Article(id=1281687985448010268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, issueId=1281687939268719086, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11728/cjss2026.02.2025-0035, pmid=null, cstr=32142.14.cjss.2025-0035, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741363200000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-08, revisedDate=1748275200000, revisedDateStr=2025-05-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1783507828341, onlineDateStr=2026-07-08, pubDate=1773504000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783507828341, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-08, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783507828341, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1783507828341, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1281687939268719086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, year='2026', volume='46', issue='2', pageStart='265', pageEnd='566', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773504000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783507817332, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1783508069046, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1281688995138605320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, issueId=1281687939268719086, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1281688995138605321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, issueId=1281687939268719086, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=300, endPage=311, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1281687985670308381, articleId=1281687985448010268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, language=EN, title=Long-term Variation Characteristics of the Onset of Polar Mesospheric Clouds Season and Its Influencing Factors, columnId=1281687939994333679, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Space Science, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Polar Mesospheric Clouds (PMCs), as ice crystal clouds formed in the middle and upper atmosphere (approximately 83 km high), have a seasonal onset that serves as an important parameter for studying the coupling processes between thermodynamics and dynamics in the polar mesosphere. Based on multi-source observational data from 1979 to 2023, the long-term evolution characteristics of the onset of PMCs in both hemispheres are systematically analyzed, and their correlations with the reversal time of stratospheric zonal mean wind and solar activity are examined. Results show that there are significant differences in the onset of PMCs between the two hemispheres: the interannual variation (with a standard deviation of 22 d) in the southern hemisphere is about twice that in the northern hemisphere (11 d), which may be related to differences in thermal and dynamic processes such as inter-hemispheric circulation modes and the intensity of gravity wave activity. In the southern hemisphere, the onset of PMCs season exhibits a very strong positive correlation with the reversal time of the stratospheric zonal mean wind, while in the northern hemisphere, although a negative correlation is observed, the approximately 60-day difference does not directly indicate a causal relationship between the two. The regulation of the onset by solar activity (Lyman-α radiation) also shows hemispheric asymmetry. In the northern hemisphere, there was a certain negative correlation with solar activity before 2011 that later weakened due to changes in the stratospheric dynamic background, whereas the southern hemisphere exhibited only a weak response. This indicates that both solar radiation effects and dynamic processes may jointly contribute. In addition, the discrepancies among multi-source data suggest that differences in detection systems and data types can introduce uncertainties in studies of the long-term variation characteristics of PMCs.

, authors=Shaoyang SUN1, Haiyang GAO1, 2, Baichuan JIANG1, Xiang LI1, Meijia YAN1, authorsList=Shaoyang SUN, Haiyang GAO, Baichuan JIANG, Xiang LI, Meijia YAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Haiyang GAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1281687992783848042, articleId=1281687985448010268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, language=CN, title=夜光云季起始时间的长期变化特征及其影响因素, columnId=1281687940136940017, journalTitle=空间科学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

夜光云作为形成于中高层(高度约83 km)大气的冰晶云, 其季节起始时间是研究极地中间层热力学与动力学耦合过程的重要参数. 基于1979-2023年多源观测数据, 系统分析了南北半球夜光云季节起始时间的长期演变特征, 并分析其与平流层纬向风场反转事件及太阳活动的相关性. 结果表明, 南北半球夜光云起始时间存在显著差异, 南半球的年际变幅(标准差22 d)约为北半球(11 d)的2倍, 这可能与半球间大气环流模态、重力波活动强度等热力和动力过程差异有关. 在南半球, 夜光云季起始时间与平流层纬向平均风的反转时间表现出极强的正相关关系; 对于北半球, 虽然呈现反相关特性, 但约60 d的相隔时间并不能直接判定二者的影响关系. 太阳活动(Lyman-α 辐射)对夜光云季节起始的调控也呈现半球不对称性, 北半球在2011年前与太阳活动呈一定的负相关, 后期因平流层动力背景转变而衰减, 南半球则表现为微弱响应, 表明太阳辐射效应与动力过程可能共同发挥作用. 此外, 多源数据在结果上的差异也表明, 不同探测体制和数据类型会对夜光云长期变化特性研究带来一定的不确定性.

