Article(id=1281687940573151349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, issueId=1281687939268719086, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11728/cjss2026.02.2025-0133, pmid=null, cstr=32142.14.cjss.2025-0133, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753891200000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-31, revisedDate=1765296000000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1783507817643, onlineDateStr=2026-07-08, pubDate=1773504000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783507817643, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-08, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783507817643, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1783507817643, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1281687939268719086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, year='2026', volume='46', issue='2', pageStart='265', pageEnd='566', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773504000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783507817332, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1783508069046, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1281688995138605320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, issueId=1281687939268719086, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1281688995138605321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, issueId=1281687939268719086, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=556, endPage=566, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1281687940816420983, articleId=1281687940573151349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, language=EN, title=Cosmic Ray Muon Count Dataset from Siziwang Station in Inner Mongolia (2023-2025), columnId=1281687940736729206, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Space Science, columnName=Science Data Paper, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The Muon Telescope at Siziwang Station in Inner Mongolia is used to detect the secondary cosmic ray muons reaching the ground. The Muon Telescope began construction in November 2019, was completed in April 2023, and produced scientific data. The muon telescope consists of a scintillator observation stack, an electronics recorder, a monitoring platform, and a power supply. The scintillator observation stack is composed of 48 detector units, divided into upper and lower layers with 24 units in each layer, arranged in a 6×4 array. In each detector unit, the plastic scintillator has dimensions of 50 cm × 50 cm × 5 cm. The distance between the upper and lower layers is 89 cm. A 5cm-thick layer of lead bricks is laid between the upper and lower layers to filter out low-energy cosmic rays and low-energy particles in the surrounding environment. The detectors have a total area of 6 m2. Muon signals generated by the 48 detector units of the Muon Telescope are processed through front-end circuits for amplification, discrimination, and shaping, then sent to the FPGA logic circuit for directional coincidence calculation. This produces raw muon counts in 15 directions. After undergoing barometric correction calculation, a dataset of corrected muon counts in 15 directions is formed, with a temporal resolution of 1 hour. The count rate in the vertical direction is the highest, with the 1-hour count rate being around 600000 counts and the relative statistical error approximately 0.13%. The muon data can sensitively reflect diurnal variations, long-term variations of cosmic rays, and short-term Forbush decrease perturbations induced by coronal mass ejections. Spanning from May 2023 to April 2025, this dataset covers the high-activity phase of the 25th solar activity cycle. It provides valuable data resources for research on solar eruptions, their interplanetary disturbance propagation, and geomagnetic response processes, while also supporting space weather early warning efforts.

, authors=Yonghong CHENG1, Qiuzhen ZHONG1, 2, Chunbo ZHUANG1, Liqin SHI1, 2, Xiaochao SONG1, Jing WANG1, Hua SHEN1, Lihang WEI3, authorsList=Yonghong CHENG, Qiuzhen ZHONG, Chunbo ZHUANG, Liqin SHI, Xiaochao SONG, Jing WANG, Hua SHEN, Lihang WEI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qiuzhen ZHONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1281687945409183897, articleId=1281687940573151349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, language=CN, title=内蒙古四子王站宇宙线μ子计数数据集(2023-2025年), columnId=1281687940904501368, journalTitle=空间科学学报, columnName=数据论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

内蒙古四子王站μ子望远镜的探测对象是到达地面的次级宇宙线μ子. 该μ子望远镜的48个探测单元产生的μ子信号, 经过放大、甄别、整形处理后, 被传送至FPGA逻辑电路进行方向符合计算, 产出原始μ子计数, 再经过气压修正计算, 形成15个方向的μ子计数校正值数据集, 时间分辨率为1 h. μ子望远镜探测数据可灵敏反映宇宙线的日变化、长期变化, 以及日冕物质抛射引发的福布斯下降短时扰动现象. 本数据集时间从2023年5月至2025年4月, 处于第25太阳活动周高年期间, 可为太阳爆发及其在行星际的扰动传播、地磁响应过程研究提供宝贵的数据资源, 同时可为空间天气预警提供数据支撑.

, authors=程永宏1, 钟秋珍1, 2, 庄淳孛1, 师立勤1, 2, 宋小超1, 王晶1, 沈华1, 未历航3, authorsList=程永宏, 钟秋珍, 庄淳孛, 师立勤, 宋小超, 王晶, 沈华, 未历航, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=钟秋珍, authorNote=

程永宏 男, 1977年9月出生于安徽省肥东县, 现为中国科学院国家空间科学中心副研究员, 主要研究方向为空间天气监测预报. E-mail:

钟秋珍 女, 1974年8月出生于河南省唐河县, 现为中国科学院国家空间科学中心研究员、硕士研究生导师, 主要研究方向为空间环境预报方法与模型. E-mail:

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钟秋珍 E-mail:
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Chinese Journal of Space Science, 2004, 24(3): 219-225, articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1281687955567788294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281687940573151349, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=14, rfOrder=19, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=叶宗海. 空间粒子辐射探测技术[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 1986, articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1281687957182595335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281687940573151349, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=14, rfOrder=20, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YE Zonghai. Space Particle Radiation Detection Technology[M]. 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281687950450737368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281687940573151349, language=CN, label=图1, caption=μ子望远镜观测室(a)与闪烁体观测堆阵列(b), figureFileSmall=zacPqdBI7uM3YhoGT8Tpow==, figureFileBig=KWqze+/Gx0jNKHRx0MGJpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281687950643675353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281687940573151349, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Detector unit array distribution for the Muon Telescope, figureFileSmall=p2p/ennaLyrhJ5q/KxuoWA==, figureFileBig=B3MFFeEHeX7ue5CNwK4cMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281687950723367130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281687940573151349, language=CN, label=图2, caption=μ子望远镜探测器单元阵列分布, figureFileSmall=p2p/ennaLyrhJ5q/KxuoWA==, figureFileBig=B3MFFeEHeX7ue5CNwK4cMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281687950811447515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281687940573151349, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Muon Telescope’s detection directions, figureFileSmall=V2AXdBglWGW4JH1+8j2k1Q==, figureFileBig=u5pYN2UHuRdkmj5O9BG2Bg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281687950878556380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281687940573151349, language=CN, label=图3, caption=μ子望远镜探测方向, figureFileSmall=V2AXdBglWGW4JH1+8j2k1Q==, figureFileBig=u5pYN2UHuRdkmj5O9BG2Bg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281687950954053853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281687940573151349, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Signal and data processing pipeline for the Muon Telescope, figureFileSmall=SXKyLRB9CfCZTr25S5XlEw==, figureFileBig=VnMjXB8JmQc6nDWNvdnc3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281687951042134238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281687940573151349, language=CN, label=图4, caption=μ子望远镜信号和数据处理流程, 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figureFileBig=aLuamrlDti5YqxrwEhfe9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281687952900210914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281687940573151349, language=CN, label=图6, caption=μ子望远镜数据样本, figureFileSmall=r8OX7tASkFq1msn11BvZ9Q==, figureFileBig=aLuamrlDti5YqxrwEhfe9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281687952958931171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281687940573151349, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Deposited energy spectrum of a single channel of the Muon Telescope, figureFileSmall=Hwjpt81Gy/rHCdHGvws/Zw==, figureFileBig=w32AG2uLqvRhDoVHsYEerw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281687953021845732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281687940573151349, language=CN, label=图7, caption=µ子望远镜单个通道的沉积能谱, figureFileSmall=Hwjpt81Gy/rHCdHGvws/Zw==, figureFileBig=w32AG2uLqvRhDoVHsYEerw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281687953084760293, 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journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281687940573151349, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Angles and combinations of 15 incident directions for cosmic ray muons

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号上下层符合的组合单元组合数入射角度
1U1L1,U2L2,U3L3,U4L4,U5L5,U6L6,U7L7,U8L8,U9L9,U10L10,U11L11,U12L12,U13L13,U14L14, U15L15,U16L16,U17L17,U18L18,U19L19,U20L20,U21L21,U22L22,U23L23,U24L2424V
2U1L5,U2L6,U3L7,U4L8,U5L9,U6L10,U7L11,U8L12,U9L13,U10L14,U11L15,U12L16,U13L17,U14L18,U15L19,U16L20,U17L21,U18L22,U19L23,U20L242030°N
3U5L1,U6L2,U7L3,U8L4,U9L5,U10L6,U11L7,U12L8,U13L9,U14L10,U15L11,U16L12,U17L13,U18L14,U19L15,U20L16,U21L17,U22L18,U23L19,U24L202030°S
4U2L1,U3L2,U4L3,U6L5,U7L6,U8L7,U10L9,U11L10,U12L11,U14L13,U15L14,U16L15,U18L17,U19L18,U20L19,U22L21,U23L22,U24L231830°E
5U1L2,U2L3,U3L4,U5L6,U6L7,U7L8,U9L10,U10L11,U11L12,U13L14,U14L15,U15L16,U17L18,U18L19,U19L20,U21L22,U22L23,U23L241830°W
6U2L5,U3L6,U4L7,U6L9,U7L10,U8L11,U10L13,U11L14,U12L15,U14L17,U15L18,U16L19,U18L21,U19L22,U20L231539°NE
7U6L1,U7L2,U8L3,U10L5,U11L6,U12L7,U14L9,U15L10,U16L11,U18L13,U19L14,U20L15,U22L17,U23L18,U24L191539°SE
8U1L6,U2L7,U3L8,U5L10,U6L11,U7L12,U9L14,U10L15,U11L16,U13L18,U14L19,U15L20,U17L22,U18L23,U19L241539°NW
9U5L2,U6L3,U7L4,U9L6,U10L7,U11L8,U13L10,U14L11,U15L12,U17L14,U18L15,U19L16,U21L18,U22L19,U23L201539°SW
10U1L9,U2L10,U3L11,U4L12,U5L13,U6L14,U7L15,U8L16,U9L17,U10L18,U11L19,U12L20,U13L21,U14L22,U15L23,U16L241649°N
11U9L1,U10L2,U11L3,U12L4,U13L5,U14L6,U15L7,U16L8,U17L9,U18L10,U19L11,U20L12,U21L13,U22L14,U23L15,U24L161649°S
12U3L1,U4L2,U7L5,U8L6,U11L9,U12L10,U15L13,U16L14,U19L17,U20L18,U23L21,U24L221249°E
13U1L3,U2L4,U5L7,U6L8,U9L11,U10L12,U13L15,U14L16,U17L19,U18L20,U21L23,U22L241249°W
14U1L11,U2L12,U5L15,U6L16,U9L19,U10L20,U13L23,U14L24852°NW
15U11L1,U12L2,U15L5,U16L6,U19L9,U20L10,U23L13,U24L14852°SE
), ArticleFig(id=1281687953625825516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281687940573151349, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

