Article(id=1289306890211537380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, issueId=1289306742370709735, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3724/j.1000-4734.2024.44.096, pmid=null, cstr=32252.14.j.1000-4734.2024.44.096, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1715788800000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1785324316790, onlineDateStr=2026-07-29, pubDate=1770652800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1785324316790, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1785324316790, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1785324316790, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1289306742370709735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, year='2026', volume='46', issue='1', pageStart='20', pageEnd='170', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1770652800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1785324281542, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1785388512677, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1289576147356860923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, issueId=1289306742370709735, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1289576147356860924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, issueId=1289306742370709735, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=112, endPage=125, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1289306890383503845, articleId=1289306890211537380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, language=EN, title=A study on the lithium extraction from the clay-type lithium ore by using the activation-roasting and water leaching technique, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Mineralogica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the increasing demand for lithium resources, the development technology of clay-based lithium ore has become the focus of attention in the industry. This paper takes a clay-type lithium deposit in Yunnan as a case study. For example, the utilization of lithium resources in clay-type lithium ore is realized through thermal-chemical activation roasting and water leaching of lithium. In this paper, the hot chemical activation roasting of clay lithium ore is studied.The effects of additives, calcination temperature and time on the extraction of lithium were investigated. The effects of leaching temperature, time and liquid-solid ratio on the activated product water were investigated.The process of dissolution and diffusion of soluble substances in water leaching was analyzed. The amount of sodium sulfate is 30%, the roasting temperature is 700 ℃, and the roasting time is 60 min.Under the conditions of 60 min, leaching temperature and leaching time were 30 ℃ and 1 min respectively, and the liquid-solid ratio was 1 mL/g, the leaching rate of lithium was 89%. The XRD, XPS and TOF-SIMS analytical results of the calcined samples show that the clay-type lithium ore had reacted with lithium chlorite, kaolinite and montmorillonite to have produced sillimanite and albite through the action of sodium sulfate, and the lithium in the ore has been converted into the soluble lithium sulfate. Based on the time-of-flight ion mass spectrometry and XPS analytical results, the extraction mechanism of lithium from the ore has been explored. The thermochemical action of the clay-type lithium ore led to the collapse and defects of structures of silica-aluminum minerals, then resulted in the formation of soluble lithium sulfate through the reaction of free lithium on the surface from the structure of mineral, and the additive of sodium sulfate. The green and efficient extraction of lithium has been realized through the dissolution-diffusion of lithium into the solution in the water leaching process of the clay-type lithium ore.

, authors=Mingjun RAO, Dou ZHANG, Jing WANG*, Yuqi ZHONG, Shaoyang CHANG, Boqi WANG, authorsList=Mingjun RAO, Dou ZHANG, Jing WANG, Yuqi ZHONG, Shaoyang CHANG, Boqi WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jing WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1289306894082879998, articleId=1289306890211537380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, language=CN, title=黏土型锂矿热化学活化焙烧-水浸提锂研究, columnId=1289306743352176873, journalTitle=矿物学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

日益增长的锂资源需求,使黏土型锂矿开发技术成为了业界关注的热点。本文以云南某黏土型锂矿为对象,通过热化学活化焙烧-水浸提锂,实现了黏土型锂矿中锂资源的利用。本文研究了黏土型锂矿热化学活化焙烧过程中添加剂种类及用量、焙烧温度及时间对水浸提锂的影响,考察了浸出温度及时间、液固比等对活化产物水浸提锂的影响,分析了水浸中可溶性物质的溶解-扩散过程。在硫酸钠用量为30%、焙烧温度700 ℃,焙烧时间60 min,浸出温度和浸出时间分别为30 ℃和1 min,液固比为1 mL/g的条件下,锂的浸出率为89%。焙烧样的XRD、XPS、TOF-SIMS分析结果表明,黏土型锂矿在硫酸钠作用下与锂绿泥石、高岭石和蒙脱石反应生成硅线石和钠长石等,锂转化为可溶性的硫酸锂。通过飞行时间离子质谱和XPS的结果分析对锂提取过程的机理进行探究,黏土型锂矿在热化学的作用下导致硅铝矿物结构的坍塌和缺陷,使得矿物中的锂游离到矿物表面,锂和添加剂硫酸钠反应生成了可溶性的硫酸锂,通过水浸过程溶解-扩散到溶液中实现了锂的绿色高效提取。

, authors=饶明军, 张豆, 王静*, 钟玉琦, 常劭扬, 王博琪, authorsList=饶明军, 张豆, 王静, 钟玉琦, 常劭扬, 王博琪, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王静, authorNote=

饶明军,男,1984年生,教授,博士,矿业工程专业。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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饶明军,男,1984年生,教授,博士,矿业工程专业。E-mail:

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饶明军,男,1984年生,教授,博士,矿业工程专业。E-mail:

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Lithium extraction and utilization: A historical perspective[M]//Manz B F, ed. The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series. 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a. 高岭石+白云母+锂绿泥石(正交偏光);b. 高岭石+白云母+锂绿泥石(正交偏光);c. 锐钛矿(单偏光);d. 水铝石(正交偏光);Kl−高岭石;Mu−白云母;Co−锂绿泥石;At−锐钛矿;Ds−水铝石。

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articleId=1289306890211537380, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Result of chemical compositions of the clay-type lithium ore

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

Li

Ga

SiO2

Al2O3

Fe2O3

K2O

TiO2

Na2O

MgO

CaO

LOI

1300

990

31.86

40.06

9.24

3.02

2.05

0.04

0.57

0.08

12.96

), ArticleFig(id=1289306899686470210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, articleId=1289306890211537380, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

黏土型锂矿的主要化学成分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

Li

Ga

SiO2

Al2O3

Fe2O3

K2O

TiO2

Na2O

MgO

CaO

LOI

1300

990

31.86

40.06

9.24

3.02

2.05

0.04

0.57

0.08

12.96

), ArticleFig(id=1289306899749384771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, articleId=1289306890211537380, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Possible reactions in the SiO2-Li2O-Al2O3-Na2SO4 system and the corresponding ΔrGm-T equations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

NO.

Reaction equations

ΔGθ/(kJ·mol−1)

(1)

Na2SO4+Li2O=Na2O+Li2SO4

134.09–0.0037t

(2)

Na2SO4+1/3Al2O3=Na2O+1/3Al2(SO4)3

380.47+0.0314t

(3)

Na2SO4+SiO2+Li2O=Na2SiO3+Li2SO4

–106.13+0.0280t

(4)

Na2SO4+SiO2+1/3Al2O3=Na2SiO3+1/3Al2(SO4)3

140.25+0.0631t

(5)

Na2SO4+6SiO2+Al2O3+Li2O=2NaAlSi3O8+Li2SO4

–262.76+0.0965t

(6)

2AlO(OH)=Al2O3+H2O

29.78–0.1622t

(7)

SiO2+Al2O3=Al2SiO5

–13.01+0.0274t

), ArticleFig(id=1289306899824882244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1287019341717536775, articleId=1289306890211537380, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

SiO2-Li2O-Al2O3-Na2SO4体系下发生的主要化学反应及对应的ΔGθ-t关系式

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

NO.

Reaction equations

ΔGθ/(kJ·mol−1)

(1)

Na2SO4+Li2O=Na2O+Li2SO4

134.09–0.0037t

(2)

Na2SO4+1/3Al2O3=Na2O+1/3Al2(SO4)3

380.47+0.0314t

(3)

Na2SO4+SiO2+Li2O=Na2SiO3+Li2SO4

–106.13+0.0280t

(4)

Na2SO4+SiO2+1/3Al2O3=Na2SiO3+1/3Al2(SO4)3

140.25+0.0631t

(5)

Na2SO4+6SiO2+Al2O3+Li2O=2NaAlSi3O8+Li2SO4

–262.76+0.0965t

(6)

2AlO(OH)=Al2O3+H2O

29.78–0.1622t

(7)

SiO2+Al2O3=Al2SiO5

–13.01+0.0274t

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黏土型锂矿热化学活化焙烧-水浸提锂研究
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饶明军 , 张豆 , 王静 * , 钟玉琦 , 常劭扬 , 王博琪
矿物学报 | 论文 2026,46(1): 112-125
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矿物学报 |论文 2026 , 46 (1) : 112 -125
黏土型锂矿热化学活化焙烧-水浸提锂研究
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饶明军 , 张豆, 王静* , 钟玉琦, 常劭扬, 王博琪
作者信息
  • 中南大学 资源加工与生物工程学院,湖南 长沙 410083
通讯作者:
作者简介:

饶明军,男,1984年生,教授,博士,矿业工程专业。E-mail:

A study on the lithium extraction from the clay-type lithium ore by using the activation-roasting and water leaching technique
Mingjun RAO , Dou ZHANG, Jing WANG* , Yuqi ZHONG, Shaoyang CHANG, Boqi WANG
Affiliations
  • School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha Hunan 410083, China
出版时间: 2026-02-10 doi: 10.3724/j.1000-4734.2024.44.096
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日益增长的锂资源需求,使黏土型锂矿开发技术成为了业界关注的热点。本文以云南某黏土型锂矿为对象,通过热化学活化焙烧-水浸提锂,实现了黏土型锂矿中锂资源的利用。本文研究了黏土型锂矿热化学活化焙烧过程中添加剂种类及用量、焙烧温度及时间对水浸提锂的影响,考察了浸出温度及时间、液固比等对活化产物水浸提锂的影响,分析了水浸中可溶性物质的溶解-扩散过程。在硫酸钠用量为30%、焙烧温度700 ℃,焙烧时间60 min,浸出温度和浸出时间分别为30 ℃和1 min,液固比为1 mL/g的条件下,锂的浸出率为89%。焙烧样的XRD、XPS、TOF-SIMS分析结果表明,黏土型锂矿在硫酸钠作用下与锂绿泥石、高岭石和蒙脱石反应生成硅线石和钠长石等,锂转化为可溶性的硫酸锂。通过飞行时间离子质谱和XPS的结果分析对锂提取过程的机理进行探究,黏土型锂矿在热化学的作用下导致硅铝矿物结构的坍塌和缺陷,使得矿物中的锂游离到矿物表面,锂和添加剂硫酸钠反应生成了可溶性的硫酸锂,通过水浸过程溶解-扩散到溶液中实现了锂的绿色高效提取。

黏土型锂矿  /  热化学活化焙烧  /  硫酸钠  /  水浸提锂

With the increasing demand for lithium resources, the development technology of clay-based lithium ore has become the focus of attention in the industry. This paper takes a clay-type lithium deposit in Yunnan as a case study. For example, the utilization of lithium resources in clay-type lithium ore is realized through thermal-chemical activation roasting and water leaching of lithium. In this paper, the hot chemical activation roasting of clay lithium ore is studied.The effects of additives, calcination temperature and time on the extraction of lithium were investigated. The effects of leaching temperature, time and liquid-solid ratio on the activated product water were investigated.The process of dissolution and diffusion of soluble substances in water leaching was analyzed. The amount of sodium sulfate is 30%, the roasting temperature is 700 ℃, and the roasting time is 60 min.Under the conditions of 60 min, leaching temperature and leaching time were 30 ℃ and 1 min respectively, and the liquid-solid ratio was 1 mL/g, the leaching rate of lithium was 89%. The XRD, XPS and TOF-SIMS analytical results of the calcined samples show that the clay-type lithium ore had reacted with lithium chlorite, kaolinite and montmorillonite to have produced sillimanite and albite through the action of sodium sulfate, and the lithium in the ore has been converted into the soluble lithium sulfate. Based on the time-of-flight ion mass spectrometry and XPS analytical results, the extraction mechanism of lithium from the ore has been explored. The thermochemical action of the clay-type lithium ore led to the collapse and defects of structures of silica-aluminum minerals, then resulted in the formation of soluble lithium sulfate through the reaction of free lithium on the surface from the structure of mineral, and the additive of sodium sulfate. The green and efficient extraction of lithium has been realized through the dissolution-diffusion of lithium into the solution in the water leaching process of the clay-type lithium ore.

