
Variety*
Academia
0.473*
(0.270)
Balance*
Academia
1.178**
(0.513)
F-statistic 10.02*** 9.92*** 9.97*** 9.07*** 9.37*** 5.81*** 5.79*** 5.79***
Observations 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123
Adjusted R2 0.597 0.594 0.595 0.593 0.602 0.441 0.440 0.440
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跨学科性对科学项目公众参与的影响
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闵超 1 , 吴炳毅 1, 2 , 王伟 2
科学学研究 | 前沿与观点 2026,44(6): 1307-1319
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科学学研究 |前沿与观点 2026 , 44 (6) : 1307 -1319
跨学科性对科学项目公众参与的影响
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闵超1, 吴炳毅1, 2, 王伟2
作者信息
  • 1 南京大学信息管理学院, 江苏南京 210023
  • 2 华侨大学工商管理学院, 福建泉州 362021
通讯作者:
王伟(1982-),男,教授、博士生导师, E-mail: 。
作者简介:

闵超(1990-),男,副教授、博士生导师。

吴炳毅(2003-),男,硕士研究生。

The impact of interdisciplinarity on public engagement in citizen science
Chao MIN1, Bing-yi WU1, 2, Wei WANG2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Information Management, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
  • 2 School of Business Administration, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, China
出版时间: 2026-06-15
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科学政策呼吁将跨学科作为一种解决复杂社会问题的策略,但目前关于跨学科研究与其社会公众影响的证据仍然较少。本文关注科学知识的公共产品和重组两类属性,基于信号理论探讨了跨学科性对科学项目公众参与的影响。采用Experiment平台上的880个公众科学项目及其37,867人次公众参与的真实数据进行分析,结果表明,公众科学项目的跨学科性能够促进公众参与,包括直接影响和通过新颖性的中介产生的间接影响;学术研究团队身份能够正向调节跨学科性的直接影响,在特定跨学科策略下学术-非学术的混合团队身份会负向调节这种影响;在人文和社会科学导向和自然科学导向的公众科学项目中,跨学科性对公众参与的影响以及研究团队身份的调节作用存在显著差异。本文丰富了对跨学科研究产生社会影响的理解,为研究人员发起跨学科公众科学项目、开展跨学科公众科学实践提供了经验参考。

公众科学  /  跨学科研究  /  信号理论  /  科学知识  /  主题模型

Interdisciplinary approaches are widely advocated in global science policy as a key strategy for addressing complex social issues. However, evidence linking interdisciplinary research to its impact on the public remains limited. It is generally believed that interdisciplinary research produces solutions to critical problems by recombining knowledge from multiple fields. Yet the public often struggles to appreciate this recombination, since most individuals are not as specialized as patent examiners. To address this gap, our study introduces a more accessible attribute of interdisciplinary scientific knowledge—that of being a public good—alongside its re-combinatory nature, to explain how interdisciplinary citizen science fosters public engagement. Drawing on classic signaling theory from product management research, as well as social cognition theory and science communication theories, we focus on the signaling system formed by citizen science project teams, the public, and society as a whole. Based on this framework, we develop a theoretical model to examine how interdisciplinarity influences the public’s willingness to participate in citizen science projects. According to social role theory, we also consider how a research team’s identity might moderate the effect of interdisciplinarity on engagement willingness. Our study analyzes 880 citizen science projects hosted on Experiment (experiment.com) and engagement data from 37,867 contributors. We employ text‐mining methods—including Latent Dirichlet Allocation topic modeling and Word2Vec—to quantify three dimensions of interdisciplinarity in project titles and descriptions: diversity, balance, and disparity. Validation through manual checks and algorithmic tests confirms the robustness of our quantification approach, demonstrating that text mining effectively identifies disciplinary topics. Empirical results show that interdisciplinarity in citizen science projects promotes public engagement through two mechanisms. First, there is a direct positive effect: projects spanning diverse disciplines attract both broader and deeper public engagement. Second, there is an indirect positive effect: interdisciplinarity reduces a project’s novelty, thereby mitigating novelty’s negative impact on public engagement willingness; this indirect effect, however, pertains only to public engagement breadth. We find that when the research team is affiliated with academia, the direct positive effect of interdisciplinarity on public engagement breadth is strengthened, although no significant moderation appears for public engagement depth. Furthermore, when disciplinary diversity or balance is high, teams composed of both academic and amateur members negatively moderate interdisciplinarity’s impact on public engagement breadth. Under conditions of high disciplinary balance, such mixed teams also negatively moderate the effect on public engagement depth. In contrast, amateur teams’ identity shows no significant moderating effects. Using the Web of Science classification system and project tags, we classify citizen science projects as either natural science-oriented or humanities and social science-oriented. In natural science-oriented projects, interdisciplinarity enhances both public engagement breadth and depth, and the moderating effects of team identity align with our main findings. However, in humanities and social science-oriented projects, interdisciplinarity negatively affects public engagement breadth, though academic team can offset or even reverse this negative effect. This study enriches understanding of how interdisciplinary research influences public engagement. Practically, it offers guidance for government agencies and scientists in managing interdisciplinary citizen science activities.