, authors=孙韶阳1, 郜海阳1, 2, 江百川1, 李想1, 闫美加1, authorsList=孙韶阳, 郜海阳, 江百川, 李想, 闫美加, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=郜海阳, authorNote=

孙韶阳 女, 硕士研究生, 研究方向为中高层大气动力学、夜光云物理等. E-mail:

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(a) The interannual variation between the onset of PMC seasons and the reversal time of ZMW, (b) the correlation between them, figureFileSmall=cYSDKZSECLmeoUkE4r4EzA==, figureFileBig=lYvqMr2wsN/Pq6ADiD3HJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281687997498245786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281687985448010268, language=CN, label=图3, caption=1979-2023年北半球夜光云季起始时间与纬向平均风的相关性. (a) 季节起始时间与纬向平均风反转时间的年际变化, (b) 表示季节起始时间与纬向平均风反转时间的相关性, figureFileSmall=cYSDKZSECLmeoUkE4r4EzA==, figureFileBig=lYvqMr2wsN/Pq6ADiD3HJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281687997565354651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281687985448010268, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Spatio-temporal distributions of temperature and zonal mean wind over the Southern Hemisphere during 2009. (a) Zonal mean temperature field from ERA5 reanalysis data within 60°S-90°S latitude. (b) Daily-averaged temperature observations from SOFIE, covering 64°S-82°S latitude. These two datasets enable cross-validation of temperature measurements. (c) ZMW field from ERA5 across 60°S-90°S latitude. (d) Vertical temperature profiles from SOFIE at four distinct altitude layers, figureFileSmall=GNMSJMBSTJQdUieAv7+rDw==, figureFileBig=BYb2Uw4hGplEFa1WzVKXHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281687997632463516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281687985448010268, language=CN, label=图4, caption=2009年南半球的温度与纬向平均风的时空分布. (a) 60°S-90°S纬度范围的ERA5平均温度场; (b) SOFIE每日平均温度数据, 纬度覆盖范围为64°S-82°S, ERA5与SOFIE二者可相互验证温度数据的可用性; (c) 60°S-90°S纬度范围的ERA5纬向平均风场; (d) SOFIE四个不同垂直高度层的温度廓线, figureFileSmall=GNMSJMBSTJQdUieAv7+rDw==, figureFileBig=BYb2Uw4hGplEFa1WzVKXHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281687997703766685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281687985448010268, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Interannual variations of the onset of PMC seasons and solar radiation in both Northern Hemispheres (NH) and Southern Hemispheres (SH) from 1979 to 2023, figureFileSmall=tGW0cflyCWPCVuIwyuKoYg==, figureFileBig=IKc1lXv6cipcDahhPOFE+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281687997779264158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281687985448010268, language=CN, label=图5, caption=1979-2023年南北半球季节起始时间与太阳辐射的年际变化, figureFileSmall=tGW0cflyCWPCVuIwyuKoYg==, figureFileBig=IKc1lXv6cipcDahhPOFE+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281687997850567327, 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夜光云季起始时间的长期变化特征及其影响因素
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孙韶阳 1 , 郜海阳 1, 2 , 江百川 1 , 李想 1 , 闫美加 1
空间科学学报 | 研究论文 2026,46(2): 300-311
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空间科学学报 |研究论文 2026 , 46 (2) : 300 -311
夜光云季起始时间的长期变化特征及其影响因素
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郜海阳 男, 1984年生, 工学博士, 南京信息工程大学大气物理学院教授, 硕士研究生导师, 主要研究方向为大气光学遥感仪器研发、夜光云物理等. E-mail:

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孙韶阳1 , 郜海阳1, 2 , 江百川1, 李想1, 闫美加1
作者信息
  • 1南京信息工程大学大气物理学院 南京 210044
  • 2南京信息工程大学 中国气象局气溶胶与云降水重点开放实验室 南京 210044
通讯作者:
郜海阳 E-mail:
作者简介:

孙韶阳 女, 硕士研究生, 研究方向为中高层大气动力学、夜光云物理等. E-mail:

郜海阳 男, 1984年生, 工学博士, 南京信息工程大学大气物理学院教授, 硕士研究生导师, 主要研究方向为大气光学遥感仪器研发、夜光云物理等. E-mail:

Long-term Variation Characteristics of the Onset of Polar Mesospheric Clouds Season and Its Influencing Factors
Shaoyang SUN1 , Haiyang GAO1, 2 , Baichuan JIANG1, Xiang LI1, Meijia YAN1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044
  • 2Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044
出版时间: 2026-03-15 doi: 10.11728/cjss2026.02.2025-0035
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夜光云作为形成于中高层(高度约83 km)大气的冰晶云, 其季节起始时间是研究极地中间层热力学与动力学耦合过程的重要参数. 基于1979-2023年多源观测数据, 系统分析了南北半球夜光云季节起始时间的长期演变特征, 并分析其与平流层纬向风场反转事件及太阳活动的相关性. 结果表明, 南北半球夜光云起始时间存在显著差异, 南半球的年际变幅(标准差22 d)约为北半球(11 d)的2倍, 这可能与半球间大气环流模态、重力波活动强度等热力和动力过程差异有关. 在南半球, 夜光云季起始时间与平流层纬向平均风的反转时间表现出极强的正相关关系; 对于北半球, 虽然呈现反相关特性, 但约60 d的相隔时间并不能直接判定二者的影响关系. 太阳活动(Lyman-α 辐射)对夜光云季节起始的调控也呈现半球不对称性, 北半球在2011年前与太阳活动呈一定的负相关, 后期因平流层动力背景转变而衰减, 南半球则表现为微弱响应, 表明太阳辐射效应与动力过程可能共同发挥作用. 此外, 多源数据在结果上的差异也表明, 不同探测体制和数据类型会对夜光云长期变化特性研究带来一定的不确定性.

