Article(id=1281688162300826543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, issueId=1281687939268719086, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11728/cjss2026.02.2025-0143, pmid=null, cstr=32142.14.cjss.2025-0143, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1755964800000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-24, revisedDate=1764345600000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1783507870506, onlineDateStr=2026-07-08, pubDate=1773504000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783507870506, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-08, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783507870506, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1783507870506, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1281687939268719086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, year='2026', volume='46', issue='2', pageStart='265', pageEnd='566', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773504000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783507817332, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1783508069046, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1281688995138605320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, issueId=1281687939268719086, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1281688995138605321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, issueId=1281687939268719086, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=520, endPage=530, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1281688163764638640, articleId=1281688162300826543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, language=EN, title=Calibration Methods and Error Analysis of the Mid- to Long-wave Bands of the Chang’E-7 Wide-band InfraRed Imaging Spectrometer, columnId=1281688020214584081, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Space Science, columnName=Calibration for the Payload of Chang’E-7 Mission, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The Chang’E-7 orbiter is expected to carry the Wide-band InfraRed Imaging Spectrometer (WIRIS), which will acquire high spectral resolution images and thermal emission data of the lunar surface across a broad spectral range from the visible to longwave infrared (0.45~10 µm). These data will support scientific investigations into lunar surface mineral composition, thermal environment, and water/hydroxyl detection. Compared to previous lunar orbital hyperspectral instruments, WIRIS enhances quantitative retrieval capabilities for key spectral features such as the Christiansen Feature (CF) of silicate minerals and molecular water. Building upon the design of the Tianwen-1 Mars Mineralogical Spectrometer, WIRIS extends its spectral coverage into the mid- to long-wave infrared range (3.3~10 μm), and incorporates simultaneous temperature measurements to reduce thermal correction uncertainties in the 3 μm water/hydroxyl absorption region. This study addresses the quantitative calibration requirements of the newly extended spectral range by proposing spectral, radiometric, and geometric calibration methods tailored for the mid- to long-wave infrared bands. Based on calibration experiments, the sources of error and associated uncertainties are analyzed. The results provide essential methodological and technical support for accurate physical parameter retrieval and scientific application of WIRIS mid- to long-wave infrared data.

, authors=Meizhu WANG1, Chengyu LIU1, Yuhua GUI1, Rui XU1, 2, Jian JIN1, Rong WANG1, Yang YANG1, Jianan XIE1, Xinze LIU1, Bingmei GUO1, Zhiping HE1, 2, authorsList=Meizhu WANG, Chengyu LIU, Yuhua GUI, Rui XU, Jian JIN, Rong WANG, Yang YANG, Jianan XIE, Xinze LIU, Bingmei GUO, Zhiping HE, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jian JIN, Zhiping HE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1281688175319945250, articleId=1281688162300826543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, language=CN, title=嫦娥七号宽谱段红外光谱成像分析仪中长波谱段的定标方法及误差分析, columnId=1281688020684346131, journalTitle=空间科学学报, columnName=嫦娥七号任务有效载荷定标方法, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

嫦娥七号任务轨道器拟搭载宽谱段红外光谱成像分析仪(Wide-band InfraRed Imaging Spectrometer, WIRIS), 将获取覆盖可见至长波红外(0.45~10 µm)的月球表面高光谱图像与热辐射信息, 为月球表面矿物成分识别、热环境与水/羟基探测等科学研究提供数据. 相比现有月球环绕光谱探测载荷, 为提升对硅酸盐矿物克里斯蒂安森特征(Christiansen Feature)、分子水等关键波段的定量反演能力, WIRIS在继承天问一号火星矿物光谱分析仪设计的基础上, 将高光谱成像谱段拓展至中长波红外(3.3~10 μm), 并通过同步温度测量, 有效降低了3 μm波段水/羟基特征反演中的热校正不确定性. 本文围绕WIRIS新拓展的中长波谱段定量化应用需求, 提出适应该波段的光谱、辐射与几何定标方法, 并结合实验数据分析了定标过程中的误差来源与不确定度. 研究结果可为WIRIS中长波红外数据的物理量反演及科学应用提供关键的技术支撑与方法基础.

