Article(id=1289306848016843326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, issueId=1289306742370709735, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3724/j.1000-4734.2025.45.123, pmid=null, cstr=32252.14.j.1000-4734.2025.45.123, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1680105600000, receivedDateStr=2023-03-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1785324306729, onlineDateStr=2026-07-29, pubDate=1770652800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1785324306729, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1785324306729, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1785324306729, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1289306742370709735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, year='2026', volume='46', issue='1', pageStart='20', pageEnd='170', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1770652800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1785324281542, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1785388512677, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1289576147356860923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, issueId=1289306742370709735, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1289576147356860924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, issueId=1289306742370709735, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=86, endPage=94, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1289306848205587007, articleId=1289306848016843326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, language=EN, title=Theoretical studies on the occurrence mechanism of structural water in the lattice of Bridgmanite minerals at the core-mantle boundary of the Earth, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Mineralogica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Bridgmanite (Mg-Pv), as the most abundant mineral in the lower mantle, has been discussed by many scholars in recent years regarding to the different substitution mechanisms of structural water in Bridgmanite and their important scientific significance for the content of structural water in the lower mantle. The core–mantle boundary of the Earth is a key area bearing the processes of plate subduction and Mantle convection. To explore the relative stabilities among different occurrence mechanisms of structural water in Bridgmanite in this area will help us to understand the content, distribution, migration and circulation rules of water in the deep Earth. In this study, we have systematically studied the relative stabilities of three different substitution mechanisms of structural water in Bridgmanite including the VMg2H(V′′Mg+2OH·), VSi4H(V′′′′Si+4OH·) and AlSiH(Alsi+OH·) under temperature and pressure conditions at the core–mantle boundary of the Earth through the first principles molecular dynamics simulation. The research results indicate that among the three substitution mechanisms under high pressure, the stability of the AlSiH(Alsi+OH·) substitution mechanism was significantly affected by the temperature, and it was increased with the increase of temperature. On the other hand, the researches on the relative stabilities of the VSi4H(V′′′′Si+4OH·) and VMg2H(V′′Mg+2OH·) mechanisms show that under the condition of core–mantle boundary of the Earth, structural water may be more favourable to enter the lattice of Bridgmanite with the VSi4H(V′′′′Si+4OH·) substitution mechanism, that is, to occupy the Si site in the lattice of Bridgmanite. However, if the concentration of Si vacancy in Bridgmanite at the core–mantle boundary of the Earth is very low, the capability of structural water entering into the lattice of Bridgmanite through the dissolution of cation vacancy defects will also be very limited. In contrast, the relatively high stability of the AlSiH(Alsi+OH·) substitution mechanism under high temperature and high pressure suggests that the Al rich region at the core–mantle boundary of the Earth could have considerable water content, possibly as high as about 0.5 wt.%. In addition, the molecular hydrogen in the interstitial sites of the lattice of Bridgmanite may also have a certain degree of stability under high temperature and high pressure conditions at the bottom of the lower mantle. These provide some new insights into the occurrence state and source of structural water within the interior of the Earth.

, authors=Lei XIE1, 2, Yi WANG1, 2, Jiajun JIANG1, Feiwu ZHANG1, *, authorsList=Lei XIE, Yi WANG, Jiajun JIANG, Feiwu ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Feiwu ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1289306850495676997, articleId=1289306848016843326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, language=CN, title=核幔边界处布里奇曼石矿物晶格中结构水赋存机制的理论研究, columnId=null, journalTitle=矿物学报, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

布里奇曼石(Mg-Pv)作为下地幔最丰富的矿物,近年来众多学者讨论了布里奇曼石中结构水的不同取代机制以及它们对于下地幔结构水含量的重要科学意义。核幔边界作为承载着板块俯冲和地幔对流过程的关键区域,探究该区域中结构水在布里奇曼石中不同赋存机制间的相对稳定性将有助于深入理解水在地球深部的含量、分布、迁移和循环规律。本次研究通过第一性原理分子动力学模拟,系统研究了核幔边界温压条件下VMg2H(V′′Mg+2OH·)、VSi4H(V′′′′Si+4OH·)和AlSiH(Alsi+OH·)三种不同的取代机制在布里奇曼石中的相对稳定性。研究结果表明,高压下的三种取代机制中,温度会显著影响AlSiH(Alsi+OH·)取代机制的稳定性,且其稳定性随着温度升高而增加。另一方面,VSi4H(V′′′′Si+4OH·)机制和VMg2H(V′′Mg+2OH·)机制的相对稳定性研究显示,在核幔边界条件下,结构水可能更倾向于以前者的方式取代进入矿物中,即占据矿物晶格中的Si位,但如果核幔边界中Si空位的浓度很低,结构水通过阳离子空位缺陷溶解进入布里奇曼石中的能力也会非常有限。而与之相对的,AlSiH(Alsi+OH·)机制在高温高压下相对较高的稳定性则暗示了核幔边界处富Al的区域很可能具有相当可观的含水量,可能高达约0.5%(质量分数)。另外,布里奇曼石填隙位的分子氢(H2)在下地幔底部的高温高压条件中也可能具有一定程度的稳定性,这为地球内部水赋存的形式和来源带来了一些新的启示。