夜光云  /  季节开启  /  长期变化  /  平流层纬向平均风反转  /  太阳周期活动

Polar Mesospheric Clouds (PMCs), as ice crystal clouds formed in the middle and upper atmosphere (approximately 83 km high), have a seasonal onset that serves as an important parameter for studying the coupling processes between thermodynamics and dynamics in the polar mesosphere. Based on multi-source observational data from 1979 to 2023, the long-term evolution characteristics of the onset of PMCs in both hemispheres are systematically analyzed, and their correlations with the reversal time of stratospheric zonal mean wind and solar activity are examined. Results show that there are significant differences in the onset of PMCs between the two hemispheres: the interannual variation (with a standard deviation of 22 d) in the southern hemisphere is about twice that in the northern hemisphere (11 d), which may be related to differences in thermal and dynamic processes such as inter-hemispheric circulation modes and the intensity of gravity wave activity. In the southern hemisphere, the onset of PMCs season exhibits a very strong positive correlation with the reversal time of the stratospheric zonal mean wind, while in the northern hemisphere, although a negative correlation is observed, the approximately 60-day difference does not directly indicate a causal relationship between the two. The regulation of the onset by solar activity (Lyman-α radiation) also shows hemispheric asymmetry. In the northern hemisphere, there was a certain negative correlation with solar activity before 2011 that later weakened due to changes in the stratospheric dynamic background, whereas the southern hemisphere exhibited only a weak response. This indicates that both solar radiation effects and dynamic processes may jointly contribute. In addition, the discrepancies among multi-source data suggest that differences in detection systems and data types can introduce uncertainties in studies of the long-term variation characteristics of PMCs.

Polar Mesospheric Clouds (PMCs)  /  Season onset  /  Long-term variation  /  Reversal of stratospheric zonal mean wind  /  Solar cycle activity
孙韶阳, 郜海阳, 江百川, 李想, 闫美加. 夜光云季起始时间的长期变化特征及其影响因素. 空间科学学报, 2026 , 46 (2) : 300 -311 . DOI: 10.11728/cjss2026.02.2025-0035
Shaoyang SUN, Haiyang GAO, Baichuan JIANG, Xiang LI, Meijia YAN. Long-term Variation Characteristics of the Onset of Polar Mesospheric Clouds Season and Its Influencing Factors[J]. Chinese Journal of Space Science, 2026 , 46 (2) : 300 -311 . DOI: 10.11728/cjss2026.02.2025-0035
夜光云 (Noctilucent Clouds, NLCs) 是一种在南北半球夏季高纬度地区 (纬度大于50°) 形成的冰晶云, 位于中高层大气约83 km的高度. 这些云层在星载仪器观测中也被称为极地中间层云(Polar Mesospheric Clouds, PMCs)[1,2]. 由于中高层大气中的水汽含量通常较低(体积比约为几个ppm, 1 ppm=10–6), 因此夜光云的形成一般要求极低的温度条件 (≤130 K) [3,4]. 夜光云通常出现在北半球的5月中旬至8月间, 而南半球则主要出现在11月至次年2月之间, 这段时间被称为夜光云季(Polar Mesospheric Cloud Seasons)[5]. 一般认为, 南北半球的夜光云季分别在夏至前约30 d开始, 并在夏至后60~70 d结束, 但其在每个季节的开启时间和在季节中的持续时长均有较大的浮动和不确定性, 因此一直是夜光云研究领域中的一个重点问题.
夜光云作为相对特殊的一类云, 其形成、演化、消散均与中间层顶区域的温度和水汽分布密切相关, 而中间层大气状态的变化通常也会受到平流层及对流层动力过程的调制, 因此, 以往的一些研究将夜光云的开启时间与低层大气的季节性变化建立了关联. 例如, 有研究发现南半球夜光云季起始时间的变化比北半球更为剧烈, 并利用大气环流模式, 指出南半球夜光云季所需的极低温受到平流层极地涡旋破碎时间的影响, 而这种平流层变化会持续到12月底, 影响了重力波向中层大气的传播, 导致极地中层温度的增加, 进而影响夜光云季的开启时间[6]. 文献[57]利用激光雷达的观测和模式分析, 也发现南半球夜光云季起始时间与平流层纬向风的反转(从冬季到夏季)时间有较强的相关性. 研究表明, 平流层风场通过对重力波上传的调制来控制夜光云的形成与演化, 尤其是夜光云季起始时变化主要由平流层风反转时间决定[8]. 同时, 来自太阳活动的影响会在一定程度上改变中高层大气的状态, 从而也可能影响夜光云季的变化. 基于长期观测的夜光云数据集, 发现夜光云的发生频率和亮度表现出显著的11年变化周期, 且与太阳活动呈显著的反相关特征[9], 也发现夜光云在高纬地区的出现频率和亮度呈现增长的趋势, 并会受到太阳活动的影响[10]. 然而夜光云季起始时间的影响机制存在显著复杂性, 除主流理论外, 部分研究也提出了一些不同的结论. 2002年与2019年南极平流层突发性增温事件[11,12]表明, 尽管平流层极涡提前破碎, 但是南半球夜光云季起始时间并未显著提前. 相关研究进一步指出, 平流层爆发性增温(Sudden Stratospheric Warming, SSW)事件可能通过改变重力波破碎高度与能量耗散路径, 削弱中层大气温度下降幅度, 从而抵消极涡破碎对夜光云形成的促进作用[13]. 综上所述, 夜光云季起始时间的影响因素研究仍存在一定的不确定性. 随着近年来多源观测数据的不断丰富, 利用更长时间序列的数据研究夜光云季开启时间的变化特征和影响因素成为可能, 这将有助于更深入地理解这一复杂现象.
