Article(id=1281687973322273579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, issueId=1281687939268719086, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11728/cjss2026.02.2025-0144, pmid=null, cstr=32142.14.cjss.2025-0144, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1754323200000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-05, revisedDate=1762790400000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1783507825451, onlineDateStr=2026-07-08, pubDate=1773504000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783507825451, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-08, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783507825451, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1783507825451, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1281687939268719086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, year='2026', volume='46', issue='2', pageStart='265', pageEnd='566', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773504000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783507817332, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1783508069046, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1281688995138605320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, issueId=1281687939268719086, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1281688995138605321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, issueId=1281687939268719086, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=312, endPage=319, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1281687973544571692, articleId=1281687973322273579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, language=EN, title=Geant4 Simulation on Lunar Surface Water Content Inversion Using the Chang’E-7 Neutron and Gamma-ray Spectrometer, columnId=1281687939994333679, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Space Science, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The Chang’E-7 lunar mission, scheduled for launch in 2026, has the primary scientific objective of detecting water-ice deposits within the Permanently Shadowed Regions (PSRs) at the lunar south pole. Understanding the distribution and concentration of lunar water ice is crucial for both fundamental science and future In-situ Resource Utilization (ISRU). In this study, we developed a high-fidelity model of the Chang’E-7 Lunar Neutron and Gamma-ray Spectrometer (LNGS) payload using the Geant4 toolkit (Version 10.07.p02) and established a quantitative inversion relationship between lunar surface water content and epithermal neutron count rates. The LNGS model, constructed by importing a detailed CAD model into Geant4, was rigorously validated against neutron beam calibration experiments conducted at the China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) Back-n facility. The results are as follows. The detector model shows excellent agreement with experimental data across the 0.4 eV to 1000 eV energy range, with a relative error of less than 6%, confirming the accuracy of the mass modeling and simulation setup. LNGS exhibits significant capability in discriminating soils with varying water content, as evidenced by both simulation and ground-based validation experiments using layered soil and water samples. Within the water-ice content range of 0.01% to 20%, simulations of Galactic Cosmic Ray (GCR) bombardment and subsequent neutron transport show that the epithermal neutron (400~700 keV) count rate decreases significantly with increasing hydrogen abundance. This relationship follows a modified Lawrence model with an exceptional coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.9993). The slight parameter differences compared to the original Lawrence model are attributed to the different simulation tools, lunar regolith composition models, and distinct detector designs and energy responses between LNGS and the Lunar Prospector neutron spectrometer. This study provides a robust theoretical framework and a specific, validated inversion model for interpreting Chang’E-7 orbital neutron data, directly enabling the mapping of hydrogen concentrations from measured count rates. It establishes fundamental technical support for the development of in-situ resource utilization technologies on the Moon and paves the way for high-precision assessment of water ice resources in the lunar polar regions.

, authors=Guanyu CHEN1, 2, Tao MA1, 2, Yongqiang ZHANG2, Yan ZHANG2, Yongyi HUANG2, Kefan WU1, 2, authorsList=Guanyu CHEN, Tao MA, Yongqiang ZHANG, Yan ZHANG, Yongyi HUANG, Kefan WU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Tao MA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1281687978279940953, articleId=1281687973322273579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, language=CN, title=基于Geant4模拟的嫦娥七号中子伽玛谱仪月表水含量反演模型, columnId=1281687940136940017, journalTitle=空间科学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

嫦娥七号计划于2026年发射, 开展月球南极永久阴影区内的水冰探测是其重要的科学目标之一. 基于Geant4工具包构建嫦娥七号有效载荷月球中子伽玛谱仪(LNGS)的精细模型, 建立月表水含量与超热中子计数率之间的定量反演关系. 通过模拟银河宇宙射线(GCR)轰击月表产生的次级中子能谱, 结合中国散裂中子源(CSNS)的束流标定实验验证, 得到如下结果探测器建模的模拟效率与实验数据吻合良好(相对误差<6%); 探测器具备区分不同含水量土壤的能力; 月表水冰质量含量在0.01%~20%范围内时, 超热中子计数率随氢含量增加呈显著下降趋势, 其关系符合修正的Lawrence模型(R2=0.9993). 研究为嫦娥七号在轨数据解译提供了可靠的理论模型, 并为月球资源原位利用的探测技术发展奠定了基础.