宇宙线µ子15个入射方向的角度与组合数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号上下层符合的组合单元组合数入射角度
1U1L1,U2L2,U3L3,U4L4,U5L5,U6L6,U7L7,U8L8,U9L9,U10L10,U11L11,U12L12,U13L13,U14L14, U15L15,U16L16,U17L17,U18L18,U19L19,U20L20,U21L21,U22L22,U23L23,U24L2424V
2U1L5,U2L6,U3L7,U4L8,U5L9,U6L10,U7L11,U8L12,U9L13,U10L14,U11L15,U12L16,U13L17,U14L18,U15L19,U16L20,U17L21,U18L22,U19L23,U20L242030°N
3U5L1,U6L2,U7L3,U8L4,U9L5,U10L6,U11L7,U12L8,U13L9,U14L10,U15L11,U16L12,U17L13,U18L14,U19L15,U20L16,U21L17,U22L18,U23L19,U24L202030°S
4U2L1,U3L2,U4L3,U6L5,U7L6,U8L7,U10L9,U11L10,U12L11,U14L13,U15L14,U16L15,U18L17,U19L18,U20L19,U22L21,U23L22,U24L231830°E
5U1L2,U2L3,U3L4,U5L6,U6L7,U7L8,U9L10,U10L11,U11L12,U13L14,U14L15,U15L16,U17L18,U18L19,U19L20,U21L22,U22L23,U23L241830°W
6U2L5,U3L6,U4L7,U6L9,U7L10,U8L11,U10L13,U11L14,U12L15,U14L17,U15L18,U16L19,U18L21,U19L22,U20L231539°NE
7U6L1,U7L2,U8L3,U10L5,U11L6,U12L7,U14L9,U15L10,U16L11,U18L13,U19L14,U20L15,U22L17,U23L18,U24L191539°SE
8U1L6,U2L7,U3L8,U5L10,U6L11,U7L12,U9L14,U10L15,U11L16,U13L18,U14L19,U15L20,U17L22,U18L23,U19L241539°NW
9U5L2,U6L3,U7L4,U9L6,U10L7,U11L8,U13L10,U14L11,U15L12,U17L14,U18L15,U19L16,U21L18,U22L19,U23L201539°SW
10U1L9,U2L10,U3L11,U4L12,U5L13,U6L14,U7L15,U8L16,U9L17,U10L18,U11L19,U12L20,U13L21,U14L22,U15L23,U16L241649°N
11U9L1,U10L2,U11L3,U12L4,U13L5,U14L6,U15L7,U16L8,U17L9,U18L10,U19L11,U20L12,U21L13,U22L14,U23L15,U24L161649°S
12U3L1,U4L2,U7L5,U8L6,U11L9,U12L10,U15L13,U16L14,U19L17,U20L18,U23L21,U24L221249°E
13U1L3,U2L4,U5L7,U6L8,U9L11,U10L12,U13L15,U14L16,U17L19,U18L20,U21L23,U22L241249°W
14U1L11,U2L12,U5L15,U6L16,U9L19,U10L20,U13L23,U14L24852°NW
15U11L1,U12L2,U15L5,U16L6,U19L9,U20L10,U23L13,U24L14852°SE
), ArticleFig(id=1281687953705517293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281687940573151349, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Format description of parameters for each column in data samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数名称描述格式单位值域无效填充
1YearI42023-2025
2MonI21-12
3DayI21-31
4HourI20-23
5V垂直方向µ子计数校正值I6counts500000~700000–99999
6N1北向30°µ子计数校正值I6counts150000~300000–99999
7S1南向30°µ子计数校正值I6counts150000~300000–99999
8E1东向30°µ子计数校正值I6counts150000~300000–99999
9W1西向30°µ子计数校正值I6counts150000~300000–99999
10NE1东北39°µ子计数校正值I6counts50000~150000–99999
11SE1东南39°µ子计数校正值I6counts50000~150000–99999
12NW1西北39°µ子计数校正值I6counts50000~150000–99999
13SW1西南39°µ子计数校正值I6counts50000~150000–99999
14N2北向49°µ子计数校正值I6counts10000~100000–99999
15S2南向49°µ子计数校正值I6counts10000~100000–99999
16E2东向49°µ子计数校正值I6counts10000~100000–99999
17W2西向49°µ子计数校正值I6counts10000~100000–99999
18NW2西北52°µ子计数校正值I6counts2000~20000–99999
19SE2东南52°µ子计数校正值I6counts2000~20000–99999
), ArticleFig(id=1281687953781014766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281687940573151349, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