, authors=谢雷1, 2, 王异1, 2, 蒋佳俊1, 张飞武1, *, authorsList=谢雷, 王异, 蒋佳俊, 张飞武, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张飞武, authorNote=

谢雷,男,1996年生,硕士,理论地球化学和计算矿物物理专业。E-mail:

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E-mail:
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谢雷,男,1996年生,硕士,理论地球化学和计算矿物物理专业。E-mail:

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a. VMg2H取代机制; b. 是VSi4H取代机制; c. 是AlSiH取代机制;d. 是填隙位中的分子氢(H2);橙黄色球体为Mg原子,深蓝色的球体为Si原子,红色的球体为O原子、白色的球体为H原子。

, figureFileSmall=3JuH+eD5b8QVxA8LCV5i/Q==, figureFileBig=absxnVMfb7jyU5aTrNh/5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1289525470127566913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, articleId=1289306848016843326, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption= Changes of the H-H distances (bond length) and RMSD values for the interstitial molecular hydrogen of bridgemanite with the change of time, figureFileSmall=uYI/bL9xsP4SUeq5id5P8g==, figureFileBig=TDC0qQCSSoVzeoNtfV7RHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1289525470190481474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, articleId=1289306848016843326, language=CN, label=图2, caption=布里奇曼石填隙位分子氢的氢-氢距离(键长)和RMSD随时间的变化, figureFileSmall=uYI/bL9xsP4SUeq5id5P8g==, figureFileBig=TDC0qQCSSoVzeoNtfV7RHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1289525470261784643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, articleId=1289306848016843326, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Volumes and formation energies of the phases calculated at 135 GPa

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

物相

体积/(Å3/atom)

形成能/(eV/f.u.)

T=0 K

MgSiO3

6.119

–5.376

(Mg1-xH2x)SiO3

6.011

–5.586

Mg(Si1-xH4x)O3

5.898

–5.539

Mg(Si1-xAlxHx)O3

6.075

–5.264

MgSiO3H2x

6.016

–5.269

(Mg1-xAlx)(Si1-xAlx)O3

6.124

–5.438

MgO

6.459

0.860

T=4000 K

MgSiO3

6.332

–13.717(±0.055)

(Mg1-xH2x)SiO3

6.287

–14.009(±0.046)

Mg(Si1-xH4x)O3

6.106

–14.079(±0.036)

Mg(Si1-xAlxHx)O3

6.291

–13.835(±0.049)

MgSiO3H2x

6.231

–13.818(±0.052)

(Mg1-xAlx)(Si1-xAlx)O3

6.329

–13.798(±0.054)

MgO

6.689

–2.589(±0.023)

), ArticleFig(id=1289525470349865028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, articleId=1289306848016843326, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

135 GPa条件下计算得到物相的体积与形成能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

物相

体积/(Å3/atom)

形成能/(eV/f.u.)

T=0 K

MgSiO3

6.119

–5.376

(Mg1-xH2x)SiO3

6.011

–5.586

Mg(Si1-xH4x)O3

5.898

–5.539

Mg(Si1-xAlxHx)O3

6.075

–5.264

MgSiO3H2x

6.016

–5.269

(Mg1-xAlx)(Si1-xAlx)O3

6.124

–5.438

MgO

6.459

0.860

T=4000 K

MgSiO3

6.332

–13.717(±0.055)

(Mg1-xH2x)SiO3

6.287

–14.009(±0.046)

Mg(Si1-xH4x)O3

6.106

–14.079(±0.036)

Mg(Si1-xAlxHx)O3

6.291

–13.835(±0.049)

MgSiO3H2x

6.231

–13.818(±0.052)

(Mg1-xAlx)(Si1-xAlx)O3

6.329

–13.798(±0.054)

MgO

6.689

–2.589(±0.023)

), ArticleFig(id=1289525470450528325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, articleId=1289306848016843326, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Reaction energies and partitioning coefficients for different substitution mechanisms of structural water in Bridgmanite at 135 GPa

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

取代机制的比较

反应能/(eV/f. u.)

分配系数

AlSiH/VMg2H

–0.235±0.122 (–0.002)

1.98(±0.70)

VSi4H/VMg2H

–0.150±0.115 (–0.251)

1.54(±0.51)

AlSiH/VSi4H

–0.160±0.234 (0.118)

1.59(±1.08)

), ArticleFig(id=1289525470530220102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, articleId=1289306848016843326, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

135 GPa下布里奇曼石不同取代机制之间的反应能和分配系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

取代机制的比较

反应能/(eV/f. u.)

