Article(id=1281688072223953095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, issueId=1281687939268719086, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11728/cjss2026.02.2025-0095, pmid=null, cstr=32142.14.cjss.2025-0095, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1750262400000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-19, revisedDate=1768492800000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1783507849030, onlineDateStr=2026-07-08, pubDate=1773504000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783507849030, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-08, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783507849030, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1783507849030, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1281687939268719086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, year='2026', volume='46', issue='2', pageStart='265', pageEnd='566', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773504000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783507817332, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1783508069046, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1281688995138605320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, issueId=1281687939268719086, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1281688995138605321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, issueId=1281687939268719086, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=454, endPage=464, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1281688073817788616, articleId=1281688072223953095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, language=EN, title=Design and Ground Calibration of the Low-energy Ion Analyzer and Low-energy Electron Analyzer onboard the Chang’E-7 Mission, columnId=1281688020214584081, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Space Science, columnName=Calibration for the Payload of Chang’E-7 Mission, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The Low-Energy Ion Analyzer (LEIA) and Low-Energy Electron Analyzer (LEEA), integral components of the Chang’E-7 lander’s lunar surface environment detection system, conduct in-situ measurements of low-energy charged particles (0.001~30 keV) to elucidate solar wind-regolith interaction mechanisms, investigate microstructure evolution in the lunar near-surface plasma environment, and support space-environment assessment for future lunar research stations. Employing identical hemispherical electrostatic analyzers with asymmetric electrostatic deflectors, both analyzers achieve wide-field detection (90°×360° FOV), broad energy coverage, and voltage-controlled variable geometric factors. Ground calibration using standard plasma beam sources confirmed compliance with mission requirements: energy resolution <15% (ΔE/E), dynamic flux range spanning seven orders of magnitude, and angular resolution <15°×22.5°, collectively enabling comprehensive characterization of lunar surface plasma phenomena.

, authors=Bin SU1, 2, 3, Linggao KONG4, 1, Jun GAO1, 2, 3, Chao LIU1, 2, 3, Aibing ZHANG1, 2, 3, 5, Yulong LÜ1, 2, 3, Wenjing WANG1, 2, 3, Liyuan MA1, 2, 3, authorsList=Bin SU, Linggao KONG, Jun GAO, Chao LIU, Aibing ZHANG, Yulong LÜ, Wenjing WANG, Liyuan MA, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1281688078574129389, articleId=1281688072223953095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, language=CN, title=嫦娥七号低能离子与低能电子探头设计与地面定标, columnId=1281688020684346131, journalTitle=空间科学学报, columnName=嫦娥七号任务有效载荷定标方法, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

低能离子和低能电子探头作为嫦娥七号探测器着陆器月表环境探测系统的组成单机, 主要用于开展月表低能带电粒子就位探测, 为揭示太阳风与月表的相互作用与耦合机制, 研究月表空间环境微观结构的形成机理提供关键背景数据, 并为月球科研站的空间环境评估及保障提供科学支撑. 低能粒子和低能电子探头采用相同的传感器设计方案, 利用半球形静电分析器与非对称式静电偏转板实现对月表低能带电粒子的大视场和宽能量范围探测, 利用可变几何因子功能实现大通量动态范围. 采用地面标准等离子体束源对两台探头的性能进行详细定标. 定标结果显示, 低能离子低能电子探头可实现0.001~30 keV能量范围的等离子体探测, 能量分辨率优于15%, 通量探测范围可覆盖7个数量级, 探测视场为90°×360°, 角度分辨率优于15°×22.5°, 所有技术指标均满足任务要求.

