Article(id=1281688002095190649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, issueId=1281687939268719086, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11728/cjss2026.02.2025-0050, pmid=null, cstr=32142.14.cjss.2025-0050, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1743609600000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-03, revisedDate=1768147200000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1783507832310, onlineDateStr=2026-07-08, pubDate=1773504000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783507832310, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-08, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783507832310, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1783507832310, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1281687939268719086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, year='2026', volume='46', issue='2', pageStart='265', pageEnd='566', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773504000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783507817332, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1783508069046, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1281688995138605320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, issueId=1281687939268719086, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1281688995138605321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, issueId=1281687939268719086, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=392, endPage=402, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1281688002300711546, articleId=1281688002095190649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, language=EN, title=Thermal Control Design and Verification of Extravehicular Load Equipment, columnId=1281687939994333679, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Space Science, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to solve the problem of frequency stability and transmission accuracy decrease caused by temperature fluctuation during on-orbit operation of an extravehicular load equipment, a highly efficient thermal control scheme is proposed which bases on passive thermal control as the main approach and active thermal control as the auxiliary method. The scheme employs a single-phase liquid cold plate as the main heat dissipation surface, and 10-unit multi-layer insulation components for comprehensive encapsulation. High thermal conductivity materials are utilized to achieve efficient heat conduction. Simultaneously, heating sheets and TEC semiconductor ceramic sheets are used for precise temperature control. Through finite element simulation analysis of temperature distribution under both high and low temperature conditions and optimization design, the temperature variation of key components is controlled within ±0.5 K. The ground constant-temperature thermal balance experiment and the in-orbit data results indicate that this scheme effectively suppresses the interference of temperature fluctuations on the load equipment, significantly improves the overall temperature uniformity of the equipment. It enables photodiodes and other sensitive devices to operate within the optimal temperature range (25-50°C). The temperature change rate of temperature-sensitive devices on the extravehicular load equipment is better than 0.1 K·min–1, meeting the on-orbit stability requirements of high-precision time-frequency transmission systems. It can provide an important reference for the thermal control design of similar space load equipment.

, authors=Xiaoqiao QI1, Qinglin ZHU2, Lei YANG3, Zhihong QIAO2, authorsList=Xiaoqiao QI, Qinglin ZHU, Lei YANG, Zhihong QIAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiaoqiao QI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1281688007535202987, articleId=1281688002095190649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, language=CN, title=某舱外载荷设备热控设计及验证, columnId=1281687940136940017, journalTitle=空间科学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了解决某舱外载荷设备在轨运行时因温度波动导致频率稳定性和传递精度下降的问题, 提出一套以被动热控为主、主动热控为辅的高效热控方案. 方案采用单相液冷冷板作为主散热面, 10单元多层隔热组件进行全方位包覆, 并利用高导热材料实现高效热传导; 同时辅以加热片与TEC半导体陶瓷片进行精确控温. 通过有限元仿真分析高低温工况下的温度分布并进行优化设计, 将关键部件温度变化控制在±0.5 K以内. 地面常温热平衡实验和在轨数据结果表明, 该方案有效抑制了温度波动对载荷设备的干扰, 显著提升了设备整体温度均匀性, 使光电二极管等敏感器件工作于最佳温度范围(25~50℃), 舱外载荷温度敏感器件温度变化速率优于0.1 K·min–1, 满足了高精度时频传输系统的在轨稳定性要求, 可为同类航天载荷设备热控设计提供重要参考.

, authors=齐晓巧1, 朱清淋2, 杨雷3, 乔志宏2, authorsList=齐晓巧, 朱清淋, 杨雷, 乔志宏, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=齐晓巧, authorNote=

齐晓巧 女, 1987年10月出生于河北省保定市, 现为北华航天工业学院机电工程学院讲师, 硕士导师, 主要研究方向为机械设计理论研究、结构热控设计、减振降噪研究等. E-mail:

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齐晓巧 E-mail:
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齐晓巧 女, 1987年10月出生于河北省保定市, 现为北华航天工业学院机电工程学院讲师, 硕士导师, 主要研究方向为机械设计理论研究、结构热控设计、减振降噪研究等. E-mail:

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齐晓巧 女, 1987年10月出生于河北省保定市, 现为北华航天工业学院机电工程学院讲师, 硕士导师, 主要研究方向为机械设计理论研究、结构热控设计、减振降噪研究等. E-mail:

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Temperature control requirements of key components of laser time-frequency transmission load

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Key device nameOperating temperature range/℃Optimum operating temperature
range (thermal control target)/℃
FPGA–55~+125–45~+85
Diode–55~+6525~+50
Timepiece–55~+6525~+50
Optical module–40~+85–40~+85
Power module–55~+125–55~+85
EMI filter–55~+125–55~+85
), ArticleFig(id=1281688013616943852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281688002095190649, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

某舱外载荷设备关键器件温控需求

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Key device nameOperating temperature range/℃Optimum operating temperature
range (thermal control target)/℃
FPGA–55~+125–45~+85
Diode–55~+6525~+50
Timepiece–55~+6525~+50
Optical module–40~+85–40~+85
Power module–55~+125–55~+85
EMI filter–55~+125–55~+85
), ArticleFig(id=1281688015261111021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281688002095190649, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Selection of thermal physical property parameters of the thermal model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NumberMaterialsSpecific heat capacity/
(J·kg–1·K–1)
Thermal conductivity/
(W·m–1·K–1)
Density/(kg·m–3)
   多层绝缘组件的有效发射率为0.03.
1Stainless steel47714.97900
2TC44116.84440
32 A129241512780
43 A2110921812730
570752810960140
6Quartz glass8001.42200
7Polytetrafluoroethylene10000.242200
860619531552700
9Multi-layer insulation component
10Fr4600101687
), ArticleFig(id=1281688015374357230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281688002095190649, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

热模型热物性参数选取

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NumberMaterialsSpecific heat capacity/
(J·kg–1·K–1)
Thermal conductivity/
(W·m–1·K–1)
Density/(kg·m–3)
   多层绝缘组件的有效发射率为0.03.
1Stainless steel47714.97900
2TC44116.84440
32 A129241512780
43 A2110921812730
570752810960140
6Quartz glass8001.42200
7Polytetrafluoroethylene10000.242200
860619531552700
9Multi-layer insulation component
10Fr4600101687
), ArticleFig(id=1281688015475020527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281688002095190649, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Selection of contact thermal resistance in the thermal model

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NumberNameContact formContact heat transfer
coefficient/(W·m–2·K–1)
1Between framesApply thermal grease1000
2Power module and installation base plateApply thermal grease1000
3Filter and installation base plateApply thermal grease1000
4Heat dissipation plate and casingApply thermal grease1000
5TEC heat dissipation bracket and housingApply thermal grease1000
6Heat dissipation plate and timerInsulating heat-conducting pad: 1 mm
7Heat dissipation plate and optical moduleInsulating heat-conducting pad: 1 mm
8Heat dissipation and FPGAInsulating heat-conducting pad: 1 mm
9Reflector and upper cover plateTC4 (2.5 mm)
), ArticleFig(id=1281688015550518000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281688002095190649, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

热模型接触热阻选取

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NumberNameContact formContact heat transfer
coefficient/(W·m–2·K–1)
1Between framesApply thermal grease1000
2Power module and installation base plateApply thermal grease1000
3Filter and installation base plateApply thermal grease1000
4Heat dissipation plate and casingApply thermal grease1000
5TEC heat dissipation bracket and housingApply thermal grease1000
6Heat dissipation plate and timerInsulating heat-conducting pad: 1 mm
7Heat dissipation plate and optical moduleInsulating heat-conducting pad: 1 mm
8Heat dissipation and FPGAInsulating heat-conducting pad: 1 mm
9Reflector and upper cover plateTC4 (2.5 mm)
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Heat consumption of extravehicular payload equipment and components and thermal resistance of the crust

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NumberDevice typePackagingPower
consumption/W
Crust formation thermal
resistance/(K·W–1)
1FPGABGA14830.2
21553 ChipDIP700.56.8
3Optical fiber 1553SOP410
4ACTELCQFP840.43.8
5Timer chipHTQFP1.50.6
6ComparatorWQFN0.373.8
7Single-pole double-throw analog switchSOT-230.512.3
8Level converterμMAX0.717.0
9DC/DC converterWelded hermetic4.51.1
10Total21.47
), ArticleFig(id=1281688015684735730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281688002095190649, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