citizen science  /  interdisciplinarity research  /  signaling theory  /  scientific knowledge  /  topic modeling
闵超, 吴炳毅, 王伟. 跨学科性对科学项目公众参与的影响. 科学学研究, 2026 , 44 (6) : 1307 -1319 .
Chao MIN, Bing-yi WU, Wei WANG. The impact of interdisciplinarity on public engagement in citizen science[J]. Studies in Science of Science, 2026 , 44 (6) : 1307 -1319 .
普遍认为,相比单一学科研究,跨学科研究更能找到复杂社会问题的解决方案[1-3]。这是因为跨学科促进了知识重组,而这种重组的知识产出通常具有很高的价值或与科技进步有关[4-6]。近年来,政府和资助机构越来越关注科学研究对于社会和公众的价值[1]。尽管跨学科在全球科学政策中占有突出话语权[7],但关于跨学科研究的社会影响的实证证据仍然缺乏[1,8]。
开放科学时代,科学知识的公共产品属性越来越重要[8]。科学知识的流通有助于提高公众的科学认知[9,10],公众更好地理解并进一步信任科学,也会为科学政策的开展提供更扎实的基础[11-14],进而推动整个社会科学水平的进步。公众科学借助互联网平台为普通公众提供了参与、发起和维护科学项目的途径[15],加强了科学和公众间的联系[16]。因为跨学科研究能够产出解决复杂问题的科学知识,开展跨学科的公众科学研究应该能够为公众提供更有价值的知识资源,有助于提高公众的科学认知。因此,恰当的跨学科策略可能是吸引公众参与科学项目的重要手段。但目前,我们仍不清楚跨学科项目的公众参与表现如何,也不了解有哪些手段能够加以调节,这就限制了通过公众科学来传播跨学科知识的渠道。
信号理论认为,系统中信息占优的部分会向信息不足的部分传递信号,导致信息不对称水平变化[17],进而影响各方决策[18]。在研究团队、公众以及社会构成的系统中,研究团队在项目信息上占优,应当向公众传递各类信号,为公众参与提供决策支持。依据现有理论[10,12],社会也能够传递类似的信号。借助信号理论,本文从科学知识的公共产品性质以及重组性质出发,构建跨学科性对科学项目公众参与意愿影响的理论模型。第一,如果考虑重组性质,由于并不都具备专业能力[10,19,20],公众很难接受重组传递的价值信号,但易理解的新颖信号可以起中介作用。第二,如果考虑公共产品性质[8],跨学科性应直接影响公众参与。因为跨学科知识作为产品,能够传递普通公众可理解的质量信号。
本文旨在回答如下问题:(1)跨学科性与公众参与的相关问题,即对于公众,跨学科项目更具吸引力吗?项目新颖性能在跨学科性和公众参与间起中介作用吗?不同的跨学科性对参与的影响存在差异吗?(2)跨学科性对公众参与的影响中,研究团队发挥何种作用?(3)不同学科导向项目中跨学科性对公众参与的影响存在差异吗?理论上,本文丰富了对公众参与跨学科研究动机的见解,补充了跨学科研究产生社会影响的证据。实践上,为开展跨学科公众科学研究提供参考,促进科学普及。
跨学科的本质在于知识的融合与集成[21]。因此,可以从知识重组的角度来分析跨学科性与新颖性的关系。跨学科强度高表示广泛的知识重组,反之为局部的知识重组。一方面,库恩范式理论认为,新旧范式的转变(即科学革命)源于常规科学无法解释的“反常”现象。在创造力研究领域的一个“基础理论”[22]认为,局部重组能够识别这种现象,并暴露当前思维模式的弊端[5],使研究者能够识别“哪些规则需要打破”,进而产生新的想法。另一方面,研究发现,广泛的知识重组可能仅仅带来表面的创新或是增量改进[23],不利于产生真正的新颖想法[5]。因此,我们提出如下假设:
假设H1:公众科学项目的跨学科性会负向影响项目的新颖性。