, authors=苏斌1, 2, 3, 孔令高4, 1, 高俊1, 2, 3, 刘超1, 2, 3, 张爱兵1, 2, 3, 5, 吕玉龙1, 2, 3, 王文静1, 2, 3, 马利媛1, 2, 3, authorsList=苏斌, 孔令高, 高俊, 刘超, 张爱兵, 吕玉龙, 王文静, 马利媛, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

苏斌 男, 1992年出生, 博士, 现为中国科学院国家空间科学中心副研究员, 主要从事空间等离子体探测载荷研制与数据应用研究. E-mail:

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苏斌 男, 1992年出生, 博士, 现为中国科学院国家空间科学中心副研究员, 主要从事空间等离子体探测载荷研制与数据应用研究. E-mail:

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苏斌 男, 1992年出生, 博士, 现为中国科学院国家空间科学中心副研究员, 主要从事空间等离子体探测载荷研制与数据应用研究. E-mail:

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Technical parameter requirements of LEIA and LEEA

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指标名称指标要求
低能粒子能量范围电子: 0.001~30 keV
离子 (含质子): 0.001~30 keV
低能粒子探头视场360° (方位角)×90° (俯仰角) @0.001~30 keV
低能粒子通量动态范围107 @0.001~30 keV
低能粒子角分辨率方位角分辨率: ≤22.5°
俯仰角分辨率: ≤15.0°
低能粒子能量分辨率≤15% @10 keV
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低能离子与低能电子探头技术指标要求

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指标名称指标要求
低能粒子能量范围电子: 0.001~30 keV
离子 (含质子): 0.001~30 keV
低能粒子探头视场360° (方位角)×90° (俯仰角) @0.001~30 keV
低能粒子通量动态范围107 @0.001~30 keV
低能粒子角分辨率方位角分辨率: ≤22.5°
俯仰角分辨率: ≤15.0°
低能粒子能量分辨率≤15% @10 keV
), ArticleFig(id=1281688087809986909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281688072223953095, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Calibration items of LEIA and LEEA

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探头定标试验项目
低能离子探头静电分析器常数和能量分辨率
方位角视场范围和角度分辨率
俯仰角视场范围和角度分辨率
通量动态范围
低能电子探头静电分析器常数和能量分辨率
方位角视场范围和角度分辨率
俯仰角视场范围和角度分辨率
通量动态范围定标
), ArticleFig(id=1281688087889678686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281688072223953095, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

低能离子与低能电子探头定标试验项目

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探头定标试验项目
低能离子探头静电分析器常数和能量分辨率
方位角视场范围和角度分辨率
俯仰角视场范围和角度分辨率
通量动态范围
低能电子探头静电分析器常数和能量分辨率
方位角视场范围和角度分辨率
俯仰角视场范围和角度分辨率
通量动态范围定标
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Comparison between calibration results of all calibration items and index requirements for LEIA and LEEA

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标名称指标要求定标结果
低能粒子能量范围电子: 0.001~30 keV
离子 (含质子): 0.001~30 keV
电子: 0.63~31650 eV
离子 (含质子): 0.65~32250 eV
低能粒子探头视场360° (方位角)×90° (俯仰角)
@0.001~30 keV
电子: 360° (方位角)×90° (俯仰角) @0.63~31650 eV
离子: 360° (方位角)×90° (俯仰角) @0.65~32250 eV
低能粒子通量动态范围107@0.001~30 keV电子: 2.78×107 @0.63~31650 eV
离子: 3.94×107 @0.65~32250 eV
低能粒子角分辨率方位角分辨率: ≤22.5°
俯仰角分辨率: ≤15.0°
方位角分辨率: ≤22.5°
俯仰角分辨率: 电子≤5.92°, 离子≤5.23°
低能粒子能量分辨率≤15% @10 keV电子: 14.36% @1~30000 eV
离子: 14.11% @ 1~30000 eV
), ArticleFig(id=1281688088028090720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281688072223953095, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

