Article(id=1289306778865353110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, issueId=1289306742370709735, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3724/j.1000-4734.2025.45.040, pmid=null, cstr=32252.14.j.1000-4734.2025.45.040, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1730044800000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1785324290242, onlineDateStr=2026-07-29, pubDate=1770652800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1785324290242, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1785324290242, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1785324290242, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1289306742370709735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, year='2026', volume='46', issue='1', pageStart='20', pageEnd='170', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1770652800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1785324281542, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1785388512677, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1289576147356860923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, issueId=1289306742370709735, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1289576147356860924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, issueId=1289306742370709735, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=70, endPage=85, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1289306779024736663, articleId=1289306778865353110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, language=EN, title=Indicative significances of trace elements in garnets and vesuvianites to reveal the multi-stage mineralization process of the Nanyangtian W deposit in the Southeastern Yunnan, China, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Mineralogica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The Nanyangtian W deposit, located in the Laojunshan ore concentration district, is the largest W deposit in the southeastern Yunnan, China. The latest chronological studies revealed that there are two-periods (Late Triassic and Early Cretaceous) skarnization in this deposit. Skarns are represented by the layered garnet–diopside skarn and quartz–garnet–vesuvianite–scheelite veined one, respectively. In this study, based on the field and microscopic mineralogical observations, we have identified three types of garnets including the layered type (Stage 1), massive and quartz vein type (period 2) garnets. The in situ analytical results of major and trace elements of garnets and vesuvianites of different stages indicate that all garnets of two periods belong to the grossularite-almandine solid solution series with slight compositional variation from Gro95Alm5 to Gro85Alm14, and the vesuvianite is characterized with enriched Al. The BSE images show that there is no growth zonation in both garnet and vesuvianite minerals indicating that they were formed in a relatively closed and stable hydrothermal fluid environment. The existence of REE in garnet is mainly controlled by two substitution mechanisms of [REE3+]VII+[Y2+]VI→[X2+]VII+[Y3+]VI and [REE3+]VII+[Z3+]IV→[X2+]VII+[Si4+]IV. The certain positive correlation between Na and REE in vesuvianite indicate that the REE substitution mechanism could be 2Ca2+ ↔ REE3++Na+. The layered garnets are obviously depleted in HREE, with positive Eu anomalies, and relatively high contents of U and HFSE, indicating that the early-period skarn was formed under a relatively reduced, acidic and low Water–Rock ratio fluid condition. The quartz-vein type garnets are obviously depleted in LREE but enriched in HREE, with negative Eu anomalies, and relatively low contents of U and HFSE, and vesuvianite of the same stage has dramatic negative Ce anomalies, indicating that the late-period skarn was formed under a relatively oxidized, neutral to weak alkaline and high Water–Rock ratio fluid condition. The reduced and acidic fluid environment during the Late Triassic period is not conducive to the precipitation of scheelite, leading to that W occurred mainly in skarn minerals in form of the isomorphic substitution. During the Early Cretaceous period, the weakly alkaline, strongly oxidized, and high Water-Rock ratio characterized late-stage W-rich magmatic hydrothermal fluid is conducive to the precipitation of scheelite which is finally resulted in the the large-scale W mineralization.

, authors=Zichao TANG, Xiaoyu ZHAO*, Mingguo DENG, Wenchang LI, Yinghua CHEN, authorsList=Zichao TANG, Xiaoyu ZHAO, Mingguo DENG, Wenchang LI, Yinghua CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiaoyu ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1289306780748595626, articleId=1289306778865353110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, language=CN, title=石榴石和符山石微量元素对滇东南南秧田W矿床多期次流体成矿作用的指示意义, columnId=1289306743352176873, journalTitle=矿物学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

位于老君山矿集区的南秧田W矿是滇东南地区规模最大的W矿床。最新年代学研究表明,该矿床发育有晚三叠世、早白垩世两期矽卡岩化作用,分别以层型石榴石-透辉石矽卡岩和石英-石榴石-符山石-白钨矿脉为代表。本文基于野外和显微矿相学观察,识别出了层型(第一期)、团块型和石英脉型(第二期)三种类型石榴石。不同期石榴石和符山石原位主、微量元素分析结果表明,两期石榴石均属于钙铝–钙铁榴石系列(Gro95Alm5~Gro85Alm14),符山石也具有富铝特征。BSE图像显示两类矿物均不发育生长环带,表明二者均形成于较为封闭稳定的流体环境。南秧田石榴石中的稀土主要受[REE3+]VII+[Y2+]VI→[X2+]VII+[Y3+]VI和 [REE3+]VII+[Z3+]IV→ [X2+]VII+ [Si4+]IV两种替代机制控制,符山石中的Na与REE存在一定的正相关,暗示稀土元素的替代机制可能为 2Ca2+↔ REE3++Na+。层型石榴石明显亏损HREE,同时具有正Eu异常和相对较高的U和HFSE含量,表明早期矽卡岩形成于相对还原、酸性、低水岩比的流体环境。石英脉型石榴石明显亏损LREE而富集HREE,同时具负Eu异常和相对较低的U和HFSE含量,与之同期的符山石也表现出强烈的负Ce异常,表明晚期矽卡岩形成于相对氧化、中-碱性、高水岩比的流体环境。晚三叠世还原、酸性的流体环境不利于白钨矿的沉淀,W以类质同象的形式赋存于矽卡岩矿物当中。早白垩世具弱碱性、强氧化性、高水岩比特征的新一期岩浆流体更有利于白钨矿的沉淀,最终形成了大规模的W矿化。

, authors=唐梓超, 赵晓瑜*, 邓明国, 李文昌, 陈应华, authorsList=唐梓超, 赵晓瑜, 邓明国, 李文昌, 陈应华, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=赵晓瑜, authorNote=

唐梓超,男,2001年生,硕士研究生,从事矿床地球化学研究。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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唐梓超,男,2001年生,硕士研究生,从事矿床地球化学研究。E-mail:

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唐梓超,男,2001年生,硕士研究生,从事矿床地球化学研究。E-mail:

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Lithos, 2000, 53(3/4): 165-187., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1289306794157785643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, articleId=1289306778865353110, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=71, rfOrder=70, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang X S, Timofeev A, Williams-Jones A E, et al. An experimental study of the solubility and speciation of tungsten in NaCl-bearing aqueous solutions at 250, 300, and 350 ℃[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2019, 265: 313-329., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1289306794237477420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, articleId=1289306778865353110, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=72, rfOrder=71, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wood S A, Samson I M. The hydrothermal geochemistry of tungsten in granitoid environments: I. relative solubilities of ferberite and scheelite as a function of T, P, pH, and mNaCl[J]. Economic Geology, 2000, 95(1): 143-182., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1289306781008642475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, articleId=1289306778865353110, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1289306781017031084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, articleId=1289306778865353110, companyId=1289306781008642475, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Faculty of Land Resource Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming Yunnan 650093, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1289306781029613997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, articleId=1289306778865353110, companyId=1289306781008642475, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=昆明理工大学 国土资源工程学院,云南 昆明 650093)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1289306784590578129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, articleId=1289306778865353110, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Simplified tectonic map of the Eastern Asia (a) and simplified geological map of the Youjiang Basin (b) (modified from reference [33]), figureFileSmall=MwDAqiSLbMonprjXXexD6g==, figureFileBig=vX5T0PUkkkPUM5zeEXthtg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1289306784649298386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, articleId=1289306778865353110, language=CN, label=图1, caption=东亚地区大地构造简图(a)和右江盆地区域地质简图(b)(据文献[33]修改), figureFileSmall=MwDAqiSLbMonprjXXexD6g==, figureFileBig=vX5T0PUkkkPUM5zeEXthtg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1289306784888373715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, articleId=1289306778865353110, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Geological map of the Laojunshan ore concentration district with the distribution of major deposits (modified from reference [33]), figureFileSmall=63C4Ee/yQLNI0xFFjFKTdg==, figureFileBig=CrqHgRbA/IUdX/mIbAzMNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1289306784959676884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, articleId=1289306778865353110, language=CN, label=图2, caption=老君山矿集区地质图及主要矿床分布(据文献[33]修改), figureFileSmall=63C4Ee/yQLNI0xFFjFKTdg==, figureFileBig=CrqHgRbA/IUdX/mIbAzMNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1289306785018397141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, articleId=1289306778865353110, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption= Field photographs of the garnet-bearing skarns at Nanyangtian, figureFileSmall=Mw3huSjsM06z1QtJCxZmfg==, figureFileBig=2DXh0Df74kVYAgeHOHmN8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1289306785089700310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, articleId=1289306778865353110, language=CN, label=图4, caption=南秧田含石榴石矽卡岩野外照片, figureFileSmall=Mw3huSjsM06z1QtJCxZmfg==, figureFileBig=2DXh0Df74kVYAgeHOHmN8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1289306785165197783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, articleId=1289306778865353110, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Photos of hand specimens, micrographs and BSE images of differnent types of garnets and vesuvianites within samples of the Nanyangtian deposit, figureFileSmall=GYG1Ld/ny0HJaWi6PgLHlg==, figureFileBig=XRo044S/HgOkraJZcnuwEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1289306785219723736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, articleId=1289306778865353110, language=CN, label=图5, caption=南秧田各类型石榴石和符山石手标本、镜下及背散射照片

a~c. 层型石榴石;d~f. 石英脉型石榴石;g~i. 团块型石榴石;j~l. 符山石。

, figureFileSmall=GYG1Ld/ny0HJaWi6PgLHlg==, figureFileBig=XRo044S/HgOkraJZcnuwEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1289306785291026905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, articleId=1289306778865353110, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Geological map of the Nanyangtian deposit (a), geological profiles of the No. 2 exploration line (b) and the No. 31 exploration line (c) (modified from reference [33]), figureFileSmall=cPTnfuBdrdi01FiVEA1YSw==, figureFileBig=621Dki/LtfTisFGXCbpOqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1289306785366524378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, articleId=1289306778865353110, language=CN, label=图3, caption=南秧田矿床地质图(a)、2号勘探线剖面图(b)和31号勘探线地质剖面图(c)(据文献[33]修改), figureFileSmall=cPTnfuBdrdi01FiVEA1YSw==, figureFileBig=621Dki/LtfTisFGXCbpOqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1289306785442021851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, articleId=1289306778865353110, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption= Chondrite-normalized REE and trace element distribution patterns for different types of garnets and vesuvianites, figureFileSmall=MvKuBIIVc0ZuhasnejiU1A==, figureFileBig=MAXevghUBUkZFvUxK7Fv+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1289306785509130716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, articleId=1289306778865353110, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同类型石榴石、符山石稀土配分模式及微量元素蛛网图, figureFileSmall=MvKuBIIVc0ZuhasnejiU1A==, figureFileBig=MAXevghUBUkZFvUxK7Fv+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1289306785576239581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, articleId=1289306778865353110, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption= Corelation plots of total REE contens with other element contents in the garnets, figureFileSmall=8NfTW1E5/NUmesm49q8jrQ==, figureFileBig=EX/VDI4WpWM/td+RVpUAwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1289306785634959838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, articleId=1289306778865353110, language=CN, label=图7, caption=石榴石中REE与不同元素间的含量相关性

R2−相关性系数。

, figureFileSmall=8NfTW1E5/NUmesm49q8jrQ==, figureFileBig=EX/VDI4WpWM/td+RVpUAwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1289306785693680095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, articleId=1289306778865353110, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption= Correlation of REE contents with contents of Ca and Na of vesuvianites in the skarn deposit, figureFileSmall=RqjBwz5j8/sDz0g7VKMX4Q==, figureFileBig=coUkd9AQuZObI2PGM5e6Ig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1289306787337847264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, articleId=1289306778865353110, language=CN, label=图8, caption=符山石中REE与Ca、Na的含量相关性

R2−相关性系数。

, figureFileSmall=RqjBwz5j8/sDz0g7VKMX4Q==, figureFileBig=coUkd9AQuZObI2PGM5e6Ig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1289306787409150433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, articleId=1289306778865353110, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption= Diagrams of Y-Ho and Y/Ho-La/Ho of garnets in the Nanyangtian deposit, figureFileSmall=h/rWtsQxxL/c9PcNMHUA8g==, figureFileBig=UP3ocRdI8e4Dg782bQu9Lw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1289306787476259298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, articleId=1289306778865353110, language=CN, label=图9, caption=南秧田石榴石Y-Ho和Y/Ho-La/Ho图解, figureFileSmall=h/rWtsQxxL/c9PcNMHUA8g==, figureFileBig=UP3ocRdI8e4Dg782bQu9Lw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1289306787539173859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, articleId=1289306778865353110, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Representative data of major elemente of garnets and vesuvianites