本文认为,公众科学项目的新颖性应负面影响公众参与意愿。第一,新颖的项目本身存在公众参与惩罚:相比于已积累一定受众的常规项目,新颖项目本身的受众群体较小。第二,产品管理理论认为,产品对客户的吸引力取决于其新颖性和有用性两个方面[18,20],前者往往带来负面影响,后者相反[18]。若考虑科学知识的公共产品性质,由于缺乏评估新颖科学知识价值和风险的能力,公众难以接收项目的质量信号[18],这降低了有用性感知,负面影响公众参与意愿。第三,创新产品存在从众效应[20],公众科学项目对受众有很强的包容性,公众可能只因新颖信号而从众参与,而不是跨学科知识本身,故即便参与,参与的深度也应该较低。基于此,我们提出如下假设:
假设H2:公众科学项目的新颖性会负向影响项目的公众参与广度(深度)。
本文从项目可见性和公众认可两个角度讨论跨学科性和公众参与意愿的关系。对于项目可见性角度,首先,跨越多个学科知识领域的科学项目被曝光给来自不同学科的公众的机会更大[5,23]。其次,这类项目更有机会加入到多个学科的传播网络中去[5],进一步增加潜在受众。从公众认可角度来看,社会认知理论认为,环境提供的信息会影响公众的科学认知水平[9],而科学传播理论认为,总体上公众对科学的认知越高,对科学的态度越趋向于积极[12]。因此,社会信号有助于公众理解并认可跨学科公众科学项目。我们知道,近年来,越来越多的跨学科研究被用于解决单一学科难以解决的复杂社会问题[1,24,25],跨学科越来越被认为与公众和社会利益息息相关[2]。这些由社会传递的信号在两个方面起作用。第一,提高了公众对于跨学科研究的认知,使其更认可跨学科研究的积极结果。第二,为评估跨学科知识产品的价值提供了参照标准,使得公众更易理解和接受跨学科研究传递的价值信号。基于此,我们提出如下研究假设:
假设H3:公众科学项目的跨学科性会正向促进公众参与广度(深度)。
对于产品或是科研项目而言,团队身份均具有举足轻重的地位[17]。根据社会角色理论,个体会形成对特定社会角色的固有认知和依赖[19]。因此,由特定社会角色构成的研究团队的身份应该能够发挥调节作用:当跨学科研究的信号发送方为公众信赖的主体时,能降低风险感知,反之则会放大风险感知。学术机构天然提供了跨学科环境,孵化了许多广为人知的跨学科项目[25,26]。在科研领域中,学术研究人员往往被视为“专业的”和“可信的”社会角色[14,19],公众普遍认为他们享有更大的话语权和资源,支持他们参与科学政策的制定[14]。
相反,在科研领域,非学术研究人员不是“可信的”社会角色。此外,公众普遍认为非学术团队更倾向于关注商业化目标,这与其获取科学知识的预期存在偏差。因此,非学术研究团队身份传递的信号提高了公众的风险感知。混合合作团队由来自学术机构和非学术机构的成员构成,其性质应当与非学术研究团队类似。因此,我们提出如下假设:
假设H4:学术团队身份正向调节跨学科性对公众参与广度(深度)的影响。
假设H5:非学术团队身份负向调节跨学科性对公众参与广度(深度)的影响。
假设H6:学术-非学术混合团队身份负向调节跨学科性对公众参与广度(深度)的影响。
本文的理论模型如图1所示。公众科学项目的跨学科性至少通过两条路径来影响公众参与。第一,跨学科从项目可见性和公众认知两个角度直接影响公众参与(路径C)。根据社会角色理论,这条路径中,项目研究团队的身份应该起到调节作用(路径D);第二,通过项目新颖性的中介作用对公众参与产生影响(路径A和路径B)。新颖项目可能因为新颖信号的惩罚等原因而有损公众参与,跨学科性能够通过降低知识聚焦来减弱新颖性的负面影响,进而产生“负负得正”的效应,促进公众参与。
本文以Experiment(experiment.com)公众科学平台上的公众科学项目为研究对象,编写爬虫程序采集项目数据,数据采集时间为2025年3月13日。采集了仍在Experiment上公开的1,058个公众科学项目,累积发起者3,019人次,公众参与45,069人次,筹集金额达5,663,651美元。
(1)跨学科性