低能离子与低能电子探头所有定标项目定标结果与指标要求的对比

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指标名称指标要求定标结果
低能粒子能量范围电子: 0.001~30 keV
离子 (含质子): 0.001~30 keV
电子: 0.63~31650 eV
离子 (含质子): 0.65~32250 eV
低能粒子探头视场360° (方位角)×90° (俯仰角)
@0.001~30 keV
电子: 360° (方位角)×90° (俯仰角) @0.63~31650 eV
离子: 360° (方位角)×90° (俯仰角) @0.65~32250 eV
低能粒子通量动态范围107@0.001~30 keV电子: 2.78×107 @0.63~31650 eV
离子: 3.94×107 @0.65~32250 eV
低能粒子角分辨率方位角分辨率: ≤22.5°
俯仰角分辨率: ≤15.0°
方位角分辨率: ≤22.5°
俯仰角分辨率: 电子≤5.92°, 离子≤5.23°
低能粒子能量分辨率≤15% @10 keV电子: 14.36% @1~30000 eV
离子: 14.11% @ 1~30000 eV
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嫦娥七号低能离子与低能电子探头设计与地面定标
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苏斌 1, 2, 3 , 孔令高 4, 1 , 高俊 1, 2, 3 , 刘超 1, 2, 3 , 张爱兵 1, 2, 3, 5 , 吕玉龙 1, 2, 3 , 王文静 1, 2, 3 , 马利媛 1, 2, 3
空间科学学报 | 嫦娥七号任务有效载荷定标方法 2026,46(2): 454-464
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嫦娥七号低能离子与低能电子探头设计与地面定标
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苏斌 男, 1992年出生, 博士, 现为中国科学院国家空间科学中心副研究员, 主要从事空间等离子体探测载荷研制与数据应用研究. E-mail:

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苏斌 男, 1992年出生, 博士, 现为中国科学院国家空间科学中心副研究员, 主要从事空间等离子体探测载荷研制与数据应用研究. E-mail:

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苏斌1, 2, 3 , 孔令高4, 1, 高俊1, 2, 3, 刘超1, 2, 3, 张爱兵1, 2, 3, 5, 吕玉龙1, 2, 3, 王文静1, 2, 3, 马利媛1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1中国科学院国家空间科学中心 北京 100190
  • 2天基空间环境探测北京市重点实验室 北京 100190
  • 3中国科学院空间环境态势感知技术重点实验室 北京 100190
  • 4南京大学深空探测科学与技术研究院 苏州 215163
  • 5中国科学院大学天文与空间科学学院 北京 100049
作者简介:

苏斌 男, 1992年出生, 博士, 现为中国科学院国家空间科学中心副研究员, 主要从事空间等离子体探测载荷研制与数据应用研究. E-mail:

Design and Ground Calibration of the Low-energy Ion Analyzer and Low-energy Electron Analyzer onboard the Chang’E-7 Mission
Bin SU1, 2, 3 , Linggao KONG4, 1, Jun GAO1, 2, 3, Chao LIU1, 2, 3, Aibing ZHANG1, 2, 3, 5, Yulong LÜ1, 2, 3, Wenjing WANG1, 2, 3, Liyuan MA1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190
  • 2Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing 100190
  • 3Key Laboratory of Environmental Space Situation Awareness Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190
  • 4Institute of Science and Technology for Deep Space Exploration, Nanjing University, Suzhou 215163
  • 5School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049
出版时间: 2026-03-15 doi: 10.11728/cjss2026.02.2025-0095
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低能离子和低能电子探头作为嫦娥七号探测器着陆器月表环境探测系统的组成单机, 主要用于开展月表低能带电粒子就位探测, 为揭示太阳风与月表的相互作用与耦合机制, 研究月表空间环境微观结构的形成机理提供关键背景数据, 并为月球科研站的空间环境评估及保障提供科学支撑. 低能粒子和低能电子探头采用相同的传感器设计方案, 利用半球形静电分析器与非对称式静电偏转板实现对月表低能带电粒子的大视场和宽能量范围探测, 利用可变几何因子功能实现大通量动态范围. 采用地面标准等离子体束源对两台探头的性能进行详细定标. 定标结果显示, 低能离子低能电子探头可实现0.001~30 keV能量范围的等离子体探测, 能量分辨率优于15%, 通量探测范围可覆盖7个数量级, 探测视场为90°×360°, 角度分辨率优于15°×22.5°, 所有技术指标均满足任务要求.