, authors=王梅竹1, 刘成玉1, 桂裕华1, 徐睿1, 2, 金健1, 王蓉1, 杨扬1, 谢佳楠1, 刘馨泽1, 郭冰梅1, 何志平1, 2, authorsList=王梅竹, 刘成玉, 桂裕华, 徐睿, 金健, 王蓉, 杨扬, 谢佳楠, 刘馨泽, 郭冰梅, 何志平, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=金健, 何志平, authorNote=

王梅竹 女, 1991年1月出生于天津市, 博士, 现为中国科学院上海技术物理研究所副研究员, 主要研究方向为深空成像光谱仪探测模式设计与数据定量化. E-mail:

刘成玉 男, 1985年12月出生于吉林省和龙市, 博士, 现为中国科学院上海技术物理研究所高级工程师, 主要研究方向为红外高光谱遥感定标与数据处理、红外高光谱遥感应用等. E-mail:

金健 男, 1988年出生于浙江省杭州市, 硕士, 现为中国科学院上海技术物理研究所高级工程师, 主要研究方向为空间光谱载荷设计、红外探测器的信号调理及光谱信息获取软件优化. E-mail:

何志平 男, 1977 年 7 月出生于江西省, 博士, 现为中国科学院上海技术物理研究所二级研究员、研究室主任, 国家杰出青年科学基金获得者, 享受国务院政府特殊津贴. 主要研究方向为前沿光电探测技术, 主持构建地外物质勘探装备技术体系, 研制的光谱探测仪器应用于嫦娥、天问等重大工程. E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
金健 E-mail:
何志平 E-mail:
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王梅竹 女, 1991年1月出生于天津市, 博士, 现为中国科学院上海技术物理研究所副研究员, 主要研究方向为深空成像光谱仪探测模式设计与数据定量化. E-mail:

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王梅竹 女, 1991年1月出生于天津市, 博士, 现为中国科学院上海技术物理研究所副研究员, 主要研究方向为深空成像光谱仪探测模式设计与数据定量化. E-mail:

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刘成玉 男, 1985年12月出生于吉林省和龙市, 博士, 现为中国科学院上海技术物理研究所高级工程师, 主要研究方向为红外高光谱遥感定标与数据处理、红外高光谱遥感应用等. E-mail:

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刘成玉 男, 1985年12月出生于吉林省和龙市, 博士, 现为中国科学院上海技术物理研究所高级工程师, 主要研究方向为红外高光谱遥感定标与数据处理、红外高光谱遥感应用等. E-mail:

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金健 男, 1988年出生于浙江省杭州市, 硕士, 现为中国科学院上海技术物理研究所高级工程师, 主要研究方向为空间光谱载荷设计、红外探测器的信号调理及光谱信息获取软件优化. E-mail:

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金健 男, 1988年出生于浙江省杭州市, 硕士, 现为中国科学院上海技术物理研究所高级工程师, 主要研究方向为空间光谱载荷设计、红外探测器的信号调理及光谱信息获取软件优化. E-mail:

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何志平 男, 1977 年 7 月出生于江西省, 博士, 现为中国科学院上海技术物理研究所二级研究员、研究室主任, 国家杰出青年科学基金获得者, 享受国务院政府特殊津贴. 主要研究方向为前沿光电探测技术, 主持构建地外物质勘探装备技术体系, 研制的光谱探测仪器应用于嫦娥、天问等重大工程. E-mail:

"}, bioImg=5M4uxz3N0YCcse0lJQrLSA==, bioContent=

何志平 男, 1977 年 7 月出生于江西省, 博士, 现为中国科学院上海技术物理研究所二级研究员、研究室主任, 国家杰出青年科学基金获得者, 享受国务院政府特殊津贴. 主要研究方向为前沿光电探测技术, 主持构建地外物质勘探装备技术体系, 研制的光谱探测仪器应用于嫦娥、天问等重大工程. E-mail:

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Performance comparisons of the main imaging spectrometers for lunar orbit exploration