要量化文本数据的跨学科性,首先要确定其学科分类。Experiment平台允许公众科学项目存在少量分类标签,包括Chemistry等共20种分类标签。这些标签概括了项目的学科知识导向,但不足以充分表示项目涉及的学科知识。科学思想嵌入在词汇中,文档中的词汇反映了研究团队所采用的知识,也体现了不同文档中知识的差异[5]。因此,可以通过文本挖掘方法来量化项目的学科知识。参考现有方法[3],采用主题模型来发现语料中的学科知识,并基于主题概率分布计算跨学科性指标[24]。主题困惑度随主题数量增长保持下降趋势,类内-类间距离平衡指标的最小值区间介于主题数量为50到80之间,因此选取主题数量为50进行分析(数量为80时基本稳健)。
关于跨学科的文献多关注跨学科知识的三维属性[1,21],包括不同学科知识的数量(多样性)、学科知识间的相对频率(均衡性)以及学科知识间的距离(差异性)。经Latent Dirichlet Allocation(LDA)建模后,每个公众科学项目的学科分类被表示为一个长度为h主题概率向量$T=[{t}_{1},{t}_{2},\dots,{t}_{h}]$,其中h是主题数量,分量t代表焦点项目隶属于特定主题的概率。基于学科概率向量T,可以测度公众科学项目的多样性(Variety)、均衡性(Balance)和差异性(Disparity)三个维度的跨学科属性。参考现有研究的方法,多样性通过项目隶属的学科数量来量化。规定当学科概率向量T的分量ti大于期望ρ时,焦点项目属于学科i。我们参考现有研究的做法[5],将ρ设置为20%。学科均衡性通过学科概率向量的香农熵来确定,这是一个常用于度量向量中分量分布均衡程度的指标,即:
$\text { Balance }=-\sum_{i=1}^{h} t_{i} \log \left(t_{i}\right)$
差异性通常基于学科距离测算,而学科距离的计算依赖于学科相似度。在本文中,学科相似度等价于主题相似度。跟随现有研究中计算主题相似度的方案,我们提取每个主题中主题词概率最大的前m=50个主题词,通过Word2vec模型对主题词进行向量化处理。以主题词概率为权重,得到m个主题词的加权平均向量作为主题向量,通过主题向量的余弦相似度来衡量主题相似度,以此作为学科相似度。最终,差异性通过计算项目隶属学科的平均相似度的补数来量化。
(2)新颖性
新颖性(Novelty)指焦点对象相对于既有对象的一种独特性[6]。不是所有的科学研究都适合成为公众科学项目。例如,脑科神经学研究在学术界可能并不新颖,但在公众科学中非常罕见。因此,创造出一种支持公众参与的脑科神经学项目是新颖的。本文中新颖性通过焦点项目的学科标签的稀有程度来量化。对于焦点项目,通过设定一个r年的时间窗口来获得比较对象集合$\varphi $,基于如下公式计算新颖性:
$\text { Novelty }=1-\frac{c}{N}$
其中,c是焦点项目的项目类型标签组合(如Chemistry; Biology)在$\varphi $中出现的次数,N是$\varphi $的长度。
(3)项目研究团队身份
基于项目团队的成员信息,我们手动根据第一隶属单位将每个成员划分为学术(来自高校或专职科研院所)或非学术两种类型。在此基础上,本文定义三类研究团队:完全由学术机构成员组成的团队为学术研究团队(Academia),完全由非学术机构成员组成的团队为非学术研究团队(Amateur)。若团队同时包含学术机构与非学术机构成员,则归类为学术-非学术混合合作研究团队(Mixed)。
为检验研究假设H1、H2、H3,本文构建如公式(3)到公式(5)的计量模型。通过Experiment平台提供的两种数据来量化公众参与(Public Engagement,PE):以参与项目的公众数量(Backersi)作为公众参与广度,参与项目公众的平均资金投入(Moneyi)作为公众参与深度。ID(Interdisciplinary)表示项目跨学科性的三维指标,即多样性(Varietyi)、均衡性(Balancei)或差异性(Disparityi)。为检验研究假设H4、H5、H6,构建了公式(6),在这里我们主要检查交互项α3的参数估计显著性和方向。
