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Article(id=1281688119653143156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, issueId=1281687939268719086, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11728/cjss2026.02.2025-0119, pmid=null, cstr=32142.14.cjss.2025-0119, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1752508800000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-15, revisedDate=1764172800000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1783507860339, onlineDateStr=2026-07-08, pubDate=1773504000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783507860339, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-08, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783507860339, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1783507860339, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1281687939268719086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, year='2026', volume='46', issue='2', pageStart='265', pageEnd='566', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773504000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783507817332, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1783508069046, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1281688995138605320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, issueId=1281687939268719086, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1281688995138605321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, issueId=1281687939268719086, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=531, endPage=539, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1281688119867052661, articleId=1281688119653143156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, language=EN, title=Ground Calibration Method for the Chang’E-7 Lunar Microwave Imaging Radar, columnId=1281688020214584081, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Space Science, columnName=Calibration for the Payload of Chang’E-7 Mission, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

After the Chang’E-7 lunar microwave imaging radar in the fourth phase of the Lunar Exploration Project is put into on-orbit operation in the future, calibration devices will not be deployed on the lunar surface, making on-orbit External calibration impossible. To ensure the acquisition of high-precision lunar surface image data, a ground calibration method is proposed. This method combines the internal calibration of the radar system with the performance calibration in the inner field. During ground testing, the internal calibration accuracy and the consistency of internal calibration channels are obtained by measuring the temperature characteristics of the internal calibration network under a full-temperature environment. The internal calibration constants are acquired in an anechoic chamber. By constructing a wireless transceiver environment in the inner field with the help of the anechoic chamber, the absolute transceiver gains and the stability of the transceiver channels of the system are accurately calibrated. The basic data obtained through ground calibration can be used for the calibration of indicators such as on-orbit internal calibration constants, absolute and relative radiation accuracy, and polarization channel consistency, providing guarantee for high-resolution lunar surface exploration.

, authors=Haixia YUE, Yu WANG, Pei WANG, Yuanbo JIAO, Yi HUANG, Zhipeng LÜ, authorsList=Haixia YUE, Yu WANG, Pei WANG, Yuanbo JIAO, Yi HUANG, Zhipeng LÜ, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1281688129883050706, articleId=1281688119653143156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, language=CN, title=嫦娥七号月球微波成像雷达地面标定方法, columnId=1281688020684346131, journalTitle=空间科学学报, columnName=嫦娥七号任务有效载荷定标方法, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

探月工程四期嫦娥七号搭载的月球微波成像雷达未来在轨运行后, 不会在月面布控定标器, 因此无法实现在轨外场定标. 为确保获得月面高精度影像数据, 提出了一种地面标定方法. 该方法结合雷达系统内定标+内场性能标定, 在地面测试中通过在全温环境下测量内定标网络温度特性获取内定标精度、内定标通道一致性, 在暗室中获取内定标常数, 借助暗室构建内场无线收发环境实现系统发射和接收通道绝对收发增益和收发通道稳定度的精确标定. 地面标定获取的基础数据可用于在轨内定标常数、绝对和相对辐射精度、极化通道一致性等指标的校准, 为高分辨率月面探测提供保障.

, authors=岳海霞, 王宇, 王沛, 矫远波, 黄译, 吕志鹏, authorsList=岳海霞, 王宇, 王沛, 矫远波, 黄译, 吕志鹏, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

岳海霞　女, 1975 年5月出生, 现为中国科学院空天信息创新研究院副研究员, 主要研究方向为合成孔径雷达系统设计、信号模拟及集成测试关键技术研究. E-mail:

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岳海霞　女, 1975 年5月出生, 现为中国科学院空天信息创新研究院副研究员, 主要研究方向为合成孔径雷达系统设计、信号模拟及集成测试关键技术研究. E-mail:

"}, bioImg=346kWgx+icYF3hLjDjULyA==, bioContent=

岳海霞　女, 1975 年5月出生, 现为中国科学院空天信息创新研究院副研究员, 主要研究方向为合成孔径雷达系统设计、信号模拟及集成测试关键技术研究. E-mail:

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IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 2022, 19: 4008105, articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1281688130105348819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281688119653143156, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1281688130117931732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281688119653143156, companyId=1281688130105348819, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1281688130126320341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281688119653143156, companyId=1281688130105348819, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国科学院空天信息创新研究院　北京　100190)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1281688137248248572, 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caption=Ku波段内定标网络幅度稳定性, figureFileSmall=kdL4aZA088jX4x6sgi67zw==, figureFileBig=T+s7qMscYJfUrmfWWAM4mw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281688138422653706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281688119653143156, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Phase stability of the Ku-band internal calibration network, figureFileSmall=8KMygLmB/gpRuxOJWzqXNQ==, figureFileBig=O/DeT10W44SUTh4+5uQcfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281688138481373963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281688119653143156, language=CN, label=图8, caption=Ku波段内定标网络相位稳定性, figureFileSmall=8KMygLmB/gpRuxOJWzqXNQ==, figureFileBig=O/DeT10W44SUTh4+5uQcfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281688138548482828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281688119653143156, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Main technical parameters of the lunar microwave imaging radar

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主要参数性能
最高分辨率/m1
工作频段Ku波段, L波段
幅宽/km5～20
极化方式单极化, 简缩极化, 全极化
), ArticleFig(id=1281688138628174605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281688119653143156, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

月球微波成像雷达主要技术参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
主要参数性能
最高分辨率/m1
工作频段Ku波段, L波段
幅宽/km5～20
极化方式单极化, 简缩极化, 全极化
), ArticleFig(id=1281688138703672078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281688119653143156, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Ground calibration test items

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验项目试验内容
内定标性能内定标精度
内定标通道幅相一致性标定精度
内定标常数
内场性能收发绝对增益
极化通道幅相不平衡度
), ArticleFig(id=1281688138787558159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281688119653143156, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

地面标定试验项目

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试验项目试验内容
内定标性能内定标精度
内定标通道幅相一致性标定精度
内定标常数
内场性能收发绝对增益
极化通道幅相不平衡度
), ArticleFig(id=1281688138863055632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281688119653143156, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Internal calibration accuracy

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定标网络组成变化量/dB
L波段Ku波段
组合定标单元幅度变化量0.0730.140
天线定标网络幅度变化量(双程)0.0440.112
穿舱电缆幅度变化量(双程)0.1160.400
内定标精度0.1400.440
), ArticleFig(id=1281688138934358801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281688119653143156, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

内定标精度

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定标网络组成变化量/dB
L波段Ku波段
组合定标单元幅度变化量0.0730.140
天线定标网络幅度变化量(双程)0.0440.112
穿舱电缆幅度变化量(双程)0.1160.400
内定标精度0.1400.440
), ArticleFig(id=1281688139014050578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281688119653143156, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Test results of active gain internal calibration constants

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定标项目定标常数测量值热敏电阻温度值
L波段/dBKu波段/dB
全阵面发射定标 ($ {C}_{\text{t}} $)H极化115.19121.53综合电子单机温度: 31℃
天线温度遥测值: 19℃
V极化115.23121.39
全阵面接收定标 ($ {C}_{\text{r}} $)H极化113.46115.36
V极化113.44115.47
参考定标 ($ {C}_{\text{d}} $)H极化116.38121.22
V极化116.53121.36
内定标常数 ($ {C}_{\text{a}} $)H极化112.27115.67
V极化112.14115.50
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有源增益内定标常数测试结果

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定标项目定标常数测量值热敏电阻温度值
L波段/dBKu波段/dB
全阵面发射定标 ($ {C}_{\text{t}} $)H极化115.19121.53综合电子单机温度: 31℃
天线温度遥测值: 19℃
V极化115.23121.39
全阵面接收定标 ($ {C}_{\text{r}} $)H极化113.46115.36
V极化113.44115.47
参考定标 ($ {C}_{\text{d}} $)H极化116.38121.22
V极化116.53121.36
内定标常数 ($ {C}_{\text{a}} $)H极化112.27115.67
V极化112.14115.50
), ArticleFig(id=1281688139206988564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281688119653143156, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Test results of wireless closed-loop absolute transmit and receive gain

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定标项目闭环增益测量值
L波段/dBKu波段/dB
无线闭环H极化115.35118.10
V极化114.70118.60
喇叭天线增益H极化11.1621.32
V极化11.1921.18
接收MGCH极化48.1444.44
V极化48.8044.08
脉压处理增益71.8775.85
光延迟线衰减58.6060.59
空间传输衰减因子(双程)41.1641.16
系统收发绝对增益H极化192.79191.70
V极化192.74192.12
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无线闭环绝对收发增益测试结果

