Article(id=1309226307041456752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1309226306445865584, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1743609600000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-03, revisedDate=1753718400000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790073475846, onlineDateStr=2026-09-22, pubDate=1781452800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790073475846, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790073475846, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790073475846, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1309226306445865584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, year='2026', volume='44', issue='6', pageStart='1121', pageEnd='1344', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1781452800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790073475705, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790073520980, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1309226496414286647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1309226306445865584, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1309226496414286648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, issueId=1309226306445865584, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1154, endPage=1168, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1309226307272143474, articleId=1309226307041456752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=EN, title=The breakthrough innovation and high-quality development of enterprises in low-altitude economy field, columnId=1309226307205034609, journalTitle=Studies in Science of Science, columnName=Hot Issues, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As a strategic emerging industry in China, the Low-altitude economy is becoming a key area for cultivating new quality productive forces. With its high technological intensity, cross-industry integration, and strong potential for value creation, this sector is expected to reshape industrial structures and foster new modes of economic growth. Unlike traditional industries that rely on technology introduction and incremental absorption, the Low-altitude economy is distinguished by more pronounced innovation capabilities, thereby accelerating industrial modernization in China. Nevertheless, it also faces significant challenges, including technological immaturity, regulatory uncertainty, and high environmental risks. Against this backdrop, breakthrough innovation is not only essential for securing competitive advantages in global markets but also a key driver of high-quality and sustainable development. However, existing research at the micro-level remains limited, particularly on enterprise innovation strategies, organizational conditions, and their interaction with external environments. To bridge this gap, this study examines the diverse pathways through which breakthrough innovation occurs in the Low-altitude economy, demonstrates its pivotal role in advancing high-quality development, and provides both theoretical contributions and practical implications.

Based on the TOE framework, this paper develops a complex mediation model that integrates QCA with regression analysis to systematically examine the pathways leading to breakthrough innovation and the mechanism of high-quality development in Low-altitude economy enterprises. This integrative approach provides a more comprehensive understanding of how technological, organizational, and environmental factors interact to generate innovation outcomes and foster sustainable development. The research findings are as follows: (1) The formation of breakthrough innovation capabilities follows multiple concurrent causal logics, and there is no single necessary condition. (2) There are five driving paradigms for enterprise innovation: R&D-driven, digital-driven, environment-driven, collaborative-driven, and innovation-trial-and-error-driven. (3) The complex mediation test shows that, except for the innovation-trial-and-error-driven paradigm, the other four paradigms can basically promote the high-quality development of enterprises through breakthrough innovation capabilities. These results not only deepen the understanding of how breakthrough innovation emerges but also indicate its pivotal role in promoting high-quality development.

Beyond the key findings, this study contributes to the literature in several important ways. First, it shifts the analytical focus on the Low-altitude economy from macro-level regional governance to micro-level enterprise strategies, emphasizing how firm-specific technological, organizational, and environmental conditions shape innovation models and development paths. Second, from a methodological perspective, the integration of QCA with regression analysis offers a more nuanced understanding of causal complexity and provides novel insights for the study of complex systems. Third, the study extends the applicability of the TOE framework to dynamic and uncertain industrial contexts, while the identification of multiple effective innovation paradigms underscores the theoretical importance of strategic flexibility in enterprise innovation. From a practical standpoint, the study also offers actionable implications for both enterprises and policymakers. For enterprises, the findings suggest the need to carefully assess technological assets, organizational readiness, and environmental conditions before selecting appropriate innovation paradigms and development strategies. For policymakers, the results highlight the importance of targeted infrastructure investment, improvements in the business environment, and the development of supportive digital platforms to foster enterprise innovation and high-quality growth.

, authors=Wei SHAN1, 2, Wen-bin XIE1, Yi-zhong SUN1, Chang-feng CHENG1, authorsList=Wei SHAN, Wen-bin XIE, Yi-zhong SUN, Chang-feng CHENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wen-bin XIE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1309226325618029364, articleId=1309226307041456752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, language=CN, title=低空经济企业突破式创新与高质量发展, columnId=1309226307364418163, journalTitle=科学学研究, columnName=热点议题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

作为我国战略性新兴产业,低空经济正成为培育新质生产力的关键领域。基于TOE框架,通过建立整合QCA与回归分析的复杂中介模型,系统探究低空经济领域企业突破式创新的驱动路径及其对高质量发展的作用机制。研究发现:(1)突破式创新能力的形成遵循多重并发因果逻辑,不存在单一必要条件;(2)企业创新存在研发驱动型、数字驱动型、环境驱动型、协同驱动型及创新试错型5类驱动范式;(3)复杂中介检验表明,除创新试错型外,其余4类范式基本均可通过赋能突破式创新能力,进而促进企业高质量发展。研究结果填补了低空经济微观机制的理论空白,并为企业优化创新战略和政府构建产业生态提供决策依据。

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单伟(1978-),男,教授、博士生导师。

孙一中(1997-),男,博士研究生。

程长风(1998-),男,博士研究生。

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谢文彬(2001-),男,博士研究生, E-mail:。
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Science & Technology Progress and Policy, 2025, 42(3): 38-49., articleTitle=How industrial internet platform drives the development of new quality productive forces: The perspective of data element, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1309226333801116532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226307041456752, awardId=72472007, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(72472007), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1309226333889196917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226307041456752, awardId=71971008, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(71971008), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1309226325878076213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226307041456752, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1309226325890659126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226307041456752, companyId=1309226325878076213, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Economics and Management, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1309226325903242039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226307041456752, companyId=1309226325878076213, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 北京航空航天大学经济管理学院, 北京 100191)]), AuthorCompany(id=1309226325978739512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226307041456752, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1309226325987128121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226307041456752, companyId=1309226325978739512, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Key Laboratory of Complex System Analysis and Management Decision, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1309226325991322426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226307041456752, companyId=1309226325978739512, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 复杂系统分析与管理决策教育部重点实验室, 北京 100191)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1309226329749418842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226307041456752, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Theoretical framework, figureFileSmall=8ZKEpz9wdD53DExcyvEVow==, figureFileBig=U7oc2lAYNRw0rjfFjWZvVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309226329824916315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226307041456752, language=CN, label=图1, caption=理论框架, figureFileSmall=8ZKEpz9wdD53DExcyvEVow==, figureFileBig=U7oc2lAYNRw0rjfFjWZvVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309226329996882780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226307041456752, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Regional distribution of cases, figureFileSmall=XKvnPXr0YXQ0PYgYAe174g==, figureFileBig=M2juFUESRHRS+VojKMzPHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309226330051408733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226307041456752, language=CN, label=图2, caption=案例所属区域分布, figureFileSmall=XKvnPXr0YXQ0PYgYAe174g==, figureFileBig=M2juFUESRHRS+VojKMzPHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309226330110128990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226307041456752, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Industrial distribution of cases, figureFileSmall=5wL3LSAkfg2LYbTRMgbLMg==, figureFileBig=afwgG0V0vMtJUQgOc2ovfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309226330185626463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226307041456752, language=CN, label=图3, caption=案例所属行业分布, figureFileSmall=5wL3LSAkfg2LYbTRMgbLMg==, figureFileBig=afwgG0V0vMtJUQgOc2ovfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309226330273706848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226307041456752, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Literature analysis in the low-altitude economy