本文利用1979-2023年多个卫星观测的南北半球夜光云季数据, 通过阈值界定和季节具体判定, 进行长期趋势的回归分析, 给出夜光云季起始时间的长期分布特征, 并探讨平流层纬向风反转时间、太阳周期对其起始时间的影响情况.
SBUV(Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet)系列载荷是一种检测大气及颗粒物对太阳光进行散射的紫外光谱仪. 自1978年Nimbus-7卫星成功部署首台SBUV以来, SBUV/2改进型先后搭载于NOAA-9, 11, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19七代极轨气象卫星实现业务化运行. 2011年发射的Suomi-NPP卫星进一步搭载了OMPS (Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite), 至今仍在持续观测. 其设计的主要目标是对臭氧层进行精确测量, 但其临边观测模式和265 nm通道恰好适合对夜光云进行高灵敏度的探测[14,15]. 本文使用其第3版和第4版中的夜光云冰水含量IWC (Ice Water Content) 以及夜光云的出现频率 (Occurrence Frequency)数据*进行分析[2].
NASA的AIM (Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere)卫星于2007年4月25日成功入轨, 并一直稳定运行至2023年8月, 专门用于研究夜光云物理[16]. SOFIE (Solar Occultation For Ice Experiment)作为载荷之一, 通过掩星观测模式, 每天提供约15次日出日落夜光云、大气消光情况的观测, 覆盖南北纬65°-85°的范围, 能够提供高精度的夜光云、环境大气参数的高分辨率垂直廓线[17]. CIPS (Cloud Imaging and Particle Size)作为另外一个重要的载荷, 拥有大视场紫外成像能力, 专门用于成像测量夜光云和大气分子散射的紫外辐射[18]. 在AIM卫星降轨之前的2007-2013年间, SOFIE和CIPS共同提供了大量用于研究夜光云及其环境因素的重要数据. 本文主要采用SOFIE 2级数据中的IWC、温度等关键参数以及CIPS L3 C级的夜光云反照率数据.
ERA-5是由欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)开发的第五代大气再分析数据集, 涵盖了从1940年1月至今的全球气候数据. 目前版本中, ERA-5覆盖的气压层增加至137, 最大高度可上延至约80 km (气压约0.01 hPa), 能够提供全球范围内的多种大气参数, 尤其是风场数据. 这里主要采用ERA-5再分析数据集内高度至80 km (约0.01 hPa)的大气参数数据, 具体包括南北纬60°-90°区域的平均温度场以及南北纬60°的纬向平均风场. MERRA-2是由美国NASA开发的再分析气象数据集, 其水平空间分辨率为0.5°×0.625°, 气压层为72, 最大高度也可上延至约80 km (约0.01 hPa). 这里使用了MERRA-2数据中南北纬60°和50 hPa高度的纬向平均风数据. 关于ERA-5与MERRA-2数据的对照使用, 已有研究表明二者在中高层大气参数(例如风场和温度场)方面具有较好的一致性, 适用于本文的联合分析[19,20].
Lyman-α通量是太阳辐射的一个重要参数, 常用于评估太阳活动对于大气层的影响. 本文使用了由科罗拉多大学大气与空间物理实验室(LASP)交互式太阳辐照度数据中心LISIRD (LASP Interactive Solar Irradiance Datacenter)提供的Lyman-α通量值.
需要从数据列中准确判定夜光云季起始时间. 对于SBUV系列数据, 基于观测模式和灵敏度的特点, 夜光云检测采用了双阈值判定, 75°-82°纬度间的每日出现频率至少连续7天保持在1.5%以上的第一天, 能够有效滤除误判的云检测数据, 避免某些低纬度地区的季前检测错误[2], 同时, 保证连续三天冰水含量IWC>80 g·km–2, 进一步减少单日异常值的影响. 对于AIM-SOFIE数据, 夜光云季起始日期定义为最早的连续两天出现夜光云信号的第一天, 避免单日的异常波动. 在AIM-CIPS数据中, 起始日期定义为云反照率日平均值首次超过阈值1.5×10–7 sr–1的日期, 这一定义具有较强的观测基础, 确保了季节开始的判定是基于高频次、可靠的反照率数据, 也被广泛使用.