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

分析点号

wB/%

MgO

K2O

SnO2

CaO

TiO2

Na2O

Al2O3

SiO2

WO3

Cr2O3

MnO

FeO

F

Cl

Total

层型石榴石

NYT22-69-1B

0.08

0.008

0.04

36.43

0.39

0.013

21.26

39.52

0

0

0.09

2.55

100.34

NYT22-70-1B

0.07

0.004

0.06

36.55

0.18

0.005

21.43

39.08

0

0.021

0.28

2.20

99.86

NYT22-4-1B

0.06

0.021

0.07

36.70

0.13

0.042

21.45

39.19

0

0.017

0.08

2.26

100.01

团块型石榴石

NYT22-30-2B

0.07

0.008

0.02

36.67

0.16

0

21.44

39.47

0

0

0.05

2.27

100.14

NYT22-73B

0.05

0.001

0.04

36.83

0.02

0.028

21.63

39.14

0

0.018

0.05

2.04

99.85

NYT22-70-2B

0.04

0.004

0.05

36.34

0.09

0.004

21.72

39.43

0

0

0.22

2.50

100.40

NYT22-46-B

0.08

0.005

0

36.00

0.25

0

21.50

39.72

0

0.017

0.14

2.91

100.64

石英脉型石榴石

NYT22-03-2B

0.09

0.002

0

35.30

0.32

0.015

20.55

39.21

0

0.014

0.23

4.44

100.17

NYT22-2-2B

0.09

0.008

0

34.92

0.40

0

20.56

39.21

0

0

0.24

4.63

100.10

NYT22-2-1B

0.09

0

0

34.95

0.40

0

20.34

39.18

0

0.001

0.30

4.79

100.00

NYT22-5-4B

0.01

0.005

0

35.04

0.44

0

20.62

39.31

0

0.037

0.32

4.65

100.53

符山石

NYT22-4-1B

0.002

35.57

1.79

0.083

17.10

37.06

0.003

0.06

3.26

1.61

0.02

97.60

NYT22-4-1B

0.014

35.26

1.39

0.136

17.91

36.91

0

0.12

3.33

1.76

0.02

97.41

NYT22-8B-10

0.008

35.78

0.79

0.087

17.53

37.03

0

0.07

3.36

1.77

0.01

97.57

NYT22-8B-12

0.008

35.47

1.40

0.070

17.36

36.88

0.003

0.09

3.22

1.83

0.03

97.40

NYT22-73B-15

0.010

35.35

1.67

0.097

17.01

36.93

0.007

0.12

3.53

1.66

0.04

97.40

NYT22-73B-16

0.006

35.19

1.88

0.117

17.01

36.93

0

0.04

3.30

1.62

0.04

97.07

), ArticleFig(id=1289306787614671332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, articleId=1289306778865353110, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

石榴石、符山石主量元素代表性数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

分析点号

wB/%

MgO

K2O

SnO2

CaO

TiO2

Na2O

Al2O3

SiO2

WO3

Cr2O3

MnO

FeO

F

Cl

Total

层型石榴石

NYT22-69-1B

0.08

0.008

0.04

36.43

0.39

0.013

21.26

39.52

0

0

0.09

2.55

100.34

NYT22-70-1B

0.07

0.004

0.06

36.55

0.18

0.005

21.43

39.08

0

0.021

0.28

2.20

99.86

NYT22-4-1B

0.06

0.021

0.07

36.70

0.13

0.042

21.45

39.19

0

0.017

0.08

2.26

100.01

团块型石榴石

NYT22-30-2B

0.07

0.008

0.02

36.67

0.16

0

21.44

39.47

0

0

0.05

2.27

100.14

NYT22-73B

0.05

0.001

0.04

36.83

0.02

0.028

21.63

39.14

0

0.018

0.05

2.04

99.85

NYT22-70-2B

0.04

0.004

0.05

36.34

0.09

0.004

21.72

39.43

0

0

0.22

2.50

100.40

NYT22-46-B

0.08

0.005

0

36.00

0.25

0

21.50

39.72

0

0.017

0.14

2.91

100.64

石英脉型石榴石

NYT22-03-2B

0.09

0.002

0

35.30

0.32

0.015

20.55

39.21

0

0.014

0.23

4.44

100.17

NYT22-2-2B

0.09

0.008

0

34.92

0.40

0

20.56

39.21

0

0

0.24

4.63

100.10

NYT22-2-1B

0.09

0

0

34.95

0.40

0

20.34

39.18

0

0.001

0.30

4.79

100.00

NYT22-5-4B

0.01

0.005

0

35.04

0.44

0

20.62

39.31

0

0.037

0.32

4.65

100.53

符山石

NYT22-4-1B

0.002

35.57

1.79

0.083

17.10

37.06

0.003

0.06

3.26

1.61

0.02

97.60

NYT22-4-1B

0.014

35.26

1.39

0.136

17.91

36.91

0

0.12

3.33

1.76

0.02

97.41

NYT22-8B-10

0.008

35.78

0.79

0.087

17.53

37.03

0

0.07

3.36

1.77

0.01

97.57

NYT22-8B-12

0.008

35.47

1.40

0.070

17.36

36.88

0.003

0.09

3.22

1.83

0.03

97.40

NYT22-73B-15

0.010

35.35

1.67

0.097

17.01

36.93

0.007

0.12

3.53

1.66

0.04

97.40

NYT22-73B-16

0.006

35.19

1.88

0.117

17.01

36.93

0

0.04

3.30

1.62

0.04

97.07

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石榴石和符山石微量元素对滇东南南秧田W矿床多期次流体成矿作用的指示意义
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唐梓超 , 赵晓瑜 * , 邓明国 , 李文昌 , 陈应华
矿物学报 | 论文 2026,46(1): 70-85
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矿物学报 |论文 2026 , 46 (1) : 70 -85
石榴石和符山石微量元素对滇东南南秧田W矿床多期次流体成矿作用的指示意义
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唐梓超 , 赵晓瑜* , 邓明国, 李文昌, 陈应华
作者信息
  • 昆明理工大学 国土资源工程学院,云南 昆明 650093
通讯作者:
作者简介:

唐梓超,男,2001年生,硕士研究生,从事矿床地球化学研究。E-mail:

Indicative significances of trace elements in garnets and vesuvianites to reveal the multi-stage mineralization process of the Nanyangtian W deposit in the Southeastern Yunnan, China
Zichao TANG , Xiaoyu ZHAO* , Mingguo DENG, Wenchang LI, Yinghua CHEN
Affiliations
  • Faculty of Land Resource Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming Yunnan 650093, China
出版时间: 2026-02-10 doi: 10.3724/j.1000-4734.2025.45.040
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位于老君山矿集区的南秧田W矿是滇东南地区规模最大的W矿床。最新年代学研究表明,该矿床发育有晚三叠世、早白垩世两期矽卡岩化作用,分别以层型石榴石-透辉石矽卡岩和石英-石榴石-符山石-白钨矿脉为代表。本文基于野外和显微矿相学观察,识别出了层型(第一期)、团块型和石英脉型(第二期)三种类型石榴石。不同期石榴石和符山石原位主、微量元素分析结果表明,两期石榴石均属于钙铝–钙铁榴石系列(Gro95Alm5~Gro85Alm14),符山石也具有富铝特征。BSE图像显示两类矿物均不发育生长环带,表明二者均形成于较为封闭稳定的流体环境。南秧田石榴石中的稀土主要受[REE3+]VII+[Y2+]VI→[X2+]VII+[Y3+]VI和 [REE3+]VII+[Z3+]IV→ [X2+]VII+ [Si4+]IV两种替代机制控制,符山石中的Na与REE存在一定的正相关,暗示稀土元素的替代机制可能为 2Ca2+↔ REE3++Na+。层型石榴石明显亏损HREE,同时具有正Eu异常和相对较高的U和HFSE含量,表明早期矽卡岩形成于相对还原、酸性、低水岩比的流体环境。石英脉型石榴石明显亏损LREE而富集HREE,同时具负Eu异常和相对较低的U和HFSE含量,与之同期的符山石也表现出强烈的负Ce异常,表明晚期矽卡岩形成于相对氧化、中-碱性、高水岩比的流体环境。晚三叠世还原、酸性的流体环境不利于白钨矿的沉淀,W以类质同象的形式赋存于矽卡岩矿物当中。早白垩世具弱碱性、强氧化性、高水岩比特征的新一期岩浆流体更有利于白钨矿的沉淀,最终形成了大规模的W矿化。

南秧田W矿床  /  石榴石  /  符山石  /  微量元素  /  成矿流体

The Nanyangtian W deposit, located in the Laojunshan ore concentration district, is the largest W deposit in the southeastern Yunnan, China. The latest chronological studies revealed that there are two-periods (Late Triassic and Early Cretaceous) skarnization in this deposit. Skarns are represented by the layered garnet–diopside skarn and quartz–garnet–vesuvianite–scheelite veined one, respectively. In this study, based on the field and microscopic mineralogical observations, we have identified three types of garnets including the layered type (Stage 1), massive and quartz vein type (period 2) garnets. The in situ analytical results of major and trace elements of garnets and vesuvianites of different stages indicate that all garnets of two periods belong to the grossularite-almandine solid solution series with slight compositional variation from Gro95Alm5 to Gro85Alm14, and the vesuvianite is characterized with enriched Al. The BSE images show that there is no growth zonation in both garnet and vesuvianite minerals indicating that they were formed in a relatively closed and stable hydrothermal fluid environment. The existence of REE in garnet is mainly controlled by two substitution mechanisms of [REE3+]VII+[Y2+]VI→[X2+]VII+[Y3+]VI and [REE3+]VII+[Z3+]IV→[X2+]VII+[Si4+]IV. The certain positive correlation between Na and REE in vesuvianite indicate that the REE substitution mechanism could be 2Ca2+ ↔ REE3++Na+. The layered garnets are obviously depleted in HREE, with positive Eu anomalies, and relatively high contents of U and HFSE, indicating that the early-period skarn was formed under a relatively reduced, acidic and low Water–Rock ratio fluid condition. The quartz-vein type garnets are obviously depleted in LREE but enriched in HREE, with negative Eu anomalies, and relatively low contents of U and HFSE, and vesuvianite of the same stage has dramatic negative Ce anomalies, indicating that the late-period skarn was formed under a relatively oxidized, neutral to weak alkaline and high Water–Rock ratio fluid condition. The reduced and acidic fluid environment during the Late Triassic period is not conducive to the precipitation of scheelite, leading to that W occurred mainly in skarn minerals in form of the isomorphic substitution. During the Early Cretaceous period, the weakly alkaline, strongly oxidized, and high Water-Rock ratio characterized late-stage W-rich magmatic hydrothermal fluid is conducive to the precipitation of scheelite which is finally resulted in the the large-scale W mineralization.