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
定量研究 现有研究较少,主要涵盖区域测度[5]、数字基础设施[8]等。 本文研究,旨在揭示低空经济领域企业创新模式与发展路径。
定性研究 现有研究较多,主要涵盖创新政策[2]、产业建设[3]、全球格局[6]、风险治理[7]、关键领域与发展重点[4]等。 现有研究较少,主要涵盖产品创新与场景创新[2]、多元主体合作[3]等。
政府层面 企业层面
), ArticleFig(id=1309226330508587873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226307041456752, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

低空经济领域文献分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
定量研究 现有研究较少,主要涵盖区域测度[5]、数字基础设施[8]等。 本文研究,旨在揭示低空经济领域企业创新模式与发展路径。
定性研究 现有研究较多,主要涵盖创新政策[2]、产业建设[3]、全球格局[6]、风险治理[7]、关键领域与发展重点[4]等。 现有研究较少,主要涵盖产品创新与场景创新[2]、多元主体合作[3]等。
政府层面 企业层面
), ArticleFig(id=1309226332228252514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226307041456752, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Information of results and conditions calibration

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变量类型 变量名称 校准锚点
完全隶属 交叉点 完全不隶属
结果变量 突破式创新能力 3.714 2.833 1.792
条件变量 技术多元化 0.887 0.794 0.643
研发能力 32.510 18.850 12.865
知识吸收能力 11.325 6.510 4.370
数字化水平 3.784 2.639 1.386
组织冗余 0.177 0.108 0.066
基础设施 41.000 16.000 11.000
营商环境 68.250 65.930 60.830
), ArticleFig(id=1309226332312138595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226307041456752, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

结果变量与条件变量校准锚点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量类型 变量名称 校准锚点
完全隶属 交叉点 完全不隶属
结果变量 突破式创新能力 3.714 2.833 1.792
条件变量 技术多元化 0.887 0.794 0.643
研发能力 32.510 18.850 12.865
知识吸收能力 11.325 6.510 4.370
数字化水平 3.784 2.639 1.386
组织冗余 0.177 0.108 0.066
基础设施 41.000 16.000 11.000
营商环境 68.250 65.930 60.830
), ArticleFig(id=1309226332387636068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226307041456752, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Results of analysis of necessary conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
前因条件 高突破式创新能力
一致性 覆盖度
技术多元化 0.751 0.712
非技术多元化 0.346 0.356
研发能力 0.584 0.596
非研发能力 0.500 0.477
知识吸收能力 0.574 0.584
非知识吸收能力 0.519 0.496
数字化水平 0.592 0.584
非数字化水平 0.499 0.492
组织冗余 0.521 0.525
非组织冗余 0.565 0.546
基础设施 0.472 0.522
非基础设施 0.624 0.556
营商环境 0.448 0.505
非营商环境 0.653 0.572
), ArticleFig(id=1309226332467327845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226307041456752, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

必要条件分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
前因条件 高突破式创新能力
一致性 覆盖度
技术多元化 0.751 0.712
非技术多元化 0.346 0.356
研发能力 0.584 0.596
非研发能力 0.500 0.477
知识吸收能力 0.574 0.584
非知识吸收能力 0.519 0.496
数字化水平 0.592 0.584
非数字化水平 0.499 0.492
组织冗余 0.521 0.525
非组织冗余 0.565 0.546
基础设施 0.472 0.522
非基础设施 0.624 0.556
营商环境 0.448 0.505
非营商环境 0.653 0.572
), ArticleFig(id=1309226332551213926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226307041456752, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Results of configuration analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
前因条件 高突破式创新能力
S1 S2 S3a S3b S4a S4b S5
技术多元化
研发能力
知识吸收能力
数字化水平
组织冗余
基础设施
营商环境
一致性 0.868 0.817 0.814 0.828 0.909 0.833 0.884
原始覆盖度 0.085 0.064 0.138 0.115 0.083 0.112 0.052
唯一覆盖度 0.033 0.020 0.023 0.007 0.009 0.039 0.018
总体一致性 0.822
总体覆盖度 0.336
), ArticleFig(id=1309226332672848743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226307041456752, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

组态分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
前因条件 高突破式创新能力
S1 S2 S3a S3b S4a S4b S5
技术多元化
研发能力
知识吸收能力
数字化水平
组织冗余
基础设施
营商环境
一致性 0.868 0.817 0.814 0.828 0.909 0.833 0.884
原始覆盖度 0.085 0.064 0.138 0.115 0.083 0.112 0.052
唯一覆盖度 0.033 0.020 0.023 0.007 0.009 0.039 0.018
总体一致性 0.822
总体覆盖度 0.336
), ArticleFig(id=1309226332773512040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226307041456752, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Robustness tests for configuration analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
前因条件 高突破式创新能力
提高案例阈值至3 校准90,50,10
S1a S1b S2 S3 S4 S1 S2
技术多元化
研发能力
知识吸收能力
数字化水平
组织冗余
基础设施
营商环境
一致性 0.909 0.833 0.817 0.850 0.820 0.900 0.914
原始覆盖度 0.083 0.112 0.064 0.056 0.107 0.157 0.208
唯一覆盖度 0.010 0.042 0.032 0.021 0.075 0.072 0.122
总体一致性 0.814 0.900
总体覆盖度 0.271 0.279
), ArticleFig(id=1309226332865786729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226307041456752, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

