Article(id=1289306913452180123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, issueId=1289306742370709735, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3724/j.1000-4734.2025.45.091, pmid=null, cstr=32252.14.j.1000-4734.2025.45.091, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1740067200000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1785324322331, onlineDateStr=2026-07-29, pubDate=1770652800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1785324322331, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1785324322331, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1785324322331, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1289306742370709735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, year='2026', volume='46', issue='1', pageStart='20', pageEnd='170', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1770652800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1785324281542, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1785388512677, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1289576147356860923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, issueId=1289306742370709735, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1289576147356860924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, issueId=1289306742370709735, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=32, endPage=40, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1289306913607369372, articleId=1289306913452180123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, language=EN, title=An experimental study on the synthesis of tetragonal germanium dioxide (GeO2), columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Mineralogica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Tetragonal germanium dioxide has excellent electrical and optical properties and holds significant application value in fields such as electronic components and others. However, its large-scale preparation faces several challenges. Most of the existing methods for converting hexagonal germanium dioxide to tetragonal germanium dioxide require medium-to-high temperature conditions, high-pressure environments, and catalyst assistance, and generally have problems such as long reaction cycles and easy introduction of impurities. In this study, we developed a novel method for preparing pure tetragonal germanium dioxide under the relatively low temperature condition and have thoroughly investigated effects of temperature, pressure, and oxygen fugacity on the product formation. The research results indicate that hexagonal germanium oxide can be completely converted to tetragonal germanium oxide by adding gaseous water under conditions of temperatures ranging from 200 °C to 450 °C, and low pressure of 1.30×103 kPa. Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analyses confirmed that the experimental product possesses a high-purity tetragonal structure with no detectable impurities. Comparative experiments using different oxygen fugacity buffer pairs (Ni-NiO, Fe3O4-Fe2O3, MoO2-MoO3) demonstrated that the tetragonal germanium oxides which were produced under the oxygen fugacity conditions of over 1.05×10–28 kPa have good thermodynamic stability. Compared to previously reported preparation methods of the tetragonal germanium dioxide, this synthesis route has three main advantages including the easily achievable reaction conditions, no catalyst requirement, and a straightforward process flow. By increasing the reaction vessel capacity, the batch conversion from hexagonal germanium oxide to tetragonal germanium dioxide can be accomplished. This novel preparation method offers a viable solution for the large-scale production of high-quality tetragonal germanium oxide, which is conducive to promoting applications of the tetragonal germanium oxide in the fields of new electronics and optoelectronics. This study optimized the preparation process of tetragonal germanium oxide, greatly enhancing the application potential of tetragonal germanium oxide in high-tech sectors and providing crucial support for the development of related industries.

, authors=Wenxin SHI1, 2, Zhilong HUANG1, *, Xinsong WANG1, *, Chen WEI1, authorsList=Wenxin SHI, Zhilong HUANG, Xinsong WANG, Chen WEI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhilong HUANG, Xinsong WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1289306916476273323, articleId=1289306913452180123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, language=CN, title=四方晶系二氧化锗的合成实验, columnId=1289306743352176873, journalTitle=矿物学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

四方晶系二氧化锗具有优异的电学和光学性能,在电子元件等领域应用价值突出,但其规模化制备面临多项挑战。现有六方晶系二氧化锗向四方晶系二氧化锗的转变方法大多需要中高温条件、高压环境催化剂辅助,且普遍存在反应周期长、易引入杂质等问题。本研究开发了一种在相对低温条件下制备纯净四方晶系二氧化锗的新方法,并详细研究了温度、压力和氧逸度等参数对产物形成的影响。研究结果表明,在200~450 ℃温度范围内,只需 1.30×103 kPa 的低压条件,通过添加气相水就能将六方晶系二氧化锗完全转化为四方晶系二氧化锗。拉曼光谱和X射线衍射(XRD)分析证实,产物为高纯度的四方晶系结构,未发现杂质。使用不同氧逸度缓冲对(Ni-NiO、Fe3O4-Fe2O3、MoO2-MoO3)进行的对照实验证明,在氧逸度高于 1.05×10–28 kPa 的条件下,四方晶系氧化锗具有良好的热力学稳定性。与已报道的制备方法相比,本研究的合成路线具有三个主要优势:反应条件容易达到、无需催化剂、工艺流程简单。通过增大反应装置容量,可以实现六方晶系氧化锗向四方晶系二氧化锗的批量转化。这种新型制备方法为高质量四方晶系氧化锗的大规模生产提供了可行方案,有助于推动其在新型电子学和光电子学领域的应用。本研究优化了材料制备工艺,显著提升了氧化锗在高技术领域的应用潜力,为相关产业发展提供了重要支持。