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载荷
IIMM3DivinerIIRSHVM3LTMWIRIS
年份2007200820092019202520252026
任务嫦娥一号
(中国)
月船一号
(印度、美国)
月球勘测轨道
飞行器(美国)
月船二号
(印度)
月球开拓者
(美国)
月球开拓者
(美国)
嫦娥七号
(中国)
光谱范围/μm0.48~0.960.43~3.00.35~400
3通道 (7.80,
8.25, 8.55)
0.8~5.00.6~3.67.0~10.0
6~100
11通道 (7, 7.25, 7.5, 7.8, 8, 8.28, 8.55, 8.75, 9, 9.5, 10)
0.45~10.0
光谱
分辨率/nm
7.62 @0.48 μm
29 @0.96 μm
1520~25约15<500 @7~10 μm≤10 @ 0.45~
3.0 μm
≤200 @ 3.0~
10 μm
瞬时视场/mrad10.73.4×6.70.40.70.250.18
), ArticleFig(id=1281688183607890055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281688162300826543, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

国际上主要的月球环绕探测成像光谱载荷性能对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
载荷
IIMM3DivinerIIRSHVM3LTMWIRIS
年份2007200820092019202520252026
任务嫦娥一号
(中国)
月船一号
(印度、美国)
月球勘测轨道
飞行器(美国)
月船二号
(印度)
月球开拓者
(美国)
月球开拓者
(美国)
嫦娥七号
(中国)
光谱范围/μm0.48~0.960.43~3.00.35~400
3通道 (7.80,
8.25, 8.55)
0.8~5.00.6~3.67.0~10.0
6~100
11通道 (7, 7.25, 7.5, 7.8, 8, 8.28, 8.55, 8.75, 9, 9.5, 10)
0.45~10.0
光谱
分辨率/nm
7.62 @0.48 μm
29 @0.96 μm
1520~25约15<500 @7~10 μm≤10 @ 0.45~
3.0 μm
≤200 @ 3.0~
10 μm
瞬时视场/mrad10.73.4×6.70.40.70.250.18
), ArticleFig(id=1281688183670804616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281688162300826543, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Main technical specifications of WIRIS onboard the Chang’E-7 mission

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名称主要参数与性能要求
光谱范围/μm0.45~10.0
光谱分辨率/nm优于10 (0.45~3.0 μm), 优于200 (3.0~10.0 μm)
空间分辨率/mrad≤ 0.2 (0.45~3.0 μm), ≤0.3 (3.0~10.0 μm)
视场角/(°)≥3.8
系统静态传函>0.1 (Nyquist, 全波段)
动态范围/dB≥40 (0.45~3.0 μm)
等效信噪比≥150 (0.45~3.3 μm, 60°太阳高度角, 月面反照率0.09)
≥100 (0.45~3.3 μm, 5°太阳高度角, 月面反照率0.09)
噪声等效温差/K0.2 (400 K, 3.3~6.5 μm); 0.4 (300 K, 6.5~10.0 μm)
), ArticleFig(id=1281688183737913481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281688162300826543, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

嫦娥七号宽谱段红外光谱成像分析仪的主要技术指标要求

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称主要参数与性能要求
光谱范围/μm0.45~10.0
光谱分辨率/nm优于10 (0.45~3.0 μm), 优于200 (3.0~10.0 μm)
空间分辨率/mrad≤ 0.2 (0.45~3.0 μm), ≤0.3 (3.0~10.0 μm)
视场角/(°)≥3.8
系统静态传函>0.1 (Nyquist, 全波段)
动态范围/dB≥40 (0.45~3.0 μm)
等效信噪比≥150 (0.45~3.3 μm, 60°太阳高度角, 月面反照率0.09)
≥100 (0.45~3.3 μm, 5°太阳高度角, 月面反照率0.09)
噪声等效温差/K0.2 (400 K, 3.3~6.5 μm); 0.4 (300 K, 6.5~10.0 μm)
), ArticleFig(id=1281688183792439434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281688162300826543, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Analysis of spectral error in spectral calibration

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
光谱范围
/μm
误差项/ nm合成误差
单色仪环境
计算
波长精度
重复性
光谱分辨率步进
拟合
3.0~6.00.20.0752.740.0020.050.12.751
6.0~10.00.20.0755.480.0020.050.15.485
), ArticleFig(id=1281688183863742603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281688162300826543, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