Nanyangtian W deposit  /  garnet  /  vesuvianite  /  trace elements  /  ore-forming fluid
唐梓超, 赵晓瑜, 邓明国, 李文昌, 陈应华. 石榴石和符山石微量元素对滇东南南秧田W矿床多期次流体成矿作用的指示意义. 矿物学报, 2026 , 46 (1) : 70 -85 . DOI: 10.3724/j.1000-4734.2025.45.040
Zichao TANG, Xiaoyu ZHAO, Mingguo DENG, Wenchang LI, Yinghua CHEN. Indicative significances of trace elements in garnets and vesuvianites to reveal the multi-stage mineralization process of the Nanyangtian W deposit in the Southeastern Yunnan, China[J]. Acta Mineralogica Sinica, 2026 , 46 (1) : 70 -85 . DOI: 10.3724/j.1000-4734.2025.45.040
滇东南地区是我国重要的锡-钨多金属矿集区[1,2],多期次的构造及岩浆活动,形成了近北西-南东向展布的个旧、薄竹山、老君山三个大型复式花岗岩体以及围绕岩体产出的多个大型-超大型以Sn、W为主的多金属矿床[3-12]。老君山矿集区位于滇东南文山壮族苗族自治州麻栗坡−马关县一带,区内分布有都龙Sn-Zn多金属矿床、新寨Sn矿床、南秧田W矿床、洒西W-Be矿床、马卡W-Pb-Zn矿床、长田W-萤石矿床、南捞W-Cu矿床等多个代表性矿床[13-22]。与个旧、薄竹山地区一致的成岩、成矿年龄(90~75 Ma[23-27])不同,老君山矿集区已有岩浆岩、矿床年龄从445~75 Ma不等,暗示区内存在多期复合的岩浆-成矿作用[15,17,18,28-32]
南秧田W矿床位于老君山矿集区东南部,目前已控制WO3资源量达超大型(>30万t)。已开展的年代学研究表明,该矿床可能存在三期热液事件:第一期约210 Ma,可能与印支期区域变质事件有关[15],第二期约150 Ma,可能与深部隐伏岩体有关[33],第三期约90 Ma,与旁侧老君山岩体有关[17]。上述年龄结果暗示南秧田W矿床很可能存在多期叠加的流体(成矿)作用,是揭示区域复合成矿规律的理想窗口。然而,不同期流体的性质、起源及叠加过程与机制尚未得到准确揭示。
石榴石和符山石作为矽卡岩的重要组成矿物,通常记录了丰富的流体地球化学信息,例如石榴石显微矿相学和LA-ICP-MS原位微量元素分析的联合运用对于揭示成矿流体性质及成矿物理化学条件演化具有良好成效[34]。Zhao等[33]则通过石榴石和符山石U–Pb定年识别出南秧田存在两期矽卡岩化,表明上述两类矿物在揭示多期次流体叠加演化过程方面具有一定潜力。基于此,本文以南秧田W矿床多类型石榴石和符山石为研究对象,在野外和室内岩相学观察基础之上,开展背散射成像(BSE)、电子探针(EPMA)主量元素和激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱(LA-ICP-MS)原位微量元素分析,以查明元素替代机制,揭示不同类型、不同期次矿物的形成物理化学条件,探讨多期流体的叠加成矿作用过程及其内在机制。
滇东南老君山矿集区位于华夏板块、扬子板块和印支板块的交汇部位(图1a),隶属南岭Sn-W多金属成矿带西端的滇东南–桂西成矿带,是我国重要的Sn-W多金属矿集区之一[35]。受滨太平洋和特提斯两大构造域影响,该区长期以来经历了复杂的地质演化,为以Sn、W为主的多金属富集与沉淀提供了有利条件。
老君山地区除奥陶系上统、志留系、侏罗系和白垩系地层之外,其余时代地层均有出露。元古界哀牢山群、瑶山群、昆阳群和震旦系等组成最老的结晶基底岩系,主要分布在个旧外围金平−元阳、石屏−建水及屏边地区[36]。寒武系地层主要为变质复理石,包括上寒武统歇场组(主要为白云质灰岩和大理岩)、中寒武统龙哈组和田蓬组(主要为白云岩、大理岩和少量片岩)以及下寒武统冲庄组(主要为大理岩、斜长片麻岩、石英二云母片岩和电气石石英岩)。奥陶系下、中统地层以砂岩、页岩、灰岩、碎屑岩为主。泥盆系地层主要为砂砾岩和部分碳酸盐岩[15]。石炭系地层则出露于文山–麻栗坡断裂北东侧的落水洞一带,由下至上依次为厚层状白云质灰岩、中层状粉细晶灰岩互层、中层状–块状中细晶灰岩以及薄-中层状粉细晶灰岩互层。二叠系地层出露有复理石、基性火山岩、火山碎屑岩等。三叠系地层主要包括石英千枚岩、大理岩、绢云石英板岩、硅质岩、基性火山岩夹层、粉砂质板岩和变质岩屑砂岩。新生界地层主要由砾岩、砂岩、粉砂质泥岩组成 。
区内发育一套长轴为北西向的变质核杂岩(老君山变质核杂岩)[37],主要由内部的中酸性侵入岩、元古代变质基底以及外围的沉积盖层组成[38]图2)。老君山地区侵入岩包括志留纪花岗片麻岩和晚白垩世老君山花岗岩。志留纪花岗片麻岩广泛分布于老君山变质核杂岩核部,老君山花岗岩侵位于花岗片麻岩的西北缘(图2)。围绕老君山岩体分布有都龙、新寨、南秧田、洒西、马卡、长田、南捞等多个以Sn、W为主要矿种的矿床(点)(图2)。
老君山地区区域构造主要受华南板块南北边缘的碰撞造山作用、板块俯冲增生导致的挤压作用控制,形成了一系列北西向的褶皱和断裂,为后期岩浆侵位和成矿提供了有利空间[39]。其中北西向断裂包括文山−麻栗坡断裂、马关−都龙断裂等,南北向断裂和东西向断裂分别以曼家寨断裂、南温河断裂为代表(图2)。
南秧田W矿床位于老君山变质核杂岩核部,矿体主要赋存于元古界猛洞岩群南秧田岩组矽卡岩中,以稳定的两层产出,局部可见三层矽卡岩(图3[40]。矿区地层岩性由底至顶分别为:斜长片麻岩、碳酸盐岩、云母片岩、二云斜长片麻岩夹石英二云母片岩、电气石石英岩、黑云斜长片麻岩、变粒岩、白云二长片麻岩、二云斜长片麻岩夹黑云斜长片麻岩、白云斜长片麻岩[36]
矿区共发育5条主要断裂,其中F1、F2、F3为东西向断裂,F4、F5为北东向断裂[41]。区内发育以老君山花岗岩体为核心的复式穹窿背斜构造,背斜轴大致呈南北向。围绕中央穹窿背斜发育一系列次级背、向斜构造和褶皱带,如呈南北向分布的四角田背斜、天生桥背斜、新寨向斜、茶叶山褶皱带,以及呈北西向分布的田坝心背斜等[36]