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定标项目闭环增益测量值
L波段/dBKu波段/dB
无线闭环H极化115.35118.10
V极化114.70118.60
喇叭天线增益H极化11.1621.32
V极化11.1921.18
接收MGCH极化48.1444.44
V极化48.8044.08
脉压处理增益71.8775.85
光延迟线衰减58.6060.59
空间传输衰减因子(双程)41.1641.16
系统收发绝对增益H极化192.79191.70
V极化192.74192.12
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Test results of amplitude and phase imbalance in polarization channels

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定标项目测试数据
L波段Ku波段
发射极化通道幅度不平衡度/dB–0.020.11
发射极化通道相位不平衡度/(º)0.13–0.63
接收极化通道幅度不平衡度/dB0.04–0.14
接收极化通道相位不平衡度/(º)–0.48–0.73
), ArticleFig(id=1281688139450258199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281688119653143156, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

极化通道幅相不平衡度测试结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
定标项目测试数据
L波段Ku波段
发射极化通道幅度不平衡度/dB–0.020.11
发射极化通道相位不平衡度/(º)0.13–0.63
接收极化通道幅度不平衡度/dB0.04–0.14
接收极化通道相位不平衡度/(º)–0.48–0.73
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嫦娥七号月球微波成像雷达地面标定方法
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岳海霞 , 王宇 , 王沛 , 矫远波 , 黄译 , 吕志鹏
空间科学学报 | 嫦娥七号任务有效载荷定标方法 2026,46(2): 531-539
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空间科学学报 |嫦娥七号任务有效载荷定标方法 2026 , 46 (2) : 531 -539
嫦娥七号月球微波成像雷达地面标定方法
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岳海霞　女, 1975 年5月出生, 现为中国科学院空天信息创新研究院副研究员, 主要研究方向为合成孔径雷达系统设计、信号模拟及集成测试关键技术研究. E-mail:

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岳海霞　女, 1975 年5月出生, 现为中国科学院空天信息创新研究院副研究员, 主要研究方向为合成孔径雷达系统设计、信号模拟及集成测试关键技术研究. E-mail:

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岳海霞 , 王宇, 王沛, 矫远波, 黄译, 吕志鹏
作者信息
  • 中国科学院空天信息创新研究院　北京　100190
作者简介:

岳海霞　女, 1975 年5月出生, 现为中国科学院空天信息创新研究院副研究员, 主要研究方向为合成孔径雷达系统设计、信号模拟及集成测试关键技术研究. E-mail:

Ground Calibration Method for the Chang’E-7 Lunar Microwave Imaging Radar
Haixia YUE , Yu WANG, Pei WANG, Yuanbo JIAO, Yi HUANG, Zhipeng LÜ
Affiliations
  • Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190
出版时间: 2026-03-15 doi: 10.11728/cjss2026.02.2025-0119
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摘要
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探月工程四期嫦娥七号搭载的月球微波成像雷达未来在轨运行后, 不会在月面布控定标器, 因此无法实现在轨外场定标. 为确保获得月面高精度影像数据, 提出了一种地面标定方法. 该方法结合雷达系统内定标+内场性能标定, 在地面测试中通过在全温环境下测量内定标网络温度特性获取内定标精度、内定标通道一致性, 在暗室中获取内定标常数, 借助暗室构建内场无线收发环境实现系统发射和接收通道绝对收发增益和收发通道稳定度的精确标定. 地面标定获取的基础数据可用于在轨内定标常数、绝对和相对辐射精度、极化通道一致性等指标的校准, 为高分辨率月面探测提供保障.

合成孔径雷达  /  内定标  /  地面校准  /  通道标定

After the Chang’E-7 lunar microwave imaging radar in the fourth phase of the Lunar Exploration Project is put into on-orbit operation in the future, calibration devices will not be deployed on the lunar surface, making on-orbit External calibration impossible. To ensure the acquisition of high-precision lunar surface image data, a ground calibration method is proposed. This method combines the internal calibration of the radar system with the performance calibration in the inner field. During ground testing, the internal calibration accuracy and the consistency of internal calibration channels are obtained by measuring the temperature characteristics of the internal calibration network under a full-temperature environment. The internal calibration constants are acquired in an anechoic chamber. By constructing a wireless transceiver environment in the inner field with the help of the anechoic chamber, the absolute transceiver gains and the stability of the transceiver channels of the system are accurately calibrated. The basic data obtained through ground calibration can be used for the calibration of indicators such as on-orbit internal calibration constants, absolute and relative radiation accuracy, and polarization channel consistency, providing guarantee for high-resolution lunar surface exploration.