嫦娥七号  /  低能离子探头  /  低能电子探头  /  等离子体探测  /  地面定标

The Low-Energy Ion Analyzer (LEIA) and Low-Energy Electron Analyzer (LEEA), integral components of the Chang’E-7 lander’s lunar surface environment detection system, conduct in-situ measurements of low-energy charged particles (0.001~30 keV) to elucidate solar wind-regolith interaction mechanisms, investigate microstructure evolution in the lunar near-surface plasma environment, and support space-environment assessment for future lunar research stations. Employing identical hemispherical electrostatic analyzers with asymmetric electrostatic deflectors, both analyzers achieve wide-field detection (90°×360° FOV), broad energy coverage, and voltage-controlled variable geometric factors. Ground calibration using standard plasma beam sources confirmed compliance with mission requirements: energy resolution <15% (ΔE/E), dynamic flux range spanning seven orders of magnitude, and angular resolution <15°×22.5°, collectively enabling comprehensive characterization of lunar surface plasma phenomena.

Chang’E 7  /  Low-Energy Ion Analyzer (LEIA)  /  Low-Energy Electron Analyzer (LEEA)  /  Plasma detection  /  Ground calibration
苏斌, 孔令高, 高俊, 刘超, 张爱兵, 吕玉龙, 王文静, 马利媛. 嫦娥七号低能离子与低能电子探头设计与地面定标. 空间科学学报, 2026 , 46 (2) : 454 -464 . DOI: 10.11728/cjss2026.02.2025-0095
Bin SU, Linggao KONG, Jun GAO, Chao LIU, Aibing ZHANG, Yulong LÜ, Wenjing WANG, Liyuan MA. Design and Ground Calibration of the Low-energy Ion Analyzer and Low-energy Electron Analyzer onboard the Chang’E-7 Mission[J]. Chinese Journal of Space Science, 2026 , 46 (2) : 454 -464 . DOI: 10.11728/cjss2026.02.2025-0095
月球是地球唯一的天然卫星, 人类航天活动已对月球开展了多次探测. 月球因没有稠密的大气与全球性磁场, 太阳风等离子体、高能粒子、日冕物质抛射、银河宇宙线、地球磁尾带电粒子以及高通量的太阳紫外光子能够到达月球表面, 并与月表产生能量耦合与物质交换, 形成了复杂的电磁、尘埃及等离子体环境, 而局部磁异常又使月表环境更加复杂[1,2]. 月表粒子辐射环境的综合测量对深化月表粒子辐射环境认知与前沿科学问题的探索以及人类的月球活动安全具有重要意义. 比较典型的具备等离子体探测载荷的月球探测任务包括: 苏联的Luna 10; 美国的Lunar Prospector, Discovery 3, PFS1/2, Apollo 11等; 印度的Chandrayaan 1; 日本的SELENE; 中国的嫦娥一号、嫦娥二号、嫦娥四号、嫦娥六号等[311].