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石雯昕,女,2000年生,硕士研究生,资源与环境专业。E-mail:

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Computers & Geosciences, 1992, 18(7): 899–947., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1289306916803429036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, articleId=1289306913452180123, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1289306916816011949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, articleId=1289306913452180123, companyId=1289306916803429036, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1State Key Laboratory of Critical Mineral Research and Exploration, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang Guizhou 550081, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1289306916828594862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, articleId=1289306913452180123, companyId=1289306916803429036, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1中国科学院地球化学研究所 关键矿产成矿与预测全国重点实验室,贵州 贵阳 550081)]), AuthorCompany(id=1289306916908286639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, articleId=1289306913452180123, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1289306916920869552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, articleId=1289306913452180123, companyId=1289306916908286639, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1289306916933452465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, articleId=1289306913452180123, companyId=1289306916908286639, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2中国科学院大学,北京 100049)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1289306920314061519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, articleId=1289306913452180123, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Schematic diagram of the titanium alloy (Ti Grade 2) high-pressure autoclave system for hydrothermal synthesis, figureFileSmall=mYuKYqXySB0jgrOzQ3Q87A==, figureFileBig=dXNY6d6IUQSpOC4quVuYZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1289306920389558992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, articleId=1289306913452180123, language=CN, label=图1, caption=钛质高压反应釜(Ti Grade 2)实验装置结构示意图

图中展示了用于四方晶系GeO2合成的高压实验装置主要组件:1)钛合金反应釜主体(容积25 mL,最大工作温度450 ℃,最大工作压力5.00×104 kPa);2)钛管样品容器,用于盛放六方晶系GeO2原料;3)长钛管用于装载氧逸度缓冲剂。

, figureFileSmall=mYuKYqXySB0jgrOzQ3Q87A==, figureFileBig=dXNY6d6IUQSpOC4quVuYZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1289306920569914065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, articleId=1289306913452180123, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Raman spectra of GeO2 polymorphs modified at ambient temperature and pressure based on relevant parameters of Gillet′s et al[41], figureFileSmall=czFaAqQ8k1blqIne2Wy5Og==, figureFileBig=w5//+j+6REXWzsb3hLQvuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1289306920628634322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, articleId=1289306913452180123, language=CN, label=图2, caption=基于 Gillet 等[41]修改的室温室压下氧化锗多晶型物拉曼光谱

本图基于 Gillet 等[41]修改所得,展示室温室压下氧化锗多晶型物的拉曼光谱;a. 六方晶系氧化锗拉曼光谱;b. 四方晶系氧化锗拉曼光谱,图中数字表示光谱放大倍数。

, figureFileSmall=czFaAqQ8k1blqIne2Wy5Og==, figureFileBig=w5//+j+6REXWzsb3hLQvuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1289306920691548883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, articleId=1289306913452180123, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Comparative analysis of Raman spectra of GeO2 samples before and after the hydrothermal treatment, figureFileSmall=6ey3sJ0JhpWpkwNUgkqsOg==, figureFileBig=SnXumO+2u7Cio6SoT0IVxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1289306920758657748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, articleId=1289306913452180123, language=CN, label=图3, caption=实验前后GeO2样品的拉曼光谱对比分析

a. 反应前六方晶系二氧化锗(由上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司生产、纯度为99.99% metals basis)的拉曼光谱;b. 反应后合成的四方晶系二氧化锗样品的拉曼光谱;六方晶系特征峰的消失和四方晶系特征峰的出现证实了相转变的完全性,未检测到残留六方相或其他杂质。

, figureFileSmall=6ey3sJ0JhpWpkwNUgkqsOg==, figureFileBig=SnXumO+2u7Cio6SoT0IVxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1289306920821572309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, articleId=1289306913452180123, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=The XRD qualitative analytical pattern of hexagonal germanium dioxide for experiment, figureFileSmall=pUpDrI5Tcg9p7WiMVFRAYw==, figureFileBig=5x6DdvtruD/Cc/OjfWujcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1289306920884486870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, articleId=1289306913452180123, language=CN, label=图4, caption=实验用六方晶系二氧化锗 XRD 定性分析图谱