舱外载荷设备器件热耗及结壳热阻

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NumberDevice typePackagingPower
consumption/W
Crust formation thermal
resistance/(K·W–1)
1FPGABGA14830.2
21553 ChipDIP700.56.8
3Optical fiber 1553SOP410
4ACTELCQFP840.43.8
5Timer chipHTQFP1.50.6
6ComparatorWQFN0.373.8
7Single-pole double-throw analog switchSOT-230.512.3
8Level converterμMAX0.717.0
9DC/DC converterWelded hermetic4.51.1
10Total21.47
), ArticleFig(id=1281688015756038899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281688002095190649, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Periodic average heat flux densities reached by each surface of the satellite at different β angles (Unit: W·m–2)

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β /(°)Types of external heat flow+x+zxy+y
–65.5Total external heat flow188.3353.3198.7114.2537.1
Direct sunlight91.194.294.813.9424.5
Earth reflection23.148.525.222.729.7
Infrared of the Earth74.0210.678.777.682.8
0Total external heat flow203.9361.9231.3161.9149.7
Direct sunlight81.135.996.510.79.7
Earth reflection53.8115.859.467.160.7
Infrared of the Earth69.1210.275.384.179.4
65.5Total external heat flow217.0358.6215.2634.1133.3
Direct sunlight118.299.5113.7524.829.4
Earth reflection22.048.425.130.222.8
Infrared of the Earth76.8210.776.479.181.1
), ArticleFig(id=1281688015844119284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281688002095190649, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同β角下卫星各个面到达的周期平均热流密度(单位: W·m–2)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
β /(°)Types of external heat flow+x+zxy+y
–65.5Total external heat flow188.3353.3198.7114.2537.1
Direct sunlight91.194.294.813.9424.5
Earth reflection23.148.525.222.729.7
Infrared of the Earth74.0210.678.777.682.8
0Total external heat flow203.9361.9231.3161.9149.7
Direct sunlight81.135.996.510.79.7
Earth reflection53.8115.859.467.160.7
Infrared of the Earth69.1210.275.384.179.4
65.5Total external heat flow217.0358.6215.2634.1133.3
Direct sunlight118.299.5113.7524.829.4
Earth reflection22.048.425.130.222.8
Infrared of the Earth76.8210.776.479.181.1
), ArticleFig(id=1281688015915422453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281688002095190649, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Analysis of operating conditions of extravehicular payload equipment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Working conditionβ/(º)Coating lifeTemperature of the
load installation
surface/℃
Flight attitudeWorking mode
High-temperature working condition–65.5End stage30Three-axis stable flightMeasurement mode
Low-temperature working condition0Early stage0Three-axis stable flightMeasurement mode
), ArticleFig(id=1281688015982531318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281688002095190649, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

舱外载荷设备分析工况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Working conditionβ/(º)Coating lifeTemperature of the
load installation
surface/℃
Flight attitudeWorking mode
High-temperature working condition–65.5End stage30Three-axis stable flightMeasurement mode
Low-temperature working condition0Early stage0Three-axis stable flightMeasurement mode
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齐晓巧 1 , 朱清淋 2 , 杨雷 3 , 乔志宏 2
空间科学学报 | 研究论文 2026,46(2): 392-402
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空间科学学报 |研究论文 2026 , 46 (2) : 392 -402
某舱外载荷设备热控设计及验证
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齐晓巧 女, 1987年10月出生于河北省保定市, 现为北华航天工业学院机电工程学院讲师, 硕士导师, 主要研究方向为机械设计理论研究、结构热控设计、减振降噪研究等. E-mail:

"}, bioImg=3LSCJqU8oyv/tGVbcVzBhg==, bioContent=

齐晓巧 女, 1987年10月出生于河北省保定市, 现为北华航天工业学院机电工程学院讲师, 硕士导师, 主要研究方向为机械设计理论研究、结构热控设计、减振降噪研究等. E-mail:

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齐晓巧1 , 朱清淋2, 杨雷3, 乔志宏2
作者信息
  • 1北华航天工业学院机电工程学院 廊坊 065000
  • 2中国科学院空间应用工程与技术中心 北京 100094
  • 3北京中科宇航技术有限公司创新中心 北京 100176
通讯作者:
齐晓巧 E-mail:
作者简介:

齐晓巧 女, 1987年10月出生于河北省保定市, 现为北华航天工业学院机电工程学院讲师, 硕士导师, 主要研究方向为机械设计理论研究、结构热控设计、减振降噪研究等. E-mail:

Thermal Control Design and Verification of Extravehicular Load Equipment
Xiaoqiao QI1 , Qinglin ZHU2, Lei YANG3, Zhihong QIAO2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, North China Institute of Aerospace Engineering, Langfang 065000
  • 2Institute of Space Application Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094
  • 3InnovCenter, Beijing Zhongke Aerospace Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100176
出版时间: 2026-03-15 doi: 10.11728/cjss2026.02.2025-0050
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为了解决某舱外载荷设备在轨运行时因温度波动导致频率稳定性和传递精度下降的问题, 提出一套以被动热控为主、主动热控为辅的高效热控方案. 方案采用单相液冷冷板作为主散热面, 10单元多层隔热组件进行全方位包覆, 并利用高导热材料实现高效热传导; 同时辅以加热片与TEC半导体陶瓷片进行精确控温. 通过有限元仿真分析高低温工况下的温度分布并进行优化设计, 将关键部件温度变化控制在±0.5 K以内. 地面常温热平衡实验和在轨数据结果表明, 该方案有效抑制了温度波动对载荷设备的干扰, 显著提升了设备整体温度均匀性, 使光电二极管等敏感器件工作于最佳温度范围(25~50℃), 舱外载荷温度敏感器件温度变化速率优于0.1 K·min–1, 满足了高精度时频传输系统的在轨稳定性要求, 可为同类航天载荷设备热控设计提供重要参考.

舱外  /  载荷设备  /  热控设计  /  有限元  /  热平衡实验

In order to solve the problem of frequency stability and transmission accuracy decrease caused by temperature fluctuation during on-orbit operation of an extravehicular load equipment, a highly efficient thermal control scheme is proposed which bases on passive thermal control as the main approach and active thermal control as the auxiliary method. The scheme employs a single-phase liquid cold plate as the main heat dissipation surface, and 10-unit multi-layer insulation components for comprehensive encapsulation. High thermal conductivity materials are utilized to achieve efficient heat conduction. Simultaneously, heating sheets and TEC semiconductor ceramic sheets are used for precise temperature control. Through finite element simulation analysis of temperature distribution under both high and low temperature conditions and optimization design, the temperature variation of key components is controlled within ±0.5 K. The ground constant-temperature thermal balance experiment and the in-orbit data results indicate that this scheme effectively suppresses the interference of temperature fluctuations on the load equipment, significantly improves the overall temperature uniformity of the equipment. It enables photodiodes and other sensitive devices to operate within the optimal temperature range (25-50°C). The temperature change rate of temperature-sensitive devices on the extravehicular load equipment is better than 0.1 K·min–1, meeting the on-orbit stability requirements of high-precision time-frequency transmission systems. It can provide an important reference for the thermal control design of similar space load equipment.