组态分析稳健性检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
前因条件 高突破式创新能力
提高案例阈值至3 校准90,50,10
S1a S1b S2 S3 S4 S1 S2
技术多元化
研发能力
知识吸收能力
数字化水平
组织冗余
基础设施
营商环境
一致性 0.909 0.833 0.817 0.850 0.820 0.900 0.914
原始覆盖度 0.083 0.112 0.064 0.056 0.107 0.157 0.208
唯一覆盖度 0.010 0.042 0.032 0.021 0.075 0.072 0.122
总体一致性 0.814 0.900
总体覆盖度 0.271 0.279
), ArticleFig(id=1309226332937089898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226307041456752, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Descriptive statistics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量类型 变量名称 平均值 标准差 最小值 最大值
被解释变量 高质量发展TFP 6.807 0.829 5.095 10.196
解释变量 组态S1 0.048 0.117 0.000 0.840
组态S2 0.039 0.100 0.000 0.850
组态S3a 0.083 0.187 0.000 0.940
组态S3b 0.068 0.163 0.000 0.770
组态S4a 0.045 0.111 0.000 0.501
组态S4b 0.066 0.151 0.000 0.770
组态S5 0.029 0.068 0.000 0.580
中介变量 突破式创新能力Inn 2.833 1.455 0.000 8.256
控制变量 两职合一Dual 0.365 0.482 0.000 1.000
资产负债率Lev 0.435 0.195 0.060 0.992
企业规模Size 7.900 1.243 5.170 11.939
企业年龄Age 3.121 0.279 2.079 3.738
), ArticleFig(id=1309226333008393067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226307041456752, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

描述性统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量类型 变量名称 平均值 标准差 最小值 最大值
被解释变量 高质量发展TFP 6.807 0.829 5.095 10.196
解释变量 组态S1 0.048 0.117 0.000 0.840
组态S2 0.039 0.100 0.000 0.850
组态S3a 0.083 0.187 0.000 0.940
组态S3b 0.068 0.163 0.000 0.770
组态S4a 0.045 0.111 0.000 0.501
组态S4b 0.066 0.151 0.000 0.770
组态S5 0.029 0.068 0.000 0.580
中介变量 突破式创新能力Inn 2.833 1.455 0.000 8.256
控制变量 两职合一Dual 0.365 0.482 0.000 1.000
资产负债率Lev 0.435 0.195 0.060 0.992
企业规模Size 7.900 1.243 5.170 11.939
企业年龄Age 3.121 0.279 2.079 3.738
), ArticleFig(id=1309226333088084844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226307041456752, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Benchmark regression

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因变量:高质量发展TFP
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
S1 0.896***
(0.253)
S2 0.796**
(0.309)
S3a 0.454**
(0.197)
S3b 0.415*
(0.248)
S4a 0.728**
(0.309)
S4b 0.147
(0.206)
S5 -0.216
(0.438)
Dual 0.069 0.062 0.050 0.050 0.022 0.043 0.046
(0.085) (0.086) (0.086) (0.086) (0.088) (0.087) (0.085)
Lev 0.954*** 0.954*** 0.899*** 0.918*** 0.924*** 0.937*** 0.945***
(0.290) (0.292) (0.294) (0.291) (0.295) (0.294) (0.297)
Size 0.298*** 0.293*** 0.295*** 0.298*** 0.301*** 0.307*** 0.305***
(0.037) (0.037) (0.037) (0.037) (0.037) (0.037) (0.038)
Age 0.063 0.049 0.035 0.049 0.058 0.072 0.073
(0.197) (0.199) (0.203) (0.200) (0.199) (0.200) (0.199)
Constant 3.756*** 3.855*** 3.900*** 3.834*** 3.789*** 3.703*** 3.726***
(0.634) (0.647) (0.663) (0.652) (0.646) (0.648) (0.644)
N 259 259 259 259 259 259 259
adj. R2 0.383 0.376 0.377 0.373 0.376 0.367 0.366
), ArticleFig(id=1309226333171970925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226307041456752, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

基准回归

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因变量:高质量发展TFP
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
S1 0.896***
(0.253)
S2 0.796**
(0.309)
S3a 0.454**
(0.197)
S3b 0.415*
(0.248)
S4a 0.728**
(0.309)
S4b 0.147
(0.206)
S5 -0.216
(0.438)
Dual 0.069 0.062 0.050 0.050 0.022 0.043 0.046
(0.085) (0.086) (0.086) (0.086) (0.088) (0.087) (0.085)
Lev 0.954*** 0.954*** 0.899*** 0.918*** 0.924*** 0.937*** 0.945***
(0.290) (0.292) (0.294) (0.291) (0.295) (0.294) (0.297)
Size 0.298*** 0.293*** 0.295*** 0.298*** 0.301*** 0.307*** 0.305***
(0.037) (0.037) (0.037) (0.037) (0.037) (0.037) (0.038)
Age 0.063 0.049 0.035 0.049 0.058 0.072 0.073
(0.197) (0.199) (0.203) (0.200) (0.199) (0.200) (0.199)
Constant 3.756*** 3.855*** 3.900*** 3.834*** 3.789*** 3.703*** 3.726***
(0.634) (0.647) (0.663) (0.652) (0.646) (0.648) (0.644)
N 259 259 259 259 259 259 259
adj. R2 0.383 0.376 0.377 0.373 0.376 0.367 0.366
), ArticleFig(id=1309226333255857006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226307041456752, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Robustness test 1: replacing the dependent variable

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稳健性检验1:替换因变量TFP_LP
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
S1 0.787***
(0.242)
S2 0.715**
(0.289)
S3a 0.346*
(0.197)
S3b 0.277
(0.249)
S4a 0.831***
(0.316)
S4b 0.217
(0.210)
S5 -0.232
(0.422)
CVs Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
N 259 259 259 259 259 259 259
adj. R2 0.622 0.619 0.618 0.616 0.622 0.615 0.614
), ArticleFig(id=1309226333331354479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226307041456752, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

稳健性检验1:替换因变量

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稳健性检验1:替换因变量TFP_LP
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
S1 0.787***
(0.242)
S2 0.715**
(0.289)
S3a 0.346*
(0.197)
S3b 0.277
(0.249)
S4a 0.831***
(0.316)
S4b 0.217
(0.210)
S5 -0.232
(0.422)
CVs Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
N 259 259 259 259 259 259 259
adj. R2 0.622 0.619 0.618 0.616 0.622 0.615 0.614
), ArticleFig(id=1309226333402657648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226307041456752, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=

Robustness test 2: removing extreme values

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稳健性检验2:去除极端值
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
S1 0.961***
(0.282)
S2 0.876**
(0.356)
S3a 0.478**
(0.192)
S3b 0.434*
(0.244)
S4a 0.757**
(0.301)
S4b 0.167
(0.209)
S5 -0.115
(0.496)
CVs Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
N 259 259 259 259 259 259 259
adj. R2 0.393 0.385 0.387 0.383 0.386 0.376 0.375
), ArticleFig(id=1309226333478155121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226307041456752, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

稳健性检验2:去除极端值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
稳健性检验2:去除极端值
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
S1 0.961***
(0.282)
S2 0.876**
(0.356)
S3a 0.478**
(0.192)
S3b 0.434*
(0.244)
S4a 0.757**
(0.301)
S4b 0.167
(0.209)
S5 -0.115
(0.496)
CVs Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
N 259 259 259 259 259 259 259
adj. R2 0.393 0.385 0.387 0.383 0.386 0.376 0.375
), ArticleFig(id=1309226333603984242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226307041456752, language=EN, label=Table 10, caption=