图中展示了实验前六方晶系GeO2原料的XRD图谱,与标准六方晶系GeO2衍射卡片(PDF#85-0473)吻合,未检测到四方晶系或非晶态杂质。

, figureFileSmall=pUpDrI5Tcg9p7WiMVFRAYw==, figureFileBig=5x6DdvtruD/Cc/OjfWujcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1289306920951595735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, articleId=1289306913452180123, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=The X-ray diffraction spactra of tetragonal GeO2 samples synthesized under various temperature-pressure conditions, figureFileSmall=mBkWK1+dg0lyRE1XfFrGfg==, figureFileBig=hB23K7wEDg7lw+GOz5V7Cg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1289306921014510296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, articleId=1289306913452180123, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同温度压力条件下合成的四方晶系GeO2的X射线衍射分析

图谱展示了在五种不同温度压力条件下(200 ℃/1.30×103 kPa、300 ℃/3.00×103 kPa、350 ℃/4.50×103 kPa、400 ℃/6.00×103 kPa、450 ℃/4.00×104 kPa)合成的四方晶系GeO2产物的XRD图谱;所有样品均呈现出一致的四方晶系GeO2特征衍射峰,与标准四方晶系GeO2衍射卡片(PDF#71-0651)匹配;所有条件下产物均无杂质衍射峰,表明该合成方法在较宽温度压力范围内均能获得高纯度四方晶系GeO2

, figureFileSmall=mBkWK1+dg0lyRE1XfFrGfg==, figureFileBig=hB23K7wEDg7lw+GOz5V7Cg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1289306921094202073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, articleId=1289306913452180123, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Comparative analysis of X-ray diffraction spectra of tetragonal GeO2 samples synthesized under different oxygen fugacity conditions, figureFileSmall=g7/yM5O9Z9zYuQiq8LExig==, figureFileBig=CLE/r/cw1oWBwc6ao3molA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1289306921152922330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, articleId=1289306913452180123, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同氧逸度条件下合成的四方晶系GeO2的X射线衍射图谱对比

图谱比较了在450 ℃、1.00×104 kPa条件下,采用四种不同氧逸度环境合成的四方晶系GeO2样品的XRD图谱:无缓冲剂组(对应H2-H2O体系,氧逸度约1.05×10-28 kPa)、Ni-NiO缓冲系统(氧逸度1.05×10-23 kPa)、 Fe3O4-Fe2O3缓冲系统(氧逸度3.98×10-21 kPa)、MoO2-MoO3缓冲系统(氧逸度1.0×10-13 kPa);所有样品均呈现出一致的四方晶系GeO2衍射峰位置和相对强度。

, figureFileSmall=g7/yM5O9Z9zYuQiq8LExig==, figureFileBig=CLE/r/cw1oWBwc6ao3molA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1289306921211642587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, articleId=1289306913452180123, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The initial conditions of experiments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

实验编号

温度/°C

压力/kPa

氧逸度缓冲剂

持续时间/d

1

200

1.30×103

Ni-NiO

3

2

300

3.00×103

Ni-NiO

3

3

350

4.50×103

Ni-NiO

3

4

400

6.00×103

Ni-NiO

3

5

450

4.00×104

Ni-NiO

3

6

450

1.00×104

7

7

450

1.00×104

Ni-NiO

7

8

450

1.00×104

Fe2O3-Fe3O4

7

9

450

1.00×104

MoO2-MoO3

7

), ArticleFig(id=1289306921282945756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, articleId=1289306913452180123, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

