Article(id=1281687939822367214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, issueId=1281687939268719086, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11728/cjss2026.02.2025-0052, pmid=null, cstr=32142.14.cjss.2025-0052, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744041600000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-08, revisedDate=1746720000000, revisedDateStr=2025-05-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1783507817464, onlineDateStr=2026-07-08, pubDate=1773504000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783507817464, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-08, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783507817464, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1783507817464, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1281687939268719086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, year='2026', volume='46', issue='2', pageStart='265', pageEnd='566', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773504000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783507817332, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1783508069046, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1281688995138605320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, issueId=1281687939268719086, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1281688995138605321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, issueId=1281687939268719086, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=334, endPage=347, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1281687940061442544, articleId=1281687939822367214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, language=EN, title=Retrieval of the Imaginary Part of the Dielectric Constant in Mountain Glaciers Using Airborne Radar Based on a Dual Rough Interface Numerical Simulation Model, columnId=1281687939994333679, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Space Science, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As a key indicator of global climate change and an essential freshwater resource, the accurate acquisition of multiple physical parameters of glaciers holds significant importance for global climate change research, ecological conservation, and water resource planning. In China, glaciers are predominantly mountain glaciers distributed in high-altitude regions. Constrained by harsh environments and complex terrain, traditional in-situ detection methods fail to achieve large-scale continuous monitoring of internal glacier parameters. Satellite-borne glacier remote sensing, meanwhile, faces limitations in resolution and interference from complex ground clutter in mountainous glacier regions, and thus has yet to be operationalized. Airborne radar, with its superior spatial resolution and flexible detection capabilities, has become a critical technical tool for glacier monitoring and research. However, airborne detection of mountain glaciers still confronts challenges posed by undulating ice surfaces and complex subglacial topography: scattering clutter from the uneven ice surface interferes with radar signal interpretation and precise inversion of key parameters, while the intricate subglacial structure and scattering losses caused by ice surface topography interact with dielectric losses within the ice, impeding accurate inversion of glacier dielectric constants. To address these challenges, this study integrates airborne ultra-wideband radar detection data from mountain glaciers with the Pseudo-Spectral Time Domain (PSTD) numerical simulation method. A coupled model of ice surface-subglacial dual interface topography and dielectric parameters is established. Through two-dimensional PSTD electromagnetic simulations, the interaction mechanism between topographic scattering and ice dielectric loss is elucidated. Furthermore, an inversion method for the imaginary part of the ice layer dielectric constant in measured regions is proposed based on dynamic range analysis. For the measured data from Laohugou Glacier No. 12, iterative optimization converges the estimated imaginary part value to 6.0×10–4. The relative error between the estimated imaginary part and the theoretical mean is 21%. Cross-validation between simulation results and theoretical models demonstrates that this method effectively improves the inversion accuracy of glacier dielectric parameters in complex terrain by decoupling the synergistic interference between topographic relief and dielectric parameters, thereby offering a viable solution for studying internal dielectric properties of glaciers.

, authors=Ziyi SHA1, 2, Di ZHU1, 2, Dongjin BAI1, Guoqing XU1, Jianying MA1, Tianao LIU1, 2, authorsList=Ziyi SHA, Di ZHU, Dongjin BAI, Guoqing XU, Jianying MA, Tianao LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Di ZHU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1281687959271355054, articleId=1281687939822367214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, language=CN, title=基于双粗糙界面数值仿真模型的机载雷达山岳冰川介电虚部反演, columnId=1281687940136940017, journalTitle=空间科学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

冰川作为全球气候变化的关键指示体和重要的淡水资源, 其多物理参数的精准获取具有重要意义. 中国山岳冰川环境恶劣、地形复杂, 传统就位探测方法难以大面积连续监测. 星载冰川透视探测由于受分辨率制约和复杂地面杂波的干扰, 至今无业务化应用. 机载雷达空间分辨率高、探测方式灵活, 已成为冰川监测和研究的重要技术手段. 但机载雷达进行探测时, 依然面临冰表起伏和冰底复杂地形的影响, 例如冰表杂波干扰信号解译与参数反演; 冰底地形散射与冰内介电损耗耦合, 阻碍介电常数准确反演. 本研究结合机载超宽带雷达数据与伪谱时域(PSTD)数值模拟, 构建冰表–冰底双界面地形与介电参数耦合模型. 通过二维PSTD仿真揭示地形散射与介电损耗互作用机制, 提出基于动态范围分析的冰层介电常数虚部反演方法. 应用老虎沟12号冰川实测数据, 经迭代优化将虚部估计值收敛至6.0×10–4, 相对误差为21%. 仿真与理论模型交叉验证表明, 该方法有效解耦地形与介电参数的协同干扰, 提升了复杂地形区冰川介电参数反演精度.

, authors=沙子意1, 2, 朱迪1, 2, 白东锦1, 徐国庆1, 马剑英1, 刘天澳1, 2, authorsList=沙子意, 朱迪, 白东锦, 徐国庆, 马剑英, 刘天澳, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=朱迪, authorNote=

沙子意 女, 1999年11月出生于云南省楚雄市, 现为中国科学院国家空间科学中心硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为机载雷达山岳冰川探测、数值模拟仿真等. E-mail:

朱迪 男, 1978年11月出生于陕西省杨凌市, 现为中国科学院国家空间科学中心研究员, 博士生导师, 主要研究方向为星载与机载遥感有效载荷设计、数字信号处理及卫星数据反演等. E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
朱迪 E-mail:
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沙子意 女, 1999年11月出生于云南省楚雄市, 现为中国科学院国家空间科学中心硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为机载雷达山岳冰川探测、数值模拟仿真等. E-mail:

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朱迪 男, 1978年11月出生于陕西省杨凌市, 现为中国科学院国家空间科学中心研究员, 博士生导师, 主要研究方向为星载与机载遥感有效载荷设计、数字信号处理及卫星数据反演等. E-mail:

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朱迪 男, 1978年11月出生于陕西省杨凌市, 现为中国科学院国家空间科学中心研究员, 博士生导师, 主要研究方向为星载与机载遥感有效载荷设计、数字信号处理及卫星数据反演等. E-mail:

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journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281687939822367214, language=CN, label=图9, caption=冰层虚部为1×10–3时的雷达图像, figureFileSmall=L+jMjzazxVX9Uq6C/DjIxA==, figureFileBig=L2N870Ou/KBwJqnUNEfq6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281687966795936499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281687939822367214, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Flowchart of the inversion method for the imaginary part of dielectric constant in ice layer, figureFileSmall=QN4BCtUghCgjxDKWCuPWlQ==, figureFileBig=z18ixUrqlyUZhYLwCK3iRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281687966871433972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281687939822367214, language=CN, label=图10, caption=冰层介电常数虚部值反演方法流程, figureFileSmall=QN4BCtUghCgjxDKWCuPWlQ==, figureFileBig=z18ixUrqlyUZhYLwCK3iRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281687966938542837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281687939822367214, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Parameters used in simulation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数名称参数值
探测器参数飞行高度/m150
雷达参数中心频率/MHz550
带宽/MHz300
信号形式高斯脉冲
模拟域参数域宽度/m200
域高度/m500
), ArticleFig(id=1281687967022428918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281687939822367214, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

仿真中使用的参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数名称参数值
探测器参数飞行高度/m150
雷达参数中心频率/MHz550
带宽/MHz300
信号形式高斯脉冲
模拟域参数域宽度/m200
域高度/m500
), ArticleFig(id=1281687967118897911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281687939822367214, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Three media models and their attenuation mechanisms

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
介质模型编号实部$ {\varepsilon }' $虚部$ {\varepsilon {''}}$衰减机制
13.1700无吸收衰减
23.1703.5×10–6恒定吸收衰减
33.149~3.153(3.99~5.01)×10–6动态吸收衰减
), ArticleFig(id=1281687967190201080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281687939822367214, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

三种介质模型及其衰减机制

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
介质模型编号实部$ {\varepsilon }' $虚部$ {\varepsilon {''}}$衰减机制
13.1700无吸收衰减
23.1703.5×10–6恒定吸收衰减
33.149~3.153(3.99~5.01)×10–6动态吸收衰减
), ArticleFig(id=1281687967257309945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281687939822367214, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Echo dynamic range of three models

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
介质模型
编号
冰表回波
强度/dB
冰底回波
强度/dB
回波动态
范围/dB
121.9988.31713.681
221.9988.28013.718
321.9258.33113.594
), ArticleFig(id=1281687967316030202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281687939822367214, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

三种模型的回波动态范围

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
介质模型
编号
冰表回波
强度/dB
冰底回波
强度/dB
回波动态
范围/dB
121.9988.31713.681
221.9988.28013.718
321.9258.33113.594
), ArticleFig(id=1281687967399916283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281687939822367214, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Numerical simulation results of different rough ice surfaces

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
场景编号均方根高度/m相关长度/m冰表回波强度/dB冰底回波强度/dB回波动态范围/dB
A101.121.9257.94313.983
A20.551.1–15.570–23.1247.554
A35.501.1–19.971–21.6641.693
B11.10.55–14.422–22.3317.909
B21.11.65–10.095–18.5108.415
B31.15.50–5.190–12.1316.942
), ArticleFig(id=1281687967487996668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281687939822367214, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同粗糙冰表的数值仿真结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
场景编号均方根高度/m相关长度/m冰表回波强度/dB冰底回波强度/dB回波动态范围/dB
A101.121.9257.94313.983
A20.551.1–15.570–23.1247.554
A35.501.1–19.971–21.6641.693
B11.10.55–14.422–22.3317.909
B21.11.65–10.095–18.5108.415
B31.15.50–5.190–12.1316.942
), ArticleFig(id=1281687967576077053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281687939822367214, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Numerical simulation results of rough ice bottoms

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
场景编号冰表均方根高度/m冰表相关长度/m冰表回波强度/dB冰底回波强度/dB回波动态范围/dB
C101.121.925–8.14130.067
C20.551.1–15.570–21.0175.446
C35.501.1–19.972–22.8832.911
), ArticleFig(id=1281687967689323262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281687939822367214, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

粗糙冰底的数值仿真结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
场景编号冰表均方根高度/m冰表相关长度/m冰表回波强度/dB冰底回波强度/dB回波动态范围/dB
C101.121.925–8.14130.067
C20.551.1–15.570–21.0175.446
C35.501.1–19.972–22.8832.911
), ArticleFig(id=1281687967756432127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281687939822367214, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Echo dynamic range for four scenarios

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
场景编号冰表均方根高度/m冰表相关长度/m冰底均方根高度/m冰底相关长度/m回波动态范围/dB
A101.101.113.983
A35.501.101.11.693
C101.10.551.6530.067
C35.501.10.551.652.911
), ArticleFig(id=1281687967844512512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281687939822367214, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

四种场景的回波动态范围

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
场景编号冰表均方根高度/m冰表相关长度/m冰底均方根高度/m冰底相关长度/m回波动态范围/dB
A101.101.113.983
A35.501.101.11.693
C101.10.551.6530.067
C35.501.10.551.652.911
), ArticleFig(id=1281687967911621377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281687939822367214, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

Parameters used in simulation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数名称参数值
探测器参数飞行高度/m150
雷达参数中心频率/MHz550
带宽/MHz300
信号形式高斯脉冲
模拟域参数域宽度/m600
域高度/m500
), ArticleFig(id=1281687967995507458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281687939822367214, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

仿真参数列表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数名称参数值
探测器参数飞行高度/m150
雷达参数中心频率/MHz550
带宽/MHz300
信号形式高斯脉冲
模拟域参数域宽度/m600
域高度/m500
), ArticleFig(id=1281687968071004931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281687939822367214, language=EN, label=Tab.8, caption=

Relationship between ice layer dielectric constant imaginary part and echo dynamic range during iteration

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
冰层介电常数虚部$ {\varepsilon {''}} $回波动态范围/dB
1.0×10–326.071
9.0×10–425.233
8.0×10–424.338
7.0×10–423.443
6.0×10–422.549
5.0×10–421.654
), ArticleFig(id=1281687968163279620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281687939822367214, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

迭代中冰层介电常数虚部与回波动态范围的关系

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
冰层介电常数虚部$ {\varepsilon {''}} $回波动态范围/dB
1.0×10–326.071
9.0×10–425.233
8.0×10–424.338
7.0×10–423.443
6.0×10–422.549
5.0×10–421.654
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基于双粗糙界面数值仿真模型的机载雷达山岳冰川介电虚部反演
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沙子意 1, 2 , 朱迪 1, 2 , 白东锦 1 , 徐国庆 1 , 马剑英 1 , 刘天澳 1, 2
空间科学学报 | 研究论文 2026,46(2): 334-347
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空间科学学报 |研究论文 2026 , 46 (2) : 334 -347
基于双粗糙界面数值仿真模型的机载雷达山岳冰川介电虚部反演
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沙子意 女, 1999年11月出生于云南省楚雄市, 现为中国科学院国家空间科学中心硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为机载雷达山岳冰川探测、数值模拟仿真等. E-mail:

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沙子意 女, 1999年11月出生于云南省楚雄市, 现为中国科学院国家空间科学中心硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为机载雷达山岳冰川探测、数值模拟仿真等. E-mail:

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朱迪 男, 1978年11月出生于陕西省杨凌市, 现为中国科学院国家空间科学中心研究员, 博士生导师, 主要研究方向为星载与机载遥感有效载荷设计、数字信号处理及卫星数据反演等. E-mail:

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沙子意1, 2 , 朱迪1, 2 , 白东锦1, 徐国庆1, 马剑英1, 刘天澳1, 2
作者信息
  • 1中国科学院国家空间科学中心 北京 100190
  • 2中国科学院大学 北京 100049
通讯作者:
朱迪 E-mail:
作者简介:

沙子意 女, 1999年11月出生于云南省楚雄市, 现为中国科学院国家空间科学中心硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为机载雷达山岳冰川探测、数值模拟仿真等. E-mail:

朱迪 男, 1978年11月出生于陕西省杨凌市, 现为中国科学院国家空间科学中心研究员, 博士生导师, 主要研究方向为星载与机载遥感有效载荷设计、数字信号处理及卫星数据反演等. E-mail:

Retrieval of the Imaginary Part of the Dielectric Constant in Mountain Glaciers Using Airborne Radar Based on a Dual Rough Interface Numerical Simulation Model
Ziyi SHA1, 2 , Di ZHU1, 2 , Dongjin BAI1, Guoqing XU1, Jianying MA1, Tianao LIU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190
  • 2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049
出版时间: 2026-03-15 doi: 10.11728/cjss2026.02.2025-0052
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冰川作为全球气候变化的关键指示体和重要的淡水资源, 其多物理参数的精准获取具有重要意义. 中国山岳冰川环境恶劣、地形复杂, 传统就位探测方法难以大面积连续监测. 星载冰川透视探测由于受分辨率制约和复杂地面杂波的干扰, 至今无业务化应用. 机载雷达空间分辨率高、探测方式灵活, 已成为冰川监测和研究的重要技术手段. 但机载雷达进行探测时, 依然面临冰表起伏和冰底复杂地形的影响, 例如冰表杂波干扰信号解译与参数反演; 冰底地形散射与冰内介电损耗耦合, 阻碍介电常数准确反演. 本研究结合机载超宽带雷达数据与伪谱时域(PSTD)数值模拟, 构建冰表–冰底双界面地形与介电参数耦合模型. 通过二维PSTD仿真揭示地形散射与介电损耗互作用机制, 提出基于动态范围分析的冰层介电常数虚部反演方法. 应用老虎沟12号冰川实测数据, 经迭代优化将虚部估计值收敛至6.0×10–4, 相对误差为21%. 仿真与理论模型交叉验证表明, 该方法有效解耦地形与介电参数的协同干扰, 提升了复杂地形区冰川介电参数反演精度.

山岳冰川  /  机载雷达探冰  /  数值模拟仿真  /  伪谱时域法  /  参数反演

As a key indicator of global climate change and an essential freshwater resource, the accurate acquisition of multiple physical parameters of glaciers holds significant importance for global climate change research, ecological conservation, and water resource planning. In China, glaciers are predominantly mountain glaciers distributed in high-altitude regions. Constrained by harsh environments and complex terrain, traditional in-situ detection methods fail to achieve large-scale continuous monitoring of internal glacier parameters. Satellite-borne glacier remote sensing, meanwhile, faces limitations in resolution and interference from complex ground clutter in mountainous glacier regions, and thus has yet to be operationalized. Airborne radar, with its superior spatial resolution and flexible detection capabilities, has become a critical technical tool for glacier monitoring and research. However, airborne detection of mountain glaciers still confronts challenges posed by undulating ice surfaces and complex subglacial topography: scattering clutter from the uneven ice surface interferes with radar signal interpretation and precise inversion of key parameters, while the intricate subglacial structure and scattering losses caused by ice surface topography interact with dielectric losses within the ice, impeding accurate inversion of glacier dielectric constants. To address these challenges, this study integrates airborne ultra-wideband radar detection data from mountain glaciers with the Pseudo-Spectral Time Domain (PSTD) numerical simulation method. A coupled model of ice surface-subglacial dual interface topography and dielectric parameters is established. Through two-dimensional PSTD electromagnetic simulations, the interaction mechanism between topographic scattering and ice dielectric loss is elucidated. Furthermore, an inversion method for the imaginary part of the ice layer dielectric constant in measured regions is proposed based on dynamic range analysis. For the measured data from Laohugou Glacier No. 12, iterative optimization converges the estimated imaginary part value to 6.0×10–4. The relative error between the estimated imaginary part and the theoretical mean is 21%. Cross-validation between simulation results and theoretical models demonstrates that this method effectively improves the inversion accuracy of glacier dielectric parameters in complex terrain by decoupling the synergistic interference between topographic relief and dielectric parameters, thereby offering a viable solution for studying internal dielectric properties of glaciers.