分配系数

AlSiH/VMg2H

–0.235±0.122 (–0.002)

1.98(±0.70)

VSi4H/VMg2H

–0.150±0.115 (–0.251)

1.54(±0.51)

AlSiH/VSi4H

–0.160±0.234 (0.118)

1.59(±1.08)

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核幔边界处布里奇曼石矿物晶格中结构水赋存机制的理论研究
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谢雷 1, 2 , 王异 1, 2 , 蒋佳俊 1 , 张飞武 1, *
矿物学报 | 2026,46(1): 86-94
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核幔边界处布里奇曼石矿物晶格中结构水赋存机制的理论研究
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2中国科学院大学,北京 100049, bio={"content":"

谢雷,男,1996年生,硕士,理论地球化学和计算矿物物理专业。E-mail:

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谢雷,男,1996年生,硕士,理论地球化学和计算矿物物理专业。E-mail:

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Laboratory of Critical Mineral Research and Exploration, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang Guizhou 550081, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1289525468147855389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, articleId=1289306848016843326, companyId=1289525468135272475, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1中国科学院地球化学研究所 关键矿产成矿与预测全国重点实验室,贵州 贵阳 550081)])])]
谢雷1, 2 , 王异1, 2, 蒋佳俊1, 张飞武1, *
作者信息
  • 1中国科学院地球化学研究所 关键矿产成矿与预测全国重点实验室,贵州 贵阳 550081
  • 2中国科学院大学,北京 100049
通讯作者:
作者简介:

谢雷,男,1996年生,硕士,理论地球化学和计算矿物物理专业。E-mail:

Theoretical studies on the occurrence mechanism of structural water in the lattice of Bridgmanite minerals at the core-mantle boundary of the Earth
Lei XIE1, 2 , Yi WANG1, 2, Jiajun JIANG1, Feiwu ZHANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1State key Laboratory of Critical Mineral Research and Exploration, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang Guizhou 550081, China
  • 2University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
出版时间: 2026-02-10 doi: 10.3724/j.1000-4734.2025.45.123
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布里奇曼石(Mg-Pv)作为下地幔最丰富的矿物,近年来众多学者讨论了布里奇曼石中结构水的不同取代机制以及它们对于下地幔结构水含量的重要科学意义。核幔边界作为承载着板块俯冲和地幔对流过程的关键区域,探究该区域中结构水在布里奇曼石中不同赋存机制间的相对稳定性将有助于深入理解水在地球深部的含量、分布、迁移和循环规律。本次研究通过第一性原理分子动力学模拟,系统研究了核幔边界温压条件下VMg2H(V′′Mg+2OH·)、VSi4H(V′′′′Si+4OH·)和AlSiH(Alsi+OH·)三种不同的取代机制在布里奇曼石中的相对稳定性。研究结果表明,高压下的三种取代机制中,温度会显著影响AlSiH(Alsi+OH·)取代机制的稳定性,且其稳定性随着温度升高而增加。另一方面,VSi4H(V′′′′Si+4OH·)机制和VMg2H(V′′Mg+2OH·)机制的相对稳定性研究显示,在核幔边界条件下,结构水可能更倾向于以前者的方式取代进入矿物中,即占据矿物晶格中的Si位,但如果核幔边界中Si空位的浓度很低,结构水通过阳离子空位缺陷溶解进入布里奇曼石中的能力也会非常有限。而与之相对的,AlSiH(Alsi+OH·)机制在高温高压下相对较高的稳定性则暗示了核幔边界处富Al的区域很可能具有相当可观的含水量,可能高达约0.5%(质量分数)。另外,布里奇曼石填隙位的分子氢(H2)在下地幔底部的高温高压条件中也可能具有一定程度的稳定性,这为地球内部水赋存的形式和来源带来了一些新的启示。

核幔边界  /  布里奇曼石  /  赋存机制  /  第一性原理

Bridgmanite (Mg-Pv), as the most abundant mineral in the lower mantle, has been discussed by many scholars in recent years regarding to the different substitution mechanisms of structural water in Bridgmanite and their important scientific significance for the content of structural water in the lower mantle. The core–mantle boundary of the Earth is a key area bearing the processes of plate subduction and Mantle convection. To explore the relative stabilities among different occurrence mechanisms of structural water in Bridgmanite in this area will help us to understand the content, distribution, migration and circulation rules of water in the deep Earth. In this study, we have systematically studied the relative stabilities of three different substitution mechanisms of structural water in Bridgmanite including the VMg2H(V′′Mg+2OH·), VSi4H(V′′′′Si+4OH·) and AlSiH(Alsi+OH·) under temperature and pressure conditions at the core–mantle boundary of the Earth through the first principles molecular dynamics simulation. The research results indicate that among the three substitution mechanisms under high pressure, the stability of the AlSiH(Alsi+OH·) substitution mechanism was significantly affected by the temperature, and it was increased with the increase of temperature. On the other hand, the researches on the relative stabilities of the VSi4H(V′′′′Si+4OH·) and VMg2H(V′′Mg+2OH·) mechanisms show that under the condition of core–mantle boundary of the Earth, structural water may be more favourable to enter the lattice of Bridgmanite with the VSi4H(V′′′′Si+4OH·) substitution mechanism, that is, to occupy the Si site in the lattice of Bridgmanite. However, if the concentration of Si vacancy in Bridgmanite at the core–mantle boundary of the Earth is very low, the capability of structural water entering into the lattice of Bridgmanite through the dissolution of cation vacancy defects will also be very limited. In contrast, the relatively high stability of the AlSiH(Alsi+OH·) substitution mechanism under high temperature and high pressure suggests that the Al rich region at the core–mantle boundary of the Earth could have considerable water content, possibly as high as about 0.5 wt.%. In addition, the molecular hydrogen in the interstitial sites of the lattice of Bridgmanite may also have a certain degree of stability under high temperature and high pressure conditions at the bottom of the lower mantle. These provide some new insights into the occurrence state and source of structural water within the interior of the Earth.