$P{E}_{i}={\alpha }_{0}+{\alpha }_{1}I{D}_{i}+{\alpha }_{i}Contro{l}_{i}+{\epsilon }_{i}$
$Novelt{y}_{i}={\alpha }_{0}+{\alpha }_{1}I{D}_{i}+{\alpha }_{i}Contro{l}_{i}+{\epsilon }_{i}$
$P{E}_{i}={\alpha }_{0}+{\alpha }_{1}I{D}_{i}+{\alpha }_{2}Novelt{y}_{i}+{\alpha }_{i}Contro{l}_{i}+{\epsilon }_{i}$
$P{E}_{i}={\alpha }_{0}+{\alpha }_{1}I{D}_{i}+{\alpha }_{2}Tea{m}_{i}+{\alpha }_{3}I{D}_{i}*Tea{m}_{i}+{\alpha }_{i}Contro{l}_{i}+{\epsilon }_{i}$
另外,参考现有研究[15,17,19],模型中还包括了一系列控制变量(Controli),后文中所有模型变量的方差膨胀因子均小于2.0,不存在严重的多重共线性问题。
表1展示了主要变量统计。由于计算新颖性的时间窗口为3年,2015年2月前的178条记录因时间窗口过小而被剔除,但主题建模仍基于全量数据集进行。最终,研究样本包括了2015年2月至2025年2月期间在Experiment平台上发起并截止筹资的880个公众科学项目。如表1,公众科学项目的最低参与人数为0,最大达到537人,平均每个项目能够吸引约43位公众参与,人均科研经费投入约为244美元。从团队构成来看,58.1%的研究团队完全来自高校或专职科研院所,仅有14.1%的团队完全由非学术机构人员构成,余下27.8%的项目团队由两种来源的研究人员混合构成。
(1)跨学科性与新颖性
表2提供了对H1检验结果的报告,我们找到了支持H1的证据。公众科学项目的学科多样性、均衡性、差异性三种指标均与项目新颖性显著负相关。也就是说,公众科学项目的跨学科策略会削弱项目新颖性。
(2)跨学科性、新颖性与公众参与
表3提供了对H2和H3的检验结果,在检验H2时考虑了中介效应,如公式(3)。对H3的检验显示,项目的学科多样性、均衡性和差异性都与公众参与广度显著正相关;同时,项目的学科多样性和差异性与公众参与深度显著正相关,但学科均衡性与公众参与深度间不存在显著的相关关系。对H2的检验发现,各模型中项目新颖性均与公众参与广度呈显著的负相关关系,但与公众参与深度不存在显著的相关关系。另外,控制变量NumBudget、NumNotes、NumDiscussion、NumEndorse、NumTeam以及Institution与公众参与广度显著正相关。LengthIntroduce则与公众参与广度显著负相关。NumBudget、NumNotes和NumEndorse与公众参与深度存在显著正相关关系,而NumTeam则呈显著的负相关关系。
表4是对理论模型的Bootstrap中介效应分析,结果是在固定随机种子的条件下进行1000轮抽样计算得到的。由于以公众参与广度为因变量检验H1、H2、H3均为接受,故认为项目新颖性在跨学科性与公众参与广度的关系中起部分中介作用,表4的结果同样验证了上述结论。从效应强度来看,直接效应约解释了90%的总效应。另一方面,由于以公众参与深度为因变量来检验H2被拒绝,且表4中中介效应的参数估计均不显著,故认为在跨学科性与公众参与深度的关系中项目新颖性不起中介作用。这说明,在跨学科性对公众参与的影响中,项目新颖性的中介作用只能影响公众的浅层参与。
(3)研究团队身份的调节作用
表5和表6报告了H4、H5、H6的检验结果。如表5,三种跨学科性与学术研究团队的交互项均与公众参与广度显著正相关,这支持H4;非学术研究团队对跨学科性和公众参与广度的关系没有显著的调节作用,H5不成立;混合合作研究团队会负向调节学科多样性、均衡性对公众参与广度的影响,支持H6。如表6,H4和H5不成立,且由于表3和表4显示学科均衡性与公众参与深度没有显著相关关系,H6同样不成立。尽管如此,混合合作研究团队与学科均衡性的交互项与公众参与深度显著负相关,说明这种影响依赖于团队身份。