实验初始条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

实验编号

温度/°C

压力/kPa

氧逸度缓冲剂

持续时间/d

1

200

1.30×103

Ni-NiO

3

2

300

3.00×103

Ni-NiO

3

3

350

4.50×103

Ni-NiO

3

4

400

6.00×103

Ni-NiO

3

5

450

4.00×104

Ni-NiO

3

6

450

1.00×104

7

7

450

1.00×104

Ni-NiO

7

8

450

1.00×104

Fe2O3-Fe3O4

7

9

450

1.00×104

MoO2-MoO3

7

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四方晶系二氧化锗的合成实验
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石雯昕 1, 2 , 黄智龙 1, * , 王新松 1, * , 韦晨 1
矿物学报 | 论文 2026,46(1): 32-40
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矿物学报 |论文 2026 , 46 (1) : 32 -40
四方晶系二氧化锗的合成实验
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石雯昕1, 2 , 黄智龙1, * , 王新松1, * , 韦晨1
作者信息
  • 1中国科学院地球化学研究所 关键矿产成矿与预测全国重点实验室,贵州 贵阳 550081
  • 2中国科学院大学,北京 100049
通讯作者:
作者简介:

石雯昕,女,2000年生,硕士研究生,资源与环境专业。E-mail:

An experimental study on the synthesis of tetragonal germanium dioxide (GeO2)
Wenxin SHI1, 2 , Zhilong HUANG1, * , Xinsong WANG1, * , Chen WEI1
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Critical Mineral Research and Exploration, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang Guizhou 550081, China
  • 2University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
出版时间: 2026-02-10 doi: 10.3724/j.1000-4734.2025.45.091
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四方晶系二氧化锗具有优异的电学和光学性能,在电子元件等领域应用价值突出,但其规模化制备面临多项挑战。现有六方晶系二氧化锗向四方晶系二氧化锗的转变方法大多需要中高温条件、高压环境催化剂辅助,且普遍存在反应周期长、易引入杂质等问题。本研究开发了一种在相对低温条件下制备纯净四方晶系二氧化锗的新方法,并详细研究了温度、压力和氧逸度等参数对产物形成的影响。研究结果表明,在200~450 ℃温度范围内,只需 1.30×103 kPa 的低压条件,通过添加气相水就能将六方晶系二氧化锗完全转化为四方晶系二氧化锗。拉曼光谱和X射线衍射(XRD)分析证实,产物为高纯度的四方晶系结构,未发现杂质。使用不同氧逸度缓冲对(Ni-NiO、Fe3O4-Fe2O3、MoO2-MoO3)进行的对照实验证明,在氧逸度高于 1.05×10–28 kPa 的条件下,四方晶系氧化锗具有良好的热力学稳定性。与已报道的制备方法相比,本研究的合成路线具有三个主要优势:反应条件容易达到、无需催化剂、工艺流程简单。通过增大反应装置容量,可以实现六方晶系氧化锗向四方晶系二氧化锗的批量转化。这种新型制备方法为高质量四方晶系氧化锗的大规模生产提供了可行方案,有助于推动其在新型电子学和光电子学领域的应用。本研究优化了材料制备工艺,显著提升了氧化锗在高技术领域的应用潜力,为相关产业发展提供了重要支持。

氧化锗  /  四方晶系氧化锗  /  合成工艺  /  相变

Tetragonal germanium dioxide has excellent electrical and optical properties and holds significant application value in fields such as electronic components and others. However, its large-scale preparation faces several challenges. Most of the existing methods for converting hexagonal germanium dioxide to tetragonal germanium dioxide require medium-to-high temperature conditions, high-pressure environments, and catalyst assistance, and generally have problems such as long reaction cycles and easy introduction of impurities. In this study, we developed a novel method for preparing pure tetragonal germanium dioxide under the relatively low temperature condition and have thoroughly investigated effects of temperature, pressure, and oxygen fugacity on the product formation. The research results indicate that hexagonal germanium oxide can be completely converted to tetragonal germanium oxide by adding gaseous water under conditions of temperatures ranging from 200 °C to 450 °C, and low pressure of 1.30×103 kPa. Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analyses confirmed that the experimental product possesses a high-purity tetragonal structure with no detectable impurities. Comparative experiments using different oxygen fugacity buffer pairs (Ni-NiO, Fe3O4-Fe2O3, MoO2-MoO3) demonstrated that the tetragonal germanium oxides which were produced under the oxygen fugacity conditions of over 1.05×10–28 kPa have good thermodynamic stability. Compared to previously reported preparation methods of the tetragonal germanium dioxide, this synthesis route has three main advantages including the easily achievable reaction conditions, no catalyst requirement, and a straightforward process flow. By increasing the reaction vessel capacity, the batch conversion from hexagonal germanium oxide to tetragonal germanium dioxide can be accomplished. This novel preparation method offers a viable solution for the large-scale production of high-quality tetragonal germanium oxide, which is conducive to promoting applications of the tetragonal germanium oxide in the fields of new electronics and optoelectronics. This study optimized the preparation process of tetragonal germanium oxide, greatly enhancing the application potential of tetragonal germanium oxide in high-tech sectors and providing crucial support for the development of related industries.