core-mantle boundary of the Earth  /  Bridgmanite  /  occurrence mechanism  /  first principles
谢雷, 王异, 蒋佳俊, 张飞武. 核幔边界处布里奇曼石矿物晶格中结构水赋存机制的理论研究. 矿物学报, 2026 , 46 (1) : 86 -94 . DOI: 10.3724/j.1000-4734.2025.45.123
Lei XIE, Yi WANG, Jiajun JIANG, Feiwu ZHANG. Theoretical studies on the occurrence mechanism of structural water in the lattice of Bridgmanite minerals at the core-mantle boundary of the Earth[J]. Acta Mineralogica Sinica, 2026 , 46 (1) : 86 -94 . DOI: 10.3724/j.1000-4734.2025.45.123
在20世纪,深部地球水循环的研究拉开了序幕。地球深部水的概念与地表水有一定的差别,不同于地表上大量以液态形式存在的水(H2O),而通常是指赋存于地球深部矿物中的结构水或熔体、流体中的氢(H)。地球深部中水的存在影响着地球内部的地球物理和地球化学过程,即便是微量的水也会对地幔矿物的物理化学性质产生重大影响[1],例如波速[2]、熔融温度[3]、导热性[4]、电导率[5]、扩散性[6,7],流变性[8]等。下地幔深部以及核幔边界处的含水量一直以来争议较大,从几乎不含水到含有上千个10–6都有相关报道。Inoue等[9]成功合成了瓦兹利石-林伍德石和林伍德石-布里奇曼石的共存相,并通过二次离子质谱法(SIMS)测量H2O的含量并计算水在两相之间的分配,结果显示橄榄石、瓦兹利石、林伍德石和布里奇曼石之间水的分配为6:30:15:1,如果以Inoue等[10]计算得到的瓦兹利石最大含水量约3.3%(质量分数)为基准,那么下地幔中布里奇曼石中的含水量最大约为0.1%(质量分数)。而如果以Dai和Karato[11]通过电导率的测量估算出地幔过渡带的瓦兹利石含水量约为0.2%(质量分数)为基准,则下地幔中布里奇曼石的含水量则仅约为0.007%(质量分数)。Panero等[12]采用第一性原理模拟研究指出,在下地幔顶部的环境下布里奇曼石的水溶解度极限约为37×10–6,而在125 GPa、3000 K的温压条件下,溶解度则减少到31×10–6。然而,Murakami等[13]使用红外显微光谱方法测量了布里奇曼石中的OH吸收带,测得布里奇曼石中约含有0.2%的水(质量分数),提出整个下地幔的含水量可能为地表海洋水的五倍。Hernández等[14]关于水在布里奇曼石和林伍德石之间分配系数的理论研究显示,虽然水更倾向于进入林伍德石,但与方镁石相比,水则更倾向于进入布里奇曼石中,并提出下地幔的含水量可能高达1000×10–6。不难发现,运用不同的方法所估算得到的含水量存在着不小差异。此外,也有研究称布里奇曼石中Al的存在很可能会显著提升其含水量。Litasov等[15]通过观测IR光谱发现Mg端元布里奇曼石的含水量约为100×10–6,而含Al布里奇曼石(w(Al2O3) 4%~7%)中的含水量却能达到1000×10–6~1500×10–6。最近,Fu等[16]使用NanoSIMS对合成的高质量单晶布里奇曼石的含水量进行测定后指出含Al、Fe的布里奇曼石很可能含有高达1020×10–6±70×10–6的水。
综上所述,虽然一些研究表明结构水在布里奇曼石的溶解度很低,但Al的存在却能极大地增强布里奇曼石的含水能力。从矿物学和岩石学的角度来看,下地幔中存在相当一部分含量(4%~6%,摩尔分数)的Al[17],这些Al的存在不仅增加了布里奇曼石到后钙钛矿的相变压力[18,19],一个Al原子和一个H原子组成耦合对共同取代布里奇曼石中的Si位,即[Al-H]耦合对机制[12,20],也是布里奇曼石一种稳定的含水机制[21]。关于布里奇曼石的含水机制,还存在着其他的一些空位缺陷取代机制,Keppler[22]和Wright[23]研究表明,水通过电荷耦合的取代机制以氢缺陷的形式进入到矿物晶格中,该机制由Mg、Si等阳离子空位缺陷耦合取代形成,主要包括Mg空位取代机制 VMg2H(V′′Mg+ 2OH·)和Si空位取代机制VSi4H(V′′′′Si+4OH·)。本文推测布里奇曼石的这类取代机制能在一定程度上使布里奇曼石的含水性得以增强。此外,多项工作表明分子氢可能成为地球深部水循环的另一种重要组成部分,分子氢在地球内部的作用正逐渐受到关注。Yang等[24]在2~7 GPa和1100~1300 °C下对上地幔的主要矿物进行了高温高压实验,通过傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)观察到的异常峰值而提出分子氢在地幔矿物中的溶解度随着压力的增加而增加,且其在地幔中的储量可能被严重低估。在下地幔以及核幔边界附近,上述所提到的这些水的赋存机制实际上很有可能同时存在,而探究地球深部,尤其是核幔边界附近的水的赋存机制,对于地球深部水的含量、分布、迁移和循环均具有重要意义。本项工作中,本文采用了第一性原理计算来模拟核幔边界处的温压条件,并从反应能的角度比较了上述的几种氢在布里奇曼石中的赋存机制的稳定性,同时探究了分子氢在高温高压下布里奇曼石填隙位中的稳定性。