数据样本各列参数的格式描述

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数名称描述格式单位值域无效填充
1YearI42023-2025
2MonI21-12
3DayI21-31
4HourI20-23
5V垂直方向µ子计数校正值I6counts500000~700000–99999
6N1北向30°µ子计数校正值I6counts150000~300000–99999
7S1南向30°µ子计数校正值I6counts150000~300000–99999
8E1东向30°µ子计数校正值I6counts150000~300000–99999
9W1西向30°µ子计数校正值I6counts150000~300000–99999
10NE1东北39°µ子计数校正值I6counts50000~150000–99999
11SE1东南39°µ子计数校正值I6counts50000~150000–99999
12NW1西北39°µ子计数校正值I6counts50000~150000–99999
13SW1西南39°µ子计数校正值I6counts50000~150000–99999
14N2北向49°µ子计数校正值I6counts10000~100000–99999
15S2南向49°µ子计数校正值I6counts10000~100000–99999
16E2东向49°µ子计数校正值I6counts10000~100000–99999
17W2西向49°µ子计数校正值I6counts10000~100000–99999
18NW2西北52°µ子计数校正值I6counts2000~20000–99999
19SE2东南52°µ子计数校正值I6counts2000~20000–99999
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Relative statistical errors of muon counts in 15 directional angular bins

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探测方向µ子计数/h–1相对误差/(%)
垂直方向V6213580.12
北向30°N12452660.20
南向30°S12426680.20
东向30°E12257570.21
西向30°W12266830.21
东北39°NE11017910.31
东南39°SE11005390.31
西北39°NW11017950.31
西南39°SW11012550.31
北向49°N2425410.48
南向49°S2417010.49
东向49°E2338000.54
西向49°W2341260.54
西北52°NW287941.06
东南52°SE286331.07
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15个方向µ子计数的相对统计误差

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探测方向µ子计数/h–1相对误差/(%)
垂直方向V6213580.12
北向30°N12452660.20
南向30°S12426680.20
东向30°E12257570.21
西向30°W12266830.21
东北39°NE11017910.31
东南39°SE11005390.31
西北39°NW11017950.31
西南39°SW11012550.31
北向49°N2425410.48
南向49°S2417010.49
东向49°E2338000.54
西向49°W2341260.54
西北52°NW287941.06
东南52°SE286331.07
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Linear correlation coefficients between original muon counts in 15 directions and atmospheric pressure

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方向VN1S1E1W1NE1SE1NW1SW1N2S2E2W2NW2SE2
相关系数–0.93–0.95–0.93–0.94–0.95–0.95–0.93–0.96–0.94–0.98–0.97–0.97–0.97–0.98–0.98
), ArticleFig(id=1281687954095587570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281687940573151349, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

15个方向原始µ子计数与大气压强的线性相关系数

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方向VN1S1E1W1NE1SE1NW1SW1N2S2E2W2NW2SE2
相关系数–0.93–0.95–0.93–0.94–0.95–0.95–0.93–0.96–0.94–0.98–0.97–0.97–0.97–0.98–0.98
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内蒙古四子王站宇宙线μ子计数数据集(2023-2025年)
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程永宏 1 , 钟秋珍 1, 2 , 庄淳孛 1 , 师立勤 1, 2 , 宋小超 1 , 王晶 1 , 沈华 1 , 未历航 3
空间科学学报 | 数据论文 2026,46(2): 556-566
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空间科学学报 |数据论文 2026 , 46 (2) : 556 -566
内蒙古四子王站宇宙线μ子计数数据集(2023-2025年)
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程永宏1 , 钟秋珍1, 2 , 庄淳孛1, 师立勤1, 2, 宋小超1, 王晶1, 沈华1, 未历航3
作者信息
  • 1中国科学院国家空间科学中心 太阳活动与空间天气全国重点实验室 北京 100190
  • 2中国科学院大学天文与空间科学学院 北京 101408
  • 3中国人民解放军96941部队 北京 100085
通讯作者:
钟秋珍 E-mail:
作者简介:

程永宏 男, 1977年9月出生于安徽省肥东县, 现为中国科学院国家空间科学中心副研究员, 主要研究方向为空间天气监测预报. E-mail:

钟秋珍 女, 1974年8月出生于河南省唐河县, 现为中国科学院国家空间科学中心研究员、硕士研究生导师, 主要研究方向为空间环境预报方法与模型. E-mail:

Cosmic Ray Muon Count Dataset from Siziwang Station in Inner Mongolia (2023-2025)
Yonghong CHENG1 , Qiuzhen ZHONG1, 2 , Chunbo ZHUANG1, Liqin SHI1, 2, Xiaochao SONG1, Jing WANG1, Hua SHEN1, Lihang WEI3
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Solar Activity and Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190
  • 2School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408
  • 3Unit 96941 of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Beijing 100085
出版时间: 2026-03-15 doi: 10.11728/cjss2026.02.2025-0133
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内蒙古四子王站μ子望远镜的探测对象是到达地面的次级宇宙线μ子. 该μ子望远镜的48个探测单元产生的μ子信号, 经过放大、甄别、整形处理后, 被传送至FPGA逻辑电路进行方向符合计算, 产出原始μ子计数, 再经过气压修正计算, 形成15个方向的μ子计数校正值数据集, 时间分辨率为1 h. μ子望远镜探测数据可灵敏反映宇宙线的日变化、长期变化, 以及日冕物质抛射引发的福布斯下降短时扰动现象. 本数据集时间从2023年5月至2025年4月, 处于第25太阳活动周高年期间, 可为太阳爆发及其在行星际的扰动传播、地磁响应过程研究提供宝贵的数据资源, 同时可为空间天气预警提供数据支撑.

宇宙线  /  四子王站  /  μ子望远镜  /  μ子计数  /  福布斯下降

The Muon Telescope at Siziwang Station in Inner Mongolia is used to detect the secondary cosmic ray muons reaching the ground. The Muon Telescope began construction in November 2019, was completed in April 2023, and produced scientific data. The muon telescope consists of a scintillator observation stack, an electronics recorder, a monitoring platform, and a power supply. The scintillator observation stack is composed of 48 detector units, divided into upper and lower layers with 24 units in each layer, arranged in a 6×4 array. In each detector unit, the plastic scintillator has dimensions of 50 cm × 50 cm × 5 cm. The distance between the upper and lower layers is 89 cm. A 5cm-thick layer of lead bricks is laid between the upper and lower layers to filter out low-energy cosmic rays and low-energy particles in the surrounding environment. The detectors have a total area of 6 m2. Muon signals generated by the 48 detector units of the Muon Telescope are processed through front-end circuits for amplification, discrimination, and shaping, then sent to the FPGA logic circuit for directional coincidence calculation. This produces raw muon counts in 15 directions. After undergoing barometric correction calculation, a dataset of corrected muon counts in 15 directions is formed, with a temporal resolution of 1 hour. The count rate in the vertical direction is the highest, with the 1-hour count rate being around 600000 counts and the relative statistical error approximately 0.13%. The muon data can sensitively reflect diurnal variations, long-term variations of cosmic rays, and short-term Forbush decrease perturbations induced by coronal mass ejections. Spanning from May 2023 to April 2025, this dataset covers the high-activity phase of the 25th solar activity cycle. It provides valuable data resources for research on solar eruptions, their interplanetary disturbance propagation, and geomagnetic response processes, while also supporting space weather early warning efforts.