Extravehicular  /  Load equipment  /  Thermal control design  /  Finite element  /  Thermal balance experiment
齐晓巧, 朱清淋, 杨雷, 乔志宏. 某舱外载荷设备热控设计及验证. 空间科学学报, 2026 , 46 (2) : 392 -402 . DOI: 10.11728/cjss2026.02.2025-0050
Xiaoqiao QI, Qinglin ZHU, Lei YANG, Zhihong QIAO. Thermal Control Design and Verification of Extravehicular Load Equipment[J]. Chinese Journal of Space Science, 2026 , 46 (2) : 392 -402 . DOI: 10.11728/cjss2026.02.2025-0050
某舱外载荷设备作为一种能够实现高精度时间频率信号传输的关键设备, 在众多领域发挥着不可或缺的作用. 从原子钟比对、引力波探测到通信领域的高精度同步以及卫星导航系统的时间校准, 该舱外载荷设备的精度和稳定性直接影响了这些应用的性能和可靠性[1].
该舱外载荷设备的核心组成部分包括激光器、光学元件、探测器和信号处理单元等, 这些关键部件对温度变化极为敏感, 微小的温度波动可能导致激光频率漂移或光学系统失调, 进而影响系统的整体性能. 特别是在空间环境中, 温度变化范围大且不可控, 对系统的稳定性提出了更高要求. 因此, 热控设计是该舱外载荷设备设计的核心环节.
近年来, 关于系统热控设计开展了较多研究. 在美国NASA执行的深空探测任务中, 为使系统温度稳定性得到显著提高, 采用了高效的热管和热电制冷器技术. 中国科学院上海光学精密机械研究所在某舱外载荷设备的热控设计中采用了多层隔热材料和主动温控技术, 有效提高了系统的温度稳定性. Lin等[2]给出了原子钟舱热控设计方案、控制算法, 保证了导航卫星原子钟舱温度在可控范围内. Wang等[3]创新性地采用热电制冷技术, 构建了一套基于末端单相流体回路的温控系统, 解决了空间站中间回路温度波动超标这一技术难题. Liu等[4]为实现光学终端核心部件温度稳定度(±1 K/30 min)的精确控制, 创新性地采用分布式局部控温架构, 结合主动调节与被动补偿的双重温控策略, 确保了激光通信载荷在复杂工况下的功能完整性与性能优越性, 这一温控方案通过模块化温度场调控, 显著提升了系统的热稳定性. Yang等[5]采用热电制冷技术开展了探测器热电制冷器封装设计, 并优化了热排散路径热阻, 从而减小了辐射散热面积. Zhang等[6]在进行某叠式舱外载荷热控设计时, 提出以热电制冷为基础, 在上层模块侧壁创造相对较低的温度环境(一级温控), 再利用薄膜式电加热器, 对上层模块内部组件进行高温稳定度控温(二级温控)的方案, 这种方案既可以满足部分模块组件对温度控制的高精度和高稳定性的要求, 还可以满足整机对散热的热控要求. 在星载低温光学系统中, Liu等[7]开发出鸟笼式三维导热带, 使主镜筒实现了均温设计. Qiao等[8]针对亚太6 E卫星平台与载荷的热控需求, 分别设计了分舱布局与一体化布局两种方案, 通过对比发现一体化布局能够减少散热面积, 节省保温加热功率. Li[9]以被动热控为主、主动热控为辅, 对平流层飞艇通信系统载荷舱进行了热控设计. Feng等[10]通过分析空间站核心舱系统的热控需求, 以辐射为主、电加热为辅对舱外大型控制力矩陀螺进行热控设计, 并通过在轨数据进行了验证. 尽管各种系统的热控设计技术已经非常成熟, 但是针对载荷内部存在多个温度约束点且约束点控温精度存在一定梯度的复杂热控设计问题的研究较少. 本文以某舱外载荷设备为研究对象, 以设计一套高效可靠的热控方案为目标, 为高精度时频传输技术的发展提供理论支持.