Mountain glaciers  /  Airborne radar ice sounding  /  Numerical simulation  /  Pseudo-spectral time domain method  /  Parameter inversion
沙子意, 朱迪, 白东锦, 徐国庆, 马剑英, 刘天澳. 基于双粗糙界面数值仿真模型的机载雷达山岳冰川介电虚部反演. 空间科学学报, 2026 , 46 (2) : 334 -347 . DOI: 10.11728/cjss2026.02.2025-0052
Ziyi SHA, Di ZHU, Dongjin BAI, Guoqing XU, Jianying MA, Tianao LIU. Retrieval of the Imaginary Part of the Dielectric Constant in Mountain Glaciers Using Airborne Radar Based on a Dual Rough Interface Numerical Simulation Model[J]. Chinese Journal of Space Science, 2026 , 46 (2) : 334 -347 . DOI: 10.11728/cjss2026.02.2025-0052
冰川作为陆地冰冻圈系统的核心组成部分, 不仅是全球最重要的固态淡水资源储备, 还是研究气候变化响应机制的关键指示体[1]. 系统性观测冰川的时空演变规律, 可有效揭示其与气候变化间的动态响应及其反馈机制. 此类研究不仅为全球气候变化提供了科学基准, 同时对自然灾害预警体系构建[2] 及生态系统保护策略制定均具有重要理论价值与实践意义.
雷达探冰作为一种基于电磁波理论的主动遥感技术, 通过分析回波信号解析冰雪介质物理特性[3], 具有非接触式测量、高效作业能力和强地形适应性优势, 已成为现代冰川监测的核心技术[4]. 第二次冰川编目数据显示, 中国冰川集中分布于高山高原区域, 均属山岳冰川类型, 对探测平台的地形适应能力提出特殊要求[5]. 传统原位探测方法虽能获取局部区域参数, 但难以实现冰川内部特性的大范围连续观测; 星载冰川透视技术虽具有广域覆盖优势, 但受制于空间分辨率不足和地表杂波干扰, 尚未形成业务化应用. 相较之下, 机载雷达系统兼具较高空间分辨率与灵活的任务规划特性[6], 因而成为中国冰川精细化探测的主要技术手段, 在青藏高原及老虎沟等典型山岳冰川观测中展现出显著优势.
2001年在极地冰盖探测雷达计划支持下, 美国堪萨斯大学研制出宽带相干雷达深度探测仪(Wideband Coherent Radar Depth Sounder, WCoRDS)该系统采用VHF-UHF频段线性调频脉冲体制, 通过双增益接收通道设计扩展动态范围[7]. 2011年堪萨斯大学冰盖遥感中心进一步开发了多通道相干雷达深度探测/成像系统(Multichannel Coherent Radar Depth Sounder/Imager, MCoRDS/I), 该系统主要承担冰岩界面三维成像、冰盖厚度精确测量及深层冰层结构解析等复合探测任务, 实现了穿冰探测与合成孔径成像的技术融合[8]. 在后续技术迭代中, MCoRDS/I进一步发展更新为MCoRDS4, 将垂直分辨率提升至0.3 m量级[9]. 中国第32和33次南极科学考察期间部署的高性能机载雷达系统(High-performance Chinese Airborne Radar System, HiCARS)主要致力于填补南极伊丽莎白公主地冰下地形观测的数据空白[10]. 该系统采用中心频率60 MHz、带宽15 MHz的机载穿冰雷达体制, 通过雪鹰601平台与HiCARS系统的协同作业, 成功获取了该区域首套高分辨率冰下地形数据集[11].
但机载山岳冰川探测仍面临冰表起伏地形与冰下复杂结构带来的双重制约: 冰表起伏地形诱发的散射杂波会显著制约雷达信号解译精度及关键参数的反演准确性; 复杂的冰底与冰表地形共同产生的散射损耗与冰内介电损耗形成耦合效应, 将严重阻碍冰川介电常数的精确反演.
相比频域电磁散射方法, 时域方法实现简单, 且对随机介质建模具有灵活性, 常用于解决电磁散射问题. 时域有限差分方法(Finite-Difference Time-Domain, FDTD)是电磁场计算领域最经典的时域方法, 但每个电磁波长至少需要有12个网格以满足计算要求, 受差分精度的限制, 并不适用于对电大尺寸结构的电磁仿真[12]. 伪谱时域(Pseudo-Spectral Time Domain, PSTD)方法在空间谱域通过快速傅里叶变换(Fast Fourier Transform, FFT)计算空间导数, 最高频率下仅需满足奈奎斯特采样准则, 即可进行模拟域的采样, 更适用于大规模的数值仿真[13]. 因此, 针对上述技术挑战, 本研究基于机载雷达探测原理与伪谱时域(PSTD)方法, 构建融合冰表–冰底粗糙界面与动态介电参数分布的冰川物理模型. 通过设置多组不同介电特性与地形参数的数值仿真实验, 生成雷达回波数据, 并从中提取目标回波强度、动态范围等关键参数, 定量表征地表杂波对冰底信号的遮蔽效应. 基于不同场景下冰表–冰底地形耦合作用引起的回波动态范围演变规律, 揭示地形分布特征与介电常数虚部响应间的耦合机制. 在此基础上, 提出基于动态范围匹配的冰层介电常数虚部反演算法, 通过老虎沟12号冰川实测回波时延解算冰面与基底地形高程, 构建用于数值模拟的双粗糙界面地形模型, 解耦地形起伏与介电参数的协同干扰, 结合实测回波动态范围均值与仿真结果进行参数迭代优化, 最终确定冰层介质的合理虚部估计值.
机载探冰雷达通过向冰层发射大功率电磁脉冲, 并记录冰–气界面与冰–岩界面的回波时延差, 实现冰盖厚度的非接触式测量. 根据电磁波在冰介质中的传播特性, 冰层厚度可表示为[6]
$ h={v}_{\mathrm{p}}\left({\tau }_{2}-{\tau }_{1}\right) . $
其中, $ {\tau }_{1} $为接收到冰表面回波的时延; $ {\tau }_{2} $为冰床界面到冰表面的回波时延; $ {v}_{\mathrm{p}} $为电磁波在冰中传播的速度, 其受到冰介质介电特性的影响. 在实际探测中, 雷达平台沿预设航线飞行并周期性发射脉冲信号, 同步记录回波信号与地理位置信息. 通过对回波序列进行时域与空域联合处理, 可生成反映冰层内部结构的雷达回波图(Radar echogram).
根据机载平台冰雷达探测原理, 冰川电磁勘探的核心数据源于飞行轨迹下方冰盖内部三维反射波场特征. 冰川冰床界面回波可分为来自平面界面的反射信号与粗糙界面后向散射信号[14]. 若将回波视为来自平面界面的反射信号, 此时接收天线在距离R处的平面界面反射回波功率可表示为[15]