clay-type lithium ore  /  thermochemical activation and roasting  /  sodium sulfate  /  the leaching of lithium by water
饶明军, 张豆, 王静, 钟玉琦, 常劭扬, 王博琪. 黏土型锂矿热化学活化焙烧-水浸提锂研究. 矿物学报, 2026 , 46 (1) : 112 -125 . DOI: 10.3724/j.1000-4734.2024.44.096
Mingjun RAO, Dou ZHANG, Jing WANG, Yuqi ZHONG, Shaoyang CHANG, Boqi WANG. A study on the lithium extraction from the clay-type lithium ore by using the activation-roasting and water leaching technique[J]. Acta Mineralogica Sinica, 2026 , 46 (1) : 112 -125 . DOI: 10.3724/j.1000-4734.2024.44.096
锂及锂制品在当代科学技术发展中扮演着不可或缺的角色,被誉为“推动世界前进的元素”、“能源金属”以及“工业味精”[1],主要用于锂电池、玻璃、制冷液、润滑剂、陶瓷、医疗产品、核工业及合金等领域[2,3]。根据美国地质调查局2024年发布的数据显示,全球锂资源(以碳酸锂的形式计算)储量大约有1.05亿t[4],其中我国的锂资源储量在680万t左右,占全球总量的6.5%。我国面临的主要问题是优质硬岩型锂资源(如锂辉石和锂云母等)匮乏,长期依赖进口且受到国际市场影响较大;同时,卤水型锂资源虽然储量较为丰富,但因其成分复杂、含量波动范围大及镁锂分离困难等问题而难以高效利用[5,6]。黏土型锂资源主要分布在我国西南地区[7],以其分布广、储量大的特点和开采成本低的优势成为锂矿产资源的重要补充。
有研究报道发现,河南某含锂黏土中锂主要存在于独立矿物锂绿泥石中,同时在高岭石和伊利石等硅铝酸盐矿物中也发现了少量锂的存在[8]。还有一些研究者对中国不同地区的铝土矿做过系统的矿物学研究,发现铝土矿中的锂元素主要是以离子交换和吸附的方式存在,其中蒙脱石、高岭石和锂绿泥石是锂元素富集的主要物相[9]。在我国西南地区发现的大量碳酸盐型黏土型锂矿通过FIB切片的二次飞行离子质谱结合透射电镜共同分析,锂主要是吸附在蒙脱石的层间[10]。张七道等对黔西北某地区的黏土型锂矿做出初步浸出探索,结合原矿的XRD和电镜结果分析,发现锂主要以类质同象的形式存在于伊利石和高岭石中[11]
最早有关黏土型锂矿的研究是针对国外的火山型的黏土型锂矿开展的,May等[12]使用氢氧化钠等碱性添加剂在1000 ℃下与McDermitt黏土型锂矿混合焙烧4 h后浸出,矿物中有72%的锂以氢氧化锂的形式挥发,造成了锂资源的损失,说明碱性添加剂不适宜用于McDermitt黏土型锂矿的焙烧过程。Crocker和Lien[13]初步探索了硫酸盐、碳酸盐、氯盐等体系作为焙烧添加剂从黏土型锂矿中提取锂,结果表明硫酸盐的提锂效果比较理想,锂浸出率最高能达到72%。为了获得更高的锂浸出率,Edlund[14]使用石灰石-石膏与McDermitt黏土型锂矿混合制粒,并在1000 °C下焙烧1 h,水浸后可获得80%以上的锂浸出率。另外,Büyükburç等[15]使用石灰石和石膏作为混合添加剂从锂含量为2000×10–6的硼黏土中提取锂,结果表明,在915 ℃下焙烧110 min的条件下可获得锂浸出率为88.16%的指标,并对实验结果进行统计分析和建模,添加剂焙烧的提锂效果比较理想,但同时也给体系引入了新的杂质。黏土型锂矿经添加剂焙烧过程中,硅铝酸盐结构被破坏,使得赋存于铝硅酸盐中的锂游离出来,从而可实现高效提锂。
近年来,学者针对中国西南地区新发现的碳酸盐黏土型锂矿展开了研究。Gu等[16]采用焙烧-硫酸浸出的方法,锂的浸出效率可达86%以上,焙烧高温反应破坏了矿石中硅铝酸盐原本的结构,矿物中的锂游离出来,硫酸中的氢离子与游离出的锂离子发生离子交换,从而达到了锂提取的目的。在焙烧-硫酸浸出的基础上,Zhu等[17]和朱丽[18]采用焙烧-硫酸铁浸出法,浸出效率可达80%以上。孔令安等[19]采用硫酸铵-酸浸的方法,使得锂的提取率达到90%。石贵明等[20]使用焙烧-柠檬酸酸浸的工艺,在浸出的同时加入了2%的双氧水强化浸出过程,锂浸出率最高为84.13%。钟振宇等[21]在氯化焙烧-酸浸的工艺中加入了焦炭焙烧,使得黏土矿物中的硅铝酸盐转化为氯硅铝钙石,锂浸出率达92.16%。但以往的提锂工艺采用酸浸/盐浸的方法,存在浸出液中铝浸出率高、耗酸量大、浸出液和浸出渣酸性强、浸出能耗高、环境污染大等问题。