月球等离子体载荷的科学探测数据均支撑了月球等离子体环境的形成、演化及其耦合机制的研究. Halekas等[12]根据Lunar Prospector电子探测数据发现了月表日侧太阳风电子的能量损失锥, 并分析了月面磁异常对太阳风上升流分布特性的影响. Poppe等[13]利用ARTEMIS的观测数据发现受强月表磁化特性影响的太阳风等离子体的反射现象, 典型磁异常区(例如南极艾特肯盆地)的反射率达到5%~12%, 而非磁化区域的反射率约为0.1%~1%, 日本SELENE探测[8,14]和印度Chandrayaan探测任务[15]的数据研究也得到了类似的结果. 中国利用嫦娥一号太阳风离子探测器的数据发现太阳风双离子流现象, 同时观测到了月表反射离子的自捕获与加速现象[9]. 此外, 针对月表太阳风与中性成分的研究结果还表明, 太阳风粒子以能量中性原子的形式被月壤散射, 其过程与太阳风状态、月表电磁环境、局部地形、月壤特性等因素均有关系[16]. 同时, 月球局部地区的磁异常能阻挡太阳风到达月面, 并形成微磁层, 进一步影响月表等离子体分布[17].
近月表空间环境与环月轨道存在较显著的差异, 主要体现在太阳风粒子和宇宙线在月面的溅射/反射、月面带电与等离子体鞘层、带电尘埃的动力学过程、带电粒子与月面物质的作用等. 这些过程不仅与入射的粒子、辐射状况有关, 还涉及月表局部的形貌、磁场等地质条件. 只有在月面开展原位测量, 才能深入了解其本质[18]. 此外针对月表等离子体环境, 能量可低至eV量级[19], 需对月表反射、溅射等离子体进行宽动态范围和大视场探测, 有助于获得鞘层内部带电粒子能量、物质交换的物理规律.
嫦娥七号任务作为中国探月工程四期的重要组成部分, 将实现月球南极的综合探测[20]. 其中着陆器月表环境探测系统由低能离子探头、低能电子探头、中能粒子探头、高能粒子探头、尘埃探头、电场探头及电缆组件组成, 将开展月表环境综合探测与研究, 同时将开展月基对地球等离子体层及磁尾带电粒子的探测与研究[21]. 低能离子与低能电子探头将对月表低能离子和低能电子能谱、方向及通量开展就位探测, 也是中国首次开展月表低能等离子体的综合探测.
低能离子与低能电子探头的主要探测任务如下.
(1)测量等离子体鞘层内的离子和电子的三维速度分布函数, 研究鞘层分布的准确特性及其产生和演化规律, 同时为鞘层模型的修正提供准确输入, 实现鞘层内离子、电子的三维分布特性及其对月表鞘层模型的修正.
(2)低能离子与电子的探测数据可用于揭示太阳风与月表物质的相互作用机制, 研究月表空间环境微观结构的形成机理, 并为月球科研站的空间环境评估及保障提供科学数据.
根据上述探测任务, 载荷的主要功能为探测月表低能离子与低能电子的能量、方向及通量.
基于嫦娥七号探测任务科学目标对载荷各探测要素的需求分析, 低能离子与低能电子探头的技术指标要求见表1.
根据低能离子与低能电子探头的技术指标, 该载荷属于典型的热等离子体探测仪器, 对于该类仪器, 国内外广泛采用静电分析器方案实现对热等离子体的探测[2225]. 低能离子探头与低能电子探头为独立的两个探头, 分别负责对月表离子与电子进行探测. 低能离子探头与低能电子探头传感器采用完全相同的设计, 二者探测原理相同, 仅内部电压极性相反. 低能离子与电子探头由传感器和电子学箱组成, 传感器和电子学箱采用一体化设计. 传感器将被测离子/电子参数(方向、能量、通量等)转换为电信号, 电子学对传感器输出的电信号进行采集和初步处理, 并发送给数据处理单元, 电子学输出传感器工作所需高压信号.
传感器具有旋转对称结构, 包括俯仰角扫描装置、入射窗口、顶盖电极、静电分析器、微通道板(Microchannel Plates, MCP)和屏蔽栅网等部分, 如图1所示. 俯仰角扫描装置采用非对称式视场偏转板构型, 包括上下两块偏转板, 通过偏转高压建立扫描电场, 用于对离子/电子入射俯仰角进行选择. 当偏转板加一定的电压时, 仅沿着特定俯仰角方向入射的离子/电子才能通过偏转区域并进入后端的传感器探测通道. 通过改变两个偏转板的电压配置, 可以选择不同的入射俯仰角.