, authors=陈冠宇1, 2, 马涛1, 2, 张永强2, 张岩2, 黄永益2, 吴柯汎1, 2, authorsList=陈冠宇, 马涛, 张永强, 张岩, 黄永益, 吴柯汎, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=马涛, authorNote=

陈冠宇 男, 1996年4月出生于黑龙江省哈尔滨市, 现为中国科学院紫金山天文台在读博士研究生. 主要研究方向为中子伽马射线探测技术与探测器标定方法. E-mail:

马涛 男, 中国科学院紫金山天文台暗物质与空间天文实验室正高级工程师, 主要研究方向空间高能粒子探测技术. E-mail:

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马涛 E-mail:
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马涛 男, 中国科学院紫金山天文台暗物质与空间天文实验室正高级工程师, 主要研究方向空间高能粒子探测技术. E-mail:

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马涛 男, 中国科学院紫金山天文台暗物质与空间天文实验室正高级工程师, 主要研究方向空间高能粒子探测技术. E-mail:

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Dry lunar soil elemental composition

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元素名称含量占比
O0.41739
Na0.00292
Mg0.06162
Al0.06061
Si0.19026
K726.24 ×10–6
Ca0.07541
Ti0.05144
Cr0.00287
Mn0.00176
Fe0.13496
Sm8.3342 ×10–6
Eu1.8164 ×10–6
Gd10.997 ×10–6
Th0.9449 ×10–6
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干燥月壤元素组分

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元素名称含量占比
O0.41739
Na0.00292
Mg0.06162
Al0.06061
Si0.19026
K726.24 ×10–6
Ca0.07541
Ti0.05144
Cr0.00287
Mn0.00176
Fe0.13496
Sm8.3342 ×10–6
Eu1.8164 ×10–6
Gd10.997 ×10–6
Th0.9449 ×10–6
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Science data of the water content experiment

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实验模拟能量范围/keV
1层土1112.6~25.1
1层土+1层水0.3513±0.004660.3389±0.03939.8~63.1
1层土+2层水0.3103±0.004380.3086±0.031100~199.5
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水含量实验数据

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实验模拟能量范围/keV
1层土1112.6~25.1
1层土+1层水0.3513±0.004660.3389±0.03939.8~63.1
1层土+2层水0.3103±0.004380.3086±0.031100~199.5
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基于Geant4模拟的嫦娥七号中子伽玛谱仪月表水含量反演模型
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陈冠宇 1, 2 , 马涛 1, 2 , 张永强 2 , 张岩 2 , 黄永益 2 , 吴柯汎 1, 2
空间科学学报 | 研究论文 2026,46(2): 312-319
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空间科学学报 |研究论文 2026 , 46 (2) : 312 -319
基于Geant4模拟的嫦娥七号中子伽玛谱仪月表水含量反演模型
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2中国科学技术大学天文与空间科学学院 合肥 230026, bio={"img":"sAuqM69NK4r2AOBb/HUdFA==","content":"

陈冠宇 男, 1996年4月出生于黑龙江省哈尔滨市, 现为中国科学院紫金山天文台在读博士研究生. 主要研究方向为中子伽马射线探测技术与探测器标定方法. E-mail:

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陈冠宇 男, 1996年4月出生于黑龙江省哈尔滨市, 现为中国科学院紫金山天文台在读博士研究生. 主要研究方向为中子伽马射线探测技术与探测器标定方法. E-mail:

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马涛 男, 中国科学院紫金山天文台暗物质与空间天文实验室正高级工程师, 主要研究方向空间高能粒子探测技术. E-mail:

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陈冠宇1, 2 , 马涛1, 2 , 张永强2, 张岩2, 黄永益2, 吴柯汎1, 2
作者信息
  • 1中国科学院紫金山天文台 南京 210023
  • 2中国科学技术大学天文与空间科学学院 合肥 230026
通讯作者:
马涛 E-mail:
作者简介:

陈冠宇 男, 1996年4月出生于黑龙江省哈尔滨市, 现为中国科学院紫金山天文台在读博士研究生. 主要研究方向为中子伽马射线探测技术与探测器标定方法. E-mail:

马涛 男, 中国科学院紫金山天文台暗物质与空间天文实验室正高级工程师, 主要研究方向空间高能粒子探测技术. E-mail:

Geant4 Simulation on Lunar Surface Water Content Inversion Using the Chang’E-7 Neutron and Gamma-ray Spectrometer
Guanyu CHEN1, 2 , Tao MA1, 2 , Yongqiang ZHANG2, Yan ZHANG2, Yongyi HUANG2, Kefan WU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023
  • 2School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026
出版时间: 2026-03-15 doi: 10.11728/cjss2026.02.2025-0144
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嫦娥七号计划于2026年发射, 开展月球南极永久阴影区内的水冰探测是其重要的科学目标之一. 基于Geant4工具包构建嫦娥七号有效载荷月球中子伽玛谱仪(LNGS)的精细模型, 建立月表水含量与超热中子计数率之间的定量反演关系. 通过模拟银河宇宙射线(GCR)轰击月表产生的次级中子能谱, 结合中国散裂中子源(CSNS)的束流标定实验验证, 得到如下结果探测器建模的模拟效率与实验数据吻合良好(相对误差<6%); 探测器具备区分不同含水量土壤的能力; 月表水冰质量含量在0.01%~20%范围内时, 超热中子计数率随氢含量增加呈显著下降趋势, 其关系符合修正的Lawrence模型(R2=0.9993). 研究为嫦娥七号在轨数据解译提供了可靠的理论模型, 并为月球资源原位利用的探测技术发展奠定了基础.

Geant4  /  中子伽玛谱仪  /  月球极区  /  水冰含量

The Chang’E-7 lunar mission, scheduled for launch in 2026, has the primary scientific objective of detecting water-ice deposits within the Permanently Shadowed Regions (PSRs) at the lunar south pole. Understanding the distribution and concentration of lunar water ice is crucial for both fundamental science and future In-situ Resource Utilization (ISRU). In this study, we developed a high-fidelity model of the Chang’E-7 Lunar Neutron and Gamma-ray Spectrometer (LNGS) payload using the Geant4 toolkit (Version 10.07.p02) and established a quantitative inversion relationship between lunar surface water content and epithermal neutron count rates. The LNGS model, constructed by importing a detailed CAD model into Geant4, was rigorously validated against neutron beam calibration experiments conducted at the China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) Back-n facility. The results are as follows. The detector model shows excellent agreement with experimental data across the 0.4 eV to 1000 eV energy range, with a relative error of less than 6%, confirming the accuracy of the mass modeling and simulation setup. LNGS exhibits significant capability in discriminating soils with varying water content, as evidenced by both simulation and ground-based validation experiments using layered soil and water samples. Within the water-ice content range of 0.01% to 20%, simulations of Galactic Cosmic Ray (GCR) bombardment and subsequent neutron transport show that the epithermal neutron (400~700 keV) count rate decreases significantly with increasing hydrogen abundance. This relationship follows a modified Lawrence model with an exceptional coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.9993). The slight parameter differences compared to the original Lawrence model are attributed to the different simulation tools, lunar regolith composition models, and distinct detector designs and energy responses between LNGS and the Lunar Prospector neutron spectrometer. This study provides a robust theoretical framework and a specific, validated inversion model for interpreting Chang’E-7 orbital neutron data, directly enabling the mapping of hydrogen concentrations from measured count rates. It establishes fundamental technical support for the development of in-situ resource utilization technologies on the Moon and paves the way for high-precision assessment of water ice resources in the lunar polar regions.