为确定平流层纬向风的反转时间, 采用以下定义: 对于50 hPa高度上南北纬60°的纬向平均风(以下统称为纬向平均风), 纬向风反转时间被定义为风速首次连续3天小于10 m·s–1的日期. 此外, 由于南半球的季节变化跨越了两年, 本文采用前一年作为标识年份的表述方式. 例如, 在南半球用1980年表示从1980年底开始并延续至1981年上半年的时段. 对于时间计量单位, 这里采用DFS (Day From Solstice, 距离至日的时间)作为统一的时间计算标准. DFS以冬至日或夏至日为基准点, 计算某一日期距离至日的天数, 从而有效消除季节长度差异对时间序列分析的影响, 便于不同年份之间的数据对比.
图1给出了1979-2023年SBUV系列数据获取的南北半球夜光云季开始日期, 其中日期的表示方式为相对于夏/冬至日的天数. 尽管北半球与南半球的夜光云季起始日期均呈现显著年际振荡(北半球: DFS –15±11 d. 南半球: DFS –9±22 d), 但是南半球表现出更强的震荡范围, 其起始日期的标准差达22 d, 为北半球的(11 d) 2倍. 这种半球不对称性在南半球时间序列中尤为突出, 相比北半球相对稳定的年际波动, 在南半球不仅具有更宽泛的离散分布, 且在极端年份出现超过40 d的异常偏移, 这也意味着南半球中间层顶区域可能受到了更复杂的动力–热力耦合过程调制.
鉴于南半球较大的震荡分布, 首先分析南半球季节起始时间与纬向平均风反转时间的相关性. 图2 (a) 给出了1979-2023年南半球季节起始时间与纬向平均风反转时间的年际变化, 其中横坐标为年份, 纵坐标表示相对于南半球至日的天数(DFS), 负值代表在至日之前发生, 正值代表在至日之后发生. 图2 (a) 采用了SBUV数据的频率(Freq)与冰水含量(IWC)、SOFIE以及CIPS等 4类不同的数据来确定季节起始时间, 以及纬向平均风(ZMW)的反转日期. 由于各仪器的观测时段和数据可用性存在差异, 在分析中对数据时间范围进行了整理, 确保结果的可比性和可靠性. 可以看出, 自1985年起, 夜光云季起始日期与纬向平均风反转日期有近似一致的变化趋势. 但是2003-2004年例外, SBUV数据团队在其官方文件中提到, NOAA-16 SBUV/2仪器在2003年10月出现严重的电子噪声问题, 直接影响了252~273 nm的信号, 导致这些通道中出现许多异常高的辐射值, 因此不建议将2003-2004年南半球和2004年北半球结果用于研究. 从2004年秋季开始, 电子噪声问题显著减少, 2005年后数据质量恢复.
进一步, 可以通过线性回归分析, 定量揭示南半球季节起始时间与平流层风场反转事件的耦合关系. 根据图2(b)分析, 南半球季节起始时间的不同数据系列与纬向平均风反转时间的关系表现出不同的相关性. 横坐标代表纬向平均风反转时间(相对于至日), 纵坐标代表相应的南半球季节起始时间, 红色斜线表示相关性为1的参考线(即完美正相关线), 用于直观对比数据点与理想线性关系的偏离程度. 观测显示, 蓝色散点(Freq)代表的季节起始时间与纬向平均风反转时间之间有极强的正相关关系, 相关系数r值为0.9548, 显示二者之间几乎成正比, 其趋势线的回归斜率为0.7744, 说明平流层风场反转每提前1 d, 季节起始时间相应提前约0.7744 d. 黑色散点(IWC)也有较强的正相关关系, r值为0.8045, 其趋势线的回归斜率为0.7680, 说明平流层风场反转每提前1 d, 季节起始时间相应提前约0.7680 d. 同样地, 黄色散点(CIPS)也有较强的正相关关系, r值为0.8171, 其趋势线的回归斜率为0.6587, 说明平流层风场反转每提前1 d, 季节起始时间相应提前约0.6587 d. 而绿色散点(SOFIE)代表的季节起始时间与纬向平均风反转时间之间为一般的正相关关系, 相关系数r值为0.5124, 其趋势线的回归斜率为0.2842, 说明平流层风场反转每提前1 d, 季节起始时间相应提前约0. 2842 d. 蓝色散点(Freq)正相关性最强, 其他数据虽然不如蓝色散点紧密, 但仍显示出较为显著的联系. 因此认为南半球的季节起始日期与纬向平均风反转日期的耦合程度较高.
对于北半球而言, 图3(a)进一步分析了季节起始时间与纬向平均风反转时间的变化趋势. 结果表明, 二者并未表现出显著的一致性, 尽管在1991年后可能存在微弱的反相关关系, 但其统计显著性较低. 具体而言, 纬向平均风反转时间比季节起始时间平均提前约60 d. 由于二者之间存在较长的时间间隔, 平流层风反转很难对夜光云的形成条件产生直接且决定性的影响. 因此认为, 北半球夜光云季节起始时间的控制机制可能更为复杂, 除平流层风场外, 还可能受到中间层温度、水汽含量以及重力波活动等多种因素的共同调控.