Germanium oxide  /  tetragonal germanium oxide  /  synthesis process  /  phase transformation
石雯昕, 黄智龙, 王新松, 韦晨. 四方晶系二氧化锗的合成实验. 矿物学报, 2026 , 46 (1) : 32 -40 . DOI: 10.3724/j.1000-4734.2025.45.091
Wenxin SHI, Zhilong HUANG, Xinsong WANG, Chen WEI. An experimental study on the synthesis of tetragonal germanium dioxide (GeO2)[J]. Acta Mineralogica Sinica, 2026 , 46 (1) : 32 -40 . DOI: 10.3724/j.1000-4734.2025.45.091
锗是一种战略性关键金属资源[1],在半导体、航空航天测控、核物理探测、光纤通信、红外光学、太阳能电池、化学催化剂、生物医学等高科技领域都有广泛而重要的应用[2-7]。作为制备锗产品的关键基础材料[8,9],二氧化锗因其优异的介电性能、高折射率、良好的热稳定性和机械强度而备受关注,在电子学和光电子学领域具有重要应用价值[10-12]。20世纪30年代,Laubengayer等[13]的研究首次揭示了二氧化锗存在三种不同的相态:非晶态、六方晶系(α-石英型)和四方晶系(金红石型)。其中,非晶态是重要的玻璃形成体的基础材料[14]。六方晶系二氧化锗具有四面体配位结构,空间群为P3221[15],熔点1116 ℃,微溶于水[16]。作为一种蓝色光致发光材料[17],它在非线性光学、光电子和集成光学方面展现出广阔的应用前景[18,19]。目前,六方晶系二氧化锗主要通过四卤化锗或碱金属锗酸盐的水解制备,相关技术已趋于成熟[13,20]。四方晶系二氧化锗的发现始于六方晶系二氧化锗溶液蒸发并加热残留物的实验研究,研究发现部分氧化物表现出与普通形式显著不同的性质,如不溶于水和氢氧化铵,且牢固附着于容器表面[13]。这种四方晶系结构具有八面体配位特征,空间群为P42/mnm[21],熔点1086 ℃[22],在–273~1035 ℃温度范围内保持稳定[21]。四方晶系二氧化锗具有4.6~5.1 eV的带隙,其优异的p型掺杂能力、高载流子迁移率和良好的Baliga品质因数(Baliga Figure of Merit, BFOM),使其成为开发高性能电子元件的理想候选材料[23-26]。随着分子束外延和PLD等先进生长技术的发展[11,27],四方晶系二氧化锗在新型光电和电子器件领域的应用潜力日益凸显[28]。其独特的电学和光学性能为开发新一代高性能器件提供了可能,有望满足不断增长的市场需求[29]。然而,四方晶系二氧化锗的规模化制备仍然面临诸多挑战,开发高效、经济的合成方法具有重要的科学意义和应用价值。
四方晶系二氧化锗因其独特的光学、电子和催化性质而备受关注,其合成研究已有近百年历史。1924年,Müller和Blank[30]通过蒸发六方晶系氧化锗溶液的初步尝试,随后研究者们围绕六方相向四方相转变开展了广泛探索。1960年,Sarver和Hummel[31]研究发现单纯高温条件下相变过程极其缓慢,这一发现推动了后续多种合成方法的发展。研究者们首先尝试了碱金属化合物促进相转变。Albers等[32]发现Li2CO3在800~1000 ℃下具有催化作用,Faktor和Carasso[33]探索了两种方案:锗酸锂催化在900 ℃下加热24 h,但产物残留杂质;水蒸气辅助在700 ℃下加热真空石英管30 h则实现完全转化。Swets等[34]采用混合Na2CO3在1200 ℃熔融实现转化,但产物含Na2O。Bielz等[35]通过RbOH浸渍预处理将转化温度降至380 ℃。Chae等[24]则开发了MoO3-Li2CO3复合催化体系。不同反应环境对相变也有显著影响。