Geant4  /  Neutron and Gamma-ray spectrometer  /  Lunar polar regions  /  Water-ice content
陈冠宇, 马涛, 张永强, 张岩, 黄永益, 吴柯汎. 基于Geant4模拟的嫦娥七号中子伽玛谱仪月表水含量反演模型. 空间科学学报, 2026 , 46 (2) : 312 -319 . DOI: 10.11728/cjss2026.02.2025-0144
Guanyu CHEN, Tao MA, Yongqiang ZHANG, Yan ZHANG, Yongyi HUANG, Kefan WU. Geant4 Simulation on Lunar Surface Water Content Inversion Using the Chang’E-7 Neutron and Gamma-ray Spectrometer[J]. Chinese Journal of Space Science, 2026 , 46 (2) : 312 -319 . DOI: 10.11728/cjss2026.02.2025-0144
月球极区永久阴影区(PSRs)中水冰的探测研究是当前深空探测领域的重要科学目标之一. 水冰的存在不仅对未来月球基地建设和原位资源利用(ISRU)具有重大意义, 还为理解太阳系挥发分的分布与演化历史提供了关键线索[1,2]. 根据理论模型, 月球极区PSRs内温度常年低于110 K, 能够长期保存水冰[3]. 经过多波段、多种方式的极区观测, 目前只能确定在PSRs表面确实存在少量且高空间异质性的水冰[4]. 然而次表层水冰的分布特征(丰度、埋深、空间异质性等)仍存在较大争议, 亟须通过遥感探测手段获取高精度数据. 中子探测是一种有效的探测手段.
在类似月球这样的没有大气层的行星体上, 银河宇宙线(GCR)会不间断地轰击行星表面并通过散裂反应产生高能量的中子. 中子会通过与周边原子发生弹性或非弹性碰撞而损失能量, 直到变为热中子后被吸收或逃离月表. 氢具有与中子几乎相等的质量, 可以有效地通过弹性散射使中子能量损失[57]. 相关研究已证明, 由月表逃逸的超热中子能量范围为4×10–4~500 keV, 对氢含量最敏感[5]. 通过中子遥感探测的手段研究行星体表面氢含量已在国际上得到成功应用[810].
中国计划于2026年发射嫦娥七号月球探测器, 开展PSRs附近的水冰探测是其主要科学目标之一. 嫦娥七号探测器由轨道器、着陆器、巡视器和微型飞行探测器组成[11,12]. 月球中子伽玛谱仪(LNGS)作为轨道器有效载荷, 服务于这一科学目标, 预计在轨运行8年. LNGS通过测量极区附近中子通量与赤道附近干燥月壤情况下中子通量的比值来反演极区氢(H)含量分布, 因此有必要提前通过模拟等手段建立H含量与相对中子通量之间的关系, 以便根据中子计数直接在轨得出星下点附近的H含量.
Geant4 (Geometry and tracking 4)是一个面向对象的开源工具包, 用于模拟粒子在物质中的输运过程, 由欧洲核子研究中心(CERN)主导开发, 广泛应用于高能物理、核物理、医学物理、空间辐射探测等领域.
本文通过在Geant4中构建LNGS质量模型, 模拟宇宙线轰击月球产生中子并最终在探测器内产生中子计数的全过程, 得到LNGS对月面超热中子计数与月壤含水量之间的关系. 通过中子束流标定实验验证探测器建模的准确性以及探测水分子含量的能力.
月球中子伽玛谱仪(LNGS)通过观测月表中子通量与伽玛射线能谱, 实现对全月面(特别是南极永久阴影区)的次表层(几十cm至1 m深)水冰分布以及主量元素丰度的高精度测量. 这要求探测器具备获取3个能段 (快中子700~5000 keV, 超热中子4×10–4~700 keV, 热中子<0.4 eV)中子通量的能力.
LNGS由8个形状相同的中子探测单元拼成的立方体形探测器阵列和中间的伽玛射线探测器组成, 其结构如图1(a)所示. 中子探测单元采用的是EJ254型号掺硼塑料闪烁体, 其横截面是直角梯形, 晶体尺寸如图1(b)所示, 与直径3.8 cm的R3886 A型号光电管耦合. 三个方向的中子探测单元和光电管采用0.63 mm厚镉全包覆, 用以吸收热中子. 伽玛射线探测器采用的是直径7.6 cm溴化铈闪烁体与型号为R6233的光电管耦合. 中子探测器阵列同时作为反符合探测器, 抑制伽玛射线探测器中的带电粒子本底.
