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Universities in China have achieved remarkable results in technological research, playing a leading role in constructing an independent knowledge system. However, university technological achievements still face the bottleneck of relatively low rates of industrial transformation. Addressing the challenge of translating university research outcomes requires multi-party collaboration, establishing a public transformation platform involving diverse actors such as universities, enterprises, and technology transfer institutions, and improving the specialized service system for technological achievement transformation. Therefore, public data openness emerges as a novel solution, offering new possibilities for technology transfer. Public data openness refers to the process by which governments integrate public data resources and make them equally accessible to the public. It grants the public the rights to know, query, and utilize data, facilitating better resource discovery and industrial upgrading by societal actors, thereby creating commercial and social value. The transformation of university technological achievements is a “university-enterprise” collaborative innovation process. For enterprises, public data openness provides access to data resources at lower cost. The data elements not only empower enterprise R&D but also reduce the uncertainties they face. For universities, public data openness helps eliminate information barriers between universities and enterprises, and facilitate the coupling of university achievements with market demand. In this regard, investigating whether and how public data openness influences the technology transfer in higher education institutions is of significant importance for enhancing university technological development.
This study employs the launch of government data platforms as a quasi-natural experiment. Based on data covering Chinese university patent transfers from 2009 to 2023, a multi-period difference-in-differences (DID) model is used to investigate the impact of public data openness on the technology transfer of universities. The research findings demonstrate that public data openness positively promotes the transformation of university technological achievements. This conclusion still holds true after passing the parallel trend test, placebo test, double machine learning causality test, psm-did test and removing other policies’ effect. The mechanism test demonstrates that (1) Public data openness facilitates the coupling of university achievements with enterprise demand, promoting transformation through university-industry collaboration. And public data openness increased the number of university-industry jointly applied patents.(2) Public data openness effectively reduces transaction costs between universities and enterprises and alleviates the time lag in technology transfer. And public data openness exerts a stronger promoting effect in regions with protracted conversion delays. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that the impact of public data openness on university achievement transformation is more pronounced in regions with higher data openness quality and better digital infrastructure. Furthermore, its promoting effect is more obvious for invention-type patents and high quality patent transformations. This study bridges a significant gap in the literature by empirically demonstrating that public data openness facilitates university technology transfer.By providing rigorous evidence on how it overcomes the “last-mile barrier” in this process, our findings expand the research horizon on open public data governance.
This study provides the following insights for leveraging public data openness to optimize university technology transfer service systems. At the government level, authorities should accelerate public data disclosure while guiding multi-stakeholder participation in platform development to establish a cross-sectoral “communication bridge”. Differentiated policy support must be implemented through targeted interventions and technical guidance for regions with inadequate digital infrastructure, thereby bridging regional divides in technology commercialization. Universities should proactively deepen industry-academia partnerships through joint R&D initiatives to boost industrial applicability of innovations, while comprehensively showcasing research outputs via dedicated platforms spanning fundamental research to market applications to enhance external visibility. Prioritizing high value patent development tightly aligned with market needs remains critical for overcoming commercialization bottlenecks. For enterprises, dynamically monitoring university research outputs and acquiring relevant technologies through patent transfers can mitigate information asymmetry induced delays. Companies must also proactively articulate technical requirements, budgetary parameters, and collaboration frameworks to establish closed-loop innovation cycles.