图3(b)进一步揭示了不同数据集内季节起始时间与纬向平均风反转时间之间的反相关关系. 横坐标代表纬向平均风反转时间(相对于至日), 纵坐标是相应的南半球季节起始时间, 红色斜线表示相关性为 –1的完美负相关线. 蓝色散点(Freq)显示, 季节起始时间与纬向平均风反转时间之间存在中等强度的反相关关系, 相关系数r值为–0.6803, 趋势线的回归斜率为–0.1622, 表明纬向平均风反转每提前1 d, 季节起始时间相应延后约0.1622 d. 黑色散点(IWC)同样表现出较强的反相关性, 相关系数r值为–0.5817, 趋势线的回归斜率为–0.2269, 说明纬向平均风反转每提前1 d, 季节起始时间延后约0.2269 d. 绿色散点(SOFIE)也显示出中等强度的反相关关系, 相关系数r值为–0.6164, 趋势线的回归斜率为 –0.1229, 表明纬向平均风反转每提前1 d, 季节起始时间延后约0.1229 d. 黄色散点(CIPS)的反相关关系最为显著, 相关系数r值为–0.8993, 趋势线的回归斜率为–0.2598, 说明纬向平均风反转每提前1 d, 季节起始时间延后约0.2598 d.
综合来看, 北半球的季节起始时间与纬向平均风反转之间虽然存在一定的反相关关系, 但是这种相关性整体较弱, 并且不同数据集之间的结果存在一定差异, 未能表现出高度一致的统计显著性. 值得注意的是, 北半球纬向平均风反转通常发生在季节开始前约两个月, 由于时间间隔过长, 纬向平均风反转现象不太可能对季节起始日期起到控制作用. 已有研究中, 基于更高灵敏度的Odin/OSIRIS卫星数据显示, 北半球的季节起始时间与纬向平均风反转之间缺乏明显的关联性[21]. 此外, 文献[8]的研究同样支持这一结论, 认为北半球夜光云的发生与纬向平均风反转时间之间不存在显著联系. 这一结果表明, 除纬向风反转外, 可能还有其他因素(中间层温度变化、水汽含量波动以及重力波活动等)对季节起始时间产生了重要影响, 进一步揭示了北半球夜光云季节起始时间控制机制的复杂性.
平流层的风场主要通过对重力波、行星波等大气波动的过滤和调制作用来影响夜光云的形成与演变[14,15]. 以2009年南半球夜光云季为例进行分析, 如图4(a)(b)所示, ERA5再分析资料与SOFIE卫星观测在垂直覆盖范围和数据特性上存在显著差异. ERA5的温度反演高度受限于约80 km, 其等温线表现出显著的系统性平滑特征: 在30 km以下区域, 200 K等温线比SOFIE提前约20 d出现; 至第250天前后, 50 km高度的温度峰值区呈现更均匀的梯度分布, 有效抑制了原始观测中的短期波动. 相比之下, SOFIE基于太阳掩星原理的直接观测技术展现出丰富的细节特征, 尤其是在60~100 km区域, 温度场不仅包含更多小尺度波动, 且在中间层顶(高度80~90 km)的季节转换期(DOY 250-300)清晰呈现了温度的骤降.
与环流演变相耦合, SOFIE的垂直温度观测揭示了不同高度层的独特热力响应: 平流层(高度20~30 km)呈现典型季节相位特征, 冬季(DOY 150-250)平均温度维持在205~215 K低温区间, 随着环流过渡(DOY 250-300), 温度持续上升, 在纬向平均风反转事件后达到220~225 K峰值并趋于稳定; 平流层顶区域(高度40~50 km)作为100 km以下大气最热区域(年均温度约为275 K), 其热力演变呈现反相位特征, 冬季初期(DOY 100-150)温度降至年度最低值(约265 K), 随后持续升温至250天, 达到285 K峰值; 中间层(高度60~70 km)温度场表现出高度稳定性, 全年在235~245 K范围内窄幅波动, 季节信号微弱; 中间层顶(高度80~90 km)则展现了显著的热力反转现象, 冬季(DOY 150-250)温度高达210 K, 但在DOY 250-300, 伴随纬向平均风反转事件的发生, 温度骤降至190 K以下. 这种剧烈降温与平流层增温事件激发的经向环流增强密切相关, 验证了大气层间动力耦合机制的核心作用[5].
综合图4分析, 高度20~30 km的温度与80~90 km的温度存在一定的反相关性, 即平流层升温会导致中间层的降温. 当纬向平均风反转(对应平流层发生明显升温)时, 极地涡旋往往会减弱甚至逆转, 从而显著改变大气环流模式, 直接影响重力波和行星波的传播路径. 平流层环流减弱后, 原本被阻挡或过滤的重力波可以突破限制, 更多地向中间层上传. 当这些重力波在中间层破碎时, 其携带的动量会释放到背景气流中, 驱动更强的经向环流(例如从赤道向极地的气流), 迫使极区空气大规模上升, 因绝热膨胀作用而急剧冷却; 同时低纬度区域空气下沉, 通过绝热压缩增温. 由于中间层大气密度较低, 极区上升运动的冷却效应占据主导地位, 最终导致中间层整体温度显著下降[22].