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)  /  Internal calibration  /  Ground calibration  /  Channel calibration
岳海霞, 王宇, 王沛, 矫远波, 黄译, 吕志鹏. 嫦娥七号月球微波成像雷达地面标定方法. 空间科学学报, 2026 , 46 (2) : 531 -539 . DOI: 10.11728/cjss2026.02.2025-0119
Haixia YUE, Yu WANG, Pei WANG, Yuanbo JIAO, Yi HUANG, Zhipeng LÜ. Ground Calibration Method for the Chang’E-7 Lunar Microwave Imaging Radar[J]. Chinese Journal of Space Science, 2026 , 46 (2) : 531 -539 . DOI: 10.11728/cjss2026.02.2025-0119
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0　引言
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合成孔径雷达(SAR)在地球遥感领域的应用已超过40年. SAR具有主动式、全天时、多极化、高分辨率以及大幅宽成像能力等特点, 适用于地球科学和气候变化的研究、环境监测、多维测绘等众多领域[1–3]. 近年来随着航空和航天技术的发展, 深空探测也成为其一个非常重要的应用领域. 通常地球轨道卫星通过在地面布设定标器等进行在轨定标, 采用内部定标和在轨外场定标相结合的方式实现辐射校准, 在地面改善高功率放大器和低噪声放大器的热偏移误差以提高内部校准质量[4]; 利用雷达内部校准数据结合天线方向图反演在轨方向图实现极化通道校准[5]; 通过在轨建立稳定的校准常数, 建立SAR目标脉冲响应函数, 减小在轨误差, 对地面进行定量观测, 增强在轨成像的稳定性, 提高定量遥感应用水平[6]; 结合内部定标、在轨外场定标, 借助星间同步链路, 可以提升多星图像质量[7]; 同时针对多极化多通道宽幅成像, 进行了大量研究, 以求获取更好的成像应用效果[8,9].
探月工程四期嫦娥七号(Chang’E-7)任务拟计划利用月球微波成像雷达对极区着陆区附近的永久阴影区进行高精度成像, 识别地形地貌和可能的水冰存在形式和分布. 月球微波成像雷达是我国首个为月球探测设计的合成孔径雷达, 搭载于月球轨道器上, 具有高分辨率成像和月表穿透探测能力; 其主要任务是获取月面特别是永久阴影区地形地貌高精度微波影像数据, 为月球永久阴影区特别是南极艾肯盆地撞击溅射堆积构造特征研究提供依据.
由于目前还不具备在月面布设定标器的条件, 因此综合考虑月球微波成像雷达定标实现难度与应用需求, 迫切需要解决月球微波成像雷达在轨成像性能标定问题. 为此, 结合月球微波成像雷达系统内定标+内场性能标定, 在地面测试中通过在全温环境下测量内定标网络温度特性获取内定标精度、内定标通道一致性, 在暗室中获取内定标常数, 借助暗室构建内场无线收发环境实现系统发射和接收通道绝对收发增益和收发通道稳定度的精确标定. 地面标定获取的基础数据可用于在轨内定标常数、绝对和相对辐射精度、极化通道一致性等指标的校准, 为高分辨率月面探测提供保障.
1　月球微波成像雷达系统构成
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月球微波成像雷达采用工程应用成熟、电路拓扑简化的设计方案, 可在占用较少的资源的同时获取丰富的科学数据. 对于载荷质量、尺寸、功耗和数据量进行了综合最优化设计, 采用高集成度轻量化的设计思路. 载荷由综合电子单机、相控阵天线和电缆组件三部分组成.
综合电子单机包括三个功能模块, 分别为数字单元、频率源与供电单元以及射频单元. 数字单元完成指令接收与解析、监控定时、基带信号产生、数据采集、打包传输、波束控制、OC加断电、射频单元控制等功能; 频率源与供电单元为单机提供+5 V、–5 V电源, 进行电源滤波、电源分配、浪涌消除、为数字单元提供定时与采样时钟, 为射频单元提供射频本振等; 射频单元完成中频信号的上变频、滤波放大、发射调频信号产生、预功率放大、收发转换以及接收回波信号的滤波、下变频、低噪声放大、定标等功能.