, authors=Naerjiang·Ahai
1, Bo-wei DONG
2, Ming-lei DING
3, authorsList=Naerjiang·Ahai, Bo-wei DONG, Ming-lei DING, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ming-lei DING, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1309226361433194927, articleId=1309226360493670825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=CN, title=公共数据开放能否促进高校科技成果转化——基于政府数据平台上线的准自然实验, columnId=1309226334996488408, journalTitle=科学学研究, columnName=创新探索, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
本研究以政府数据平台上线为准自然实验,基于2009年至2023年中国高校专利转让数据,采用多期双重差分模型探究了公共数据开放对高校科技成果转化的影响。研究结果表明,公共数据开放对高校科技成果转化具有积极促进作用,其机制在于,公共数据开放将通过推动校企合作创新和缓解专利转化时滞两个渠道促进高校科技成果转化。异质性分析表明,公共数据开放在数据开放质量更高和数字基础设施条件更好的地区对高校科技成果转化的作用更大,对发明类型专利和高质量专利转化的促进作用更明显。本研究揭示了公共数据开放对高校科技成果转化的促进作用,为打通高校科技成果转化的“最后一公里”,健全科技成果转化服务体系,实现产学研协同发展提供了实证经验。
, authors=纳尔江·阿海
1, 董博为
2, 丁明磊
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纳尔江·阿海(2001-),男,哈萨克族,硕士研究生。
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1 Graduate School of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1309226363970748861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226360493670825, authorId=1309226363819753914, language=CN, stringName=纳尔江·阿海, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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2 School of Continuing Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1309226364272738754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226360493670825, authorId=1309226364117549503, language=CN, stringName=董博为, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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2 北京大学继续教育学院, 北京 100871, bio={"content":"
董博为(1992-),男,助理研究员,博士。
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董博为(1992-),男,助理研究员,博士。
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3 New Quality Productive Forces Promotion Center of the Ministry of Science and Technology, Beijing 100029, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1309226364495036871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226360493670825, authorId=1309226364344041924, language=CN, stringName=丁明磊, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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3 科学技术部新质生产力促进中心, 北京 100029, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1309226363740062134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226360493670825, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1309226363744256439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226360493670825, companyId=1309226363740062134, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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2023(9):117-135., articleTitle=Policy empowerment, digital ecosystem and enterprise digital transformation: A quasi-natural experiment based on the national big data comprehensive perimental zone, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1309226368752255460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226360493670825, awardId=ZXZK202410, language=CN, fundingSource=国家高端智库重点研究课题(ZXZK202410), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1309226368823558629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226360493670825, awardId=ZXZK202502, language=CN, fundingSource=国家高端智库重点研究课题(ZXZK202502), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1309226362293027248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226360493670825, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1309226362301415857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226360493670825, companyId=1309226362293027248, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1 Graduate School of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1309226362309804466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226360493670825, companyId=1309226362293027248, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1 北京大学教育学院, 北京 100871)]), AuthorCompany(id=1309226363651981747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226360493670825, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1309226363656176052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226360493670825, companyId=1309226363651981747, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2 School of Continuing Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1309226363664564661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226360493670825, companyId=1309226363651981747, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2 北京大学继续教育学院, 北京 100871)]), AuthorCompany(id=1309226363740062134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226360493670825, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1309226363744256439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226360493670825, companyId=1309226363740062134, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