Intermediary analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因变量:高质量发展TFP
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
S1 0.691***
(0.252)
S2 0.707**
(0.276)
S3a 0.475**
(0.200)
S3b 0.444*
(0.259)
S4a 0.515*
(0.301)
S4b -0.056
(0.201)
S5 -0.550
(0.415)
Inn 0.092*** 0.077** 0.088*** 0.094*** 0.094*** 0.083** 0.094*** 0.097***
(0.033) (0.034) (0.033) (0.033) (0.033) (0.034) (0.035) (0.035)
CVs Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
N 259 259 259 259 259 259 259 259
adj. R2 0.388 0.396 0.393 0.398 0.394 0.391 0.386 0.388
), ArticleFig(id=1309226333679481715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397381743640680, articleId=1309226307041456752, language=CN, label=表10, caption=

中介分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因变量:高质量发展TFP
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
S1 0.691***
(0.252)
S2 0.707**
(0.276)
S3a 0.475**
(0.200)
S3b 0.444*
(0.259)
S4a 0.515*
(0.301)
S4b -0.056
(0.201)
S5 -0.550
(0.415)
Inn 0.092*** 0.077** 0.088*** 0.094*** 0.094*** 0.083** 0.094*** 0.097***
(0.033) (0.034) (0.033) (0.033) (0.033) (0.034) (0.035) (0.035)
CVs Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
N 259 259 259 259 259 259 259 259
adj. R2 0.388 0.396 0.393 0.398 0.394 0.391 0.386 0.388
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低空经济企业突破式创新与高质量发展
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单伟 1, 2 , 谢文彬 1 , 孙一中 1 , 程长风 1
科学学研究 | 热点议题 2026,44(6): 1154-1168
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低空经济企业突破式创新与高质量发展
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单伟1, 2, 谢文彬1 , 孙一中1, 程长风1
作者信息
  • 1 北京航空航天大学经济管理学院, 北京 100191
  • 2 复杂系统分析与管理决策教育部重点实验室, 北京 100191
通讯作者:
谢文彬(2001-),男,博士研究生, E-mail:。
作者简介:

单伟(1978-),男,教授、博士生导师。

孙一中(1997-),男,博士研究生。

程长风(1998-),男,博士研究生。

The breakthrough innovation and high-quality development of enterprises in low-altitude economy field
Wei SHAN1, 2, Wen-bin XIE1 , Yi-zhong SUN1, Chang-feng CHENG1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Economics and Management, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Complex System Analysis and Management Decision, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
出版时间: 2026-06-15
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作为我国战略性新兴产业,低空经济正成为培育新质生产力的关键领域。基于TOE框架,通过建立整合QCA与回归分析的复杂中介模型,系统探究低空经济领域企业突破式创新的驱动路径及其对高质量发展的作用机制。研究发现:(1)突破式创新能力的形成遵循多重并发因果逻辑,不存在单一必要条件;(2)企业创新存在研发驱动型、数字驱动型、环境驱动型、协同驱动型及创新试错型5类驱动范式;(3)复杂中介检验表明,除创新试错型外,其余4类范式基本均可通过赋能突破式创新能力,进而促进企业高质量发展。研究结果填补了低空经济微观机制的理论空白,并为企业优化创新战略和政府构建产业生态提供决策依据。

低空经济  /  突破式创新  /  高质量发展  /  复杂中介模型  /  TOE框架

As a strategic emerging industry in China, the Low-altitude economy is becoming a key area for cultivating new quality productive forces. With its high technological intensity, cross-industry integration, and strong potential for value creation, this sector is expected to reshape industrial structures and foster new modes of economic growth. Unlike traditional industries that rely on technology introduction and incremental absorption, the Low-altitude economy is distinguished by more pronounced innovation capabilities, thereby accelerating industrial modernization in China. Nevertheless, it also faces significant challenges, including technological immaturity, regulatory uncertainty, and high environmental risks. Against this backdrop, breakthrough innovation is not only essential for securing competitive advantages in global markets but also a key driver of high-quality and sustainable development. However, existing research at the micro-level remains limited, particularly on enterprise innovation strategies, organizational conditions, and their interaction with external environments. To bridge this gap, this study examines the diverse pathways through which breakthrough innovation occurs in the Low-altitude economy, demonstrates its pivotal role in advancing high-quality development, and provides both theoretical contributions and practical implications.

Based on the TOE framework, this paper develops a complex mediation model that integrates QCA with regression analysis to systematically examine the pathways leading to breakthrough innovation and the mechanism of high-quality development in Low-altitude economy enterprises. This integrative approach provides a more comprehensive understanding of how technological, organizational, and environmental factors interact to generate innovation outcomes and foster sustainable development. The research findings are as follows: (1) The formation of breakthrough innovation capabilities follows multiple concurrent causal logics, and there is no single necessary condition. (2) There are five driving paradigms for enterprise innovation: R&D-driven, digital-driven, environment-driven, collaborative-driven, and innovation-trial-and-error-driven. (3) The complex mediation test shows that, except for the innovation-trial-and-error-driven paradigm, the other four paradigms can basically promote the high-quality development of enterprises through breakthrough innovation capabilities. These results not only deepen the understanding of how breakthrough innovation emerges but also indicate its pivotal role in promoting high-quality development.

Beyond the key findings, this study contributes to the literature in several important ways. First, it shifts the analytical focus on the Low-altitude economy from macro-level regional governance to micro-level enterprise strategies, emphasizing how firm-specific technological, organizational, and environmental conditions shape innovation models and development paths. Second, from a methodological perspective, the integration of QCA with regression analysis offers a more nuanced understanding of causal complexity and provides novel insights for the study of complex systems. Third, the study extends the applicability of the TOE framework to dynamic and uncertain industrial contexts, while the identification of multiple effective innovation paradigms underscores the theoretical importance of strategic flexibility in enterprise innovation. From a practical standpoint, the study also offers actionable implications for both enterprises and policymakers. For enterprises, the findings suggest the need to carefully assess technological assets, organizational readiness, and environmental conditions before selecting appropriate innovation paradigms and development strategies. For policymakers, the results highlight the importance of targeted infrastructure investment, improvements in the business environment, and the development of supportive digital platforms to foster enterprise innovation and high-quality growth.