该舱外载荷设备安装在中国空间站梦天舱Ⅰ象限舱壁支架上, 暴露于空间环境中. 由于探测器和反射器入光口处受到外部热流的影响, 需要建立高效的导热通路以迅速传导和散发热量. 然而该舱外载荷设备与安装支架之间的接触面积较小, 散热有效面积有限, 导致其与舱板之间的热耦合难以精确控制. 该舱外载荷设备的在轨长期运行功耗约为20 W, 质量小于8.5 kg, 进一步对热设计的轻量化和高效率提出了严苛要求. 该载荷设备所在的中国空间站处于低倾角轨道运行[11], 接受全阳照的时间较长, 导致整个载荷设备吸收热量较大, 增大了散热难度, 因此对光电器件和计时器的工作环境提出了更高要求. 除此之外, 受空间布局位置的限制, 难以利用热管将该舱外载荷设备与附近温度较低的舱板实现热耦合散热. 温度的变化直接影响到该设备内部关键器件的性能, 如FPGA、计时器、光电二极管等, 从而影响到整机的工作性能. 因此, 需要综合考虑该舱外载荷设备的结构特点、布局构造以及空间环境影响, 合理设计散热路径以及高效的热控措施. 设计的热控方案应尽可能确保关键器件处于最佳工作范围内, 最低要求是处于工作温度范围内, 针对该舱外载荷设备关键器件的热控需求列于表1, 其中二极管需要保证0.5 K·min–1的温度稳定度要求.
热控系统的核心任务在于, 根据舱外载荷设备的任务需求, 综合考虑轨道参数、姿态变化及各工作模式特性, 通过精确的热管理设计方案, 确保设备始终处于最佳温度区间, 从而保障其可靠运行并实现预期寿命指标[12]. 在该舱外载荷设备的热设计过程中, 主要采用被动热控手段, 辅以主动热控方式, 尽量减少热控分系统的质量和功耗, 提高其可靠性和安全性, 确保无单点失效, 设计寿命不小于整机运行周期.
该舱外载荷设备采用小型一体化设计, 其安装方式区别于传统的航天器主体结构直接固定形式, 通过专用支架连接至平台主结构, 并完全暴露于空间环境中, 因而面临更为严苛的空间热载荷冲击. 此外, 受限于舱外布局及自身结构紧凑性, 热控措施的实施面临诸多挑战. 基于飞行器总体设计方案及舱壁热边界条件, 本文系统性优化了外热流及舱外复杂辐射环境的热交换管理, 提出一套高效、可靠的热控策略, 确保设备在不同轨道、姿态及工作模式下均能维持稳定合理的温度区间. 设备结构中各器件的布局位置如图1所示.
针对该舱外载荷设备的特性及其所处极端空间环境, 这里采用以被动热控为主的设计方案[13]. 在散热系统方面, 创新性地采用整块单相液冷冷板作为主要散热面热沉, 通过大面积接触传导实现高效换热. 在热防护方面, 整机采用10单元精密多层隔热组件实现全方位包覆, 同时在暴露于空间的探测器和反射器结构表面进行铝合金光亮阳极氧化处理, 显著降低了各组件与环境间的辐射热交换. 值得注意的是, 在设备器件布局设计方面, 进行了热力学优化, 将热耗较大的核心元器件优先布置在靠近冷板的区域, 并通过高导热性材料实现直接传导安装. 这种协同设计方案确保了各器件的工作温度始终处于安全范围, 有效避免了因持续发热导致的温升超标风险.
在探测器光电二极管附近的结构侧壁粘贴加热片与温度传感器, 采用主动加热控温回路方式, 设计加热功率为5 W. 光电转换模块层的光模块采用TEC半导体陶瓷片进行精确温控. 辐射隔热的原理在于抑制物体的辐射热交换, 其向周围环境的净辐射热流可由下式计算得出:
$ q={\varepsilon }_{{\mathrm{s}}}A\sigma {F}_{1\sim 0}\left(T_{1}^{4}-T_{0}^{4}\right). $
式中, q为物体向周围环境的净辐射热流, 单位W; $ A $为物体表面积, 单位 $ {\mathrm{m}}^{2} $; $ \sigma $为黑体辐射常数, 其值为5.67×10–8$ {\mathrm{m}}^{-2}\cdot {\mathrm{K}}^{-4} $; $ {\varepsilon }_{{\mathrm{s}}} $为两个灰体组成的不同结构形状的综合发射率; $ {T}_{1} $为物体表面温度, 单位K; $ {T}_{0} $为周围环境表面温度, 单位K; $ {F}_{1\sim 0} $表示表面1到表面0的角系数.
系统内部产生的热量主要通过以下两条路径进行传递. 一是将大功耗元器件产生的热量通过绝缘导热垫传导至导热结构, 再由导热结构均匀扩散至外壳构件, 最终经外壳传递至冷板完成换热; 二是将其余元器件的热量主要通过引脚传导或底部接触导热向印制板传递, 随后通过印制板与外壳结构件的接触界面传导至外壳, 最终同样汇入冷板进行集中散热. 具体散热途径如图2所示.
两接触面之间的传热可由下式计算得出:
$ Q=hA\Delta T . $
式中, Q为热流量, 单位W; A为接触面积, 单位$ {\mathrm{m}}^{2} $; h为传热系数, 单位W·m–2⋅K–1; ΔT为两接触面之间的温度差, 单位K. 由传热公式可知, 减小接触面积或降低传热系数, 均可有效抑制接触界面的热传递.