本研究中所有模拟计算均采用基于密度泛函理论(DFT)的第一性原理计算软件Vienna ab-initio Simulation Package(VASP)来完成[25],平面波基组通过基于投影增强波(PAW)方法[26]展开,同时通过PBE形式的广义梯度近似(GGA)[27]来描述交换关联函数。对于所涉及原子的赝势,分别采用核半径为2.0 a.u.的Mg(1s22s2)、核半径为1.9 a.u.的Si(1s22s22p6)、核半径为1.52 a.u.的O(1s2)以及核半径为1.3 a.u的H来进行处理。在结构优化及静态能量计算过程中,本次研究建立了空间群为Pbnm,且含有160个原子(2a×2b×1c)的布里奇曼石超晶胞。计算时的平面波截断能(ENCUT)设置为600 eV,总能收敛标准为 10–5 eV, 同时使用包括Gamma点的3×3×3网格进行k点采样。收敛性测试的结果表明,所设置的k点网格和平面波截断能满足收敛需求。对于含结构水布里奇曼石高温高压下的吉布斯自由能,本文通过第一性原理分子动力学(AIMD)来完成。在第一性原理分子动力学模拟过程中,采用具有80个原子的布里奇曼石超晶胞(2a×2b×1c),在能量计算上,本文对比了QHA方法计算得到的能量,结果表明两者的误差很小,从一定程度上表明了体系大小选择的可靠性。平面波截断能为550 eV,总能收敛标准为 10–5 eV, k点采样网格设置为1×1×1(Gamma point)。分子动力学平衡过程在VASP软件中的NVT系综下完成,模拟时间为10 ps。同时,模拟过程中体系的温度通过Nosé热浴法(恒温扩展法)[28]控制在4000 K左右,压力设置为135 GPa。在本研究中,体系在目标温度压力下吉布斯自由能(Gibbs Free Energy)通过如下方程(方程(1))获得:
G(p,T)=HTS(p,T)
其中方程右边第一项为体系的焓,第二项则为指定温度压力条件下熵对于体系自由能的贡献。体系的焓H可以通过分子动力学模拟直接计算得出,而熵对于整个体系能量的贡献则主要来自以下三个部分(方程(2)):
S=Sel+Sconf+Svib
其中Sel为电子熵,Sconf为构型熵贡献,Svib则是来自振动熵的贡献。
电子熵的贡献可以通过分子动力学模拟得到,然而关于振动熵Svib的贡献则不能通过分子动力学模拟直接得出。因此在本研究中,在本研究中,本文通过Lin的方法[29],根据分子动力学中每帧原子的位置和速度来计算振动熵,并使用速度自相关函数(Velocity Autocorrelation Function, VACF)来完成计算,其基本思想是通过体系的振动态密度(Vibrational Density of State, VDoS)分解为扩散类气态组分和振动类固态组分,随后借助硬球模型(Hard Sphere, HS)和谐振子模型(Harmonic Oscillator Model, HQM)计算出各自组分的熵[29]。计算方法如方程(3)和方程(4)所示,式中的N是系统中原子的总数, mi是原子i的质量。构型熵的贡献主要来自布里奇曼石中的含H缺陷,因此本文通过玻尔兹曼构型熵公式来获得体系的构型熵,具体公式如方程(5)所示。其中kB为玻尔兹曼常数,Ω表示微观状态数,即体系中其余杂质可能的构型,N为系统中总晶格点的数量,n为杂质原子的数目。
S(v)=2kBTi=1Nk=13misik
Svib=kB0S(v)dv
Sconf =kBlnΩ=kBlnN!(Nn)!n!
布里奇曼石的化学式为MgSiO3,属于斜方晶系,空间群为Pbnm[30],晶体结构中共顶角连接的SiO6八面体呈对称排列,Si原子位于八面体的中心,而Mg原子则处于八面体所围成的中心位置。从O原子在晶格中所处的位置可以将其分为两种类型,一种是SiO6八面体中与其他八面体共顶角的O1,另一种则是处于Si位周围的O2。布里奇曼石中的Mg位最大配位数为8,该位置能被除了 Mg2+以外的其他二价阳离子所替代,Si位最大配位数为6,能被除了Si4+以外的Al3+、Fe3+等三价阳离子替代。为了考察不同含水机制间的相对稳定性及其微观细节,本研究针对布里奇曼石建立了四种含水机制(图1),分别为:a. Mg空位的含水机制VMg2H(V′′Mg+2OH·)、b. Si空位的含水机制 VSi4H(V′′′′Si+ 4OH·)、c. Al+H取代Si位的含水机制AlSiH(Alsi+OH·)以及d. 填隙位中的分子氢(H2)机制。