$ {P}_{\mathrm{r}}={\frac{{P}_{\mathrm{T}}{G}_{\mathrm{T}}{G}_{\mathrm{R}}{\lambda }^{2}\left| {\varGamma }\right| }{4\text{π} (2R{)}^{2}}}^{2} . $
其中, $ {P}_{\mathrm{T}} $为发射功率, $ {G}_{\mathrm{T}} $为发射天线增益, $ {G}_{\mathrm{R}} $为接收天线增益, $ {\varGamma } $为界面的反射系数. 接收天线增益$ {G}_{\mathrm{R}} $与其有效孔径$ {A}_{\mathrm{e}} $有关, 可以表示为[15]
$ {G}_{\mathrm{R}}=\frac{4\text{π} {A}_{\mathrm{e}}}{{\lambda }^{2}} . $
考虑空气–冰界面的双向传输损耗, 假设飞机在厚度$ {h}_{\mathrm{i}} $的冰面上以$ {h}_{\mathrm{a}} $的高度飞行, 接收到的回波功率变为[15]
$ {P}_{\mathrm{r}}=\frac{{P}_{\mathrm{T}}{G}_{\mathrm{T}}{A}_{\mathrm{e}}(1-{\left| {{\varGamma }}_{\text{af}}\right| }^{2}){\left| {{\varGamma }}_{\mathrm{b}}\right| }^{2}}{4\text{π} (2h{)}^{2}{L}_{\text{is}}} . $
其中, $ {{\varGamma }}_{\text{af}} $为空气–冰界面的双向传输损耗, $ {{\varGamma }}_{\mathrm{b}} $为冰床界面反射系数, $ {L}_{\text{is}} $为穿过冰层的损耗, $ h={h}_{\mathrm{i}}+{h}_{\mathrm{a}} $表示飞机与冰床界面的距离.
若将回波视为来自粗糙平面的后向散射信号, 对于分布式目标, 冰床界面后向散射功率为[15]
$ \begin{split} {P}_{\mathrm{r}}=&\frac{{P}_{\mathrm{T}}{G}_{\mathrm{T}}{G}_{\mathrm{R}}{\lambda }^{2}(1-|{{\varGamma }}_{\text{af}}{|}^{2}{)}^{2}{\sigma }_{\text{RCS}}}{(4\text{π} {)}^{3}{h}^{4}{L}_{\text{is}}}=\\&\frac{{P}_{\mathrm{T}}{G}_{\mathrm{T}}{G}_{\mathrm{R}}{\lambda }^{2}\text{π} c{\tau }_{\mathrm{c}}(1-|{{\varGamma }}_{\text{af}}{|}^{2}{)}^{2}{\sigma }^{0}}{(4\text{π} {)}^{3}{h}^{3}{L}_{\text{is}}} .\end{split} $
其中, 雷达散射截面$ {\sigma }_{\text{RCS}}={\sigma }^{0}A={\sigma }^{0}\text{π} c{\tau }_{\mathrm{c}}h $.
对于一般的电介质和导电介质($ \varepsilon $为介电常数, $ \mu $为磁导率, $ \sigma $为电导率, $ {\sigma }^{'} $为复磁导率), 通过笛卡尔坐标系对电磁场分量进行分解后, 横向磁(TMZ)情况下的麦克斯韦方程表示为[13]
$ \varepsilon \frac{\partial {E}_{zx}}{\partial t}+{\sigma }_{x}{E}_{zx}=\frac{\partial {H}_{y}}{\partial x} , $
$ \varepsilon \frac{\partial {E}_{zy}}{\partial t}+{\sigma }_{y}{E}_{zy}=\frac{\partial {H}_{x}}{\partial y} , $
$ \mu \frac{\partial {H}_{x}}{\partial t}+\sigma _{y}^{'}{H}_{x}=\frac{\partial ({E}_{zx}+{E}_{zy})}{\partial y} , $
$ \mu \frac{\partial {H}_{y}}{\partial t}+\sigma _{x}^{'}{H}_{y}=\frac{\partial ({E}_{zx}+{E}_{zy})}{\partial x} . $
其中, z方向上的电场被分解为xy两个方向, 即$ {E}_{z}={E}_{zx}+{E}_{zy} $.
在PSTD中, 时间导数通过时域的有限差进行计算, 而空间导数则通过前向和反向快速傅里叶变换(Fast Fourier Transform, FFT)在空间谱域中进行计算, 最高频率下仅需满足奈奎斯特采样准则即可进行模拟域的采样[16,17]. 设定空间网格在xy方向的采样间隔$ \Delta s $保持各向同性, 则基于PSTD方法推导的$ {E}_{zx} $场量更新方程可表述为[13]
$ E_{zx}^{n+1}=M_{\mathrm{e}zx\mathrm{e}}E_{zx}^n+M_{\mathrm{e}zx\mathrm{h}}\mathcal{F}_x^{-1}\left[\mathrm{j}k_x\mathcal{F}_x\left(H_y^{n+\frac{1}{2}}\right)\right]. $
其中, 电场$ {E}_{zx} $定义在$ t=n\Delta t $的时间网格上; 磁场$ {H}_{y} $定义在$ t=[n+(1/2)]\Delta t $的时间网格上, 其中$ n $为整数, $ \Delta t $为时间步长; $ {\mathcal{F}}_{x} $$ \mathcal{F}_{x}^{-1} $为沿x方向的正向和反向FFT; 更新系数$ {M}_{\mathrm{e}zx\mathrm{e}}=(2\varepsilon -{\sigma }_{x}\Delta t)/(2\varepsilon +{\sigma }_{x}\Delta t) $, $ {M}_{\mathrm{e}zx\mathrm{h}}=2\Delta t/(2\varepsilon +{\sigma }_{x}\Delta t) $.
采用类似的方法推导出其他场的更新方程, 即可根据更新方程求解不同时间步长处各个场的分布情况.
这里使用Lei等[18,19]提出的二维PSTD模拟器, 其可以模拟来自任意波源的正态和斜入射的半空间分布目标的散射, 模拟器使用的半空间域设计如图1所示[18], 域内电磁场分布采用2.1节的PSTD算法进行求解.