Kotera和Yonemura[36,37]系统研究了Li/K盐与GeO2形成碱锗酸盐的固态反应机理,并证实在空气、氧气、氮气环境中均可实现转化。Flietner和Oertel[38]在700 ℃的温度条件下HCl气氛以及或400 ℃/1.52×104 kPa条件下湿N2/Ar气氛中均实现了转化。Wu等[39]则利用pH调控和PVP协同催化实现低温条件下的相变。温度和压力的影响也得到了研究。Bertini等[40]通过750 ℃持续加热700 h实现转化。Gillet等[41]通过在1127 ℃下加热六方GeO2并快速淬火合成了四方相,Kamitsos等[42]则选择1500 ℃熔融后缓慢冷却。在高压条件下,Swets等[34]还提到使用600 ℃/ 4.14×105 kPa水热法生长出了四方晶系的GeO2晶体,由于水热反应设备内衬材料的限制,生长的晶体中含有来自实验装置的金属杂质。Ault和Secco[43]在23~1000 °C温度范围和4.5×105~4.2×106 kPa压力范围内研究发现,相变开始于1.78×106 kPa,在2.19×106 kPa条件下变得明显,证实了压力和温度的协同作用能显著促进相变过程,Zhao等[44]则开发了727 ℃/2.00×105 kPa快速淬火工艺。值得注意的是,Smirnov等[45]创新性地提出“催化合成-双重退火”组合方案。该方法先通过催化剂合成四方相,随后在900 ℃下分别进行真空和空气退火各12 h,不仅去除了杂质还调节了化学计量比,最终获得高纯度产品;这一方法综合了催化和高温处理的优势,为提高产品纯度提供了新思路。综合来看,现有方法各有特点,但普遍存在以下问题之一或多项:反应条件苛刻(高温>700 ℃或高压>2.00× 105 kPa)、 工艺流程复杂、易引入杂质、反应周期长、能耗高。这些问题严重限制了四方晶系二氧化锗的工业生产及应用。因此,开发一种更为简便、适合规模化生产的制备方法具有重要意义。
实验所采用的试剂为上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司生产的氧化锗(99.99% metals basis)、镍粉(AR,99.5%)、氧化镍(AR,99.0%)、三氧化二铁(99.9% metals basis)、四氧化三铁(99%)、二氧化钼(99.5% metals basis)、三氧化钼(99.95%)。
本研究采用了钛质水热高压釜(Ti Grade 2)的实验装置,如图1所示。该装置基于相关文献[46,47]的描述进行了简化设计,确保了整个实验过程在恒定的温压条件下进行,具体实验方法如下。
为深入探索温度、压力以及氧逸度等因素对实验结果的影响,本研究进行了系统的实验设计,具体条件详见表1。实验中,根据Kestin等[48]的状态方程计算所需水量,向钛质高压反应釜中添加相应量的超纯水以控制体系压力(体系总压力等同于水蒸气压力)。为控制反应体系的氧逸度,将镍-氧化镍、四氧化三铁-三氧化二铁、二氧化钼-三氧化钼粉末按1:1摩尔比两两混合,制备了四组氧逸度缓冲剂。实验前,将高纯度的六方晶系二氧化锗(纯度>99.99%)装于较短的小钛管(Ti Grade 2)中,氧逸度缓冲剂装入较长的小钛管(Ti Grade 2)中(图1)。
实验过程中,首先向钛质水热高压釜加入相应体积的超纯水,再将装有六方晶系二氧化锗和氧逸度缓冲剂的小钛管放入釜中,之后向釜内通入氩气3 min以上以排净釜内空气。随后,将钛质高压反应釜密封后置于预设温度的高温箱式炉内加热3~7 d。加热结束后,迅速取出反应釜并进行淬火处理至室温,收集较短的小钛管中所得白色粉末,采用拉曼光谱仪和X射线衍射仪对样品进行表征分析。
为了表征所获得样品的结构特征,本研究首先对不同实验条件下合成的样品进行了拉曼光谱分析,并与反应前的六方晶系二氧化锗及文献报道的标准谱图进行系统对比。图2展示了Gillet等[41]报道的室温室压下六方晶系(图2a)和四方晶系(图2b)GeO2的标准拉曼光谱,为本研究提供了可靠的参考基准。图3则展示了本实验中反应前六方晶系原料与反应后四方晶系产物的代表性拉曼光谱对比。