矿区内同时出露有加里东期和燕山期花岗岩体,其中志留纪花岗片麻岩侵位年龄为430~390 Ma,主要组成矿物包括微斜长石、石英、斜长石、黑云母等[42-44]。晚白垩世老君山花岗岩体侵位年龄为117~83 Ma[10-12,45-49],岩性主要为中粗粒-中细粒二云二长花岗岩,主要矿物包括正长石、微斜长石、更长石、石英、角闪石、白云母、黑云母等[36]。两类花岗岩均属于过铝质高钾钙碱性S型花岗岩[50-52]
W矿体总体走向NE,倾向SE,倾角3°~11°,南北长约4 km、东西宽约2 km。截止2024年,该矿床已控制WO3资源量超30万t,平均品位0.43%[33]。矿化围岩为透辉石、石榴石、透闪石、绿帘石等组成的矽卡岩[53],主要矿石矿物包括白钨矿以及少量的黄铜矿和辉钼矿。白钨矿一般呈浸染状、脉状、粗粒状广泛分布于矽卡岩与石英脉中,黄铜矿呈他形-半自形晶粒状嵌布在矽卡岩矿物粒隙中,常与磁黄铁矿、黄铁矿等共生[36]。脉石矿物主要为透辉石、石榴石、符山石、绿帘石、黝帘石、阳起石、透闪石、绿泥石、石英、云母和方解石等。矿石结构主要包括自形粒状结构、半自形-他形粒状结构、充填结构、共边结构、嵌晶结构、交代残余结构等[54]。野外可清晰观察到早期层型石榴石-透辉石矽卡岩被晚期石英-石榴石-符山石-白钨矿脉切割(图4a)。Zhao等[33]根据年代学研究结果识别出二者分属晚三叠世、早白垩世两期矽卡岩化事件。
通过野外、手标本及镜下观察,共识别出三种类型石榴石,分别为层型石榴石、石英脉型石榴石和团块型石榴石。层型石榴石呈淡肉红色,具细粒他形结构,与透辉石、绿帘石、绿泥石等呈薄层状互层(图5a, b),可见少量细粒浸染状白钨矿与之共生。最新U–Pb定年结果表明,该类石榴石形成年龄约203 Ma[33]。石英脉型石榴石生长于切穿层状矽卡岩的热液石英脉中,以孤立自形晶的形式存在,颗粒粗大,晶面发育良好,颜色相较于层型石榴石更深,呈红棕色(图5d),石英脉中可见丰富的中–细粒白钨矿和粗粒自形符山石与之共生。共生符山石的U–Pb定年结果表明,该类石榴石形成年龄约145 Ma[33]。团块型石榴石呈他形–半自形粒状结构,致密块状构造,内部有不规则石英细脉穿插,可见少量透辉石与之共生(图5g)。此类石榴石常形成于热液脉与层状矽卡岩的接触部位(图4b),应是热液流体与围岩发生相互作用的结果,其与石英脉型石榴石是同一热液流体在不同部位的体现。镜下观察和BSE图像表明上述三类石榴石成分较为均一,均不发育生长环带和明显的亮度变化(图5c, f, i),暗示石榴石形成于较为封闭稳定的流体环境。
符山石包括两种类型,第一种呈棕色,中细粒半自形-自形粒状结构(图5j),镜下呈四方双锥状。该类符山石通常与粒状石榴石共生于热液石英脉中,既可孤立生长于热液石英当中,也可被石榴石和透辉石包裹,脉体中可见白钨矿共生。第二种呈致密块状集合体,主要由黄褐色半自形粒状、柱状符山石颗粒组成(图5k)。与石榴石类似,两类符山石的镜下观察和BSE图像均不显示生长环带(图5l)。
从南秧田矿床坑道和钻孔中共采集各类型矿石样品74件,采样位置见图3a。挑选不同类型石榴石和符山石样品14件进行背散射(BSE)、电子探针(EPMA)和激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子质谱(LA-ICP-MS)微区成分分析。
背散射成像分析在南京宏创地质勘查技术服务有限公司完成,所用场发射扫描电镜型号为TESCAN Mira3 LMH,BSE探头由TESCAN公司提供。工作电压为20 kV,工作距离为15 mm。进行物镜光阑对中后调至背散射探头,在视野模式(Field)下以低倍数移动镜头,找到样品后反复调整聚焦(WD)和消像散(STG)直至图像清晰,最后调至适当的缩放倍率(MAG)、亮度和对比度(AUTO),获取图像。
石榴石与符山石的原位微区主量元素分析在广州拓岩检测技术有限公司利用JEOL(日本电子) JXA-iSP100型电子探针显微分析仪完成,工作电压15 kV,工作电流2 nA,分析束斑10 μm。F、Cl、Na、Mg、Al、Si、K、Ca和Fe达到峰值的背景时间为10 s,Ti和Mn时间为20 s。数据采用ZAF法进行校正,采用英国MAC矿物/中国国家标准样品GSB作为标准样品,分析过程严格参照中华人民共和国国家标准GB/T 15617—2002。所有氧化物含量均以wB/%表示。
石榴石和符山石的微区原位微量元素含量测试在广州拓岩检测技术有限公司利用New Wave Research 193 nm ArF 准分子激光剥蚀系统和Thermo Scientific iCap-RQ 四极杆型电感耦合等离子体质谱仪完成。激光束斑直径为30 μm,频率为6 Hz,能量密度为 3.0 J/cm2。 激光剥蚀过程中采用氦气作载气、氩气为补偿气以调节灵敏度。分析过程中采用NIST SRM610和BCR-2G进行多外标无内标校正,采用BHVO-2G和BIR-1G作为质控样监测数据质量。每个数据点包括大约40 s空白信号和45 s样品信号。分析数据的处理(包括对样品和空白信号的选择、仪器灵敏度漂移校正以及元素含量计算)采用IOLITE软件完成。
石榴石和符山石的代表性主量元素分析结果见表1(详细数据见文献[33]),不同类型的石榴石具有相似的主量元素特征,元素含量均一,与均一的BSE图像一致。石榴石SiO2介于37.89%~39.82%,均值为39.45%;CaO介于34.74%~36.79%,均值为35.64%。Al2O3含量较高,介于20.45%~21.69%之间,均值为20.81%。FeO、MnO、MgO含量较低,分别为1.97%~5.32%、0.04%~0.32%和0.05%~0.11%。主量元素特征表明,三种类型石榴石都属于钙铝–钙铁榴石系列(Gro95Alm5~Gro85Alm14)。石英脉型石榴石相较于层型石榴石具有略高的FeO和MnO含量以及较低的CaO和 Al2O3含 量。
符山石主量元素组成与石榴石相似,但MgO、TiO2、F的含量相对较高,均值分别为1.60%、1.48%和1.64%,Al2O3和SiO2含量相对略低,分别为17.01%~19.57%、34.46%~36.72%,FeO含量差异不大,均值为3.02%。两种类型符山石主量元素无明显差异,均为富铝符山石。