Cosmic rays  /  Siziwang Station  /  Muon Telescope  /  Muon counts  /  Forbush decrease
程永宏, 钟秋珍, 庄淳孛, 师立勤, 宋小超, 王晶, 沈华, 未历航. 内蒙古四子王站宇宙线μ子计数数据集(2023-2025年). 空间科学学报, 2026 , 46 (2) : 556 -566 . DOI: 10.11728/cjss2026.02.2025-0133
Yonghong CHENG, Qiuzhen ZHONG, Chunbo ZHUANG, Liqin SHI, Xiaochao SONG, Jing WANG, Hua SHEN, Lihang WEI. Cosmic Ray Muon Count Dataset from Siziwang Station in Inner Mongolia (2023-2025)[J]. Chinese Journal of Space Science, 2026 , 46 (2) : 556 -566 . DOI: 10.11728/cjss2026.02.2025-0133
太阳爆发活动、宇宙线、行星际太阳风及地球磁层间的相互作用研究, 对空间天气监测与预报至关重要. 宇宙线受太阳活动与行星际太阳风的调制, 太阳风的变化与日冕物质抛射(CME)的传播会引发地球磁层响应, 进而影响到达地面的宇宙线粒子数量. 福布斯下降是宇宙线强度受CME调制的典型特征, 表现为地面观测的宇宙线强度的短时快速下降[1]. 强CME引发的宇宙线福布斯下降通常与大地磁暴相伴发生[2]. 宇宙线携带有太阳爆发活动、行星际太阳风及地磁扰动的相关信息, 开展地面宇宙线监测研究, 对空间天气预报具有重要意义.
宇宙线到达地球空间后, 受地球磁场调制并表现为几种地磁效应[3], 即宇宙线的纬度效应、经度效应与东西方向效应. 这类地磁效应要求宇宙线探测需进行全球区域的多站点、多方向布局. 宇宙线进入地球大气层后, 与大气分子相互作用产生次级宇宙线粒子, 并进一步形成粒子簇射, 粒子通量的峰值高度约为20 km[3]. 在峰值高度以下, 大气吸收效应起主导作用. 地面海拔越高, 大气吸收效应越弱, 宇宙线则越强. 因此, 高海拔区域更利于进行宇宙线观测.
2000年Munakata等[4]利用地面宇宙线μ子数据对宇宙线强度的各向异性特征进行分析, 探索利用μ子望远镜多方向先兆特征进行地磁暴预报方法, 同时提出在全球进行μ子望远镜布站的设想. 目前, 国际上多台设备已实现宇宙线μ子联网观测, 主要包括日本(Nagoya台站)、巴西(SaoMartinho台站)、澳大利亚(Hobart台站)、科威特(Kuwait台站)等国的μ子望远镜, 形成了全球宇宙线μ子监测网GMDN*. Gololobov等[5]利用GMDN数据研究宇宙线的各向异性参数特征, Rockenbach等[6]研究利用行星际激波引发的宇宙线损失锥先兆性特征及宇宙线异常扰动, 提前数小时到十几个小时为CME引发的大地磁暴提供预警信息. 此外, 国际上新型的μ子望远镜也在建设之中[7].
中国现有宇宙线μ子观测点主要分布在广州、西藏羊八井[8]、海南儋州和内蒙古四子王旗, 基于多方向μ子数据开展的地面宇宙线增强、福布斯下降、CME等典型空间天气事件的研究表明[912], 宇宙线是诊断行星际扰动结构的有力工具.
在子午工程二期项目支持下, 中国科学院国家空间科学中心在内蒙古四子王旗建设了一台μ子望远镜, 该设备作为子午工程二期太阳–行星际全链条监测中近地面环境监测的重要环节, 用于探测宇宙线与大气相互作用产生的次级μ子成分, 以此分析太阳活动特征及太阳爆发的对地有效性. μ子望远镜于2019年底开始研制, 2023年4月底完成建设. 内蒙古四子王站μ子望远镜设备采用新材料与新工艺技术, 探测精度较高, 将为第25太阳活动周高年的空间天气预警研究提供连续、稳定的宇宙线数据.
本文介绍了内蒙古四子王站μ子望远镜的数据采集与处理方法、数据质量控制与评估方式以及数据使用方法和相关建议.
四子王站属于野外台站, 位于内蒙古四子王旗, 111.9°E, 41.8°N, 海拔高度1444 m, 垂直地磁截止刚度7.68 GV. 四子王站μ子望远镜主要由闪烁体观测堆、电子学记录仪、监控平台及电源系统组成, 其闪烁体探测面积达6 m2, 数据时间分辨率为10 s, 可实现垂直、东、西、南、北 等共15个方向的μ子计数的探测. μ子望远镜观测室与闪烁体探测单元阵列如图1所示.
μ子望远镜的探测方向通过闪烁体观测堆的阵列设计实现. 该闪烁体观测堆采用光导箱构造, 包含48个探测器单元, 分为上下两层, 每层按6×4的方式排列; 其长边为地理南北方向, 短边为东西方向. 闪烁体探测单元的阵列分布如图2所示.