对于南北半球夜光云季的开启与纬向平均风反转的不同联系, 南北半球的气候和大气动力学差异可能是关键因素. 北半球的气候系统受陆地与海洋的分布影响较大, 而南半球大部分是海洋, 海洋的热容和大气的交换更为均匀, 使得南半球的大气流动模式相对更为简洁和统一, 平流层风向反转对夜光云的影响也可能更容易观测到[22]. 在北半球, 尤其是在温带地区, 大气和气候系统更为复杂, 陆地和海洋的分布、季风系统以及极地与亚极地之间的气候差异均会影响大气的稳定性和温度, 进而影响夜光云的形成[8]. 在这种复杂的气候背景下, 北半球单一的风向反转可能不会像南半球那样对夜光云季的开启产生直接且明显的影响.
基于夜光云对太阳活动的高度敏感性[9,23,24], 进一步通过太阳Lyman-α辐射通量与夜光云季起始日期的关联分析, 验证太阳辐射调制作用的半球不对称性特征, 并探究太阳辐射对于夜光云季起始日期的可能影响. 图5为1979-2023年南北半球季节起始时间与太阳辐射的年际变化, 其中黑色虚线代表季节起始时间的趋势.
太阳Lyman-α辐射是太阳紫外辐射的重要组分, 可被中层顶附近的原子氧(O)和分子氧(O2)吸收, 转化为热能, 导致中间层顶(高度约80~90 km)温度升高约5~10 K[25]. 而夜光云的形成需要低温(<150 K)和过饱和水汽环境[24]. 太阳活动增强导致的温度升高可能使中层顶温度超过冰晶成核阈值, 抑制夜光云的形成. 增强的紫外辐射加速中层顶水汽的光解反应(H2O + → OH + H), 减少水汽浓度, 进一步限制夜光云的成核条件[26]. 因此传统理论认为, 太阳活动增强(Lyman-α辐射升高)通过紫外辐射加热中间层顶, 抑制夜光云的形成, 导致季节开启时间的延迟.
平流层纬向风反转时间本身可能受气候年际变率(例如QBO和ENSO)或长期趋势(如温室效应)影响, 而季节起始时间的时序变化可能既包含纬向平均风的调控作用, 又包含其他独立因素(例如中层大气温度、水汽含量)的影响. 通过计算二者的差值来消除时间基准差异[8], 可以分离出季节起始时间中独立于纬向平均风反转过程的剩余信号, 从而更清晰地分析其与太阳活动的直接关联. 同时, 二者差值可用来量化相对响应时间, 即表征平流层纬向平均风反转触发中层大气响应的时间延迟, 若此延迟与太阳活动相关, 可能暗示太阳辐射通过特定途径(例如光化学、热力学)调控中层大气对平流层环流变化的敏感性.
平流层–中层大气响应的时间延迟与太阳活动(Lyman-α辐射)的关系存在显著的时空差异特征. 图6给出了1979-2023年南北半球季节起始时间和纬向平均风反转时间的差值与太阳辐射的年际变化, 其中黑色虚线代表季节起始时间的趋势. 图6 (a) 中北半球在1979-1991年与2009-2021年, 二者呈现显著反相关, 表明太阳活动增强时, 平流层纬向风反转触发中层大气响应的时间延迟缩短. 这一现象可能源于太阳紫外辐射增强通过热力效应[14]加速中层大气温度场调整, 进而提升平流层动力扰动向中间层的垂直传播效率. 在1991-2009年, 二者转为正相关, 表明太阳活动增强时, 平流层纬向风反转触发中层大气响应的时间延迟增加. 值得注意的是, 北半球平流层–中层大气响应的时间延迟表现出约12年的准周期性差异, 这一现象与太阳黑子活动的11年周期时间跨度相似. 因此认为, 太阳活动通过Lyman-α辐射增强(约121.6 nm波段)调制中层大气的水汽光解过程, 其累积热力–化学效应可能导致平流层–中间层耦合过程产生1~2年的相位滞后. 而6(b) 显示南半球在1979-2014年表现出持续的正相关性, 2014年后该相关性转为微弱反相关. 这种半球不对称性凸显了太阳活动–大气响应机制对区域环流背景的敏感性.