相控阵天线由紧邻排布的三个子阵组成, 即Ku波段V极化相控阵、L波段双极化相控阵和Ku波段H极化相控阵, 实现L波段和Ku波段空间电磁波的发射和接收.
月球微波成像雷达可实现L波段和Ku波段9种工作模式雷达射频信号的发射和回波信号的接收, 其主要技术参数见表1.
2　月球微波成像雷达地面标定方法
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月球微波成像雷达地面标定方法主要是为解决月面无法在轨定标的难题, 该方法结合雷达系统内定标+内场性能标定, 在地面测试中通过全温环境测量内定标网络温度特性获取内定标精度、内定标通道一致性, 在暗室中获取内定标常数, 借助暗室构建内场无线收发环境实现系统发射和接收通道绝对收发增益和收发通道稳定度的精确标定.
月球微波成像雷达地面标定方法涉及三个重要环节: 系统内定标设计、内定标性能标定、内场性能标定.
2.1　系统内定标设计
SAR系统设计中专门同步设计了内定标, 以实现雷达系统自身发射和接收通道幅度和相位变化的获取和内部校准. 内定标设计[7,10–12]现在通常采用两种方法: 延迟定标和非延迟定标. 延迟定标通过发射信号的延迟来进行通道校准, 可有效避免发射过程中信号泄露对定标信号的影响, 通常采用光延迟线实现发射信号的延迟. 延迟定标过程中将微波信号转换为光信号, 延迟后的光信号再通过光电转换器转换为微波信号, 用于对发射和接收通道的标定. 整个延迟定标实现过程中, 光电转换装置和光延迟线导致的信号衰减较大, 这种衰减在不同温度下变化也较大, 定标链路中需要增加微波放大器和温补电路来保证定标精度. 延迟定标为保证一定的定标精度会增加定标电路设计的难度, 同时延迟时间增加, 定标电路重量增加的也比较多. 非延迟定标利用一定数量的开关、隔离器、功分器等无源器件, 将发射信号直接用于通道校准, 此过程中必须确保定标链路、发射信号链路、接收信号链路之间具有较高的隔离度. 非延迟定标设计难点在于如何确保链路之间具有较高的隔离度以保证系统具备良好的校准精度, 但定标过程中不使用光延迟线, 定标链路重量容易控制. 不论采用何种类型的内定标设计, 通常内定标必需具备发射定标、接收定标、参考定标三种定标回路, 组合实现系统收发通道标定.
为实现月球微波成像雷达系统发射和接收通道的标定, 系统针对L波段和Ku波段进行了内定标设计, 设计框图见图1所示. 系统内定标采用非延迟定标, 两波段内定标回路相互独立, 共用组合定标单元, 简化设计提高了集成度, 进一步降低了单机重量.
雷达系统内定标设计了三种定标环路: 参考定标回路、发射定标回路、接收定标回路.
参考定标回路主要用来标定综合电子单机内部发射和接收通道指标, 信号传输流程为: LFM－组合定标－综电接收通道－数据采集, 通过脉冲压缩可以得到参考内定标常数, 其表达式为
$ C_{\text{d}}=K_{\text{r2}}K_{\text{s}}K_{\text{a}}P_{\text{i}}. $
其中, $ {K}_{\text{r2}} $为综合电子单机接收通道增益, $ {K}_{\text{s}} $为地面脉冲压缩增益, $ {K}_{\text{a}} $为组合定标单元参考定标支路增益, $ {P}_{\text{i}} $为调频信号功率.
发射定标回路主要用来标定综合电子单机和相控阵天线发射通道指标, 信号传输流程为: LFM－综电发射通道－天线发射通道－天线定标网络－电缆组件－组合定标－综电接收通道－数据采集, 通过脉冲压缩可以得到发射内定标常数, 其表达式为
$ C_{\text{t}}=K_{\text{t}}K_{\text{r2}}K_{\text{s}}K_{\text{at}}P_{\text{i}}. $
其中, $ {K}_{\text{t}} $为综合电子单机发射通道和相控阵天线单机发射通道增益, $ {K}_{\text{at}} $为发射内定标网络增益.
接收定标回路主要用来标定综合电子单机和相控阵天线接收通道指标, 信号传输流程为: LFM－组合定标－电缆组件－天线定标网络－天线接收通道－综电接收通道－数据采集, 通过脉冲压缩可以得到接收内定标常数, 其表达式为