离子/电子穿过偏转系统后进入准直通道, 准直通道包含一个顶盖电极, 顶盖电极电压可用于调节入射离子/电子的飞行轨迹, 从而控制到达后端传感器通道的离子/电子计数. 在大通量等离子体入射时可通过调节顶盖电极的电压, 改变局部电场形态及离子/电子飞行路径, 避免仪器计数率达到饱和, 扩展可探测通量范围[2628].
静电分析器是空间热等离子体探测的常用方案, 用于对热等离子体的能量电荷比(E/q)进行测量, 低能离子与低能电子探头以半球形静电分析器为基本方案. 静电分析器由内、外两个半球电极组成. 内球电极加高压, 外球电极接地. 内球电压固定时, 只有一定能量电荷比的离子/电子才能通过静电分析器并打在MCP上. 通过改变静电分析器电压, 可以测量不同能量电荷比的离子/电子. 能档和俯仰角扫描个数均由仪器内部程序确定.
穿过静电分析器内外极板间通道的离子/电子将被后端MCP探测, MCP对入射的粒子电荷信号进行放大, 输出电荷脉冲并传输给后续的电子学电路. 方位角由离子/电子打在环形MCP上的位置确定, 低能离子与低能电子探头在方位角方向分为16个完全一样的探测通道, 每个探测通道的方位角视场为22.5°, 如图2所示. 组装完成后的载荷实物见图3.
低能离子与低能电子探头的定标试验在中国科学院国家空间科学中心怀柔园区的热等离子体测试定标系统中进行, 该系统包含一套标准离子束源和一套标准电子束源, 已服务于多个型号任务等离子体探测载荷的定标试验[9,22,23,2932].
热等离子体测试定标系统用于模拟空间等离子体的电子、离子状态, 对仪器技术指标进行详细定标. 定标试验设备有真空靶室、离子/电子束源、真空转台、地检设备、稳压电源、PC电脑等. 在定标试验过程中, 真空罐用于提供真空环境, 在真空环境达到要求后, 利用稳压电源对仪器进行供电, 通过地检设备对仪器进行控制. 定标开始以后, 可调节离子/电子束源能量、通量, 以及通过转台调节离子/电子束源的入射方向对仪器进行不同项目的定标.
图4给出了定标组织框架与定标系统组成. 热等离子体定标系统的主要性能参数如下.
电子束能量范围: 0.1~30 keV.
离子束能量范围: 0.1~30 keV.
离子种类: H+, He+, N+, O+, Ar+, CO2+等.
束源能散度: ≤2.0%.
束源通量范围: 103~1010 cm–2·s–1.
束斑直径: >70 mm.
真空度: 优于5×10–5 Pa.
真空转台: 方位角旋转范围±180°, 俯仰角旋转范围±90°, 平移重复定位精度优于0.1 mm, 转动重复定位精度优于0.1°.
根据技术指标要求及仪器设计原理, 低能离子与低能电子探头的定标试验项目见表2.
低能离子探头与低能电子探头的工作原理、定标项目与方法相同, 仅内部电压极性相反. 以下定标方法以低能离子探头为例进行阐述. 图5给出了低能离子探头在定标系统内部的位置及系统内部组成情况, 包括五维转台、离子束源和电子束源入口位置、束源流向、束流监测设备(法拉第筒)等. 定标过程中, 低能离子探头可借助转台实现平动和转动, 完成对各项指标的详细定标试验.
低能离子探头通过半球形静电分析器选择离子能量, 静电分析器内外两层金属极板为同心半球壳. 静电分析器工作时, 内极板加电压, 外极板接地. 若离子能量为E, 电荷数为q, 静电分析器电压为V, 则定量关系为
$ E/q=kV . $
其中, 静电分析器常数k为仪器的固有特性参数. 从式(1)可以看出静电分析器扫描电压与所选择离子能量之间呈线性关系.
能量分辨率$ \eta $是仪器能探测到两种不同能量粒子的最小能量间隔, 具体是指仪器能谱响应曲线中半高宽(Full Width at Half Maximum, FWHM) ΔE与中心能量E0之比, 即
$ \eta =\frac{\Delta E}{{E}_{0}}\times 100\% . $
静电分析器常数与能量分辨率的定标流程为: 低能离子探头在定标真空罐内, 真空度及离子束源满足定标需求, 固定低能离子探头方向, 扫描静电分析器电压, 记录低能离子探头计数响应, 即可获得能谱响应曲线, 分析曲线峰值对应中心电压V0和半高宽ΔV, 结合式(1)和式(2)可以给出静电分析器的常数和能量分辨率.