为了量化这些成分的相对重要性, 进行多元线性回归分析[8]. 由于平流层风反转和 Lyman-α 信号彼此独立不相关, 因此可以进一步假设, 夜光云季起始时间$ {D}_{\text{PMC}} $可以表示为平流层纬向平均风反转时间$ {D}_{\mathrm{U}} $和太阳Lyα辐射通量(定义符号ΦLyα)的线性组合, 即
$ {D}_{\text{PMC}}={K}_{1} {\varPhi }_{\text{Ly}\alpha} +{K}_{2} {D}_{\mathrm{U}}. $
式中, 系数$ {K}_{1} $表示太阳Lyα辐射通量的权重, 即Lyα$ {D}_{\text{PMC}} $的直接影响强度. 当$ {K}_{1} $>0时, 认为Lyα增强导致$ {D}_{\text{PMC}} $延迟(太阳加热直接抑制夜光云形成); 当$ {K}_{1} $<0时, 认为Lyα增强导致$ {D}_{\text{PMC}} $提前; $ {K}_{1} $绝对值越大, 表明太阳活动对$ {D}_{\text{PMC}} $的调制能力越强. 系数$ {K}_{2} $表示平流层风反转时间$ {D}_{\mathrm{U}} $的权重, 即纬向平均风反转对$ {D}_{\text{PMC}} $的调制强度. 当$ {K}_{2} $>0时, 认为U的提前($ {D}_{\mathrm{U}} $值减小)导致$ {D}_{\text{PMC}} $提前, 即纬向平均风反转促使夜光云形成; 当$ {K}_{2} $<0时, 认为$ {D}_{{\mathrm{U}}} $的延迟($ {D}_{\mathrm{U}} $值减小)导致$ {D}_{\text{PMC}} $延迟; $ {K}_{2} $绝对值越大, 表明平流层动力过程对$ {D}_{\text{PMC}} $的调制能力越强.
根据图7中的结果, 在北半球, 太阳Lyman-α辐射增强(北半球$ {K}_{1} $=0.36)对夜光云季起始时间的延迟效应符合传统热力理论, 即紫外辐射通过加热中间层顶(高度约83 km)抑制冰晶成核, 但其作用强度较弱. 也有可能是北半球重力波在平流层极涡延迟崩溃期间上传增强, 在中间层顶绝热冷却部分抵消了太阳直接加热效应, 导致北半球夜光云季起始时间呈现微弱的热力主导[6,14]. 相比之下, 南半球表现出明显的动力主导特征. 平流层纬向平均风反转时间提前(南半球$ {K}_{2} $=0.812)对夜光云季起始时间的促进作用远超太阳活动的热力抑制效应(南半球$ \text{}{K}_{1} $=0.390). 由于南极平流层极涡的高稳定性与海洋下垫面的均一性, 使得纬向平均风反转与重力波上传路径高度同步[7], 其崩溃直接引发中间层顶温度骤降(降幅约8~10 K), 从而显著提前夜光云季起始时间[2]. 值得注意的是, 尽管南半球太阳活动的热力效应($ {K}_{1} $)略强于北半球, 但是其绝对值仍不足平流层动力贡献($ {K}_{2} $)的50%, 表明该区域夜光云季节起始主要由平流层环流重组驱动的动力冷却过程控制.
基于SBUV系列仪器44年(1979-2023年)的观测数据以及AIM卫星数据, 对夜光云季节起始时间进行长时间序列的分析, 展示了其长期变化特征及与平流层风场反转和太阳活动的关系, 主要结论如下: 南北半球夜光云季节起始时间存在显著差异, 且均表现出明显的年际振荡特征, 南半球的年际变化范围更大, 约为北半球的2倍, 这种差异可能与南北半球大气环流、下垫面特征以及重力波活动的不同有关; 在南半球, 夜光云季起始时间与平流层纬向平均风的反转时间表现出极强的正相关性, 然而对于北半球, 夜光云季起始时间与平流层纬向风反转虽然在相关性上呈现反相关, 但相隔时间约为60 d, 很难认为纬向风反转会对夜光云的形成条件产生直接且决定性的影响, 其有可能是多种动力过程共同调制的结果; 太阳活动(Lyman-α辐射)对夜光云季节起始的调控呈现半球不对称性, 北半球在2011年前与太阳活动呈一定的负相关, 后期因平流层动力背景转变而衰减, 南半球则表现为微弱响应, 表明太阳辐射效应与动力过程可能共同发挥作用.
但是同时也能看出, 在夜光云季节起始时间的观测中, 相比SBUV和CIPS, SOFIE记录的起始时间通常早约10~20 d. 这一差异主要归因于不同仪器在测量原理、技术体制、参数敏感性等方面的特点和差异. SOFIE采用掩星观测技术, 通过分析太阳光穿过大气边缘时的吸收光谱(覆盖紫外至红外波段), 整体采样路径较长, 能够对粒子尺寸和相态表现出更高的敏感性, 高灵敏度和垂直分辨率使其能够更早地捕捉到夜光云初始阶段的稀薄粒子层. 相比之下, SBUV和CIPS主要依赖紫外波段的观测, SBUV通过测量太阳紫外辐射的反射强度反演云参数, CIPS则通过紫外波段对云层成像, 具有较高的空间分辨率, 但由于二者采样体积和积分路径均较小, 其对弱光或稀薄云层的探测能力具有一定的局限性. 因此, 后续研究将针对更多不同类型的数据展开更系统性的论证.

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2026年第46卷第2期
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doi: 10.11728/cjss2026.02.2025-0035
  • 接收时间:2025-03-08
  • 首发时间:2026-07-08
  • 出版时间:2026-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-08
  • 修回日期:2025-05-27
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    1南京信息工程大学大气物理学院 南京 210044
    2南京信息工程大学 中国气象局气溶胶与云降水重点开放实验室 南京 210044

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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