该半空间域由完美匹配层(Perfectly Matched Layer, PML)、连接域、惠更斯轮廓与介质模型四部分组成, 介质模型可模拟冰川不同地形分布与介电特性, 通过将其嵌入二维伪谱时域模拟器的半空间域框架进行数值模拟, 可获取不同参数配置下的回波信号分布特征, 从而为实测数据解析建立理论基准.
针对冰川表面杂波研究的电磁散射响应分析需求, 需建立数值计算方法描述地表散射特性, 该方法的实现依赖于山岳冰川表面几何模型的精确构建. 本研究通过构建一维粗糙表面模型表征地形起伏特征, 其中高斯随机粗糙面模型因具有普适性而被广泛采用[20], 其表面高度分布的自相关函数具有高斯型特征. 为准确模拟冰川表面物理特性, 本研究基于蒙特卡罗随机生成方法, 结合高斯随机粗糙面功率谱密度函数, 建立一维数值模型[21,22].
一维高斯随机粗糙面的表面高度分布自相关函数和功率谱密度分别如下[20]:
$ C\left(x\right)=\exp \bigg(-\frac{{x}^{2}}{l_{x}^{2}}\bigg) , $
$ S\left(k\right)=\frac{{\delta }^{2}{l}_{x}}{2\sqrt{\text{π} }}\exp \left(-\frac{{k}^{2}l_{x}^{2}}{4}\right) . $
其中, $ {l}_{x} $为相关长度, 即相关函数的值为$ \dfrac{1}{e} $$ x $的取值; $ \delta $为一维高斯随机粗糙面的均方根高度.
一维高斯随机粗糙表面可被描述为由多组谐波分量叠加构成, 其中各谐波的振幅服从相互独立的高斯随机分布, 其方差与特定波数对应的功率谱密度成正比. 该模型通过如下定义函数生成长度为L的一维粗糙表面样本, 即[21]
$ f\left({x}_{n}\right)=\frac{1}{L}\sum \nolimits_{j=N/2}^{j=-N/2+1}F\left({k}_{j}\right){\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{i}{{k}_{j}}{{x}_{n}}} . $
其中, $ {x}_{n}=n\Delta x\left(n=0, 1, 2, \cdots,N-1\right) $, 表示粗糙表面上第$ n $个采样点; $ F\left({k}_{j}\right) $$ f\left({x}_{n}\right) $为傅里叶变换对, 定义为[21]
$ \begin{split} F\left({k}_{j}\right)=&\frac{2\text{π} }{\sqrt{2\Delta K}}\sqrt{S({k}_{j})}\cdot\\&\begin{cases} \left[G\left(0{,}1\right)+\mathrm{i}G\left(0{,}1\right)\right],\;\;j=1, 2,\cdots, N/2-1;\\ G\left(0{,}1\right),\;\;j=0,N/2.\\ \end{cases}\end{split} $
其中, 离散波数$ {k}_{j}=2\text{π} j/L $; $ \Delta K $为谱域中相邻的谐波样本的空间波数差; $ S\left({k}_{j}\right) $为粗糙表面的功率谱密度; $ G\left(0{,}1\right) $表示均值为0, 方差为1的高斯随机变量. 当$ j> N/2 $时, $ F\left({k}_{j}\right) $满足共轭对称关系$ F\left({k}_{j}\right)=F{\left({k}_{N-j}\right)}^{'} $.
利用式(14), 可以建立由表面均方根高度和表面相关长度两个参数进行表征的一维高斯随机粗糙面.
为简化研究体系, 将冰川地层物理模型抽象为冰–基岩双层介质, 介质本构关系采用复介电常数$ \varepsilon $表征, 其数学描述为[23]
$ \varepsilon ={\varepsilon }^{'}-\mathrm{i}{\varepsilon }^{''} . $
其中, $ {\varepsilon }^{'} $为复介电常数的实部; $ {\varepsilon }^{''} $为复介电常数的虚部, 虚部与电导率$ \delta $、角频率$ \omega $和真空中的介电常数$ {\varepsilon }_{0} $有关, 可表示为
$ {\varepsilon }^{''}=\frac{\delta }{\omega {\varepsilon }_{0}} . $
其中, 角频率 $ \omega =2\text{π} f $.
冰川的冰介电常数具有显著的温度依赖性, 其垂向梯度特征导致冰层内部介电参数呈现深度相关性. 该特性表明, 在研究冰盖介电特性时, 需建立冰层介电常数随深度演化的定量函数模型, 以表征其垂直梯度分布规律.
冰作为天然介电介质, 其介电常数实部在0.01~300 GHz频率范围内呈现频率无关特性, 仅表现出微弱温度依赖性, 即
$ \varepsilon _{\text{ice}}^{'}=3.1884+9.1\times 1{0}^{-4}\,T,\;\;\;\;-40\text{℃}\leq T\leq 0 . $
而介电常数虚部在低频段受测量条件限制, 需通过经验模型进行估算[3].
研究采用Robin热力学模型计算冰层温度场分布, 结合Mӓtzler模型实现冰介质介电常数虚部的定量表征.
(1) Robin热力学模型. Robin热力学模型是由Robin推导的温度控制方程解析解, 适用于冰盖稳态温度场的垂直分布重构. 该模型在冰盖热稳态条件下可准确表征温度垂直分布特征, 能够有效满足机载雷达对冰盖内部温度场约束效应的研究需求[24]. Robin温度分布函数的表达式为
$\begin{split} T(z)=&{T}_{\mathrm{s}}-\frac{G\sqrt{\text{π} }}{2{k}_{\mathrm{c}}\sqrt{\dfrac{M}{2{k}_{\mathrm{d}}H}}}\cdot\\ &\left[\text{erf}\left(H-z\right)\sqrt{\frac{M}{2{k}_{\mathrm{d}}H}}-\text{erf}\left(H\sqrt{\frac{M}{2{k}_{\mathrm{d}}H}}\right)\right] .\end{split} $
其中, erf为误差函数; Ts为年平均表面温度, 单位K; G为地热流通量, 单位W·m–2; M为年平均积累率, 单位m·a–1; H为冰厚, 单位m; $ {k}_{\mathrm{c}} $为冰热导率值为2.7 W·m–1·K1; $ {k}_{\mathrm{d}} $为冰热扩散率值为45 m2·a–1; z为位置深度, 单位 m.