3 New Quality Productive Forces Promotion Center of the Ministry of Science and Technology, Beijing 100029, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1309226363752645048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226360493670825, companyId=1309226363740062134, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
3 科学技术部新质生产力促进中心, 北京 100029)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1309226365296148944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226360493670825, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=
Parallel trend test, figureFileSmall=9nDhKJ8QuBoPO4mDHfF/6Q==, figureFileBig=p3aGXiP+WGTHMompBcm+Fg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309226365371646417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226360493670825, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
平行趋势检验结果, figureFileSmall=9nDhKJ8QuBoPO4mDHfF/6Q==, figureFileBig=p3aGXiP+WGTHMompBcm+Fg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309226365598138834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226360493670825, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=
Placebo test, figureFileSmall=XxK+pDjCWTiHxsz9GNMmIA==, figureFileBig=LJCqY1GsQmW6N1x2bM39Jw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309226365665247699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226360493670825, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
安慰剂检验, figureFileSmall=XxK+pDjCWTiHxsz9GNMmIA==, figureFileBig=LJCqY1GsQmW6N1x2bM39Jw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309226365719773652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226360493670825, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Descriptive statistics
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 变量 | 样本量 | 平均值 | 标准差 | 最小值 | 最大值 |
| 高校专利转让 | 3165 | 42.414 | 109.831 | 0 | 1293.000 |
| 公共数据开放 | 3165 | 0.210 | 0.407 | 0 | 1.000 |
| 校企联合专利申请 | 3165 | 4.716 | 15.257 | 0 | 230.000 |
| 平均DPI专利质量 | 2431 | 2.785 | 1.174 | 0 | 5.000 |
| 平均专利转化时滞 | 2431 | 41.220 | 23.401 | 0 | 164.500 |
| 发明专利 | 3165 | 34.207 | 88.150 | 0 | 590.000 |
| 实用专利 | 3165 | 6.672 | 18.818 | 0 | 288.000 |
| 外观设计专利 | 3165 | 0.240 | 1.427 | 0 | 25.000 |
| 城市金融资源 | 3165 | 1.122 | 0.680 | 0.165 | 7.450 |
| 城市发展水平 | 3165 | 10.816 | 0.598 | 8.817 | 12.404 |
| 城市发展能力 | 3165 | 8.357 | 4.179 | -20.630 | 23.960 |
| 城市产业结构 | 3165 | 43.393 | 10.347 | 9.760 | 84.850 |
| 城市人力资本 | 3165 | 0.025 | 0.029 | 0.001 | 0.203 |
| 高新企业数量 | 3165 | 1675.902 | 1907.358 | 21.000 | 17906.000 |
), ArticleFig(id=1309226365803659733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226360493670825, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
描述性统计
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 变量 | 样本量 | 平均值 | 标准差 | 最小值 | 最大值 |
| 高校专利转让 | 3165 | 42.414 | 109.831 | 0 | 1293.000 |
| 公共数据开放 | 3165 | 0.210 | 0.407 | 0 | 1.000 |
| 校企联合专利申请 | 3165 | 4.716 | 15.257 | 0 | 230.000 |
| 平均DPI专利质量 | 2431 | 2.785 | 1.174 | 0 | 5.000 |
| 平均专利转化时滞 | 2431 | 41.220 | 23.401 | 0 | 164.500 |
| 发明专利 | 3165 | 34.207 | 88.150 | 0 | 590.000 |
| 实用专利 | 3165 | 6.672 | 18.818 | 0 | 288.000 |
| 外观设计专利 | 3165 | 0.240 | 1.427 | 0 | 25.000 |
| 城市金融资源 | 3165 | 1.122 | 0.680 | 0.165 | 7.450 |
| 城市发展水平 | 3165 | 10.816 | 0.598 | 8.817 | 12.404 |
| 城市发展能力 | 3165 | 8.357 | 4.179 | -20.630 | 23.960 |
| 城市产业结构 | 3165 | 43.393 | 10.347 | 9.760 | 84.850 |
| 城市人力资本 | 3165 | 0.025 | 0.029 | 0.001 | 0.203 |
| 高新企业数量 | 3165 | 1675.902 | 1907.358 | 21.000 | 17906.000 |
), ArticleFig(id=1309226365887545814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226360493670825, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Baseline regression results
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 变量 | (1) | (2) |
| Patent Transfer | Patent Transfer |
| Open | 19.703** | 20.207** |
| (7.991) | (8.006) |
| 常数项 | 38.280*** | 90.993 |