通过与图2a的对比可以确认,反应前样品(图3a)在212、327、448、514和 587 cm–1处的特征峰与六方晶系GeO2的标准谱图高度一致,证实原料确为纯六方晶系结构。而反应后的样品(图3b)失去了六方晶系的特征峰,取而代之的是在约170、700和 873 cm–1处出现的三个主要特征峰,这些峰与图2b中四方晶系GeO2的标准峰位几乎一致,分别对应于四方晶系GeO2的B1g、A1g和B2g振动模式[41]。六方晶系特征峰的消失和四方晶系特征峰的清晰呈现,表明在本研究开发的实验条件下,成功实现了六方晶系向四方晶系GeO2的完全转化。
为进一步确定产物的组成及纯度,本工作采用X射线衍射对样品进行了详细的晶体结构表征。图4展示了反应前六方晶系氧化锗的XRD图谱,其衍射峰位置与六方晶系氧化锗标准卡片(PDF#85-0473)几乎一致。 图5、6给出了在不同条件下制备的二氧化锗样品的XRD图谱。分析结果表明,所有样品的衍射峰均与四方晶系氧化锗标准卡片(PDF#71-0651)相对应。在XRD图谱中可以观察到九个明显的特征衍射峰,分别归属于四方晶系氧化锗的(110)、(101)、(200)、(111)、(210)、(211)、(220)、(002)和(310)晶面。所有衍射峰的形态尖锐且窄,表明样品具有较好的结晶度。进一步分析样品的XRD图谱,发现各样品的主要特征峰均出现在28.5°、37.3°和56.6°附近,并且这些峰的强度分布与四方晶系氧化锗的标准衍射特征高度吻合。结合XRD图谱的背景信号和峰形分析,通过JADE软件的精确物相分析表明,在X射线衍射方法的检测范围内,样品呈现为单一的四方晶系GeO2相,未检测到其他晶相的特征衍射峰,以判断所制备的四方晶系GeO2样品的相纯度接近100%,证实了所开发的制备工艺具有优异的批次稳定性。
在四方晶系氧化锗的合成过程中,温度和压力是影响产物质量的关键因素。本研究系统考察了不同温度和压力条件对合成的影响,实验参数范围为:温度200~450 ℃,压力1.30×103~4.00×104 kPa。从图5的XRD图谱可以看出,在所有实验条件下(200 ℃/ 1.30×103 kPa、300  ℃/3.00×103 kPa、 350 ℃/4.50×103 kPa、 400 ℃/ 6.00×103 kPa 和450 ℃/ 4.00×104 kPa) 获得的样品均呈现出相同的衍射峰位置以及强度分布,且与标准四方晶系氧化锗衍射图谱(PDF#71-0651)吻合。这一结果表明该合成方法具有较宽的工艺窗口,体现出良好的工艺适应性和可控性。
从热力学角度分析,温度升高提供了克服反应能垒所需的活化能,同时加快了反应物分子的运动速率,促进了产物的形成。适当的压力条件可以影响相变动力学过程,有助于相转化的实现。值得注意的是,在低温条件下(200 ℃)仅需 1.30×103 kPa 的压力即可成功合成目标产物,为降低工艺能耗提供了可能性。
为探究氧化还原环境对产物形成的影响,本研究在 450 ℃、1.00×104 kPa 条件下考察了氧逸度对四方晶系氧化锗合成的作用。选择该相对高温高压的实验条件旨在提高氧化锗的反应速率和相稳定性。实验设置包括无缓冲剂对照组以及Ni-NiO、Fe3O4-Fe2O3、MoO2-MoO3 三种不同的氧逸度缓冲剂,利用Hch软件计算了在 450 ℃、1.00×104 kPa 条件下,各氧逸度缓冲剂组合对应的氧逸度值分别为1.05×10–23、3.98×10–21、 1.00×10–13 kPa [49,50]图6为不同氧逸度缓冲条件下所得样品的XRD图谱。从图中可以观察到,所有样品的衍射峰位置均与标准四方晶系氧化锗(PDF#71-0651)吻合,且各衍射峰强度分布相近。对比无氧逸度缓冲剂组(氧逸度相当于H2(gas)-H2O(gas)体系,为 1.05×10–28 kPa) 与添加不同氧逸度缓冲剂的实验组,衍射图谱基本保持一致,这表明氧化还原环境的变化并未导致产物结构发生明显改变。表明只需在氧逸度> 1.05×10–28 kPa, 钛质反应容器中即可实现六方晶系向四方晶系的转化。