不同学科导向的公众科学项目采用跨学科策略解决的问题存在差异。自然科学导向的研究问题常是技术导向且服务于技术需求的,相较之下,人文和社会科学导向的研究问题更多地服务于现实问题和政策。公众参与不同学科导向的跨学科项目的出发点可能不同,故不同学科导向的公众科学项目在采用跨学科策略时应该会产生不同的结果。参考WOS学科分类(人文和社会科学包括艺术与人文、社会科学,其余为自然科学),依据项目的首要标签将其划分为人文和社会科学、自然科学两种导向,占比分别为13.98%和86.02%。图2是两者在跨学科指标上的均值。自然科学导向项目的跨学科性要大于人文和社会科学导向项目,尤其是在学科均衡性和差异性方面,两者的数值差距达到3到5倍。
表7和表8提供了对两种学科导向项目的主效应和调节效应的回归结果。囿于篇幅,仅展示所有的主效应分析结果和显著的调节效应分析结果。由于已经基于标签进行分组,故不考虑项目新颖性的中介效应。如表7,自然科学导向项目中跨学科性指标均与公众参与广度和深度显著正相关。表8显示,人文和社会科学导向项目中三种跨学科性指标都与公众参与广度显著负相关,与公众参与深度不显著相关。
类似的结论并不是首次出现,长久以来,自然科学偏倚实验和演绎方法,而人文和社会科学则较多采用观察和归纳方法。普通大众通常认为前者旨在揭示事物内在客观联系,更加具体、稳定。而后者中包含大量人与社会进程等方面的因素[15],更为抽象、不确定。人文和社会科学导向项目中的跨学科可能加剧普通大众对跨类别研究的分类困难[5,23]。这是由于,公众的认知资源有限,当时间和精力分布在不同类别的知识上时,公众就更不清楚能探索和学习哪些知识,也更难以掌握这些知识[23],这就降低了参与表现。事实上,该领域的类似案例还有许多[23],如跨多种艺术流派的电影对观众的吸引力更小。
图3是表7和表8中调节模型的简单斜率图,为方便判断斜率,我们在函数交点绘制了浅色水平线。在人文和社会科学导向项目中,如图3(A),学术团队身份能缓解学科多样性对公众参与广度的负面影响;图3(B)显示,学术团队可以逆转学科均衡性的负面影响,即在学术团队身份的调节下,采用学科均衡的跨学科策略有助于提高公众参与广度。在自然科学导向项目中,如图3(C)到图3(E),学术团队身份会强化跨学科性对公众参与广度的正向影响;如图3(F)到图3(I),学术-非学术混合团队身份会削弱甚至逆转跨学科性对公众参与广度的积极影响,同时会反转学科均衡性对公众参与深度的影响。
为了从理论上协调跨学科与公众参与的关系,本文引入了科学知识的公共产品属性。基于产品管理领域经典的信号理论,我们在公众科学领域构建了一种跨学科性吸引公众参与的理论模型,为开展跨学科公众科学研究、制定科学传播政策提供了更深入的机理支持。采用Experiment平台上的880个公众科学项目及其37,867人次公众参与的真实数据,本文探讨并验证了跨学科性对于公众参与的影响机制以及调节因素。结果表明,整体上,项目的高跨学科性通过两条路径对公众参与产生积极影响。第一是直接效应,三种跨学科性(多样性、差异性、均衡性)强的知识体系有助于吸引广泛的公众参与,而多样化、差异性强的学科知识有助于吸引公众的深度参与。第二是间接效应,即通过项目新颖性的中介作用产生的效应:三种跨学科性强的策略与更低的项目新颖性相关,进而削弱了由新颖性导致的公众参与惩罚。只有直接效应可以促进深层次的公众参与,而间接效应只能吸引更广泛的公众参与,并且效应量远小于直接效应。也就是说,从跨学科项目传递信号的两个角度来看,通过重组性质向公众传递的信号远不如公共产品性质的质量信号来得有效。