低能离子探头传感器具有旋转对称结构, 理论上其方位角具有360°视场范围, 包含16个探测通道, 每个通道的角度范围即为方位角分辨率, 约为22.5°. 定标时将离子束源扫过不同的方位角入射方向, 可获得仪器的方位角视场及分辨率.
方位角视场范围及分辨率的定标流程为: 低能离子探头在定标真空罐内, 真空度、离子束源满足定标需求, 转动转台, 使离子束源入射方向的方位角从0°~360°变化, 扫过完整的方位角视场, 记录扫描过程中仪器计数响应, 即可获得方位角响应曲线, 分析响应曲线即可得到视场范围及角度分辨率.
俯仰角视场主要由偏转电极高压与能量决定, 定义偏转电极常数为
$ R=\frac{{V}_{\text{up}}-{V}_{\text{low}}}{E/q} . $
其中, Vup为上偏电极电压, Vlow为下偏转电极电压. 俯仰角与偏转电极常数相关, 通过确定偏转电极常数, 可获得俯仰角探测视场.
俯仰角视场范围与角度分辨率的定标流程为: 低能离子探头在定标真空罐内, 真空度和离子束源满足定标需求, 扫描静电分析器电压, 固定偏转板电压, 转动转台, 扫描仪器俯仰角, 记录低能离子探头的计数响应, 即可获得特定偏转板电压下的俯仰角响应曲线, 改变偏转板电压, 转动转台, 再次扫描仪器俯仰角, 即可获得不同偏转板电压对应的俯仰角响应曲线. 通过不同响应曲线的峰值对应的中心角度即可获得不同偏转系统常数与俯仰角的对应关系曲线, 进而得到俯仰角探测视场范围. 离子俯仰角分辨率由俯仰角分布曲线的半高宽决定.
低能离子的通量通常由几何因子和仪器计数率计算得到. 空间等离子体探测载荷的几何因子通常是固定值, 即通量动态响应范围是固定的, 在大通量等离子体入射时, 若入射通量超过临界值, 仪器计数率会达到饱和. 通常静电分析器类探测器采用微通道板对粒子进行计数, 覆盖最大约4个量级的动态范围, 可变几何因子功能可在粒子入射通量超过临界值时对计数进行抑制, 从而扩大仪器通量响应范围.
低能离子探头具备可变几何因子功能, 在入射通量不变的情况下, 几何因子与仪器计数率成正比, 该功能通过调节顶盖电压改变区域电场分布与几何因子, 从而调节有效离子计数响应范围.
通量动态范围的定标流程为: 低能离子探头在定标真空罐内, 真空度、离子束源满足定标需求, 扫描静电分析器电压(ESA, VESA), 固定仪器方向, 设定顶盖电压(VGF, VVGF), 在不超过扫描静电分析器电压范围内选取不同的采样点进行顶盖电压测试, 记录低能离子探头计数响应, 即可得到计数响应随电压比值(VVGF/VESA)的变化曲线, 分析曲线即可得到通量动态范围.
低能离子探头采用静电分析器选择能量, 理论上静电分析器常数与能量分辨率均不随能量或方向变化. 在1~20 keV范围内取5个能量点(1, 3, 5, 10, 20 keV)分别进行能量扫描. 典型的离子能量扫描曲线如图6(a)所示(10 keV), 对5个能量点的能谱扫描结果进行线性拟合, 可以获得低能离子探头的静电分析器常数为6.45, 如图6(b)所示, 能量分辨率为14.11%, 如图6(c)所示. 高压电源提供静电分析器电压为–0.1~–5000 V, 可探测离子能量范围为0.65~32250 eV, 满足指标要求.
图7为10 keV的离子源在仪器16个探测方位角的响应曲线. 从图7可以看出, 总的探测方位角视场范围为360°, 每个通道的视场范围即方位角分辨率约为22.5°. 由于仪器支撑结构的遮挡, 会有部分方位角计数较小或分布较窄, 具体分布角度为–135°, –45°, +45°和 +135°.
偏转板不加高压时, 离子俯仰角响应如图8(a)所示, 俯仰角中心值为45.33°, 俯仰角分辨率即为俯仰角分布曲线的半高宽, 为4.14°. 离子俯仰角与偏转电极常数相关. 通过确定偏转电极常数, 可以获得离子测量俯仰角视场, 离子俯仰角与偏转电极常数的关系曲线如图8(b)所示. 根据该曲线可判断, 离子俯仰角可覆盖范围0°~90°. 离子俯仰角分辨率由俯仰角分布曲线的半高宽决定, 俯仰角分辨率优于5.23°, 满足15°的俯仰角分辨率指标要求.