模拟在Geant4 10.07.p02版本上进行, 物理列表采用了QGSP_BERT_HP.
Geant4可以自行构建一些规则的几何体. 但是考虑到LNGS内部结构的复杂性, 采用外部导入的方式构建探测器的几何模型. 利用在建模软件SolidWorks中构建的中子伽玛谱仪CAD (计算机辅助设计)模型, 根据材料的不同分别生成stl格式文件, 其中包含相对位置坐标信息以及模型的几何属性. CADMesh 是用于将 CAD模型转换为计算网格的工具, 可以将复杂的CAD模型划分为许多四面体或六面体网格结构, 以便进行模拟. 在Geant4中只需要在头文件中加入CADMesh.hh文件可以实现复杂CAD模型的直接导入生成. 然后根据不同部分设置材料和密度, 即可完成LNGS在Geant4内的质量建模, 如图2所示.
模拟过程分为两步. 第一步, 得到月壤不同含水量情况下的逃逸中子能谱; 第二步, 用该能谱作为平面中子源在探测器下方10 cm处进行模拟, 得到LNGS对月面的中子探测单元超热中子计数率.
在Geant4中构建一个半径为1738.1 km的球体作为月球的模型, 材料设置为干燥月壤与不同含量水构成的混合物, 密度1.6 g·cm–3, 温度273 K. 干燥月壤元素组成列于表1[13]. 水的质量含量设置了10种情况, 分别为 0, 0.01%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 5%, 10%, 20%.
GCR是一种来自太阳系外的各向同性背景高能带电粒子射线. GCR通常由大约89%的质子、10%的α粒子和1%的重核组成, 这里只考虑质子和α粒子. 在太阳系内, 日球层磁场强烈地影响着GCR的能量分布以及通量, 作用于月球表面的是调制后的GCR能谱.
原始的质子微分能谱模型计算公式如下[14]:
$ J_0(T)=2.7\times10^3\frac{T^{1.12}}{\beta^2}\left(\frac{T+0.67}{1.67}\right)^{-3.93}. $
式中, T表示宇宙线质子动能(单位GeV), β表示质子速度与光速之比. 对于α粒子认为其原始积分能谱与质子相同, 只需要乘以通量系数0.11. 经过日球层磁场调制的GCR能谱模型计算公式为[13]
$ J(T)=J_0(T+\varPhi) \frac{E^2-E_{\mathrm{r}}^2}{(E+\varPhi)^2-E_{\mathrm{r}}^2}. $
其中, E为粒子的总能量; Er为粒子的静态能量, 质子Er = 938 MeV, α粒子Er=3727 MeV. Ф为粒子穿过日球层磁场时的能量损失, 其计算公式为
$ {\varPhi }_{i} =e\varphi \frac{{Z}_{i}}{{A}_{i}} . $
其中, e为带电粒子电荷量; ZA分别表示带电粒子的原子序数以及质量数, 下标i代表宇宙线中的不同种粒子. 太阳调制势φ随着太阳活动强度呈周期性变化, 大约12年为一个周期, 由于这里研究的是月球次表层不同水含量对中子通量的改变, 所以不考虑φ的时变效应. 此处设为2026年前后的φ值650 MV. 需要注意的是, 式(2)中的T与式(1)中并不相同, 式(2)中T指的是经过调制后位于月球附近的宇宙线粒子动能.
根据式(1)~(3)计算得到的GCR微分能谱如图3所示. 其能量范围为1~106 MeV.
模拟分两步进行. 首先模拟不同水含量月壤情况下的月表逃逸中子能谱. 在月球表面以上1 m处设置一个球面作为宇宙线粒子源. 根据图3中的能谱分别进行质子与α粒子的模拟. 为了保证生成的中子能谱统计量不低于1×107, 将输入的质子与α粒子数分别设置为1×106和1.12360×105. 出射粒子的角度分布服从余弦规律. 统计从月表逃逸的中子的能量形成不同含水量情况下月表逃逸中子能谱.
之后以逃逸中子能谱作为输入粒子源模拟不同情况下LNGS的响应. 在距LNGS对月面方向10 cm处设置一个边长为1.1 m的正方形平面源. 以2.1节提到的10种情况的能谱作为输入. 输入源的角度分布设置为各向同性. 球面坐标系下θ角范围为0°~70°. 模拟输入事例数2×109. 中子能量覆盖1×10–8~10 MeV. 统计不同含水量情况下LNGS对月面中子探测单元的中子俘获峰面积计数.