因此,本研究提出热活化焙烧-水浸的思路,在焙烧过程中加入了添加剂实现对黏土型锂矿中锂的活化,并通过水浸溶出,实现锂资源的绿色高效提取。
本研究以云南某黏土型锂矿为对象,将黏土型锂矿干燥后破碎至粒度<0.074 mm,用于热活化焙烧试验研究。黏土型锂矿主要化学成分如表1所示,黏土型锂矿中锂含量为1300×10–6,属于超低品位的锂矿资源,其中氧化铝和二氧化硅的含量分别为40.06%和31.86%。黏土型锂矿的XRD图谱(图1)表明,主要矿物为高岭石、一水铝石、白云母、蒙脱石、针铁矿、锐钛矿和锂绿泥石。本实验中根据元素分析和XRD的物相结果,结合前面研究者对锂在黏土型锂矿中的赋存状态的研究,推测本研究中的锂存在于高岭石、蒙脱石和锂绿泥石中。正交偏光和单偏光下黏土型锂矿的光学特性和嵌布状态(图2)分析可以看出,锂绿泥石主要以丝缕状和浸染状分布在高岭石和云母的交织结构中,粒度细小。高岭石和白云母矿物呈黏土状,发育不完全。图2c是单偏光下的零星分布的锐钛矿,呈自形-半自形的柱粒状结构。图2d是一水铝石,呈细小片状、薄板状晶型。
试验所用添加剂(硫酸钠、硫酸钾、碳酸钠、氯化钠和硫酸钙)均为分析纯化学试剂。
黏土型锂矿热化学活化焙烧-水浸试验流程如图3所示。热活化焙烧过程中,首先按一定的质量配比分别称取黏土型锂矿和添加剂(硫酸钠、硫酸钾、碳酸钠、氯化钠和硫酸钙),混合均匀后置于刚玉方舟中。待马弗炉升温到指定温度,把装有样品的刚玉方舟置于马弗炉中,待焙烧结束取出冷却至室温。浸出过程中,设定液固比、转速(400 r/min)、浸出温度和时间于磁力搅拌水浴锅中进行实验。浸出结束后,将烧杯取出抽滤得到滤液和残渣。将滤液转移到容量瓶中定容,用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-AES)测定溶液中的离子浓度。锂的浸出率计算公式如下:
η=cvmw×100%
式中:η(%)为浸出率;v(L)为恒体积下最终溶液的总体积;c(mg/L)为溶液中的离子浓度;m(g)为浸出样品的初始质量;w(mg/g)为焙烧样品中的元素含量。
钠、钾与锂属于同主族元素,具备相似性质,钠盐和钾盐常用于锂矿的提取并取得了较好的效果。在添加剂的用量为30%、焙烧温度600 ℃、焙烧时间60 min、浸出温度70 ℃、浸出时间50 min, 液固比为5 mL/g的条件下,分别采用硫酸钠、硫酸钾、碳酸钠、氯化钠和硫酸钙分别作为焙烧过程中的添加剂,考察不同盐类对黏土型锂矿中锂的提取效果,结果如图4a所示。使用硫酸钠作为添加剂焙烧锂浸出率能达到67.32%,硫酸钾次之为51.90%。碳酸钠、硫酸钙和氯化钠作为添加剂的锂浸出率均不高于20%,显然不适合作为添加剂用于该黏土型锂矿的提锂工艺。硫酸盐在焙烧过程中通常会与硅铝酸盐发生反应,从而加速了对硅铝酸盐结构的破坏[22-24],对矿物活化效果好,有助于矿物中有价元素的游离,因此硫酸盐在焙烧过程中对于锂的提取效果较好。相同添加量的硫酸钠和硫酸钾,硫酸钠的摩尔量更大,因此提取效果更好。硫酸钠在高温条件下破坏硅铝酸盐结构促进了黏土型锂矿中锂的游离,浸出率指标最高。因此使用硫酸钠作为添加剂用于强化黏土型锂矿的焙烧过程。
以Na2SO4作为焙烧添加剂,继续考查了添加剂用量对浸出率的影响。在焙烧温度800 ℃、焙烧时间60 min、浸出温度70 ℃、浸出时间50 min、液固比5 mL/g的条件下,考查了硫酸钠用量分别为0、10%、20%、30%、40%条件下的浸出率结果(图4b)。当添加剂用量为0时,锂的浸出率仅为4.45%,说明单纯的焙烧对于黏土型锂矿提锂来说活化效果并不理想。当Na2SO4的用量为10%时,锂浸出率提高到71.00%,说明在化学活化和热活化的共同作用下能极大程度上提高锂的浸出率。随着硫酸钠用量从10%增加到40%,锂浸出率随着用量的增加不断升高,但锂的浸出率增长速度逐渐缓慢。镁和钾等杂质离子也同时进入到溶液中,镁和钾的浸出规律与锂相似,这与文献中得到的规律一致[16],镁浸出率不高于50%,钾浸出率更低不足10%,浸出率较低,结合后续的XRD图谱分析可知,钾主要存在于白云母中,焙烧水浸后的浸出渣中仍然有白云母的物相峰,由此可解释钾的浸出率较低。添加剂用量的增大造成镁、钾等杂质离子的浸出率增加的同时,也会造成浸出液钠离子含量逐渐升高。因此添加剂的用量应控制在能获得较高锂浸出率的同时要尽可能少,最终确定硫酸钠用量为30%。