$ C_{\text{r}}=K_{\text{r1}}K_{\text{r2}}K_{\text{s}}K_{\text{ar}}P_{\text{i}}. $
其中, $ {K}_{\text{r1}} $为相控阵天线接收通道增益, $ {K}_{\text{ar}} $为接收内定标网络增益. 定义系统有源收发增益内标定常数为
$ \begin{split}C_{\text{a}}= & C_{\text{t}}+C_{\text{r}}-C_{\text{d}}=K_{\text{t}}K_{\text{r2}}K_{\text{s}}K_{\text{at}}P_{\text{i}}+ \\ & K_{\text{r1}}K_{\text{r2}}K_{\text{s}}K_{\text{ar}}P_{\text{i}}-K_{\text{r2}}K_{\text{s}}K_{\text{a}}P_{\text{i}}= \\ & (K_{\text{t}}K_{\text{at}}+K_{\text{r1}}K_{\text{ar}}-K_{\text{a}})\ K_{\text{r2}}K_{\text{s}}P_{\text{i}}.\end{split} $
从式(4)可以看出, 地面脉冲压缩带来的增益变化$ {K}_{\text{s}} $通过所使用的成像方法可以进行标定. 在轨成像中发射通道增益$ {K}_{\text{t}} $与接收通道增益$ {K}_{\text{r1}} $和$ {K}_{\text{r2}} $随温度等空间环境会发生变化, 为了准确标定收发通道变化情况, 内定标处理中必须能够获得定标组合和天线定标网络相关的内定标网络增益随温度变化情况, 以有助于其为实现高精度的定量化应用提供数据支撑.
上述分析基于系统单通道的收发通路, 雷达系统为实现全极化和简缩极化, 硬件设计中采用两个发射通道和两个接收通道, 为了保证通道之间的内定标常数的稳定性, 内定标性能标定需要考虑定标网络的一致性.
2.2　内定标性能标定
在硬件电路设计中, 月球微波成像雷达内定标网络由天线定标网络、穿舱定标高频电缆和综合电子单机组合定标单元组成. 内定标网络各部分增益随温度的变化需要精确测量并进行补偿, 补偿后的残余误差即为系统增益内定标精度. 天线内定标网络中的极化功分器幅相温度特性决定了极化通道幅相不平衡度标定精度, 其幅相随温度变化也需要测量.
在全温范围内分别测试综合电子单机组合定标单元标定增益温度稳定性、穿舱定标高频电缆和天线定标网络增益温度稳定性, 并记录增益随温度变化结果, 作为系统增益误差标定补偿数据. 系统内定标精度为
$ \sigma =\sqrt{{{{\sigma }_{1}}}^{2}+{{{\sigma }_{2}}}^{2}+{{{\sigma }_{3}}}^{2}} . $
其中, $ {\sigma }_{1} $, $ {\sigma }_{2} $, $ {\sigma }_{3} $分别为特定测温精度下组合定标单元增益、穿舱定标高频电缆增益和天线定标网络增益温度变化量. 内定标网络自身稳定度靠地面精确测量其幅相特性随温度变化特性来保证.
SAR系统增益和极化通道幅相性能在轨会受温度和元器件老化等因素影响. 在轨利用月球微波成像雷达自身内定标回路, 完成全阵面发射定标、全阵面接收定标和参考定标数据记录, 通过信号脉冲压缩处理分析得到系统发射和接收增益在轨变化值(不含天线无源阵面), 扣除对应温度下内定标精度, 获取在轨收发通道自身的变化, 用于成像分析; 同样可以通过全阵面发射和全阵面接收定标, 得到极化有源通道幅相不平衡在轨变化值, 扣除对应温度下内定标通道引入的不一致性, 获取在轨通道实际一致性情况, 用于在轨成像极化通道成像处理.
2.3　内场性能标定
内场标定主要通过在微波暗室无线收发获取雷达系统绝对定标常数和收发通道不平衡度.
雷达系统绝对定标常数测试如图2所示, 相控阵天线在暗室发射信号, 在远场位置处, 在垂直天线波束指向方向布置标准喇叭天线, 接收到的信号经过光延迟线延迟后, 通过喇叭天线再被相控阵天线接收.