光谱定标中的误差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
光谱范围
/μm
误差项/ nm合成误差
单色仪环境
计算
波长精度
重复性
光谱分辨率步进
拟合
3.0~6.00.20.0752.740.0020.050.12.751
6.0~10.00.20.0755.480.0020.050.15.485
), ArticleFig(id=1281688183922462860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281688162300826543, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Statistics of radiometric calibration errors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
谱段相对辐射定标误差/K绝对辐射定标误差/K
中波红外区 (3.3~6.5 μm)≤0.68≤1.56
长波红外区 (6.5~10 μm)≤0.95≤1.40
), ArticleFig(id=1281688184006348941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281688162300826543, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

辐射定标误差统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
谱段相对辐射定标误差/K绝对辐射定标误差/K
中波红外区 (3.3~6.5 μm)≤0.68≤1.56
长波红外区 (6.5~10 μm)≤0.95≤1.40
), ArticleFig(id=1281688184077652110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281688162300826543, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Inner orientation element test results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
内方位元素通道
中波长波
空间维主像点位置/pixel245274
单机焦距/mm168.008167.400
单机IFOV/mrad0.1790.179
单机视场/(°)4.5354.529
), ArticleFig(id=1281688184199286927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212996840067084, articleId=1281688162300826543, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

内方位元素测试结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
内方位元素通道
中波长波
空间维主像点位置/pixel245274
单机焦距/mm168.008167.400
单机IFOV/mrad0.1790.179
单机视场/(°)4.5354.529
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嫦娥七号宽谱段红外光谱成像分析仪中长波谱段的定标方法及误差分析
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王梅竹 1 , 刘成玉 1 , 桂裕华 1 , 徐睿 1, 2 , 金健 1 , 王蓉 1 , 杨扬 1 , 谢佳楠 1 , 刘馨泽 1 , 郭冰梅 1 , 何志平 1, 2
空间科学学报 | 嫦娥七号任务有效载荷定标方法 2026,46(2): 520-530
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空间科学学报 |嫦娥七号任务有效载荷定标方法 2026 , 46 (2) : 520 -530
嫦娥七号宽谱段红外光谱成像分析仪中长波谱段的定标方法及误差分析
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王梅竹 女, 1991年1月出生于天津市, 博士, 现为中国科学院上海技术物理研究所副研究员, 主要研究方向为深空成像光谱仪探测模式设计与数据定量化. E-mail:

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王梅竹 女, 1991年1月出生于天津市, 博士, 现为中国科学院上海技术物理研究所副研究员, 主要研究方向为深空成像光谱仪探测模式设计与数据定量化. E-mail:

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刘成玉 男, 1985年12月出生于吉林省和龙市, 博士, 现为中国科学院上海技术物理研究所高级工程师, 主要研究方向为红外高光谱遥感定标与数据处理、红外高光谱遥感应用等. E-mail:

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刘成玉 男, 1985年12月出生于吉林省和龙市, 博士, 现为中国科学院上海技术物理研究所高级工程师, 主要研究方向为红外高光谱遥感定标与数据处理、红外高光谱遥感应用等. E-mail:

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金健 男, 1988年出生于浙江省杭州市, 硕士, 现为中国科学院上海技术物理研究所高级工程师, 主要研究方向为空间光谱载荷设计、红外探测器的信号调理及光谱信息获取软件优化. E-mail:

"}, bioImg=/zvZF5NLxE47SFCb9I2CEA==, bioContent=

金健 男, 1988年出生于浙江省杭州市, 硕士, 现为中国科学院上海技术物理研究所高级工程师, 主要研究方向为空间光谱载荷设计、红外探测器的信号调理及光谱信息获取软件优化. E-mail:

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王梅竹1 , 刘成玉1 , 桂裕华1, 徐睿1, 2, 金健1 , 王蓉1, 杨扬1, 谢佳楠1, 刘馨泽1, 郭冰梅1, 何志平1, 2
作者信息
  • 1中国科学院上海技术物理研究所 主动光电技术重点实验室 上海 200083
  • 2中国科学院大学 北京 100049
通讯作者:
何志平 E-mail:
作者简介:

王梅竹 女, 1991年1月出生于天津市, 博士, 现为中国科学院上海技术物理研究所副研究员, 主要研究方向为深空成像光谱仪探测模式设计与数据定量化. E-mail:

刘成玉 男, 1985年12月出生于吉林省和龙市, 博士, 现为中国科学院上海技术物理研究所高级工程师, 主要研究方向为红外高光谱遥感定标与数据处理、红外高光谱遥感应用等. E-mail:

金健 男, 1988年出生于浙江省杭州市, 硕士, 现为中国科学院上海技术物理研究所高级工程师, 主要研究方向为空间光谱载荷设计、红外探测器的信号调理及光谱信息获取软件优化. E-mail:

何志平 男, 1977 年 7 月出生于江西省, 博士, 现为中国科学院上海技术物理研究所二级研究员、研究室主任, 国家杰出青年科学基金获得者, 享受国务院政府特殊津贴. 主要研究方向为前沿光电探测技术, 主持构建地外物质勘探装备技术体系, 研制的光谱探测仪器应用于嫦娥、天问等重大工程. E-mail:

Calibration Methods and Error Analysis of the Mid- to Long-wave Bands of the Chang’E-7 Wide-band InfraRed Imaging Spectrometer
Meizhu WANG1 , Chengyu LIU1 , Yuhua GUI1, Rui XU1, 2, Jian JIN1 , Rong WANG1, Yang YANG1, Jianan XIE1, Xinze LIU1, Bingmei GUO1, Zhiping HE1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of Space Active Opto-Electronics Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083
  • 2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049
出版时间: 2026-03-15 doi: 10.11728/cjss2026.02.2025-0143
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嫦娥七号任务轨道器拟搭载宽谱段红外光谱成像分析仪(Wide-band InfraRed Imaging Spectrometer, WIRIS), 将获取覆盖可见至长波红外(0.45~10 µm)的月球表面高光谱图像与热辐射信息, 为月球表面矿物成分识别、热环境与水/羟基探测等科学研究提供数据. 相比现有月球环绕光谱探测载荷, 为提升对硅酸盐矿物克里斯蒂安森特征(Christiansen Feature)、分子水等关键波段的定量反演能力, WIRIS在继承天问一号火星矿物光谱分析仪设计的基础上, 将高光谱成像谱段拓展至中长波红外(3.3~10 μm), 并通过同步温度测量, 有效降低了3 μm波段水/羟基特征反演中的热校正不确定性. 本文围绕WIRIS新拓展的中长波谱段定量化应用需求, 提出适应该波段的光谱、辐射与几何定标方法, 并结合实验数据分析了定标过程中的误差来源与不确定度. 研究结果可为WIRIS中长波红外数据的物理量反演及科学应用提供关键的技术支撑与方法基础.

嫦娥七号  /  宽谱段红外光谱成像分析仪  /  辐射定标  /  光谱定标  /  几何定标  /  误差分析

The Chang’E-7 orbiter is expected to carry the Wide-band InfraRed Imaging Spectrometer (WIRIS), which will acquire high spectral resolution images and thermal emission data of the lunar surface across a broad spectral range from the visible to longwave infrared (0.45~10 µm). These data will support scientific investigations into lunar surface mineral composition, thermal environment, and water/hydroxyl detection. Compared to previous lunar orbital hyperspectral instruments, WIRIS enhances quantitative retrieval capabilities for key spectral features such as the Christiansen Feature (CF) of silicate minerals and molecular water. Building upon the design of the Tianwen-1 Mars Mineralogical Spectrometer, WIRIS extends its spectral coverage into the mid- to long-wave infrared range (3.3~10 μm), and incorporates simultaneous temperature measurements to reduce thermal correction uncertainties in the 3 μm water/hydroxyl absorption region. This study addresses the quantitative calibration requirements of the newly extended spectral range by proposing spectral, radiometric, and geometric calibration methods tailored for the mid- to long-wave infrared bands. Based on calibration experiments, the sources of error and associated uncertainties are analyzed. The results provide essential methodological and technical support for accurate physical parameter retrieval and scientific application of WIRIS mid- to long-wave infrared data.