层型石榴石稀土总量较低,ΣREE为0.23×10–6~4.38×10–6(均值2.40×10–6),LREE为0.11×10–6~2.79×10–6(均值1.73×10–6),HREE为0.04×10–6~2.42×10–6(均值0.66×10–6)。LREE/HREE值在0.66×10–6~26.04×10–6之间,均值为4.85×10–6(见附表1)。稀土元素配分模式显示轻稀土轻度亏损,重稀土严重亏损,Eu正异常(图6a)。Zn、Sn、W等元素富集,含量分别为3.62×10–6~8.49×10–6、181.52×10–6~857.45×10–6、0.18×10–6~52.133×10–6,Cr、Co、Ni含量较低,分别为0.26×10–6~1.76×10–6、0.23×10–6~1.01×10–6、0.25×10–6~0.71×10–6,Cu、Mo等元素多低于检测限。Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf等高场强元素富集(图6b)。
石英脉型石榴石稀土元素总量较高,ΣREE为12.58×10–6~95.69×10–6(均值40.44×10–6),其中LREE为1.12×10–6~4.70×10–6(均值2.66×10–6),HREE为11.89×10–6~89.96×10–6(均值38.35× 10–6), LREE/HREE值介于0.04~0.22之间,均值为0.09×10–6(见附表1)。稀土配分模式为左倾型,轻稀土亏损,重稀土富集,Eu呈弱负异常(图6a)。Cr、Co、Zn等元素含量高于层型石榴石,分别为2.27×10–6~313.18×10–6、0.37×10–6~1.98×10–6和7.64×10–6~43.35×10–6,Sn、W与高场强元素含量低于层型石榴石(图6b),Sn、W含量分别为38.52×10–6~99.86×10–6和0.12×10–6~1.41×10–6
团块型石榴石稀土总量与Cr、Co、Zn、Sn、W等元素含量介于层型石榴石与石英脉型石榴石之间,ΣREE为0.22×10–6~17.48×10–6(均值8.07×10–6),LREE为0.19×10–6~6.21×10–6(均值3.92×10–6),HREE为0.04×10–6~11.46×10–6(均值4.14×10–6)。LREE/HREE值在0.59~5.36之间,均值为1.68×10–6(见附表1)。稀土配分模式表现为轻稀土亏损,重稀土富集,Eu正异常或弱负异常(图6a)。
两类符山石的微量元素特征几乎一致,稀土总量较高,介于93.21×10–6~1861.03×10–6之间(均值528.74×10–6),LREE为69.77×10–6~1801.21×10–6(均值490.67×10–6),HREE为4.38×10–6~68.93×10–6(均值38.07×10–6),LREE/HREE值在1.73~227.04之间,均值23.47×10–6(见附表2)。稀土配分模式为右倾型,轻稀土极富集,重稀土相对亏损,出现强烈的Ce负异常,伴随Eu有弱负异常至弱正异常(图6c)。Zn、Sn、Pb、Co、Ni等金属元素较为富集,含量分别为99.25×10–6~245.85×10–6、6.79×10–6~49.24×10–6、7.10×10–6~14.68×10–6、4.40×10–6~7.38×10–6、2.31×10–6~18.73×10–6,Cu、Mo多低于检测限。微量元素蛛网图显示出Th 、U等不相容元素的高度富集,Zr、Hf等高场强元素相对亏损(图6d)。
石榴石的晶体化学式为X3Y2Z3O12,其中X是十二面体配位点的阳离子,一般为Ca2+、Mg2+、Mn2+、Fe2+等,Y是三价阳离子(Al3+、Cr3+、Fe3+等)占据的八面体配位点,Z通常是Si占据的四面体配位点[34]。稀土元素和其他微量元素主要以表面吸附、吸收、类质同象替代和固溶体间填隙物等方式进入石榴石[34]。受价态和离子半径的影响,当稀土元素以类质同象方式进入石榴石晶格时只能占据十二面体位置取代X2+,其中Eu2+可直接进行替代,但REE3+替换X2+时会造成电荷不平衡。为了保持电荷平衡,REE3+可通过以下四种取代机制进入石榴石[55-57]
[X+]VII+[REE3+]VII2[X2+]VII
[REE3+]VII+[Z3+]IV[X2+]VII+[Si4+]IV
[REE3+]VII+[Y2+]VI[X2+]VII+[Y3+]VI
[ ]VII+2[REE3+]VII3[X2+]VII
其中,X2+主要代表Ca2+,X+代表Na+,Z3+代表Al3+或Fe3+,Y3+通常为Al3+,Y2+代表Mg2+或 Fe2+, “[ ]”表示X2+位的空缺(Ca2+),VIII、VI和IV为配位数,式(2)为YAG型取代机制,式(3)为Menzerite型替代。
电子探针主量元素分析结果显示,南秧田石榴石中的Na含量极低(Na2O平均含量为0.0087%),无法实现电荷平衡,且Na与ΣREE之间无明显相关性(图7a),表明稀土取代机制未遵循式(1)。总稀土含量与Ca含量同样不显示正相关性(图7e),表明式(4)也不是主要替代机制。 Fe3+、Mg与 ΣREE显示出明显的正相关性(图7c, d),表明石榴石中的稀土受YAG型与Menzerite型替代机制共同控制。Mg与ΣREE的相关性更强,表明Menzerite型替代机制相对占主导。
Y具有与REE十分相似的地球化学性质,因此,Y和REE的相关性可以反映出石榴石在结晶过程中是否处于平衡状态,即该相关性提供了石榴石是否在封闭环境中结晶的证据[58]。南秧田石榴石中的Y和REE具有很好的正相关性(图7f),表明热液体系处于较为封闭的流体环境,与石榴石均一的BSE图像一致。
符山石的化学式为Ca10(Mg, Fe)2Al4[SiO4]5[Si2O7]2(OH, F)4,由于稀土元素离子半径接近 Ca2+,故 符山石中的REE通常替代晶格中的Ca位。元素相关性分析表明,符山石中REE与Na、Ca存在一定正相关性(图8a, b),表明REE可能按2Ca2+↔REE3++Na+的机制进入晶格中。符山石具有与同期石英脉型石榴石相似的HREE含量,但U和LREE的含量相差2~3个数量级,这可能是符山石与石榴石间的Ca2+位晶格大小差异导致的。LREE3+和U4+的离子半径更接近于符山石中的Ca2+[59],使得符山石能够容纳更多的U4+和LREE3+