将无线闭环测试得到的数据进行脉冲压缩, 取峰值点幅值, 作为闭环测试增益. 扣除喇叭天线、光延迟、空间传输距离和信号处理对闭环测试增益带来的影响, 即可得到雷达系统全链路绝对收发增益值. 雷达系统内场测量获得的系统全链路绝对收发增益$ {K}_{\text{G}} $为
$ {K}_{\mathrm{G}}={K}_{\mathrm{m}}-{K}_{\mathrm{p}}+{K}_{\mathrm{o}}+{K}_{\mathrm{L}}+A_{\mathrm{r}}^{\text{MGC}}-2{G}_{\mathrm{h}}-10\mathrm{\lg } \bigg(\frac{{\lambda }^{2}}{4\text{π} }\bigg) . $
其中, $ {K}_{\text{m}} $为闭环测试增益, $ {K}_{\mathrm{p}} $为信号处理增益, $ {K}_{\text{o}} $为光延迟线环路衰减, $ {K}_{\text{L}} $为双程空间传输衰减因子, $ A_{\mathrm{r}}^{\text{MGC}} $为接收增益衰减值, $ {G}_{\text{h}} $为喇叭天线增益, $ \lambda $为信号波长.
无线闭环测试中, 喇叭天线增益在暗室内可以准确标定, 标定误差为±0.1 dB; 光延迟线的环路衰减, 可以用矢网直接测量, 误差优于±0.1 dB; 空间传输距离测量采用高精度激光测距仪, 距离测量误差为1 mm, 对信号传输的影响可忽略; 信号处理增益与选择的信号处理方法有关, 误差不超过0.1 dB. 系统全链路绝对收发增益总的测量误差优于0.2 dB.
考虑到月球无大气层, 电磁波传播不受大气电离层和水汽等影响, 仅和传播距离有关. 利用SAR内场收发绝对增益$ {K}_{\text{G}} $, 经模型分析计算和转换后可用于雷达系统在轨运行阶段的绝对辐射定标, 得到SAR系统定标常数$ {K}_{\text{CG}} $, 转换方法为
$ {K}_{\text{CG}}={K}_{\text{G}}-4{K}_{\text{R}}+{K}_{\text{p}} . $
其中, KR为SAR在轨测量得到的雷达与目标距离引起的衰减因子.
在内场条件下, 雷达系统接收和发射通道不平衡度测试如图3所示, 综合电子单机产生调频信号, 通过定标口输出到H和V极化喇叭, 发射信号分别被相控阵天线H和V通道接收, 通过对数据脉压处理得到两接收通道幅相不平衡度. 雷达发射信号经相控阵天线发射后, H和V极化喇叭依次接收信号, 经内定标口送入综合电子单机其中一个接收通道, 通过对记录数据脉压处理得到两发射通道幅相不平衡度.
3　地面标定试验
收起
月球微波成像雷达地面标定试验由中国科学院空天信息创新研究院组织实施, 完成内定标性能标定和内场性能标定. 地面标定试验项目见表2.
测试场地使用微波暗室. 暗室具备天线近场测试扫描架和充足的测试空间. 地面标定试验现场如图4所示.
3.1　内定标性能标定结果
内定标测试包括全温下内定标精度、内定标通道幅相一致性标定精度和有源收发增益内定标常数测试.
3.1.1　内定标精度
针对雷达系统L波段和Ku波段内定标网络温度稳定度, 分别测量了在工作温度范围内组合定标单元、天线定标网络和穿舱高频电缆的幅相随温度变化特性, 测试结果如图5～8所示.
利用全温下试验数据进行内定标精度分析. 测温精度10℃时, 定标网络温度各部分变化量列于表3. 在轨L波段内定标精度为0.14 dB, Ku波段内定标精度为0.44 dB.
3.1.2　内定标通道幅相一致性标定精度
根据雷达天线热平衡试验, 阵面温度差异可控制在5℃以内.
L波段多通道内定标网络差异仅在天线定标网络最后一级功分器. 功分器H和V极化支路的温度因为在同一功分器上, 因此温度差异较小, L波段可实现的H和V极化通道之间标定精度为: 幅度一致性小于0.044 dB, 相位一致性小于0.5°.
Ku波段多通道内定标网络差异在于两套天线定标网络和两根穿舱电缆走向不同. H和V极化天线定标网络之间温度差在5℃时, 可实现幅度小于0.07 dB、相位小于1.01°的标定精度. H极化和V极化穿舱电缆仅在天线上分叉点之后一段电缆走线不同, 该两段电缆之间温差5℃以内时, 可实现幅度小于0.19 dB、相位小于5.6°的标定精度. 综上, Ku波段定标网络可实现的H和V极化通道之间标定精度: 幅度不一致性为0.26 dB, 相位不一致为6.61°.