探测器建模的准确性需要通过探测效率标定实验进行验证. 束流标定实验在中国散裂中子源(CSNS)进行. 通过1.6 GeV质子束以25 Hz频率轰击厚钨靶, 产生能量覆盖3×10–7~200 MeV 的高通量宽谱散裂中子. 散射靶后向产生的中子通过真空管道被引出, 成为反角白光中子源(Back-n)[15]. 实验在Back-n的2号实验大厅(距靶约76 m)进行, 实验期间束流功率为160 kW. 中子束流采用低通量工作模式, 束斑直径2 cm, 束流通量为7.36×104 cm–2·s–1.
依据飞行时间法(TOF), 即不同能量的中子直线飞行相同距离的时间不同, 可以分别研究不同能量中子的响应, 实验装置在研究能段的本征时间分辨率<0.5%. 中子能量En计算公式如下:
$ {v}_{\mathrm{n}}=\frac{L}{{t}_{\mathrm{n}}-{t}_{0}} , $
$ {E}_{\mathrm{n}}=\left(\gamma -1\right){m}_{\mathrm{n}}c_{}^{2}, $
$ \gamma =\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-{\left(\dfrac{{v}_{\mathrm{n}}}{c}\right)}^{2}}} . $
式中, L为中子从靶到LNGS的飞行距离, 经测量其值为76.9 m; mn为中子质量, 值为1.6749×10–27 kg; tn为中子产生时间, 通过测量γ-flash得到, 值为3075.8±6.7 ns[16]; c为光速.
在标定实验中, 统计中子俘获峰面积作为有效计数. 图4给出的是中子能量窗口为1~1.258 eV的脉冲幅度谱. 750道左右的单能峰代表中子俘获特征峰.
中子探测效率η计算公式为
$ \eta =\frac{C}{tFS}. $
式中, C为有效中子计数, 通过对中子俘获峰进行高斯拟合并取$ \pm $3σ范围内的计数得到; t为测量时间, 值为3600 s; F为束流通量, 由实验装置方提供[16]; S为束斑面积, 值为3.1416 cm2.
计算得到中子探测单元0.4~1000 eV的探测效率曲线, 并与模拟结果进行比对, 结果如图5所示. 残差图显示相对误差小于6%, 这表明模拟效率与实验数据之间的吻合效果很好, 进一步证明了Geant4内质量建模的准确性, 可以用于仿真工作.
由于LNGS通过测量中子通量的变化来反演月表水含量, 有必要在地面验证这一能力. 利用反角白光中子束流结合人为设置的土层和水层来研究中子探测单元超热中子计数与水含量之间的关系.
在探测器与束流之间构建土壤与水的分层结构. 土层由烘干土壤制成, 厚度10 cm, 装于铝箱中. 水层厚度5 cm, 同样装在铝箱中. 铝箱壁厚2 mm, 且可以完全覆盖LNGS的对月面. 实验包括三种实验情况(见表2). 图6显示的是1层土壤和2层水情况下的实验现场. 中子束穿过不同厚度的土层和水层后, 能谱结构会有明显变化, 通过模拟可以得到中子束流穿过不同材料后能谱结构的变化情况(见图7).
通过图7可以看到随着水层的增加, 能谱结构明显软化, 快中子以及1 keV以上的超热中子的通量大幅下降, 而这部分中子一部分经过弹性散射离开了实验区域, 另一部分被显著慢化到低能超热中子以及热中子区域. 由于束流实验是通过TOF法确定入射中子事例的中子能量, 在束流出口处的土层和水层会改变中子事例的飞行时间, 因此在本实验中通过TOF计算得到的中子能量并不准确, 所以无法在进行不同实验情况下, 用同一能段中子通量比较. 因此本实验采用不同能段中子计数结合模拟完成. 实验统计面向束流方向的两个中子探测单元的有效计数之和, 并用1层土情况下的有效计数做了归一化处理.
实验与模拟的结果对比如图8所示. 实验误差来源主要是特征峰计数的统计误差, 而模拟结果的误差则指的是蒙卡模拟的系统误差. 可以看到随着水层厚度的增加, LNGS测量到了超热中子通量受到明显的抑制, 并且实验与模拟结果比对良好, 证明已完成的蒙卡建模可以用于进一步的月表水含量反演规律的模拟.
分别模拟10种水含量情况下的月表逃逸中子能谱 (见图9), 可以看到在2×10–7~10 MeV能段中子通量随着水含量的上升而降低, 而其中4×10–4~700 keV超热中子能段通量下降最显著.
根据LNGS对月面中子探测单元的超热中子有效计数之和, 可以得到相对于干燥区计数的相对值与月壤水含量之间的关系. 针对这一关系, Feldmann等[6]基于ONEDANT代码模拟了对于不同含水量的铁制斜长岩(FAN), LP上搭载的中子谱仪测量到的中子计数率, 并通过公式建立起了关系, 公式如下:
$ \frac{c_{\mathrm{epi}}(w)}{c_{\mathrm{epi}}(0)}=\frac{1}{1+61 w}. $
式中, w为月壤的含水量百分比. Lawrence等[5]对模型进行了优化, 基于MCNPX模拟了从GCR轰击月球到LP上的中子谱仪探测到中子计数的整个过程, 并使用三个参数进行拟合, 有
$ \frac{{c}_{\text{epi}}(w)}{{c}_{\text{epi}}(0)}=\frac{1.01}{1+28.28{w}^{0.87}}. $
式(9)在水质量含量0.01%~100%范围内实现了很好的拟合, 并且与Feldmann模型存在差异, 二者在低水含量时符合较好, 随着水含量增加, 差异变大. 本文采用Lawrence模型进行模拟结果的拟合, 结果如图10所示. 利用非线性最小二乘法计算拟合优度, R2=0.9993. 本文给出的模型与Lawrence 模型的参数值存在细微差别, 导致这一现象的原因包括: 本文采用了与之不同的仿真软件, 这会造成结果存在系统性的偏差; 采用了不同的月壤组分模型, 这会导致不同水含量下的逃逸中子能谱及通量存在细微的差别; LNGS与LP的中子谱仪探测器结构不同, 后者采用的是氦三正比计数器, 二者测量的超热中子能段范围不同, LNGS可以探测到100 keV以上的超热中子, 而LP对于100 keV以上中子的探测效率极低, 这也会对结果造成影响.
基于Geant4工具包构建了LNGS的精细模型, 并通过CSNS的反角白光中子束流标定实验验证了模型的准确性. 实验结果表明, 模拟效率与实测数据吻合良好, 相对误差小于6%, 证明了建模的可靠性. 在此基础上, 通过模拟不同水质量含量(0.01%~20%)月壤中GCR诱发的中子能谱及LNGS的响应, 建立了LNGS超热中子计数与月表水含量之间的定量反演关系. 该关系符合修正的Lawrence模型(R2=0.9993), 表明超热中子(4×10–4~700 keV)计数随氢含量增加呈显著下降趋势. 这一关系作为适用于LNGS的水含量反演模型, 将用于未来卫星在轨数据分析.
本研究为嫦娥七号在轨数据的水含量反演提供了可靠的理论依据和模型支持. 然而, 仍需进一步讨论若干问题: 首先, 月表元素组成的空间异质性可能对中子通量产生影响, 未来需结合伽玛谱仪数据进行多信息融合反演; 其次, 本文假设水冰均匀分布于次表层, 实际上水冰可能以分层或团块形式存在, 其埋深与分布形态对中子探测的影响尚未充分评估; 此外, GCR能谱受太阳活动调制, 长期在轨观测需考虑太阳周期效应对反演结果的影响.
未来工作将聚焦于在轨数据与模拟结果的交叉验证, 优化模型以提升反演精度, 并开展水冰埋深与分层结构的敏感性研究, 为月球极区水冰资源的原位利用提供更全面的技术支撑.

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2026年第46卷第2期
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doi: 10.11728/cjss2026.02.2025-0144
  • 接收时间:2025-08-05
  • 首发时间:2026-07-08
  • 出版时间:2026-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-05
  • 修回日期:2025-11-11
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作者信息
    1中国科学院紫金山天文台 南京 210023
    2中国科学技术大学天文与空间科学学院 合肥 230026

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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjkxxb/CN/10.11728/cjss2026.02.2025-0144
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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