对于Mg空位含水机制VMg2H(V′′Mg+2OH·)的构型,H原子的初始位置主要根据Townsend等[20,31]的研究来确定,在135 GPa条件下静态弛豫达到稳定后,两个羟基(OH)键长分别为1.002 Å和1.001 Å。此外,本文发现在Si空位含水机制的VSi4H(V′′′′Si+4OH·)构型中,同样压力条件下氢原子的排列并不对称,135 GPa时四个羟基(OH)的键长分别为1.054 Å、0.992 Å、0.998 Å和1.067 Å。对于Al-H耦合含水机制AlSiH(Alsi+OH·)构型,考虑到晶格内SiO6八面体的特征(具有6个配位氧原子),本研究中本次研究分别测试了H原子与6个配位氧的成键稳定性,结果显示,在排除了能量相对较高的成键构型后,当H与SiO6八面体中的O1成键,并位于晶格中的间隙位时,其相对能量最低(如图1c)。对于布里奇曼石中的间隙位分子氢含水机制构型,本文以羟基(OH)的形式作为初始构型进行放置,在弛豫优化完成后发现,两个羟基断裂并形成了分子氢形式,同时氢分子间H–H键的键长为0.696 Å。
对于静态计算得到的不同含水机制的稳定构型,本文在135 GPa、4000 K的温度压力条件对其开展了第一性原理分子动力学模拟,以此来考察不同含水机制在核幔边界条件下的相对稳定性。在本研究中,本文通过建立一系列化学反应方程将不同的含水机制关联在一起,通过计算反应方程在指定温度压力条件下的反应自由能来考察不同含水机制之间的相对稳定性。具体化学反应方程如下:
$\left(\mathrm{Mg}_{1-x} \mathrm{Al}_{x}\right)\left(\mathrm{Si}_{1-x} \mathrm{Al}_{x}\right) \mathrm{O}_{3}+\left(\mathrm{Mg}_{1-x} \mathrm{H}_{2 x}\right) \mathrm{SiO}_{3}+3 x \mathrm{MgO} \Leftrightarrow 2 \mathrm{Mg}\left(\mathrm{Si}_{1-x} \mathrm{Al}_{x} \mathrm{H}_{x}\right) \mathrm{O}_{3}+x \mathrm{MgSiO}_{3}$
$2\left(\mathrm{Mg}_{1-x} \mathrm{H}_{2 x}\right) \mathrm{SiO}_{3}+3 x \mathrm{MgO} \Leftrightarrow \mathrm{Mg}\left(\mathrm{Si}_{1-x} \mathrm{H}_{4 x}\right) \mathrm{O}_{3}+(1+x) \mathrm{MgSiO}_{3}$
$2\left(\mathrm{Mg}_{1-x} \mathrm{Al}_{x}\right)\left(\mathrm{Si}_{1-x} \mathrm{Al}_{x}\right) \mathrm{O}_{3}+\mathrm{Mg}\left(\mathrm{Si}_{1-x} \mathrm{H}_{4 x}\right) \mathrm{O}_{3}+(1-x) \mathrm{MgSiO}_{3}+3 x \mathrm{MgO} \Leftrightarrow 4 \mathrm{Mg}\left(\mathrm{Si}_{1-x} \mathrm{Al}_{x} \mathrm{H}_{x}\right) \mathrm{O}_{3}$
在上述反应方程中,反应方程(6.1)考察了镁空位含水机制VMg2H(V′′Mg+2OH·)与[Al-H]耦合对含水机制AlSiH(Alsi+OH·)之间的相对稳定性;反应方程(6.2)比较了镁空位含水机制VMg2H(V′′Mg+2OH·)和硅空位含水机制VSi4H(V′′′′Si+4OH·)之间的相对稳定性;而反应方程(6.3)则进一步对比了[Al-H]耦合对含水机制AlSiH(Alsi+OH·)与硅空位含水机制VSi4H(V′′′′Si+4OH·)之间的相对稳定性。在各反应方程的反应物和生成物中,(Mg 1-xH 2x)SiO 3x、Mg(Si 1-xH 4x)O3、Mg(Si 1-xAlxHx)O3分别表示镁空位含水机制 VMg2H(V′′Mg+2OH·)、 硅空位含水机制VSi4H(V′′′′Si+4OH·)以及[Al-H]耦合对含水机制AlSiH含水机制 (Alsi+OH·),(Mg 1-xAlx)(Si 1-xAlx)O3则 为含[Al-Al]耦合对布里奇曼石,在本研究中其Al2O3浓度为6.3%(质量分数)。对于所有的反应物和生成物,本文分别计算了在静态以及核幔边界温压条件下(135 GPa、4000 K)其相应的形成能,结果列入表1中。