3.1.3　内定标常数
月球微波成像雷达完成全阵面发射定标、全阵面接收定标和参考定标测试后, 利用脉冲压缩获取系统有源收发增益$ {C}_{\text{t}} $, $ {C}_{\text{r}} $, $ {C}_{\text{d}} $, 通过计算得到内定标常数$ {C}_{\text{a}} $. 测试中, L波段信号带宽300 MHz, 脉宽20 μs; Ku波段信号带宽1000 MHz, 脉宽15 μs. 有源收发增益内定标常数测试结果见表4. 测试结果可用于在轨系统辐射定标常数的计算.
3.2　内场性能标定结果
3.2.1　收发绝对增益
在月球微波成像雷达通道收发绝对增益测试中, 按照图2连接设备. 测试中, 相控阵天线到喇叭天线之间距离为10.6889 m; L波段实际MGC为50, 带宽300 MHz, 脉宽20 μs; Ku波段实际MGC为45, 带宽1000 MHz, 脉宽15 μs; 综合电子单机温度32℃, 相控阵天线单机温度19℃. 系统绝对收发增益测试结果列于表5, 可用于在轨绝对定标常数的计算.
3.2.2　极化通道幅相不平衡度
按照图3所示完成月球微波成像雷达发射通道、接收通道幅相不平衡度测试, 测试结果列于表6. 系统双波段幅度不平衡度优于0.2 dB, 相位不平衡度优于1°. 需要说明的是, 上述值为通道间固定幅相误差经过补偿后的残余误差, 在轨通道幅相一致性会随温度发生变化, 因此需要通过内定标对其进行标定. 内定标对H和V极化通道幅相一致性的标定精度即为在轨实际可实现的系统极化通道幅相一致性值, 具体见3.1节中关于内定标通道幅相一致性标定精度的分析.
4　结论
收起
针对月球表面尚无微波定标器开展SAR在轨定标的难题, 提出一种地面标定方法, 为月球微波成像雷达开展在轨高精度微波探测提供有力保障. 该方法结合雷达系统内定标和内场性能标定, 在全温环境下获取内定标网络的基础数据, 在内场环境条件下完成系统绝对收发增益和通道幅相不平衡度试验. 通过地面标定试验验证, 雷达系统L波段内定标精度≤0.14 dB、Ku波段内定标精度≤0.44 dB, 预估在轨可实现绝对辐射精度优于2.67 dB、相对辐射精度优于1.72 dB; 根据内定标通道幅相一致性和内场通道幅相不稳定度试验结果, 预估在轨极化通道幅度一致性优于0.47 dB, 多通道相位一致性优于9.69°, 可实现月面高分辨率微波成像探测任务.
月球微波成像雷达未来在轨不进行外定标, 每次开机成像前后进行内定标, 内定标数据随雷达科学数据下传, 根据成像任务需求选择是否进行在轨校准. 假设在轨温度为T时需要校准, 已知地面温度Tground下的内定标常数、绝对收发增益、极化通道一致性, 通过在轨内定标数据获取在轨内定标常数; 查询全温内定标网络数据, 获取温度T相对温度Tground内定标网络的变化量; 计算在轨内定标常数相对地面内定标常数的变化; 地面绝对收发增益加上内定标常数的变化量再去掉定标网络的变化量, 可以预测在轨绝对收发增益; 同样地面通道幅相一致性去掉内定标网络带来的影响, 可以预测在轨通道幅相一致性.

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2026年第46卷第2期
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doi: 10.11728/cjss2026.02.2025-0119
  • 接收时间：2025-07-15
  • 首发时间：2026-07-08
  • 出版时间：2026-03-15
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  • 收稿日期：2025-07-15
  • 修回日期：2025-11-27
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    中国科学院空天信息创新研究院　北京　100190
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