实验结果显示,在所考察的各种氧逸度条件下均可获得高纯度的四方晶系氧化锗样品。这一发现一方面证实了四方晶系氧化锗在不同氧化还原环境下具有良好的热力学稳定性;另一方面表明该合成反应对氧逸度具有较宽的耐受范围,为工业化生产提供了更大的工艺操作空间。
本研究开发的四方晶系氧化锗合成方法在工艺特征和应用前景方面均具有显著优势。从工艺角度分析,该方法实现了重要突破:首先,反应条件显著优化。现有制备方法中,高温法需要700 ℃以上温度,高压法需要2.00×105 kPa以上压力环境,实验设备研发和使用成本高昂,而本方法仅需200 ℃和1.30×103 kPa即可实现完全转化,大幅降低了能耗和设备要求。其次,产品质量得到有效保证。本方法仅需在钛质高压釜(Ti Grade 2)内开展制备工艺,无需添加碱金属盐等催化剂,从根本上避免了产品二次污染的风险。XRD和拉曼光谱表征结果显示,产物呈现出典型的四方晶系结构特征,在仪器检测范围内未发现六方晶系氧化锗残留,表明相转化过程完全且可控。最后,工艺过程可控性强。通过调控温度、压力和氧逸度等参数,可实现六方晶系到四方晶系的高效转化,反应时间为3~7 d。
本研究系统考察了反应参数对产物形成的影响规律。六方相GeO2向四方相GeO2的相变可表示为:
GeO2(hex, s)=GeO2(tetr, s)
温度和压力的协同作用对相变过程起关键作用:温度提供了克服反应能垒所需的活化能,同时加快了反应物分子的运动速率;压力的增加则改变了反应体系的相平衡,促进了密度较大的四方相(ρ=6.3 g/cm3)相对于六方相(ρ=4.3 g/cm3)的形成[33,35]。在给定的实验条件下,水的存在促进了Ge-O键的重组,同时导致晶格发生各向异性畸变,显著降低了相变所需的活化能,最终实现了六方相到四方相的完全转化[35]。值得注意的是,即使在较低温度(200 ℃)条件下,仅需1.30×103 kPa的压力便可实现产物合成,这一发现为降低工艺能耗提供了可能。此外,本研究还首次系统考察了氧逸度对产物形成的影响,实验结果表明四方晶系氧化锗在不同氧化还原环境下均表现出良好的热力学稳定性,这种广泛的氧逸度耐受范围为工业化生产提供了更大的工艺操作空间。
从应用开发角度来看,该方法为四方晶系二氧化锗的规模化制备开辟了新途径。后续实验研究证明,通过扩大钛质容器直径可有效提高反应装置的容量,实现六方晶系氧化锗向四方晶系二氧化锗的定量转化,并且将反应时间缩短到48 h。这种简单直接的工艺路线,结合简洁的反应过程,不仅简化了后处理流程,也为产品质量控制提供了有利条件。考虑到四方晶系二氧化锗在高性能电子元件等领域的广阔应用前景,本方法的开发对推动其工业化应用具有重要意义。
本研究开发了一种相对低温条件下制备四方晶系二氧化锗的新方法。在200~450 ℃温度范围内,仅需1.30×103 kPa的低压条件即可实现六方晶系到四方晶系的完全转化。实验结果表明,该方法具有工艺温度低、压力小、反应时间短、无需催化剂、工艺流程简单等显著优势。研究成果为四方晶系二氧化锗的规模化制备提供了新思路,在其工业化制备及应用开发方面具有重要的实践意义。

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doi: 10.3724/j.1000-4734.2025.45.091
  • 接收时间:2025-02-21
  • 首发时间:2026-07-29
  • 出版时间:2026-02-10
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    1中国科学院地球化学研究所 关键矿产成矿与预测全国重点实验室,贵州 贵阳 550081
    2中国科学院大学,北京 100049

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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