通过各反应物和生成物的焓和吉布斯自由能,本文计算了三个化学反应方程在静态以及核幔边界条件下的反应吉布斯自由能,结果如表2所示。本次研究发现在135 GPa、0 K的条件下,反应式(6.1)、(6.2)和(6.3)的反应吉布斯自由能分别为–0.002 eV/f.u.、–0.251 eV/f.u.和0.118 eV/f.u.。这表明在静态条件下,VMg2H(V′′Mg+2OH·)含水机制与AlSiH(Alsi+OH·)含水机制具有极其接近的稳定性,然而,与VMg2H(V′′Mg+2OH·)和AlSiH(Alsi+OH·)含水机制相比,VSi4H(V′′′′Si+4OH·)含水机制具有相对更高的稳定性。另一方面,在135 GPa、4000 K的条件下的结果显示,反应式(6.1)、(6.2)和(6.3)计算所得到的反应能分别为–0.235 eV/f.u.、–0.150 eV/f.u.和–0.160 eV/f.u.。这表明在核幔边界的温度压力条件下,与VMg2H(V′′Mg+2OH·)和VSi4H(V′′′′Si+4OH·)含水机制相比,AlSiH(Alsi+OH·)含水机制更为稳定,且AlSiH机制相对于其余两种含水机制(VMg2H和VSi4H)的分配系数分别为1.54(±0.51)和1.59(±1.08)。
通过以上结果本文发现温度会显著影响AlSiH含水机制的相对稳定性,随着温度上升,其相对稳定性增大。在前人研究中,Murakami等[13]发现,包含Al2O3的布里奇曼石(MgSiO3)可能含有高达2000×10–6的水。同时Litasov等[15]的研究表明含Al布里奇曼石的含水量很可能达到1000×10–6~1500×10–6。因此,本次研究结果暗示了在核幔边界处那些富Al的区域,结构水主要通过AlSiH(Alsi+OH·)机制取代进入布里奇曼石中,且存在含Al布里奇曼石的区域很可能具有相对较高的含水能力。与AlSiH(Alsi+OH·)含水机制不同的是,无论是在静态条件还是核幔边界条件下,VMg2H(V′′Mg+2OH·)与VSi4H(V′′′′Si+4OH·)含水机制的相对稳定性都没有明显的改变,主要表现为VSi4H(V′′′′Si+4OH·)含水机制相对更为稳定。与Muir and Brodholt的研究结果相吻合,在核幔边界附近布里奇曼石的AlSiH含水机制占主导地位,而分配到硅空位中的水则显著多于镁空位中[32]。另外,最近一项关于林伍德石中含水机制的研究也显示,在林伍德石中结构水占据Si空位(VSi4H)时也相对更为稳定[33]。因此,这可能说明结构水占据Si空位不仅能够出现在地幔过渡带中,也能够存在于核幔边界矿物中。然而,值得注意的是,Si空位含水机制的浓度可能会受到下地幔中Si空位浓度的限制。Muir和Brodholt[32]利用第一性原理的AIMD计算了不同条件下Mg空位和Si空位等缺陷在布里奇曼石矿物晶格中的浓度变化规律的研究结果表明,在下地幔中,布里奇曼石中Si空位的浓度可能非常有限,远低于Mg空位的浓度。在大约2500 km的深度下,如果总含水量为100×10–6,布里奇曼石中Si空位的浓度基本<1×10–6,即便总含水量为1000×10–6时,Si空位的浓度也只在10×10–6左右(仅在地幔最深的区域),但与之相对的,在同等条件下Mg空位缺陷的浓度则可以达到100×10–6,两者相差一个数量级。因此,虽然本次研究发现VSi4H(V′′′′Si+4OH·)机制相对更为稳定,但核幔边界处布里奇曼石中较低的Si空位浓度可能会从一定程度上抑制结构水通过这种方式溶解进入矿物中。本文推测,与AlSiH含水机制相比,在核幔边界处以阳离子空位缺陷方式存在的结构水,其含量可能非常有限。结构水的Mg空位取代机制和Si空位取代机制可能作为地幔过渡带中名义无水矿物的主要含水机制[33],这意味着在下地幔深部其含水量难以超过地幔过渡带的含水量,即约1.53%(质量分数)[34]。另一方面,在下地幔深部那些以AlSiH(Alsi+OH·)机制为主要含水的区域,其含水量则可能高达约0.5%(质量分数)。
除了含H点缺陷(H-defect)外,布里奇曼石中的结构水可能还会以分子氢的形式存在[24]。在本研究中,难以通过构建反应式的方法从能量角度来与探讨间隙位分子氢与其他含水取代机制间的相对稳定性,因此,本文通过第一性原理分子动力学模拟,根据H原子在布里奇曼石晶格中的运动轨迹和微观几何特征探究了分子氢机制在矿物中的稳定性。本文在135 GPa、2500 K的温压条件下对布里奇曼石中的分子氢做了分子动力学模拟计算,并统计了每0.001 ps下两个氢原子之间的距离(键长)和均方根偏差(Root Mean Square Deviation, RMSD)随时间的变化情况,其结果如图2所示。结果显示,在整个模拟时间范围内(10 ps),布里奇曼石中分子氢的氢-氢平距离(键长)为0.732 Å,且基本稳定在0.6~0.9 Å的范围区间。RMSD的统计结果也表明布里奇曼石间隙位的分子氢在135 GPa、2500 K的温压条件下呈现较为稳定的状态。