在Na2SO4用量30%条件下,继续考查了焙烧温度对锂浸出率的影响。在浸出温度70 ℃、浸出时间50 min、液固比5 mL/g条件下,分别考查了焙烧温度为500、600、700、800、900 ℃对浸出率的影响(图5)。当焙烧温度从500 ℃提高至900 ℃,锂浸出率呈现先升高后降低的趋势,焙烧温度为500 ℃的锂浸出率为54.24%,在700 ℃达到最高浸出率的指标为89.64%,随着温度提高至900 ℃,锂浸出率反而下降至44.00%。因此,确定最佳焙烧温度为700 ℃。
这种规律在前面相关研究者的研究中也出现过类似的现象[16,17]。Colton[25]研究表明高温反应会让锂更好地从硅铝酸盐中游离出来并与外界的各种阳离子发生交换。黏土矿物在高温过程中脱羟基导致矿物层塌陷,硅铝酸盐中的阳离子可进行离子交换[26]。然而不同矿物的脱羟基反应的焙烧温度不同,在不同温度段呈现不同程度的结构变形和通道的阻塞[27,28]。在500~700 ℃的焙烧条件下,硅铝酸盐的结构随焙烧温度的升高逐渐坍塌,锂从矿物中释放出来与外界的钠发生离子交换,锂浸出率随焙烧温度逐渐提高;然而,当焙烧温度继续升高时,黏土矿物的1:1和2:1结构塌陷,交换通道被堵塞[29],锂不能轻易地游离;当焙烧温度高于900 ℃时,硅铝酸盐的基本结构可能被完全破坏甚至形成新的物相或形态,如莫来石或尖晶石等矿物[30],反而固化了其中的锂,阻碍了锂的游离和与其他离子的发生交换反应的可能性,从而降低了锂的浸出率。过高的焙烧温度同样阻碍了镁和钾的浸出使得二者的浸出率下降。
在Na2SO4用量30%、焙烧温度700 ℃、浸出温度70 ℃、浸出时间50 min、液固比5 mL/g的条件下,考查了焙烧时间对浸出率的影响(图6)。随着焙烧时间从30 min延长至75 min,浸出率从74.63%提高至89.3%左右,浸出率在焙烧时间为60 min时取得最大值为89.36%,并随着焙烧时间延长不再增加。因此,确定最佳焙烧时间为60 min。这是因为较短的焙烧时间无法使Na2SO4和硅铝酸盐反应完全,导致只有较少的锂能游离并发生离子交换。随着焙烧时间的延长,反应进行程度加深,使更多的锂得以释放,因此锂浸出率不断提高,直至反应时间不再是锂浸出率的制约因素。
采用Na2SO4用量为30%、焙烧温度700 ℃、焙烧时间60 min条件下得到的焙烧矿用于开展水浸制度的优化试验。首先考查了浸出温度的影响,图7a是不同浸出温度下的浸出率结果。浸出温度分别为30、40、50、60、70 ℃,浸出时间50 min,液固比5 mL/g。浸出温度在30~70 ℃的范围内,锂、镁、钾等离子的浸出率随浸出温度的升高无明显变化,分别维持在89%、50%和8%附近,说明浸出过程的浸出温度并不是影响浸出率的因素。从另一个角度来说,常温可获得较高的浸出率,这节省了浸出过程中的能耗。然后考查了浸出时间的影响,图7b是不同浸出时间下的锂浸出率结果。浸出温度30 ℃,液固比5 mL/g,浸出时间分别为1、5、20、35、50 min。浸出时间与浸出温度呈现出相同规律,浸出时间从1 min延长至50 min,浸出率没有显著变化,同样也说明了浸出时间对离子浸出率的提高没有明显作用。焙烧后的锂矿在1 min时间内就能完成浸出,这对提锂过程来说同样是有利的,能大大缩短提锂的时间成本;最后考查了液固比对锂浸出率的影响,图7c是不同液固比下的浸出率结果。浸出温度30 ℃,浸出时间1 min,液固比分别为1、2、3、4、5 mL/g。液固比的规律呈现出和浸出温度以及时间相同的规律,离子浸出率在5个固液比条件下均为相似的结果,同样说明了液固比对于浸出率的提高的作用非常微小,最终确定液固比为1 mL/g,较低的液固比对于后续锂溶液除杂浓缩沉锂过程来说可以降低蒸发过程中的能耗。综合结果考虑,推测水浸过程可能是一个溶解扩散过程,在浸出的过程中不存在反应的发生,并且由于焙烧样品中的锂总量很少,扩散过程在较短时间内就能达到平衡,在常温下就能完成扩散过程。通过菲克第一定律可说明锂扩散过程[31],菲克第一定律的实际驱动力是化学势的梯度,焙烧样品进入水中时,固相表面属于高化学势的离子体系,而溶液是一个低化学势的体系,锂、镁、钾等离子会从高化学势向低化学势扩散,最终固相表面和液相的化学势达到平衡,整个溶解扩散过程结束。最优条件下得到的10 g焙烧样,水浸后制备出的浸出液定容至500 mL的容量瓶中,测定溶液pH为4.66,此时溶液中的钠离子浓度大约为1.4 g/L。观察到未冲洗时过滤得到的浸出液呈黄色,说明溶液中还有铁离子的存在。但溶液中的铁和铝等离子的浸出率较低,都低于1%,说明水浸相对酸浸来说对锂确实具备一定的选择性。