(2) Mӓtzler模型. 本文涉及的主要是冰介质在微波低频段的性质, 常用于此频段的介电常数虚部估计模型包括Tiuri模型和Mӓtzler模型两种. Leduc-Leballeur等[25]的研究发现, Mӓtzler模型在低频处的估计值较Tiuri模型偏低, 但进一步的分析测量发现Tiuri模型可能过高估计了纯冰介电常数的虚部. 因此, 冰盖主被动遥感探测模型发展中, 纯冰介电常数计算一般均采用Mӓtzler模型[26]. Mӓtzler模型适用于温度高于240 K、频率1~200 GHz范围内冰介质介电特性的表征, 该模型推导的冰介质介电常数虚部表达式如下[26]:
$ {{{\varepsilon }_{\text{ice}}^{''}}}=\frac{{\alpha }_{0}}{f}+{\beta }_{0}f , $
$ {\alpha }_{0}=\left(0.0054+0.0062\theta \right) \cdot \exp \left(-22.1\theta \right) , $
$ \begin{split} {\beta }_{0}=&\frac{{B}_{1}}{{T}_{\mathrm{K}}}\frac{\exp \left(b/{T}_{\mathrm{K}}\right)}{{\left[\exp \left(b/{T}_{\mathrm{K}}\right)-1\right]}^{2}}+{B}_{2}{f}^{2}+\\&\exp \left[-9.936+0.0372\;(T-273.16)\right] , \end{split}$
$ \theta =\frac{300}{T}-1 . $
其中, $ T $为温度, 单位K; $ f $为频率, 单位GHz.
为探究冰层垂直衰减效应与表面起伏形态对冰底回波的作用机制, 基于实地试飞实测的探测器参数与雷达系统参数, 开展伪谱时域数值仿真, 具体仿真参数如表1所示.
冰的复介电常数实部与虚部受冰层温度梯度影响, 其温度分布随深度呈现显著垂直变化. 冰层介电常数虚部表征介质电导特性, 引发电磁波传播过程中的损耗, 导致信号强度随深度呈指数衰减, 形成垂直衰减效应. 该效应与地表杂波同为制约雷达探冰精度的核心要素, 本节聚焦垂直衰减机制对雷达回波特性的影响进行仿真.
为排除地表地形杂波干扰, 构建冰表–冰底均呈平坦形态的地层模型, 设置三种典型介质场景(见表2), 以系统解析垂直衰减机制的作用规律.
基于Robin热力学模型和Mätzler模型构建介质模型, 设置冰层总厚度$ H $为200 m. 三种不同衰减机制的介质模型如图2所示, 模型1与模型2的冰层介电特性为固定值, 模型3则表现出显著垂向梯度变化.
基于仿真回波数据可计算冰表与冰底回波信号的强度差异(即回波动态范围), 结果列于表3. 仿真结果表明, 冰表与冰底回波特性受介电常数实部与虚部协同作用支配. 模型1与模型2因实部相同, 冰表回波强度保持一致性; 模型3则因实部降低导致冰表回波衰减, 验证实部减小会削弱冰–气界面反射率. 模型2相较于模型1虽实部一致, 但其非零电导率产生的传导损耗导致冰底回波强度下降, 动态范围提升6.8 dB. 模型3中因实部减小, 显著增强透射强度, 尽管电导率升高加剧传播衰减, 但透射增强效应的主导作用使冰底回波动态范围较模型1降低4.2 dB.
上述规律揭示了冰层介质参数的独立调控机制. 介电常数实部主导界面反射强度, 电导率决定冰层内部传播衰减速率. 因此, 在相同的地形分布下, 当介电常数实部恒定时, 冰表透射信号强度保持稳定, 冰层电导率(虚部)与回波动态范围呈显著正相关性.
为量化冰表粗糙度对平坦冰底雷达回波的独立影响, 本研究构建冰底绝对平坦(均方根高度与相关长度均为0)的理想地质模型, 通过参数解耦方法系统分析冰表微地形特征对电磁波散射的调制机制. 实验以雷达中心波长0.55 m为归一化基准, 设计两组控制变量实验体系.
第一组实验固定粗糙面相关长度为两倍雷达波长(1.1 m), 通过调节均方根高度构建三种典型冰表地形特征. 场景A1呈现理想光学平坦表面(均方根高度为0); 场景A2对应中等粗糙条件(均方根高度0.55 m); 场景A3模拟极端粗糙环境(均方根高度5.50 m).
第二组实验固定均方根高度为两倍雷达波长(1.1 m), 通过改变相关长度建立对比场景. 场景B1表征短程无序结构(相关长度0.55 m); 场景B2反映中等空间连续性起伏(相关长度1.65 m); 场景B3展现长程相关地形特征(相关长度5.50 m).
所有实验场景中冰层厚度保持200 m恒定值, 基于动态吸收衰减模型, 构建冰体–基岩双层介质体系, 采用二维伪谱时域全波数值模拟获取雷达散射场分布特征.
场景A1, A2, A3和B1, B2, B3的介质模型与雷达图像如图3图4所示. 介质模型与雷达成像结果表明, 在固定相关长度条件下, 冰表地形起伏随均方根高度增加而加剧, 导致雷达图像散射噪声增强; 当固定均方根高度时, 冰表起伏空间连续性随相关长度增加而增强, 冰表/冰底界面成像分辨率显著提升.
为量化评估不同地表起伏程度介质场景对探测结果的影响, 基于仿真回波数据提取冰表与冰底回波强度及回波动态范围(见表4).
A组仿真结果表明, 在相关长度恒定条件下, 冰表与冰底回波强度随均方根高度增加而递减, 动态范围同步收缩. 该现象源于表面粗糙度增加引发的多重散射效应, 导致电磁波穿透效能降低.
B组仿真结果表明, 当均方根高度固定时, 冰表与冰底回波强度随相关长度增加呈单调增长, 但动态范围与相关长度呈现非线性关系. B1场景中冰表起伏相关长度接近雷达波长, 增强的表面散射使其动态范围小于B2场景.
为研究冰表与冰底联合粗糙特性对雷达回波的耦合作用, 建立冰底具有固定粗糙参数的双层结构模型. 冰底粗糙面参数设定为均方根高度0.55 m和相关长度1.65 m, 以模拟天然冰层底部的基岩地形与内部应力形成的粗糙特征. 在此基础上, 通过调整冰表粗糙面均方根高度参数, 同时固定冰表相关长度, 形成以下三种典型场景: 场景C1对应冰表平坦(均方根高度0 m, 相关长度1.1 m)与粗糙冰底(均方根高度0.55 m, 相关长度1.65 m)组合; 场景C2对应冰表中等粗糙(均方根高度0.55 m, 相关长度1.1 m)与粗糙冰底组合; 场景C3对应冰表高度粗糙(均方根高度5.50 m, 相关长度1.1 m)与粗糙冰底组合.
各场景中冰表与冰底粗糙面均采用独立生成的高斯随机序列构建空间分布, 以确保二者起伏特征无空间相关性.
将双层粗糙结构嵌入介质模型, 利用二维PSTD方法开展全波数值模拟. 图5所示的仿真结果显示, 当冰底粗糙度固定时, 冰表均方根高度从0 m增至5.50 m, 冰表与冰底雷达图像中的散射噪声持续增强.
表5中数值仿真结果显示, 场景C1~C3中, 随着冰表均方根高度增加, 冰表与冰底回波强度同步衰减, 回波动态范围呈递减趋势. 其中冰表由平坦(C1)过渡至中等粗糙(C2)时, 冰底回波强度下降幅度达到最大值, 这表明冰表粗糙度引起的电磁波前畸变会加剧冰底散射损失, 从而导致其回波幅值显著降低.