针对该舱外载荷设备体积小、质量轻、热控要求高的特点, 根据功能需求和资源条件的限制, 将该设备分为不同的功能模块, 分别为液冷冷板、电源及滤波模块层、光电转换模块层、综合处理模块层以及上盖板组件层共5层不同功能模块, 然后采用笼屉式结构集成. 其中上面4层功能模块层之间采用板间连接器和外接连接器进行数据传输、供电与通信, 模块之间通过6个长螺钉自顶向下连接紧固集成, 整体坐落在液冷冷板上进行换热. 该设备的结构设计方案如图3所示, 该设备采用铝合金作为主机结构材质, 表面经过本色导电氧化工艺处理以提高耐腐蚀性和导电性能. 反射器和探测器外露的铝合金进行光亮阳极氧化处理.
根据舱外载荷设备结构、材料、几何尺寸, 在不影响分析精度的前提下, 对模型进行了适当简化处理, 去除孔、倒角和圆角等小特征. 同时考虑到空间站的遮挡效应, 建立了空间站模型. 舱外载荷设备随空间站在轨运行的飞行姿态如图4所示, 其中+z轴方向对地, +x轴方向为飞行方向. 采用有限元软件建立了设备的热分析模型, 对于探测器、光电模块、固体接触界面等关键部分采用局部网格加密功能进行网格细化, 网格数量约为9×105, 如图4所示.
舱外载荷设备热模型选取的材料热物性参数见表2.
舱外载荷设备热模型中未做声明的接触面均按照一般干接触面进行处理, 默认接触换热系数取值为200 W·m–2·K–1, 其他特殊接触面间换热系数取值见表3.
舱外载荷设备内部热耗分布及器件结壳热阻见表4.
外热流分析是热设计的基础环节, 其中最具影响力的热源是太阳的直接辐射热流. 由于该舱外载荷设备所在位置的周围环境对设备本身温度场的分布有影响, 因此加入了空间站等效模型, 空间站轨道面与轨道坐标系中心至太阳矢量之间的夹角β呈类正弦曲线变化, 全年波动范围在–65.5°~65.5°内.
舱外载荷设备所受外热流不仅与轨道β角和时间(地球与太阳之间距离)密切相关, 并且在单个轨道周期内也时刻变化. 考虑到与空间站相互遮挡, 舱外载荷设备外热流更为复杂, 本文不对此展开讨论, 仅以载荷5个表面(–z面为安装面, 无外热流影响)为基准给出各个面外热流随β角的变化情况. 图5给出了β角为65.5°和0°时单轨太阳直射辐照曲线. 表5列出了典型β角各朝向面到达的周期平均外热流密度.
通过表5可以发现, ±y面的外热流随β角变化的波动非常剧烈(相对平均值最大变化为120%~139%), 因此需包覆多层隔热组件, 减少设备与外界的换热; +z面外热流波动变化最小, 约为2.4%, 因此该面适合暴露在空间环境中进行光学探测; ±x面外热流波动相比+z面增大11.8%, 因此也包覆多层隔热组件.
图5中可以发现, 受到空间站本身的遮挡, +z面在阳照区有一段不受太阳直射的时间, 随|β|的减小, +z面受晒时长从689 s逐渐减少至151 s. 为进一步减少+z面设备暴露结构受一轨内周期性外热流的交变影响, 暴露结构表面采用光亮阳极氧化处理. 计算可知一轨内最大太阳受晒瞬时热耗约为1.8 W, 689 s内引起设备温升不大于0.2 K. 进一步说明本设备采用的热控措施能够有效保证产品的温度稳定度指标.
通过分析可知, 由于受到空间站遮挡, 舱外载荷设备所受太阳光辐照强度随着β角从–65.5°变化为65.5°, 呈现先减小后增大的周期变化趋势. 因此可以判断β分别为–65.5°和65.5°时, 该载荷设备处于高温工况; β为0°时, 载荷设备处于低温工况. 为考察热设计的可靠性, 根据空间站的轨道特点、舱外载荷设备在轨姿态、工作模式、热接口状态、热控涂层性能等影响因素, 确定了设备在轨正常工作时的高温极限和低温极限并进行分析, 具体结果列于表6.
在模拟冷板温度设定为30℃且β角为–65.5°的工况下, 对设备在轨运行状态进行持续测量. 当设备稳定时, 其温度分布如图6所示. 从仿真结果可知: 高温区集中在设备下层液冷冷板, 其主要原因是载荷表面无多层覆盖的位置在没有太阳照射情况下向外有辐射漏热, 导致整体温度始终低于冷板温度, 同时冷板承担着整机的主动温控功能; 仿真得到的设备最低温度–1.15℃与最高温度34.36℃均在设备工作温度范围内, 完全满足在轨工作任务需求. 这一温度分布特征证实了当前热设计方案的有效性.