low-altitude economy  /  breakthrough innovation  /  high-quality development  /  complex mediation model  /  TOE framework
单伟, 谢文彬, 孙一中, 程长风. 低空经济企业突破式创新与高质量发展. 科学学研究, 2026 , 44 (6) : 1154 -1168 .
Wei SHAN, Wen-bin XIE, Yi-zhong SUN, Chang-feng CHENG. The breakthrough innovation and high-quality development of enterprises in low-altitude economy field[J]. Studies in Science of Science, 2026 , 44 (6) : 1154 -1168 .
把握新一轮科技革命和产业变革的重大机遇,我国正加快推进科技强国建设[1]。2023年中央经济工作会议明确提出,“要以科技创新推动产业创新,特别是以颠覆性技术和前沿技术催生新产业、新模式、新动能,发展新质生产力”,着力打造低空经济等若干战略性新兴产业。与此同时,随着国际环境日益复杂化,汽车、高铁等领域所形成的技术引进、消化、吸收和再创新模式[2],正面临技术封锁、贸易摩擦等严峻挑战,亟需探索新发展路径。
在此背景下,作为新质生产力的典型代表,低空经济自2021年首次被纳入国家级规划以来,产业地位持续提升,相继被写入2024和2025年政府工作报告。在突破式创新驱动下,其市场规模在2023年已达5000亿元,预计至2026年将跨越万亿门槛①(①《中国低空经济发展研究报告(2024)》, http://www.ccidconsulting.com/。),凸显强劲增长动能。以无人机产业为例,其展现出显著的自主创新特征[2]和先发优势,不仅引领产业结构向高附加值环节跃迁,更依托本土培育的商业模式实现国际市场输出,为我国推动创新范式转型提供重要契机。
因此,突破传统路径依赖,通过创新要素配置促进低空经济高质量发展,并辐射带动相关产业转型升级,已成为构建现代化产业体系与赋能新质生产力涌现的时代命题[2,3]。而作为实现高水平科技自立自强的关键力量,企业对于重构创新范式和推动产业发展具有重要意义。由此引出本文的核心研究问题:低空经济领域企业创新的影响因素有哪些?如何有效驱动企业实现突破式创新?其能否进一步赋能企业高质量发展?现有文献对此尚未给予充分关注。通过解答上述问题,可为科学培育低空经济提供学理支撑与实践参考。
低空经济是指以低空空域为依托,以低空飞行为牵引,辐射并带动相关领域协同创新与融合发展的综合经济形态[4],涵盖物流、农林和交通等场景,涉及无人机、eVTOL和通用航空等领域,包括制造、飞行、保障和服务等产业。作为具有技术密集、创新驱动和绿色融合等新质生产力特征的新兴产业,低空经济正成为推动高新技术突破和经济高质量发展的新引擎[2,5,6]。然而,由于处于发展初期,低空经济仍面临技术不成熟、法规不健全和市场不明朗等多重挑战[6-8],亟需进行创新实践和系统研究。
作为前沿议题,低空经济领域探索虽取得一定成果,但尚处于起步阶段,如表1所示。首先,在研究视角层面,现有文献集中于政府宏观治理[8],对企业微观行为探讨较为薄弱。企业作为低空经济创新生态系统的关键主体,其发展模式深刻影响产业生态的演进路径[2]。其次,在研究方法层面,现有文献多侧重定性分析,缺乏充分的实证支撑。虽有研究通过线性中介效应模型检验数字基础设施对低空经济发展的影响机制[8],但该方法在解释多重并发因果关系时存在局限。最后,在研究主题层面,现有文献仅涉及企业创新的局部探讨,如市场驱动[2]或组织合作[3]。然而,低空经济企业创新现实中面临技术快速迭代压力、多主体跨领域治理困境和外部环境高度不确定性等多重挑战,亟需挖掘更多潜在影响因素并构建整合分析框架。
为填补上述研究空白,本文基于TOE(技术-组织-环境)理论,采用模糊集定性比较和回归分析相结合的研究设计,旨在系统识别低空经济企业突破式创新能力形成的多元组态路径,并进一步探讨其高质量发展的复杂中介机制。本文不仅深化了对低空经济的理论洞察,而且为企业优化创新战略和政府构建产业生态提供决策依据。
作为低空经济发展的先决条件[4],突破式创新是指企业追求技术探索和颠覆性变革的过程,是其在新兴市场获取竞争优势与解决“卡脖子”问题的关键能力[9,10]。现有研究指出,突破式创新能力受多因素协同影响并呈现出显著的多重并发性[10],故本文通过TOE理论构建低空经济企业创新驱动机制的分析框架。
在技术条件方面,首先,知识重组理论认为,既有知识体系构成新颖知识创造的物质基础[11,12]。因此,技术多元化可以通过构建异质性知识结构、整合跨学科知识以及扩展本地搜索边界等方式,促进技术重组式突破创新[13]。作为技术密集型产业,低空经济企业的创新效能与其知识库完备性高度关联,其核心在于通过跨领域技术要素的协同重组与迭代优化实现创新跃迁,进而依托“低空+”模式有效嵌入细分的市场需求[4]。其次,资源基础观认为企业独特的核心能力是构建和维持竞争优势的重要来源,其中研发能力发挥关键作用[14]。作为新兴领域,低空经济企业需着力培育自主研发能力,以提高产品开发效率和优化创新资源配置为路径[2],构建自身核心竞争力。最后,动态能力理论认为企业维持竞争优势的关键在于内外部资源的战略整合,而知识吸收能力是转化外部知识为创新绩效的关键路径[15]。由于涉及众多主体、行业和国家[6],低空经济企业需要具备高效识别、学习和整合不同领域外部知识的能力,继而驱动知识融合导向的创新突破。
在组织条件方面,首先,作为创新变革的重要驱动力,企业数字化转型通过数字设施建设和数字技术渗透,有效降低组织间信息不对称水平并优化传导机制[16]。数字能力的提升不仅有助于构筑数据驱动的科学决策范式,而且能够促进知识要素流动与技术资源协同[3],从而显著增强低空经济企业在动态市场竞争环境中的组织敏捷性,并加速创新成果转化。其次,组织冗余是指企业持有的超出维持既定产出所需最低限度的资源储备,被视为应对组织变革的“缓冲器”[17]。面对技术基础和商业模式尚未成熟的低空经济产业,组织冗余通过构建资源缓冲空间,可以增强企业在探索式创新过程中承担潜在风险的意愿,进而积累试错经验并加速技术突破[11]。