表6通过对比四种典型介质场景(A1双界面平坦、A3冰表粗糙/冰底平坦、C1冰表平坦/冰底粗糙、C3双界面粗糙)的仿真结果, 揭示了冰层双界面粗糙度对回波动态范围的协同调控效应. 当冰表均方根高度从0 m增至5.50 m时(场景A1~A3), 回波动态范围显著压缩87.9%, 而当冰底均方根高度由0 m提升至0.55 m时(场景A1到C1), 则呈现逆向提升115%.
基于3.2节垂直衰减机制仿真实验的结果, 冰层介电常数虚部与回波动态范围呈现显著正相关关系, 其数值增大会引发动态范围系统性扩展.
研究表明, 地形起伏导致的动态范围扰动会干扰介电参数的电磁响应特性, 致使虚部反演产生偏差. 在介电常数实部恒定的约束条件下, 基于仿真结果进行计算, 场景A1~C3间11 dB的动态范围差异使虚部不确定度达到理论值的296倍. 因此, 在后续实测数据分析中, 需通过动态范围特征解耦地形干扰, 建立基于实测地形分布的介电常数虚部反演模型.
研究使用的数据来源于2024年10月对老虎沟12号冰川开展的机载雷达探测. 探测中使用“小松鼠”AS350 B3直升机作为飞行平台, 搭载P波段雷达散射计进行数据采集. 飞行高度距地面约150 m, 雷达中心频率为550 MHz, 带宽为300 MHz, 发射50 ms周期的线性调频(Linear Frequency Modulation, LFM)信号, 发射功率为20 W.
探测系统共获取7844组扫描数据, 完整记录了每次数据采集对应的回波信号特征及飞行器空间坐标等核心参数. 通过信号重构与坐标配准处理, 可生成高分辨率回波强度图像(见图6), 图中冰岩界面与冰床底界呈现出显著的双层界面分离特征.
采用1 m横向采样间隔, 选取6900~7500号数据段, 基于电磁波在真空与介质中的传播速度差异, 通过解析冰岩界面与冰床基底的回波时延特征, 解算得到天线至两界面的传播距离, 进而建立探测剖面的冰面与基底地形高程数据. 针对实测环境中对基底廓线的噪声干扰, 采用窗口宽度为21的滑动平均算法[27]进行平滑处理, 最终构建的冰川表面–基底地形模型如图7所示.
钻孔实测与验证分析表明, 冰层复介电常数实部取实测值2.95, 虚部受测量技术限制需结合数值模拟进行参数估计. 将虚部初始值设为1.0×10–3, 后续通过对比仿真与实测回波动态范围进行优化. 数值模拟参数详见表7, 其中入射波时域波形(见图8)中心频率为550 MHz, 带宽为300 MHz, 与老虎沟12号冰川机载雷达参数一致.
当冰层介电常数虚部值设定为1×10–3时, 数值仿真生成的雷达图像如图9所示.
基于6900~7500测点实测数据, 回波动态范围均值为22.412 dB. 仿真结果计算表明, 模拟值26.062 dB较实测值高3.65 dB, 需降低冰介质介电常数虚部估值, 以提升模型匹配度. 按照图10所示流程进行参数迭代, 结果如表8所示, 当虚部值修正至6.0×10–4时, 回波动态范围与实测均值间差值最小.
为验证反演方法的可靠性, 采用2011年10月钻孔勘测数据进行交叉验证. 历史数据表明, 冰川0~115 m深度层温度呈现垂直梯度分布, 由浅层–8.97℃线性变化至115 m深处–1.84℃ (受钻孔技术限制, 更深层冰温数据未获取). 基于Mätzler介电模型的理论推导, 在550 MHz雷达频率下, 该温度梯度对应的介电常数虚部理论范围为5.76×10–4~1.00×10–3. 本研究的实测估计值6.0×10–4处于该理论区间内, 验证了反演参数的合理性.
0~115 m深度层介电常数虚部均值为7.60×10–4, 与回波动态范围匹配法估计值存在21%的相对误差. 该误差主要源于飞行器姿态倾斜引入的偏差(仿真采用理想姿态假设)、地形建模中双边界近似提取与冰底地形平滑化处理产生的系统误差, 以及未考虑雷达硬件参数(含发射机特性、天线增益波动及接收机热噪声)导致的仿真环境与实测条件固有差异.
现有雷达介电参数反演方法主要聚焦于复介电常数实部的反演, 普遍基于平坦或微起伏地表的均匀介质假设, 虚部反演结果的准确性不稳定[2831]. 忽略双粗糙界面影响时, 冰层介电常数虚部不确定度可达理论均值的425.1倍, 无法进行反演. 经本方法优化后, 反演虚部估计值与理论均值相对误差为21%. 当虚部值取6.0×10–4时, 回波动态范围与实测均值差异最小. 进一步缩小仿真迭代步长, 可使该差异减小, 此时虚部估计值将略小于6.0×10–4, 导致其与理论均值的相对误差略有增大.
上述交叉验证结果证实, 基于回波动态范围匹配的介电常数虚部反演方法在冰川介电特性研究中具有可靠性和适用性. 现阶段验证工作聚焦于测点6900~7500号区间的可靠性验证, 为建立更完备的验证体系, 未来计划在老虎沟12号冰川全域测点开展系统性验证, 评估该反演框架的普适性与稳健性.
研究机载雷达山岳冰川探测中地形起伏散射损耗与冰介电损耗耦合带来的冰介电常数虚部反演问题, 构建融合冰表–冰底双界面地形粗糙特征与介电参数分布的冰川物理模型, 采用二维伪谱时域电磁模拟器开展系统性数值仿真, 定量解析地形与电磁响应的相互作用机理. 数值仿真覆盖不同介电特性与地形起伏场景, 通过回波强度、动态范围及信杂比等指标量化分析地表杂波对冰底探测的干扰特征, 并提出基于动态范围分析的冰层虚部反演方法, 结合老虎沟12号冰川实测数据建立双粗糙界面模型, 解耦地形起伏与介电参数的协同干扰, 优化得到冰介电虚部最佳估计值6.0×10–4, 其相对理论均值误差为21%.
后续研究将融合回波时延特征, 联合反演介电常数实部与虚部参数. 通过优化飞行姿态校正算法、精细化双边界地形建模及整合雷达硬件参数仿真, 可进一步提升反演精度. 结合多尺度解析方法强化冰川相变机制与冰冻圈模型参数约束能力.

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2026年第46卷第2期
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doi: 10.11728/cjss2026.02.2025-0052
  • 接收时间:2025-04-08
  • 首发时间:2026-07-08
  • 出版时间:2026-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-08
  • 修回日期:2025-05-09
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    1中国科学院国家空间科学中心 北京 100190
    2中国科学院大学 北京 100049

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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