| (1.677) | (92.755) |
| 控制变量 | NO | YES |
| 固定效应 | YES | YES |
| 样本量 | 3165 | 3165 |
| Adj.R2 | 0.796 | 0.801 |
), ArticleFig(id=1309226365954654679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226360493670825, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
基准回归结果
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 变量 | (1) | (2) |
| Patent Transfer | Patent Transfer |
| Open | 19.703** | 20.207** |
| (7.991) | (8.006) |
| 常数项 | 38.280*** | 90.993 |
| (1.677) | (92.755) |
| 控制变量 | NO | YES |
| 固定效应 | YES | YES |
| 样本量 | 3165 | 3165 |
| Adj.R2 | 0.796 | 0.801 |
), ArticleFig(id=1309226366046929368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226360493670825, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=
Bacon decompose results
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 平均处理效应 | 权重 |
| 以“从未处理组”为控制组 | 10.701 | 0.577 |
| 以“尚未处理组”为控制组 | 35.134 | 0.406 |
| 以“早期处理组”为控制组 | -15.000 | 0.016 |
), ArticleFig(id=1309226366135009753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226360493670825, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
培根分解结果
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 平均处理效应 | 权重 |
| 以“从未处理组”为控制组 | 10.701 | 0.577 |
| 以“尚未处理组”为控制组 | 35.134 | 0.406 |
| 以“早期处理组”为控制组 | -15.000 | 0.016 |
), ArticleFig(id=1309226366202118618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226360493670825, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=
Robustness testⅠ
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 变量 | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) |
| PSM-DID | 排除其他政策干扰 |
| Open | 13.518* | 20.207** | 17.420** | 17.323** | 19.131** | 20.516** |
| (7.114) | (8.006) | (7.754) | (7.920) | (7.786) | (7.996) |
| Xxhm | | | 54.305*** | | | |
| | | (13.091) | | | |
| Zwfw | | | | 41.664*** | | |
| | | | (12.567) | | |
| Kdzg | | | | | 15.602** | |
| | | | | (6.948) | |
| Data | | | | | | 4.476 |
| | | | | | (8.500) |
| 常数项 | 25.629 | 90.993 | 3.389 | 15.948 | 67.020 | 87.821 |
| (78.880) | (92.755) | (91.198) | (93.247) | (92.186) | (91.224) |
| 控制变量 | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
| 固定效应 | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
| 样本量 | 2997 | 3165 | 3165 | 3165 | 3165 | 3165 |
| Adj.R2 | 0.803 | 0.801 | 0.812 | 0.808 | 0.802 | 0.801 |
), ArticleFig(id=1309226366281810395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226360493670825, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
稳健性检验Ⅰ
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| 变量 | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) |
| PSM-DID | 排除其他政策干扰 |
| Open | 13.518* | 20.207** | 17.420** | 17.323** | 19.131** | 20.516** |
| (7.114) | (8.006) | (7.754) | (7.920) | (7.786) | (7.996) |
| Xxhm | | | 54.305*** | | | |
| | | (13.091) | | | |
| Zwfw | | | | 41.664*** | | |
| | | | (12.567) | | |
| Kdzg | | | | | 15.602** | |
| | | | | (6.948) | |
| Data | | | | | | 4.476 |
| | | | | | (8.500) |
| 常数项 | 25.629 | 90.993 | 3.389 | 15.948 | 67.020 | 87.821 |
| (78.880) | (92.755) | (91.198) | (93.247) | (92.186) | (91.224) |
| 控制变量 | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
| 固定效应 | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
| 样本量 | 2997 | 3165 | 3165 | 3165 | 3165 | 3165 |
| Adj.R2 | 0.803 | 0.801 | 0.812 | 0.808 | 0.802 | 0.801 |
), ArticleFig(id=1309226366365696476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226360493670825, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=
Double machine learning causality test
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| 变量 | (1) | (2) | (3) |
| Patent Transfer | Patent Transfer | Patent Transfer |
| Open | 5.812** | 5.513** | 4.593** |
| (2.405) | (2.275) | (2.205) |
| 控制变量1次项 | YES | YES | YES |
| 控制变量2次项 | NO | YES | YES |
| 控制变量3次项 | NO | NO | YES |
| 固定效应 | YES | YES | YES |
| 样本量 | 3165 | 3165 | 3165 |
), ArticleFig(id=1309226366462165469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226360493670825, language=CN, label=表5, caption=
双重机器学习因果检验结果
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| 变量 | (1) | (2) | (3) |
| Patent Transfer | Patent Transfer | Patent Transfer |
| Open | 5.812** | 5.513** | 4.593** |
| (2.405) | (2.275) | (2.205) |
| 控制变量1次项 | YES | YES | YES |
| 控制变量2次项 | NO | YES | YES |
| 控制变量3次项 | NO | NO | YES |
| 固定效应 | YES | YES | YES |
| 样本量 | 3165 | 3165 | 3165 |