不同浸出条件下浸出渣的XRD图谱分析(图8)可以看出,不同浸出温度、浸出时间和液固比下浸出渣的物相组成基本保持一致,均由白云母、刚玉、锐钛矿、硅线石和钠长石组成。相较于浸出前的焙烧样品,硅铝酸盐矿物的主体结构并未发生明显变化,仅有Na2SO4特征峰消失,这表明Na2SO4在水浸过程中转移到溶液中,而硅铝酸盐矿物并未发生溶解。也进一步解释了锂的水浸过程能在室温条件下迅速完成且基本不受液固比影响的原因,说明活化焙烧-水浸过程一定程度上实现了锂的选择性浸出,较酸浸更具有优势。
反应吉布斯自由能(ΔGθ)可判别反应的自发性及方向。黏土型锂矿在高温活化焙烧时,可以看成是SiO2、Al2O3、Li2O等氧化物组成的混合体系与加入的Na2SO4发生反应。使用热力学计算软件FactSage 8.0计算了SiO2-Li2O-Al2O3-Na2SO4体系下发生的主要化学反应[32]及对应吉布斯自由能变化,如表2图9所示。
图9中可以看出,反应(1)和(2)的ΔGθ>0,Na2SO4-Li2O和Na2SO4-Al2O3的二元反应均为非自发的,活动性较差的Li2O和Al2O3不能发生置换反应生成Na2O。而Na2SO4-Li2O-SiO2的三元体系的ΔGθ<0,对比反应(1)和(3),说明体系中存在SiO2可使反应从非自发反应转变为自发反应。反应(4)的ΔGθ>0,反应(5)的四元反应的ΔGθ<0。由此可见SiO2、Al2O3作为反应物参与反应有利于产物Li2SO4的生成,并且从图9中的不同反应的吉布斯自由能与温度的关系可以看出,反应(5)的ΔGθ最小,因此从热力学上看,反应(5)发生的可能性最高。反应(6)是一水铝石等高温下的脱羟基反应,图中分析在活化焙烧温度200 ℃以上脱水反应均为自发反应。反应(7)是Al2O3-SiO2体系在高温下反应生成硅线石的反应,该反应在470 ℃以上,ΔGθ>0,说明当温度大于470 ℃后该反应为非自发反应。
不同添加剂用量下、焙烧温度和焙烧时间焙烧样品的XRD分析如图10所示。将原矿和不同添加量的焙烧样品的XRD对比分析(图10a),发现高岭石、蒙脱石、一水软铝石、一水硬铝石和锂绿泥石等物相的特征峰消失,针铁矿转化为赤铁矿,白云母和锐钛矿依然存在。原矿中含有的一水软铝石、一水硬铝石和高岭石等矿物在高温条件下都会发生脱羟基反应生成刚玉。当Na2SO4的用量为0时,焙烧样品的物相主要是白云母、锐钛矿、赤铁矿、刚玉和少量的硅线石。随着添加量从10%增加到40%,XRD图中钠长石和硫酸钠的特征峰逐渐增强,白云母的特征峰逐渐减弱。焙烧样品与原矿的XRD分析对比,焙烧样品具有漫射特征,有非晶态物相产生。说明添加剂用量的增加将强化对原矿中的高岭石、蒙脱石、锂绿泥石和白云母结构的破坏。
从焙烧温度500 ℃下的焙烧样品的XRD图谱(图10b)中可以看出依然存在高岭石、白云母、锂绿泥石和锐钛矿的物相,说明在500 ℃的温度下,Na2SO4和黏土型锂矿的反应并不完全,但高岭石的特征峰相较于原矿来说,峰高减落,说明有一部分高岭石已经参与了反应,且500 ℃下焙烧样品的XRD图谱中能看到刚玉的存在,说明脱羟基的反应已经发生了但是反应并不完全;从600 ℃开始,高岭石相已经全部消失,逐渐有硅线石和钠长石的生成。待温度升高到900 ℃时,钠长石的峰逐渐升高且明显,较高的焙烧温度会促进硅铝酸盐与Na2SO4的反应从而生成更多的钠长石。焙烧样品的XRD图谱相对原矿来说整体结晶度较差,产生许多非晶态物质的漫射峰。较低的焙烧温度不能使Na2SO4与黏土型锂矿反应完全,锂浸出率较低;但较高的温度又会使得矿物结构完全改变反而固化了矿物中的锂。实验中能观察到900 ℃下的焙烧样品与其他焙烧温度下的焙烧样品有明显的区别,900 ℃下的焙烧样品在坩埚中呈现出了结块的现象,并且具有一定强度且黏附在容器壁上,不属于松散的粉末状,较高的温度让其产生了部分烧结的现象,导致最终锂的浸出率降低。