石榴石的稀土分配模式可用于确定热液流体的pH值[60]。若稀土配分模式呈现LREE亏损,HREE富集特征,同时具有Eu的负异常或无异常,则表明石榴石形成于中性或弱碱性环境。在弱酸性的条件下,稀土元素受到Cl的影响更为明显,而Cl的存在可以增强除REE3+外的可溶 Eu2+(EuCl42+)离 子的稳定,导致明显的正Eu异常,同时富集LREE,亏损HREE[60-62]。南秧田层型石榴石的稀土配分模式相对平坦,LREE和HREE皆亏损,Eu为正异常,表明该类石榴石(晚三叠世第一期矽卡岩化)形成于弱酸性流体环境,LREE的亏损则可能是同期形成的层状透辉石消耗了大量LREE导致。石英脉型石榴石体现出明显的LREE亏损、HREE富集特征以及Eu的负异常,稀土配分呈现显著的左倾模式,表明该类石榴石(早白垩世第二期矽卡岩化)是在中性或偏碱性条件下形成的。团块型石榴石的稀土配分模式介于层型石榴石与石英脉型石榴石之间(图6a),可能是晚期热液流体与早期矽卡岩相互作用的结果,与团块型石榴石主要产于热液脉与层状矽卡岩接触带的地质现象一致。
U的化合价态有U4+和U6+两种,其地球化学行为受氧逸度控制。U4+的离子半径比U6+更接近 Ca2+,更 容易发生类质同象替换进入石榴石[34,57,63]。因此,石榴石中U含量的多少可以作为示踪氧化还原条件的指示剂。南秧田石英脉型石榴石的U含量明显低于层型石榴石,表明石英脉型石榴石中U6+含量更高,即形成第二期矽卡岩化的流体氧逸度要明显高于第一期。另外,石英脉型石榴石中钙铁榴石的含量(FeO均值为4.37%)也要高于层型石榴石(FeO均值为2.48%),与前人提出的富铁石榴石形成于偏氧化环境、富铝榴石形成于偏还原环境的结论一致[64]。石英脉型石榴石中钙铝榴石的主导地位可能是由于石榴石处于封闭环境且体系中的Fe含量偏低所致。此外,与石英脉型石榴石共生的符山石出现了强烈的负Ce异常(图5e),表明Ce主要以Ce4+而非Ce3+形成存在,同样反映了晚期流体的高氧逸度特征。已有研究表明,变价元素Eu常被用作反映成矿热液的氧化还原条件,但石榴石中的Eu不仅受氧化还原条件的影响,pH值和温度对Eu地球化学行为的影响同样显著[65],且在温度高于250 ℃的热液流体中Eu2+占主导地位[66]。冯家睿所测得南秧田石榴石均一温度集中在240~290 ℃[13],表明南秧田石榴石中Eu以+2价为主,即层型石榴石Eu正异常以及石英脉型石榴石的Eu弱负异常分别指示了偏还原和偏氧化的环境,与前文讨论结果一致。
Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf等高场强元素可有效反映地质演化过程中水岩比的变化。由于HFSE不溶于水,在热液系统中相对稳定[67,68],故其在流体中的浓度主要取决于母岩成分和水岩比率。一般情况下,随着水岩比的升高,流体HFSE浓度降低[34,69,70]。南秧田层型石榴石HFSE含量较高(均值为97.82×10–6),石英脉型石榴石和同期的符山石中HFSE含量显著低于层型石榴石(均值分别为13.14×10–6、2.57×10–6),表明第二期矽卡岩化相较于第一期矽卡岩化具有更高的水岩比,与野外观察到的第二期石榴石伴生大量热液石英的地质现象相一致,暗示两期矽卡岩存在成因上的差异。Y/Ho值常被视作示踪流体演化过程的重要参数之一,Y/Ho-La/Ho相关图解可以指示成矿流体是否同源,同一来源脉石矿物在Y/Ho-La/Ho图解上大致呈现出水平分布的特征[60]图9所示层型石榴石与石英脉型石榴石未分布在同一水平线上,指示两类石榴石为非同源成矿流体产物。团块型石榴石Y/Ho值与石英脉型和层型石榴石出现重叠,同样表明该类型石榴石是后期流体与早期层状矽卡岩相互作用的结果。
最新年代学研究表明,南秧田矿床存在两期叠加的矽卡岩化作用(分别为约203 Ma和约145 Ma[33]),而白钨矿直接定年结果显示W矿化与第二期流体活动密切相关(约145 Ma),可能受古太平洋板块俯冲作用控制[33]。早期(晚三叠世)呈弱酸性的低氧逸度流体在封闭系统中形成了层型石榴石,流体系统具低水岩比特征。晚期(早白垩世)深部岩浆活动形成了新一期偏碱性的高氧逸度岩浆流体,流体上涌过程中与早期形成的矽卡岩接触,在接触带形成了新一期的团块型石榴石,而在热液脉中结晶出晶形完整、颗粒粗大的石英脉型石榴石。已有数据表明,层型石榴石中的W含量(17.54×10–6)明显高于石英脉型石榴石(0.84×10–6),但白钨矿并未显示出约203 Ma的定年结果[33]。具有较低pH值的热液流体通常可以携带更高浓度的W[71,72],表明第一期石榴石中更高的W含量可能是偏酸性流体作用的结果,然而低氧逸度的封闭环境导致白钨矿无法在该时期发生有效沉淀。野外观察和白钨矿定年均表明大规模的W矿化与第二期热液活动密切相关,晚期流体较高的氧逸度和pH值更有利于白钨矿的饱和与沉淀,最终形成了早白垩世大规模的W矿化。
1)从南秧田矿床中识别出层型、团块型和石英脉型三类石榴石,分属晚三叠世、早白垩世两期矽卡岩化作用。三类石榴石均属钙铝–钙铁榴石系列(Gro95Alm5~Gro85Alm14)。
2)南秧田石榴石中的稀土主要受[REE3+]VII+[Y2+]VI→[X2+]VII+[Y3+]VI和[REE3+]VII+[Z3+]IV→ [X2+]VII+[Si4+]IV两 种替代机制控制。符山石中的稀土则可能通过2Ca2+↔REE3++Na+的方式进行类质同象替换。
3)石榴石和符山石微量元素特征表明晚三叠世矽卡岩形成于相对还原、酸性、低水岩比的流体环境,该种环境导致W以类质同象形式存在于矽卡岩矿物中而不利于白钨矿的饱和与沉淀。早白垩世偏氧化、碱性、高水岩比的岩浆热液流体更有利于白钨矿的饱和与沉淀,最终导致了大规模的W矿化。

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doi: 10.3724/j.1000-4734.2025.45.040
  • 接收时间:2024-10-28
  • 首发时间:2026-07-29
  • 出版时间:2026-02-10
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    昆明理工大学 国土资源工程学院,云南 昆明 650093

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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