μ子从上层探测器单元入射, 穿越5 cm厚的铅砖后进入下层探测器单元, 通过识别μ子在上下两层探测器单元产生的电信号的符合特征, 可测定宇宙线的入射方向. 根据不同方向的μ子计数分析, 入射角>52°时, 该方向的μ子计数对福布斯下降事件无明显响应, 因此μ子望远镜共设计了15个角度较小的入射方向. 入射角定义为上下探测器单元中心连线方向偏离垂直方向的角度, 探测方向分布如图3所示.
不同入射方向对应不同的探测器组合数目, 例如垂直方向由24组上下探测器组合构成, 北向30°方向由20组探测器组合构成. 15个入射角度下, 上下两层探测器单元的计数符合共形成232种组合, 具体情况如表1所示.
宇宙线μ子进入塑料闪烁体探测器单元, 使闪烁体中的原子发生电离或激发并产生荧光光子, 光导箱将大部分光子收集至光电倍增管(CR135)中; 光电倍增管加载–900 V高压, 可将收集到的光信号转换为电信号, 输出至前端调理电路; 前端电路再对电信号进行放大、甄别及整形处理后, 生成规整有效的计数信号, 送入FPGA符合电路主导的数据记录仪. FPGA依据设定好的组合算法, 对48路信号进行上下层符合计算. 当上层某一单元记录到入射信号时, 即刻锁定上层锁存器; 在规定的10 ns触发时间内, 若下层某一单元符合逻辑关系, 即打开锁存器, 判定该入射方向信号后进行数据累加计算. 各入射方向同步完成上述累加处理, 在10 s时间段内可获得15个方向的原始μ子计数, 数据随即传送至计算服务器. 服务器先对原始μ子计数进行存储与显示, 同时接收数字气压计测量的气压值, 并根据气压修正算法, 计算生成15个方向的μ子计数校正值; 再对μ子计数校正值进行累加处理; 最终生成5 min和1 h分辨率的科学数据. 信号处理与数据采集流程如图4所示.
初级宇宙线进入大气层后, 与大气分子发生相互作用并产生次级宇宙线. 这些次级粒子进一步与周围的大气相互作用, 形成大范围的粒子簇射. 随着宇宙线簇射的发展, 次级粒子数量持续增加, 直至在某一特定高度达到峰值[3]. 在峰值高度处, 宇宙线与大气分子相互作用引发的µ子增殖数量与 µ 子衰减数量达到平衡; 而在峰值高度以下, 随着高度的降低, 大气密度不断增加, 与大气密度成正相关的气压也不断增加, µ子增殖数量小于衰减数量, 整体 µ 子计数率随之减少. 因此, 在峰值高度以下的 µ 子计数率与气压呈负相关关系. 为使 µ 子计数更精准地反映初级宇宙线的变化特征, 需消减气压变化对 µ 子计数的影响. 本研究选取2023年5-7月空间环境相对较平稳时段的观测数据, 以降低空间环境扰动对数据分析的影响. 通过回归分析方法, 可计算得到µ子计数校正值. 气压系数计算公式为[13]
$ \ln{I}/{I_0}=\alpha\left(P-P_0\right). $
其中, IP分别为原始µ子计数和气压值 (单位hPa); I0P0分别为该时间段内的原始 µ 子计数平均值和气压平均值; $ \alpha $为气压校正系数 (单位 hPa–1).
得到气压校正系数后, 利用下面的公式[13]计算得到µ子计数校正值, 即
$ I_{\mathrm{c}}=I\cdot\mathrm{e}^{[-\alpha\left(P-P_0\right)]}. $
气压校正前后 µ子计数曲线如图5所示. 为了在一幅图中给出所有数据, 气压与不同方向的µ子计数值乘以一个系数, 如图5右侧标注所示.
原始µ子计数曲线与气压曲线的变化趋势相反. 消减气压效应影响后, µ子计数校正值的变化幅度明显减小.
数据集由15个方向的μ子计数校正值组成, 时间分辨率1 h, 时间长度从2023年5月1日至2025年4月30日. 数据样本如图6所示.
数据样本中的物理量包括垂直方向、北向30°、南向30°、东向30°、西向30°、东北39°、东南39°、西北39°、西南39°、北向49°、南向49°、东向49°、西向49°、西北52°、东南52°, 共15个方向的µ子计数校正值.
数据样本的文件头说明包括台站、观测设备、数据生产方、数据级别、数据开始和结束时间、数据记录行数、采样率、观测的物理量、15个方向µ子计数校正值的格式及缺省值.
数据样本的数据记录区包括标题行和以行列形式存储的数据. 标题行标识了各列参数的名称, 包括时间和15个方向的µ子计数校正值, 每一行记录一条数据, 按时间顺序排列. 各参数值详见表2.
µ子望远镜的计数噪声主要来源有两类, 其一为宇宙线中的其他粒子噪声, 其二为周围环境中的低能粒子及探测器电路噪声. 通过设置铅砖过滤层, 并结合上下探测器的信号符合, 根据地面宇宙线成分研究[3]及铅砖、钢架与探测器壳体材料的屏蔽效果估算, 第一类噪声可滤除至1%以下. 第二类噪声的滤除, 需先利用多道信号分析仪测定各探测器单元的沉积能谱, 再通过设置甄别电压实现. 在工作状态下, 单个探测器的沉积能谱如图7所示, 横坐标为道数, 表示粒子沉积能量或电压的大小, 纵坐标为粒子计数. 虚竖线的右侧为有效的µ子计数信号, 其分布近似服从高斯分布; 虚竖线的左侧则是低能量的第二类噪声产生的信号. 该虚竖线位于噪声与有效信号之间计数最低的位置, 对应电压即为甄别电压, 在前端调理电路的甄别器中设置此电压, 即可以滤除低于甄别电压的噪声信号.