在环境条件方面,首先,作为经济发展的先行资本,政府主导的大型基础设施建设有助于降低企业创新的信息交易成本、要素流动成本和产品运输成本[18]。通过加快建设通用机场等基础设施,可以为低空经济发展提供生态支撑,引导产业转型升级和培育消费市场需求,同时依托产业集群效应降低边际创新成本[8,19]。其次,作为典型的制度生态,营商环境要素间的协同作用可以改变环境承载力,显著影响新企业创建率和区域创业活跃度[20]。作为全球角逐的新赛道,良好的营商环境通过优化市场机制、简化审批流程等方式,为低空经济企业的市场准入与技术创新提供制度支撑,进而形成产业先发优势和开放式创新生态体系[3]。
资源编排理论认为企业需捆绑并组合能力要素以实现价值创造,通过识别与编排有效的资源组态从而影响创新绩效[21]。基于TOE框架和组态视角,低空经济企业突破式创新能力的培育机制呈现出显著的多元驱动特征[10]。进一步地,面对差异化的技术资源、组织结构和环境要素,企业可能形成各具特色的创新路径,进而制定不同的发展规划。
因此,低空经济企业高质量发展可能存在复杂中介效应和双路径传导机制。一方面,等效的组态路径通过驱动颠覆性创新,孕育新一代航空技术体系和低空应用场景[6],进而间接赋能企业高质量发展。具体而言,突破式创新在技术效率层面通过实现产品性能迭代与生产流程优化,显著提高劳动生产率[22];在价值创造层面催生新型商业模式与业态组合,从而推动市场边界拓展;在战略转型层面形成技术壁垒与先发优势,促使企业实现从技术追赶者向标准制定者的范式跃迁。另一方面,组态路径本身所蕴含的资源配置优化、组织能力增强和知识溢出等效应,能够直接作用于企业全要素生产率提升,夯实高质量发展基础。
此外,关于突破式创新的现有研究虽已形成较为完善的理论体系,但尚未聚焦于低空经济领域,并且在处理复杂系统管理问题方面通常存在方法局限性。一方面,已有研究通过传统线性中介模型阐述了突破式创新能力的影响因素[23]以及在企业高质量发展过程中的机制作用[22],但是难以解释多重并发、等效性和非对称性等因果复杂性问题。另一方面,基于组态视角,模糊集定性比较分析虽然能够有效识别突破式创新能力的多元驱动路径[10,24],但是较难拓展分析其对企业高质量发展的影响机制。相较之下,复杂中介模型通过整合定性比较分析(QCA)与回归分析的方法论优势,为低空经济领域的企业发展机制研究构建了更为全面的分析框架,提供更加细粒度的管理启示[25]。
综上所述,基于TOE框架和组态视角,本文整合技术多元化、数字化水平、基础设施等多维要素,构建以组态路径驱动创新跃迁、进而推动低空经济企业高质量发展的复杂中介模型。本文理论框架如图1所示。
(1)模糊集定性比较分析
模糊集定性比较分析(fsQCA)是一种基于集合关系与布尔运算的研究方法,适用于中小样本的因果复杂性分析,能够更精细地刻画变量间的非线性关系[20]。通过分析条件组合的必要性和充分性,fsQCA能够识别导致结果产生的多元等效路径,擅长处理多重并发因果、非对称性及条件依赖性等复杂现象,在管理学、经济学等领域被广泛应用。
(2)复杂中介模型
鉴于传统线性中介模型在实证研究中难以有效处理多重并发因果与等效性等复杂问题,杜运周等提出了一种结合还原论与整体论方法的复杂中介模型[25]。该模型通过整合QCA和回归分析,为复杂中介机制的研究提供了创新的方法论框架,其主要步骤如下:
①分析前因条件与中介变量之间的复杂因果关系,识别多元组态驱动路径。
②计算案例在各组态中的集合隶属度,转化为回归分析的自变量。如式(1)所示,mXi代表案例在组态Xi中的隶属度,xj代表案例在相关条件集合j中的隶属度。其中,对于组态中出现的相关条件,直接采用案例的隶属度;对于组态中不出现的相关条件,则通过非集运算计算案例的隶属度。
$m X_{i}=\min \left(x_{1}, x_{2}, \cdots, x_{j}\right)$
③通过回归分析,检验各组态对被解释变量的总效应。
④加入中介变量进行回归分析,检验各组态对被解释变量的直接和间接效应。
作为我国战略性新兴产业,低空经济具有涉及领域广和产业链条长的显著特征[3]。参考现有文献[8,26],本文以iFind数据库认定的低空经济领域上市公司作为典型代表,对其发展特征进行实证考察。鉴于2021年低空经济首次被写入国家级规划,具有标志着其发展进入新阶段的里程碑意义,本文将2022年设定为前因条件的观测时点。同时考虑到影响的滞后性,本文将2023年设定为其余变量的观测时点。本文所涉及的财务数据来源于iFind和CSMAR,专利数据来源于CNRDS,机场数据来源于通用机场信息管理系统,企业年报来源于巨潮资讯网,营商环境数据来源于《2022中国城市营商环境报告》。在剔除缺失值和异常值后,本文最终选取了259家企业作为研究对象进行分析。图2和图3分别报告了案例所属的区域和行业分布,整体呈现出以经济发达省市为中心的产业集聚效应[5,8]和以制造与信息行业为主导的技术密集型特征。
(1)前因条件
在技术方面,本文考虑了技术多元化、研发能力和知识吸收能力。首先,低空经济融合航空、新能源、人工智能等多学科知识[5],技术多元化能够通过整合跨领域技术催生突破式创新。因此,参考现有研究[13,27],本文基于专利数据,利用赫芬达尔-赫希曼指数测度企业的技术多元化。其次,面对应用场景局限、低空飞行风险等发展瓶颈,作为企业重要的核心能力,自主研发是决定产品质量和企业竞争力的关键要素[7,14]。参考现有研究[24],本文利用研发人员数量占比测度企业的研发能力。最后,作为企业的战略性资源投入,知识吸收能力通过加速技术积累,显著影响企业的突破式创新。参考现有研究[15],本文利用研发投资占营业收入比例测度企业的知识吸收能力。
在组织方面,本文考虑了数字化水平和组织冗余。首先,低空经济具有数字生态性[3],数字化工具可以加速企业内部的知识流动[23],数字化水平会直接影响组织敏捷度。参考现有研究[16],本文利用年报中的数字化相关关键词频测度企业的数字化水平。其次,组织冗余为高风险技术研发提供缓冲资源[11],支持试错性创新,有利于企业推动低空经济领域技术突破。参考现有研究[17],本文利用销售费用和管理费用之和与营业收入的比值测度企业的组织冗余。
在环境方面,本文考虑了基础设施和营商环境。首先,在供给端,作为新兴产业,地方政府需系统性推进配套基础设施建设,以降低企业创新活动成本[18,19]。考虑到通用航空作为低空经济的重要组成部分,本文选取各省市通用机场数量作为代表测度企业外部的基础设施[8]。其次,在需求端,低空经济发展深受制度环境影响[4],良好的营商环境能够通过培育市场需求,有效激励场景驱动式创新[2]。参考现有研究[28],本文选取《2022中国城市营商环境报告》中的综合指数表征营商环境,其多维设计可系统反映政策支持力度与市场活力水平。
(2)突破式创新能力