不同焙烧时间焙烧样品XRD图谱(图10c)分析焙烧时间为30 min时,原矿中的高岭石、蒙脱石和锂绿泥石已经消失,生成刚玉、硅线石和少量非晶质物相,白云母、锐钛矿、硫酸钠和部分一水软铝石等物相依然存在。随着焙烧时间的延长,一水铝石和高岭石等含羟基矿物已脱水生成了刚玉,且在高温下Al2O3与SiO2反应生成硅线石,钠长石也逐渐生成。
图11a~c分别展示了原矿、焙烧样和水浸渣的SEM微观形貌图,从图中可以看出,焙烧后的样品与原矿相比表面更加疏松,产生少量微裂痕,但整体形貌不存在很大的区别,仍然是以黏土矿物的片层状堆叠形貌为主。根据图11b的面扫结果可以看出硫酸钠上沾有少量片层状矿物,颗粒表面平滑,形状不规则。说明焙烧的高温过程对黏土型锂矿的结构产生一定程度上的破坏,造成矿物内部结构的坍塌和缺陷,但整体结构没有产生较大的改变,依然保持着原始黏土的片层状结构。图11c中的浸出渣中的矿物颗粒仍呈现出片层状结构且硫酸钠已经消失,说明水浸过程只存在可溶性物质的溶解,矿物主体结构未产生较大改变。
锂辉石在1000 ℃以上往往会由α型转变为β型,单斜晶结构被高温反应破坏,高温焙烧常常能让硅铝酸盐中的锂释放出来,此时外界的氢或钠将会取代矿石晶格中的锂[33-35]。黏土在沉积过程中被压实导致矿物层之间的强结合[36,37],锂不能直接从黏土中直接与外界发生交换,而高温处理(约1000 ℃)使得黏土中的含锂矿物(如锂蒙脱石等)的结构被破坏,导致矿物产生间隙或裂缝[17],交换从而变得更容易。含锂黏土混合硫酸盐发生离子交换将锂转化为硫酸锂,新生成的硫酸锂溶解在溶液中[15,38,39]。本研究中采用的硫酸钠焙烧-水浸法是在高温下破坏硅铝酸盐的结构,促进锂从矿物结构中释放出来最后生成硫酸锂。 图12a和12b分别是原矿和焙烧样的飞行时间二次离子质谱图,图12b中的焙烧样为硫酸钠用量30%、焙烧温度700 ℃、焙烧时间60 min最佳焙烧条件下所得的样品。从图中可以看出不同颜色区域的锂含量不同,说明原矿表面的锂分布存在一定的“偏析”,而焙烧样中的颜色相对单一,说明锂通过离子交换后均匀分布在样品表面,焙烧样表面的不同区域锂含量接近。高温反应使得硅铝酸盐结构塌陷,锂元素成功游离,锂最终变为硫酸锂分布在样品表面。锂元素的XPS分析如图12c显示,结合能55.46 eV代表存在产物硫酸锂。水浸过程实现了可溶性产物硫酸锂的溶解,从而达到了从矿物中选择性提锂的目的。
本文以云南某黏土型锂矿为原料,采用焙烧-水浸的工艺探究了不同工艺条件对锂浸出率的影响,并探究了热化学活化焙烧过程中锂的活化机理。相关结论如下:
1)针对黏土型锂矿采用焙烧-水浸工艺从黏土型锂矿中提取有价元素锂。通过单因素条件试验研究可知,添加剂Na2SO4用量为30%、焙烧温度700 ℃、焙烧时间60 min时、浸出温度30 ℃、浸出时间1 min、液固比1 mL/g,锂的浸出指标较好,浸出率为89%。水浸过程属于可溶性物质的溶解扩散过程,浸出实验的工艺参数对锂的浸出率影响较小。
2)通过对不同条件下的焙烧样品的XRD、SEM-EDS、TOF-SIMS和XPS分析,Na2SO4在焙烧过程中会导致铝硅矿物结构部分坍塌或缺陷,这种一定程度上矿物结构的破坏可以促进矿物中锂的释放,钠离子代替锂进入到矿物中,锂成功地游离从而实现了离子交换。与以往研究人员采用的酸浸法相比,热化学活化焙烧-水浸工艺可一定程度上实现了锂的选择性浸出,实现铝、硅等主要元素与锂的有效分离。

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doi: 10.3724/j.1000-4734.2024.44.096
  • 接收时间:2024-05-16
  • 首发时间:2026-07-29
  • 出版时间:2026-02-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-16
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    中南大学 资源加工与生物工程学院,湖南 长沙 410083

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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