光电倍增管在长时间工作过程中, 其本底噪声会缓慢增加, 反映在沉积能谱图中表现为甄别点向右缓慢移动. 针对噪声累积问题, 可通过定期检测维护, 采取调整甄别电压或更换光电倍增管的方式解决.
地面宇宙线计数近似服从泊松分布的统计特征, 其相对统计误差[14]可表示为$ \sigma ={1}/{\sqrt{NT}} $, 这里 N为单位时间内的µ子计数, T为记录时间. 统计2023年5月1至2025年4月30日有效的1 h分辨率µ子计数的平均值, 计算相对统计误差, 结果列于表3.
表3可见, 垂直方向的 µ子计数率最高, 相对统计误差最小, 随着入射角度的增加, 计数率逐渐减小, 相对统计误差增大.
原始 µ子计数与大气压强呈负相关关系, 这是 µ子气象效应的典型特征之一. 选取2023年5月1日至2023年7月31日期间2176个1 h分辨率的原始数据点, 对其进行相关性统计分析, 所得线性相关系数计算结果列于表4. 图8给出了北、南、东、西 30°方向原始µ子计数与大气压强的关系.
15个方向的原始 µ子计数与大气压强的线性相关系数均小于–0.93, 表明二者呈显著负相关关系. 四子王站 µ子望远镜观测结果可有效反映宇宙线气压效应的典型特征.
宇宙线数据呈现显著的日变化特征. 选取2024年的观测数据, 采用时序叠加法, 对经气压修正后的 µ子计数校正值, 按地方时进行日内累加平均处理, 得到垂直方向的 µ子计数的平均值, 其日平均变化幅度如图9所示.
µ 子计数的地方时曲线呈近似的余弦变化, 反映了µ子数据的日变化特征. 太阳风与地磁场发生相互作用, 引起地磁场形变, 使地球空间磁场在正午时段较强, 午夜时段较弱, 而地球空间磁场的昼夜差异是宇宙线日变化的主要原因.
福布斯下降是宇宙线对太阳爆发活动产生响应的典型特征. 2024年5月10-13日, 太阳爆发产生的多个日冕物质抛射(CME)先后抵达到地球, 触发了近20年来的最强地磁暴[15], 进而导致宇宙线急剧下降. 四子王站 µ 子望远镜完整观测了此次大事件的全过程, 5月10日19:00 UT, 经气压校正后的 µ子计数开始急剧下降, 至11日13:00 UT, 计数降至最低值, 其中垂直方向的最大下降幅度达到–5.9%. 为了进一步验证福布斯下降事件响应的可靠性, 选取全球宇宙线µ子监测网*日本Nagoya站 (136.9°E, 35.2°N, 海拔77 m) µ子望远镜的同期观测数据进行了对比分析. 5月10日19:00 UT至11日13:00 UT, Nagoya台站垂直方向µ子计数的最大下降幅度达到–4.9%. 2024年5月, 两台µ子望远镜观测得到的垂直方向µ子计数的变化幅度如图10所示.
福布斯下降事件中, 两台设备的垂直方向 µ 子计数同时达到谷值, 下降幅度均较显著, 变化趋势也高度一致. 这表明, 四子王站 µ 子望远镜对福布斯下降事件的响应及时且灵敏.
四子王站 µ 子望远镜的运行状态稳定, 有效数据时间占比达98.6%, 数据缺失主要由每年数次的检测维护停机导致. 此外, 监控软件系统的更新升级、个别线缆接插件接触不良以及供电异常等情况, 也会造成短时的数据缺失.
本数据集的观测时段处于第25太阳活动周的高年, 可用于分析宇宙线μ子对空间天气事件的响应, 也可用于研究行星际扰动特征、宇宙线μ子与太阳爆发活动及地磁扰动的关系等. 宇宙线µ子的气象效应除气压效应外, 还包括温度效应, 因此需对µ子数据进行温度校正研究, 以消弱大气温度对宇宙线的影响, 进而更精准地反映初级宇宙线的变化特征.
致谢 感谢内蒙古四子王站为μ子望远镜的建设和维护做出的贡献.

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doi: 10.11728/cjss2026.02.2025-0133
  • 接收时间:2025-07-31
  • 首发时间:2026-07-08
  • 出版时间:2026-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-31
  • 修回日期:2025-12-10
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    1中国科学院国家空间科学中心 太阳活动与空间天气全国重点实验室 北京 100190
    2中国科学院大学天文与空间科学学院 北京 101408
    3中国人民解放军96941部队 北京 100085

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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