该模拟结果一定程度上暗示了分子氢机制在布里奇曼石的晶格中可能具有一定的稳定性。即在下地幔底部,氢可能会以分子氢的方式赋存于布里奇曼石的晶格间隙中。Bolfan等[35]讨论了H在布里奇曼石中的溶解度可能会随着温度的升高而降低,而Yang等[24]报道分子氢在地幔矿物中的溶解度随压力增大。尽管温度和压力对分子氢在布里奇曼石中的溶解度的影响需要进一步地研究,但本文的分子动力学模拟结果为分子氢在核幔边界温压环境的布里奇曼石中的稳定性提供了一定的参考意义。
为了进一步考察布里奇曼石中阳离子空位缺陷对分子氢稳定性的影响,本文在含游离氢离子的布里奇曼石晶格中制造了一个Mg空位,并在135 GPa、4000 K条件下进行了分子动力学模拟计算。氢在布里奇曼石中的运动轨迹及其赋存状态显示,布里奇曼石中游离的氢离子不再彼此成键形成分子氢。该结果表明微观尺度下,当布里奇曼石中存在阳离子空位时,其空位附近的氢可能难以形成分子氢,此时的氢更有可能以OH的形式赋存于阳离子空位中。但起源于核幔边界附近的洋岛玄武岩(OIB)[36,37]通常比较富水[38-40],这与下地幔矿物中OH的储存能力相矛盾。而如果核幔边界附近布里奇曼石中的阳离子空位浓度很低[32],在氧逸度较低的还原性地幔区域,以分子氢的形式填充在布里奇曼石间隙位置中的水很有可能具有一定的储量。另外,Hallis等[41]认为深部地幔相当低的D/H(氘/氢)值是由于地球内部存在一些直接从太阳星云中得到的成分,如果分子氢在地幔中具有相当可观的溶解度,这表明地球上的一部分氢可能是在其早期的演化过程中直接从太阳星云中分离得到。
本研究通过基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理分子动力学模拟,系统研究了核幔边界温压条件下布里奇曼石中三种取代机制之间相对稳定性。研究结果表明,在静态条件下,镁空位取代机制VMg2H(V′′Mg+2OH·)与[Al-H]耦合对取代机制AlSiH(Alsi+OH·)具有极其接近的稳定性,然而,与镁空位取代机制VMg2H(V′′Mg+2OH·)和[Al-H]耦合对取代机制AlSiH(Alsi+OH·)相比,硅空位取代机制VSi4H (V′′′′Si+4OH·)具 有相对更高的稳定性。但在高温条件下,AlSiH(Alsi+OH·)取代机制受温度影响较大,其相对稳定性高于其余两种取代机制,进一步暗示了在核幔边界处那些富Al的区域,结构水主要通过AlSiH(Alsi+OH·)机制取代进入布里奇曼石中,且存在含Al布里奇曼石的区域很可能具有相对较高的含水能力。镁空位取代机制VMg2H(V′′Mg+2OH·)与硅空位取代机制VSi4H(V′′′′Si+4OH·)之间相对稳定性在温度的影响下没有明显的改变,主要表现为硅空位取代机制VSi4H(V′′′′Si+4OH·)相对更为稳定。但如果核幔边界处的布里奇曼石中Si空位浓度较低,本文推测以阳离子空位缺陷方式存在的结构水,其含量可能非常有限。此外,本文通过分子动力学模拟观察到布里奇曼石晶格中游离的氢会倾向于结合为分子氢,在没有阳离子空位缺陷的情况下具有一定程度的稳定性,为分子氢机制在下地幔底部布里奇曼石中的稳定性提供了一定的参考意义。
本研究着重探讨了Al-free以及含Al条件下布里奇曼石中不同含水机制间的相对稳定性。然而在下地幔及核幔边界处,Fe、Ca等阳离子同样能以晶格缺陷的方式进入布里奇曼石中,从而影响结构水在布里奇曼石中的取代方式。因此,关于结构水在含有Fe以及其他阳离子的布里奇曼石中的含水机制仍然需要进一步深入研究。另一方面,除了布里奇曼石外,其高压相后钙钛矿是核幔边界处另一主要的矿物相,关于其含水方面的研究目前仍然相对缺乏,探究后钙钛矿中结构水的赋存机制及其物理化学效应也具有重要的理论价值和研究意义,有助于更全面、综合地理解水在深下地幔及核幔边界处的分布和循环规律。

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doi: 10.3724/j.1000-4734.2025.45.123
  • 接收时间:2023-03-30
  • 首发时间:2026-07-29
  • 出版时间:2026-02-10
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    1中国科学院地球化学研究所 关键矿产成矿与预测全国重点实验室,贵州 贵阳 550081
    2中国科学院大学,北京 100049

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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total species (%)

Genus
种数
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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