作为战略性新兴产业,低空经济的技术标准与商业模式仍处于动态建构期,提高突破式创新能力对于抢占先发优势具有重要意义。参考现有研究[9,23],本文以发明专利申请数量的自然对数形式衡量企业突破式创新能力(Inn)。一方面,相较于实用新型和外观设计,发明专利通常具有更高的新颖性和复杂性[9],更契合于突破式创新的本质属性。另一方面,鉴于发明专利授权通常需要两至三年的审批周期,采用申请量测度具有更强的时效性。
(3)高质量发展
参考现有文献[29],本文选取全要素生产率(TFP)作为低空经济企业高质量发展的指标,采用OP法进行测度,同时在稳健性检验中采用LP法进行测度。
(4)控制变量
参考现有文献[16,30],为降低潜在干扰因素的影响,本文控制了两职合一(Dual,若董事长和总经理两职合一则取值为1,否则为0)、资产负债率(Lev,总负债与总资产之比)、企业规模(Size,员工总数的自然对数形式)和企业年龄(Age,企业成立年份至观测年份时间跨度的自然对数形式)。
作为进行必要性和充分性分析的前提,校准是将原始数据转换为模糊集隶属度的关键步骤。参考已有研究[20],本文采用直接校准法,将样本描述性统计的第75百分位数、第50百分位数和第25百分位数分别设定为完全隶属、交叉点和完全不隶属的锚点。同时,为避免案例隶属度处于临界值所导致的组态归属问题,本文选择将0.50隶属度加上0.001常数[26]。校准结果如表2所示。
(1)必要性分析
表3汇报了必要性检验的结果,其中所有前因条件的一致性低于临界值0.9,均未构成解释结果变量的必要条件。由此可知,低空经济企业突破式创新能力的形成机制具有典型的多重并发因果关系特质,契合于fsQCA方法应用的前提依据。
(2)充分性分析
本文采用fsQCA软件分析低空经济企业高突破式创新能力的组态路径。鉴于样本规模较大,本文将案例频数阈值设为2,原始一致性和PRI一致性阈值分别设为0.8和0.7,具体结果如表4所示。值得注意的是,技术多元化在所有组态路径中作为核心或边缘条件存在,凸显了企业知识库在突破式创新中的关键作用[13]。知识重组理论认为,企业创新可以视为对既有知识元素的搜索与组合[11]。当企业拥有跨领域的多样化技术储备时,能够更灵活地整合异质性知识,拓展创新搜索边界,进而催生颠覆性技术解决方案[23]。
①研发驱动型。组态S1指出以高技术多元化、高研发能力、非高数字化水平、非高组织冗余、非高营商环境为核心条件,非高基础设施为边缘条件,低空经济企业可以实现突破式创新。具体地,企业通过深度整合航空、通信、能源等跨领域知识,依托自主研发能力构建技术生态和知识图谱,加快产品更新迭代速度[28],形成显著的“创新势能”,在推动渐进式优化的同时突破传统技术瓶颈。
②数字驱动型。组态S2指出以高技术多元化、高数字化水平、非高研发能力、非高基础设施为核心条件,非高知识吸收能力、非高组织冗余、非高营商环境为边缘条件,低空经济企业可以实现突破式创新。具体地,一方面,企业通过数字平台整合内外部分散的技术资源[23],提高研发效率并降低信息不对称[16]。另一方面,数字技术赋能实时数据反馈,从而优化业务流程[8,26]和提高组织敏捷性,在突破传统组织边界的同时快速响应市场需求。
③环境驱动型。组态S3a指出以高技术多元化、高基础设施、非高研发能力、非高数字化水平、非高组织冗余为核心条件,非高知识吸收能力为边缘条件,低空经济企业可以实现突破式创新。组态S3b指出以高技术多元化、高基础设施、非高研发能力、非高数字化水平、非高组织冗余为核心条件,高营商环境为边缘条件,低空经济企业可以实现突破式创新。具体地,二者在核心条件上一致,即丰富的技术储备和成熟的基础设施构成了创新效率跃升的刚性支撑,在降低商业化门槛和研发风险的同时突破配套设施桎梏。在边缘条件方面,S3a通过基建红利弥补知识流动短板,推动创新要素和相关企业聚集[19];S3b则依托开放的营商环境,降低不确定性与合规成本[3],同时推动多主体合作共研,加速技术方案的产业化进程。
④协同驱动型。组态S4a指出以高技术多元化、高研发能力、高数字化水平、高营商环境为核心条件,非高组织冗余、高基础设施为边缘条件,低空经济企业可以实现突破式创新。组态S4b指出以高技术多元化、高研发能力、高数字化水平、高营商环境为核心条件,高知识吸收能力、高基础设施为边缘条件,低空经济企业可以实现突破式创新。具体地,二者在核心条件上一致,形成知识重组视角下“技术-组织-环境”三维协同驱动框架,即基于多元化的知识基础,高研发能力支撑技术突破,数字能力优化创新流程,营商环境加速技术产业化。在边缘条件方面,S4a依托成熟的配套基础设施,因地制宜发展新兴产业[8];S4b则注重知识流动,通过识别与整合外部资源推动开放式创新[15]。
⑤创新试错型。组态S5指出以高研发能力、高组织冗余、非高知识吸收能力为核心条件,高技术多元化、高数字化水平、非高基础设施、非高营商环境为边缘条件,低空经济企业可以实现突破式创新。具体地,相较于渐进式创新,突破式创新通常具有高投入和高风险的特征[9]。当自身知识库相对不完备时,企业通过预留的资源缓冲池对冲内外部环境压力以应对技术路线不确定性[17],使之更有可能开发新产品或进入新市场并进行实验试错,进而实现突破式创新[11]。
(3)稳健性检验
本文对企业高突破式创新能力的组态进行稳健性检验。首先,参考现有文献[31],本文将案例频数阈值由2提高至3,并进行重新分析。其次,根据现有文献[32],本文将校准方式改为90、50和10百分位数,并进行重新分析。由表5可知,两种检验方式的结果均为表4高突破式创新能力组态结果的子集,进而验证了本文研究结论的稳健性。
(1)描述性统计
参考现有文献[25],本文选取产生高突破式创新能力的7种组态作为解释变量,依次进行独立回归分析。表6报告了所有变量的描述性统计。此外,所有变量的方差膨胀系数VIF值均低于5,表明不存在严重的多重共线性问题。
(2)基准回归
表7报告了不同组态路径对低空经济企业高质量发展的影响。其中,组态S1、组态S2、组态S3a、组态S3b和组态S4a的回归系数显著为正,组态S4b和组态S5的回归系数不显著。由此可知,只有组态S1、组态S2、组态S3a、组态S3b和组态S4a这五种模式在驱动企业突破式创新的同时,进一步赋能企业高质量发展。
(3)稳健性检验
参考现有文献[33],本文对回归结果进行稳健性检验。首先,本文替换因变量,采用LP方法测度企业高质量发展水平,如表8所示,结果依旧稳健。其次,本文对连续变量在1%和99%分位数上进行Winsorize处理以去除极端值[9],如表9所示,结果依旧稳健。
(4)机制分析