图9为归一化后的离子计数与几何因子控制电压的关系曲线, 即离子可变几何因子响应. 从定标曲线可得出, 当顶盖电压(VVGF)为静电分析器高压(VESA)的52%时, 离子探头可以实现3个量级的几何因子变化, 归一化计数范围为1~0.00053, 可变几何因子倍数为1886.8, MCP通常响应范围跨越4个数量级. 根据实测结果, MCP计数响应最低为1, 最大20983. 由此可计算得到离子通量动态范围约为1886.8×20983=3.94×107, 满足指标要求.
与低能离子探头相同, 低能电子探头的静电分析器常数与能量分辨率理论上不随能量或方向变化. 在0.002~20 keV范围内取5个能量点(0.002, 1.1, 5, 10, 20 keV)分别进行能量扫描. 典型的电子能量扫描曲线如图10(a)所示, 对5个能量点的能谱扫描结果进行线性拟合, 可以获得低能电子探头的静电分析器常数为6.33, 如图10(b)所示; 能量分辨率为14.36%, 如图10(c)所示. 高压电源提供静电分析器电压为0.1~5000 V, 可探测电子能量范围为0.63~31650 eV, 满足指标要求.
图11为10 keV的电子束源在仪器16个方位角方向的响应. 从图11可看出, 16个通道总的方位角范围为360°, 每个通道的视场即方位角分辨率为22.5°. 与低能离子探头相同, 由于仪器支撑结构的遮挡, 会有部分方位角计数较小或分布较窄, 具体分布角度为–135°, –45°, +45°和+135°.
偏转板不加高压时, 1 keV能量的电子俯仰角响应如图12 (a)所示, 俯仰角中心值为42.12°, 俯仰角分辨率即为俯仰角分布曲线的半高宽, 为4.04°. 电子俯仰角与偏转电极常数相关. 确定偏转电极常数值即可以获得电子俯仰角探测视场, 电子俯仰角与偏转电极常数的关系曲线如图12 (b)所示. 根据该曲线可判断, 电子俯仰角可覆盖范围0°~90°. 电子俯仰角分辨率由俯仰角分布曲线的半高宽决定, 俯仰角分辨率优于5.92°, 满足15°的俯仰角分辨率指标要求.
图13为归一化后的电子计数与几何因子控制电压的关系曲线, 即电子可变几何因子响应. 从定标曲线可得出, 当顶盖电压(VGF)为静电分析器高压(ESA)的80%时, 电子探头可做到3个量级的几何因子变化, 归一化计数范围为1~0.00039, 可变几何因子倍数为2564, MCP通常响应范围跨越4个数量级. 根据实测结果, MCP计数响应最低1个, 最大10857. 由此可计算得到电子通量动态范围约为2564×10857=2.78×107, 满足指标要求.
嫦娥七号月表环境探测系统低能离子与低能电子探头用于监测月表等离子体分布参数, 为太阳风与月表相互作用研究提供重要支撑数据. 综合科学探测需求、仪器技术方案特点和技术指标要求, 开展了定标试验. 表3为低能离子与低能电子探头所有定标项目定标结果与指标要求的比对, 试验结果表明, 在实测结合仿真的情况下, 低能离子与低能电子探头实现了所有仪器技术指标要求, 为仪器在轨科学数据处理奠定了基础.

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2026年第46卷第2期
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doi: 10.11728/cjss2026.02.2025-0095
  • 接收时间:2025-06-19
  • 首发时间:2026-07-08
  • 出版时间:2026-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-19
  • 修回日期:2026-01-16
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    1中国科学院国家空间科学中心 北京 100190
    2天基空间环境探测北京市重点实验室 北京 100190
    3中国科学院空间环境态势感知技术重点实验室 北京 100190
    4南京大学深空探测科学与技术研究院 苏州 215163
    5中国科学院大学天文与空间科学学院 北京 100049
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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