异质性分析表明,自然科学导向项目的跨学科性要显著强于人文和社会科学导向的项目。在自然科学导向项目中,跨学科性对公众参与的直接影响完全存在,三种跨学科性均与公众参与的广度和深度显著正相关。而在人文和社会科学导向的项目中,三种跨学科性都会降低公众参与广度,与公众参与深度负相关,但不显著。将项目研究团队划分为学术团队、非学术团队和学术-非学术混合团队。我们发现,整体上,学术团队身份有助于提高跨学科项目的公众参与广度,学术-非学术混合团队会降低学科多样化和学科均衡的跨学科项目的公众参与广度,同时降低学科均衡项目的公众参与深度。无论在何种学科导向的项目中,学科多样化、均衡的跨学科策略和学术研究团队的交互作用都能够显著提高公众参与广度,学科差异性策略则仅在自然科学导向项目中有效。学术-非学术混合团队与自然科学导向项目更低的公众参与广度和学科均衡项目的更低的参与深度相关。
对于期望通过在公众科学项目中引入跨学科策略的研究人员,或是计划鼓励公众参与科学项目以普及科学知识的机构,我们总结了如下的实践启示。首先,在开展公众科学实践时,应充分考虑不同学科导向项目的研究内容差异,并谨慎地采用跨学科策略。在实践中,人文和社会科学导向的项目需要有条件地采用跨学科策略,以免加重普通公众的认知负担。相反,以自然科学为主导的项目可以积极地采用跨学科策略。其次,需要关注公众科学项目发起团队的身份和跨学科策略的交互作用。人文和社会科学主导的项目应当由学术研究团队发起,同时采用的均衡性强的跨学科策略,避免由特定学科主导。自然科学主导的项目优先由学术团队发起,采用学科多样、均衡且差异性高的跨学科策略;避免组建学术-非学术混合合作的团队,尤其是在学科均衡性和多样性较高的情景下;非学术团队在自然科学导向的项目中采用跨学科策略时,无需过度关注其与团队身份之间的交互作用。
尽管就公众科学项目的跨学科性与公众参与进行了诸多探讨,本文仍然存在一些不足,有待进一步探索。第一,囿于量化方法,我们仅考虑了单一跨学科属性对公众参与的影响,而未探究跨学科属性间可能存在的交互效应[1]。未来的研究可考虑采用通过预训练模型或其他嵌入量化方法来衡量公众科学项目的跨学科性[21],以降低跨学科属性间的共线性,并进一步分析交互作用。第二,近年来我国的公众科学素养有所提升,但国内尚未出现规模化的公众科学平台。本文的研究数据源于国际平台,结论未必完全适用于我国的实际国情。因此,在未来开展针对中国情景的公众科学研究同样是一个有重要价值的方向。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(72472053)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(72374099)
  • 华侨大学研究生教育教学改革研究资助项目(22YJG005)
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2026年第44卷第6期
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  • 接收时间:2025-04-14
  • 首发时间:2026-09-22
  • 出版时间:2026-06-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-14
  • 修回日期:2025-05-29
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(72472053)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(72374099)
华侨大学研究生教育教学改革研究资助项目(22YJG005)
作者信息
    1 南京大学信息管理学院, 江苏南京 210023
    2 华侨大学工商管理学院, 福建泉州 362021

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王伟(1982-),男,教授、博士生导师, E-mail: 。
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