高温工况下光电二极管温度变化特征如图7所示, 仿真结果显示, 二极管在20000 s后进入稳定状态, 呈现周期性波动规律, 温度波动区间稳定维持在30~40℃, 该温度区间完全位于25~50℃的最佳工作温度范围. 单轨内温度变化速率约为0.3 K·min–1, 表明二极管在高温条件下的热稳定性良好.
在设定冷板温度为0℃且β角为0°情况下, 对设备在轨持续运行的温度分布进行了仿真, 当设备温度稳定时, 其温度分布如图8所示, 仿真结果表明: 设备上层中间区域的温度相对较高, 其主要原因是热量通过铝制导热板传导至外部框架. 仿真得到的设备最低温度–0.79℃与最高温度18.27℃均在设备工作温度范围内, 完全满足在轨工作任务需求, 符合设计要求.
低温工况下, 光电二极管温度变化特征如图9所示, 仿真数据显示, 二极管在运行10000 s后温度趋于稳定状态, 其温度波动呈现出明显的周期性特征, 仿真温度变化区间为8~15℃, 满足该元器件的最佳工作温度范围 (25~50℃). 另外, 单轨内温度变化速率约为0.23 K·min–1, 表明二极管在低温条件下的热稳定性良好.
为验证该舱外载荷设备热设计对不同环境的适应性, 并确保其温度边界的可靠性, 对该载荷设备及模拟冷板一起进行热平衡实验. 实验期间, 真空舱内真空度优于1.3×10–3 Pa; 热沉(模拟冷板)温度恒定维持在25℃. 热实验中, 该舱外载荷设备及模拟冷板的热控设计参数与先前保持一致. 实验采用红外加热笼模拟外热流, 同时对各关键部件进行实时温度监测与数据记录, 确保其热性能符合预期. 实验结果曲线如图10所示, 工作3 h 后, 设备的温度从18.2℃上升至 38.3℃并趋于稳定, 当温控装置关闭后设备的温度迅速升高, 最高温度可达46.8℃. 实验结果表明激光时频传递载荷及模拟冷板的热设计能够满足热控指标, 验证了热控方案的可行性.
该舱外载荷设备已在轨运行一年多, 运行状态良好, 进一步验证了热控方案的合理性和有效性. 在轨有关热控的遥测数据曲线如图11所示, 经过比对可知, 各关键器件的工作温度均满足热控需求, 温度变化趋势与数值仿真分析的地面热真空实验曲线变化趋势一致, 并且优于仿真与地面实验.
图12给出舱外载荷温度敏感器件一轨温度的详细变化趋势及温度变化速率, 左侧坐标轴为一轨内实时温度, 右侧坐标轴为一轨内温度变化速率. 可以看出, 在轨稳定运行后, 一轨内二极管温度由于外界温度扰动引起的温度水平变化幅度不大于1.2 K (温度范围30.3~31.5℃), 且温度稳定度(变化速率)不大于0.1 K·min–1, 验证了本文所采用热控方案的可行性, 可为后续同类载荷热控设计提供参考.
针对某舱外载荷设备热环境适应性难的问题, 设计了一套高效可靠的热控方案. 方案以被动热控为主, 采用单相液冷冷板作为主要散热面热沉, 采用10单元精密多层隔热组件全方位包覆进行热防护, 并通过高热性材料实现高效热传导. 此外, 以主动热控为辅, 通过加热片和TEC半导体陶瓷片进行加热控温. 通过有限元仿真和地面常温平衡实验对该方案的可行性进行了验证, 并进一步结合在轨数据进行复核比对. 该方案不仅有效解决了该舱外载荷设备自身探测器、反射器外热流热量排散传热的问题, 更显著提升了设备整体温度均匀性并缩小了温度波动范围, 使设备工作在最佳工作温度范围内, 达到了技术指标要求, 可为同类航天载荷的热控系统设计提供重要参考.

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doi: 10.11728/cjss2026.02.2025-0050
  • 接收时间:2025-04-03
  • 首发时间:2026-07-08
  • 出版时间:2026-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-03
  • 修回日期:2026-01-12
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    1北华航天工业学院机电工程学院 廊坊 065000
    2中国科学院空间应用工程与技术中心 北京 100094
    3北京中科宇航技术有限公司创新中心 北京 100176

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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