为进一步探究不同组态路径对低空经济企业高质量发展的影响机制,本文将突破式创新能力纳入回归分析,以识别其直接与间接影响效应,结果如表10所示。其中,列(1)显示中介变量突破式创新能力(Inn)与高质量发展(TFP)之间存在显著正向关系;列(2)至(8)则分别报告在控制突破式创新能力(Inn)的中介效应后,各组态对企业高质量发展(TFP)的直接影响。由此可知,组态S1、S2、S3a、S3b和S4a均可通过突破式创新能力(Inn)的中介机制对高质量发展(TFP)产生显著正向影响。
具体而言,研发驱动型(组态S1)以高技术多元化与高研发能力为核心,通过构建跨领域知识图谱与核心技术生态,强化企业突破式创新能力,进而通过技术跃升显著促进企业高质量发展。数字驱动型(组态S2)通过数字化赋能整合技术资源、优化决策流程并提高组织敏捷性,发挥数据要素的乘数效应[3],培育突破式创新能力[23],进而提高企业生产力。环境驱动型(组态S3a和组态S3b)以成熟基础设施为核心,通过差异化边缘条件激活中介机制:组态S3a通过基础设施打造创新支撑平台和外部交流渠道[19],间接提高企业全要素生产率;组态S3b则依托开放性营商环境,推动产品创新与场景创新相融相促[2],加速技术扩散效率,放大创新成果的规模化效应。协同驱动型(组态S4a)通过“技术-组织-环境”三维协同,构建开放式创新生态。研发能力支撑技术突破,数字能力优化组织流程,营商环境加速产业化,三者协同显著提升突破式创新能力,并进一步转化为企业高质量发展动能。值得注意的是,组态S4b在高强度资源投入的基础上,同步推进自主研发与外部知识吸收。该双轨策略虽有效加速创新,但也显著推升成本,并可能致使组织重心分散、资源配置冲突和管理协调复杂度攀升,进而增加运营风险;同时,规划重叠衍生的过度创新将加剧效率损失。创新试错型(组态S5)则依赖高组织冗余对冲技术不确定性,可能引发成本激增与组织惰性[17],降低探索收益与运营效率[11],并延缓决策链条及市场响应,存在资源投入规模与成果转化价值的潜在失衡风险。鉴于低空经济具有高知识复杂度与快技术迭代的双重特性,该粗放模式对企业可持续发展的支撑效能有限。
作为国家战略性新兴产业的代表,低空经济正成为重构全球创新版图、培育新质生产力的关键领域。基于TOE框架,本文以低空经济上市公司为研究样本,通过建立复杂中介模型,系统探究了低空经济企业突破式创新能力的多元驱动路径及其对高质量发展的影响机制,主要研究发现如下:
(1)低空经济企业高突破式创新能力的形成机制遵循多重并发因果逻辑,不存在单一必要条件。具体地,本文共识别出7条组态路径,可进一步归纳为5类驱动范式:研发驱动型(S1),数字驱动型(S2),环境驱动型(S3a/S3b),协同驱动型(S4a/S4b)和创新试错型(S5)。
(2)复杂中介机制检验结果表明,在7条组态路径中,组态S1、S2、S3a、S3b和S4a能够通过提升突破式创新能力、进而显著促进企业高质量发展。而组态S4b和S5因存在资源配置冲突和组织效率损失等问题,未能对企业全要素生产率产生显著影响。
本文的理论贡献主要体现在以下三方面:首先,在研究主体层面,现有文献多聚焦于低空经济宏观培育与区域治理的定性分析,本文则以企业为研究对象,系统探究了其创新驱动路径与高质量发展机制,填补了该领域微观层面实证分析的研究空白。其次,在方法应用层面,针对传统线性回归模型在解释复杂因果关系时的局限,本文采用了前沿的复杂中介模型进行分析,有效解决多重并发因果、等效性及非对称性等问题,为开展复杂系统研究提供新思路。最后,在理论拓展层面,本文探究了技术多元化、数字化水平和基础设施等核心要素的复杂作用机制,揭示技术、组织和环境三维协同驱动的多元突破式创新路径,深化TOE框架在战略性新兴产业情境下的适用性。
本文为企业和政府均提供了管理启示与实践参考:在企业发展维度,一方面,本文通过识别研发驱动型、数字驱动型和环境驱动型等五类创新范式,为其创新战略的选择和优化提供实证依据。企业可根据自身的资源禀赋、组织结构和外部环境,选择差异化的创新模式[10],例如促进跨领域技术交叉创新、推进数字化组织建设或依托区域基础设施优势等。另一方面,本文揭示了多数创新范式在推动企业高质量发展中的潜在机制,契合于新质生产力发展要求。然而,创新试错型未能产生类似效应,故企业在创新实践中需审慎权衡投入强度与运营效率,构建项目评估体系并优化资源配置策略。在政府治理维度,本文发现低空经济具有显著的产业集聚效应和技术密集型特征,外部环境因素会深刻影响企业突破式创新,据此提出差异化政策建议。首先,在基础设施层面,应着力推进通用机场、无人机起降场等核心设施的网络化布局,同步完善数字化平台建设,夯实产业创新底座。其次,在市场服务层面,应重点优化营商环境和强化市场驱动,构建动态适配的法规标准体系,破除创新制度壁垒。最后,在创新保障层面,应统筹推进创新要素流动与区域协调发展,健全知识产权保护机制和联合技术攻关体系,并有效促进科技成果的转化应用,持续激发创新活力。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(72472007)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(71971008)
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2026年第44卷第6期
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  • 接收时间:2025-04-03
  • 首发时间:2026-09-22
  • 出版时间:2026-06-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-03
  • 修回日期:2025-07-29
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(72472007)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(71971008)
作者信息
    1 北京航空航天大学经济管理学院, 北京 100191
    2 复杂系统分析与管理决策教育部重点实验室, 北京 100191

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谢文彬(2001-),男,博士研究生, E-mail:。
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