), ArticleFig(id=1309226368169247198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226360493670825, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=
Analysis of mechanisms
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| 变量 | (1) | (2) | (3) |
| Joint Patent | Long Time Interval | Short Time Interval |
| Open | 4.116*** | 26.807* | 9.219* |
| (1.392) | (14.035) | (5.059) |
| 常数项 | 22.468 | 266.619 | -16.988 |
| (15.761) | (183.521) | (44.219) |
| 控制变量 | YES | YES | YES |
| 固定效应 | YES | YES | YES |
| 样本量 | 3165 | 1500 | 1665 |
| Adj.R2 | 0.743 | 0.807 | 0.698 |
), ArticleFig(id=1309226368278299103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226360493670825, language=CN, label=表6, caption=
机制分析结果
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| 变量 | (1) | (2) | (3) |
| Joint Patent | Long Time Interval | Short Time Interval |
| Open | 4.116*** | 26.807* | 9.219* |
| (1.392) | (14.035) | (5.059) |
| 常数项 | 22.468 | 266.619 | -16.988 |
| (15.761) | (183.521) | (44.219) |
| 控制变量 | YES | YES | YES |
| 固定效应 | YES | YES | YES |
| 样本量 | 3165 | 1500 | 1665 |
| Adj.R2 | 0.743 | 0.807 | 0.698 |
), ArticleFig(id=1309226368353796576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226360493670825, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=
Results of patent heterogeneity analysis
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| 变量 | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) |
| Invention Patent | Utility Patent | Design Patent | High Quality Patent | Low Quality Patent |
| Open | 13.423** | 5.049** | 0.326*** | 35.244* | 10.851 |
| (5.468) | (2.109) | (0.121) | (18.594) | (7.279) |
| 常数项 | 31.002 | 47.491 | 4.041 | 141.604 | 3.896 |
| (70.173) | (29.986) | (2.833) | (234.343) | (95.708) |
| 控制变量 | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
| 固定效应 | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
| 样本量 | 3165 | 3165 | 3165 | 1080 | 2085 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.824 | 0.476 | 0.215 | 0.844 | 0.759 |
), ArticleFig(id=1309226368467042785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226360493670825, language=CN, label=表7, caption=
专利的异质性分析
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 变量 | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) |
| Invention Patent | Utility Patent | Design Patent | High Quality Patent | Low Quality Patent |
| Open | 13.423** | 5.049** | 0.326*** | 35.244* | 10.851 |
| (5.468) | (2.109) | (0.121) | (18.594) | (7.279) |
| 常数项 | 31.002 | 47.491 | 4.041 | 141.604 | 3.896 |
| (70.173) | (29.986) | (2.833) | (234.343) | (95.708) |
| 控制变量 | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
| 固定效应 | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
| 样本量 | 3165 | 3165 | 3165 | 1080 | 2085 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.824 | 0.476 | 0.215 | 0.844 | 0.759 |
), ArticleFig(id=1309226368555123170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226360493670825, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=
Results of location heterogeneity analysis
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| 变量 | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
| High Quality | Low Quality | High Infrastructure | Low Infrastructure |
| Open | 61.602* | 2.583 | 26.817** | 0.020 |
| (35.427) | (5.054) | (13.081) | (1.824) |
| 常数项 | 134.719 | -43.693 | 101.909 | 38.183 |
| (535.548) | (63.812) | (183.775) | (42.688) |
| 控制变量 | YES | YES | YES | YES |
| 固定效应 | YES | YES | YES | YES |
| 样本量 | 585 | 2580 | 1695 | 1470 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.834 | 0.733 | 0.804 | 0.545 |
), ArticleFig(id=1309226368643203555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226360493670825, language=CN, label=表8, caption=
区位要素的异质性分析
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 变量 | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
| High Quality | Low Quality | High Infrastructure | Low Infrastructure |
| Open | 61.602* | 2.583 | 26.817** | 0.020 |
| (35.427) | (5.054) | (13.081) | (1.824) |
| 常数项 | 134.719 | -43.693 | 101.909 | 38.183 |
| (535.548) | (63.812) | (183.775) | (42.688) |
| 控制变量 | YES | YES | YES | YES |
| 固定效应 | YES | YES | YES | YES |
| 样本量 | 585 | 2580 | 1695 | 1470 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.834 | 0.733 | 0.804 | 0.545 |
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