Chang’E-7  /  Wide-band InfraRed Imaging Spectrometer (WIRIS)  /  Radiometric calibration  /  Spectral calibration  /  Geometric calibration  /  Error analysis
王梅竹, 刘成玉, 桂裕华, 徐睿, 金健, 王蓉, 杨扬, 谢佳楠, 刘馨泽, 郭冰梅, 何志平. 嫦娥七号宽谱段红外光谱成像分析仪中长波谱段的定标方法及误差分析. 空间科学学报, 2026 , 46 (2) : 520 -530 . DOI: 10.11728/cjss2026.02.2025-0143
Meizhu WANG, Chengyu LIU, Yuhua GUI, Rui XU, Jian JIN, Rong WANG, Yang YANG, Jianan XIE, Xinze LIU, Bingmei GUO, Zhiping HE. Calibration Methods and Error Analysis of the Mid- to Long-wave Bands of the Chang’E-7 Wide-band InfraRed Imaging Spectrometer[J]. Chinese Journal of Space Science, 2026 , 46 (2) : 520 -530 . DOI: 10.11728/cjss2026.02.2025-0143
中国嫦娥系列任务已完成“绕、落、回”三步走的发展阶段, 系统性实现了月球轨道遥感、着陆巡视与样品返回等关键任务, 显著提升了中国在深空探测领域的国际影响力. 中国探月工程四期嫦娥七号任务将以月球南极为核心探测区域, 构建“绕、落、巡、飞跃”一体化探测体系, 系统开展极区环境与资源的精细调查, 为后续月球科研站建设提供科学支撑与技术准备[1,2]. 宽谱段红外光谱成像分析仪(Wide-band InfraRed Imaging Spectrometer, WIRIS)是嫦娥七号轨道器的主要科学载荷之一, 将获取高空间分辨率、高光谱分辨率的月面遥感数据, 为月壤矿物组成识别、水/羟基吸收特征探测、热辐射信息反演与地质单元划分等提供关键数据.
迄今为止, 已开展的月球轨道高光谱遥感任务的载荷谱段主要集中在可见至短波红外波段. 中国 嫦娥一号[3] 任务于2007年搭载干涉成像光谱仪(IIM), 成功获取了0.48~0.96 µm范围的月表光谱数据 (见表1); 日本的月亮女神 [4]、印度的月船一号 [5]和月船二号[6]等任务也配置了光谱成像科学载荷, 谱段覆盖至5 µm, 加深了对于月球表面形貌、物质组成、资源分布、内部构造及演化历史等的了解与认识. 美国月球勘测轨道器配备的Diviner辐射计[7]获取了8 µm附近的3通道(波长为7.80, 8.25, 8.55 µm)光谱数据, 基于该谱段克里斯蒂安森特征 (Christiansen Feature, CF) 可实现月表硅酸盐矿物的初步分类[8,9], 但是由于谱段数量有限, 矿物识别的精度受到影响. 美国的月球开拓者任务配备了High-Resolution Volatiles and Minerals Moon Mapper (HVM3)和Lunar Thermal Mapper (LTM)两台光谱类载荷[10], 旨在实现对月球表面水冰、矿物与热辐射特性的高精度探测. 其中LTM在继承Diviner辐射计功能的基础上, 将CF相关波段的探测通道由3个提升至11个(波长分别为7, 7.25, 7.5, 7.8, 8, 8.28, 8.55, 8.75, 9, 9.5, 10 μm), 增强了对月表硅酸盐矿物的识别能力. 遗憾的是, 月球开拓者任务在2025年2月发射后即失联, 未能获取相关数据. 相比之下, WIRIS的谱段范围覆盖为0.45~10.0 μm, 能够实现从反射域至热辐射域的连续光谱成像. 其在中长波红外谱段(3.3~10 µm)内设置了超过30个有效光谱通道用于CF探测, 并且具备更高的光谱分辨率, 将为月球硅酸盐矿物的精细分类与成分反演提供更丰富的数据支撑.
WIRIS可见近红外–短波红外谱段(0.45~3.4 µm)的系统设计继承自天问一号(TW-1)火星矿物光谱分析仪(MMS)[11], 旨在获取岩石矿物主要吸收带信息及羟基、水合物等的光谱特征. 中长波红外波段(3.3~10 μm)则面向月球环绕光谱成像探测中存在的背景辐射强、目标能量弱、在轨长寿命等挑战, 采用低温光学、运动补偿、在轨复合定标等关键技术[12,13], 在确保探测灵敏度的同时提升了载荷长期运行的稳定性. 在科学应用方面, WIRIS能够获取月表CF、分子水吸收区(约6.1 µm波段)[14]及热辐射的连续高光谱数据, 结合反演的月表温度, 可有效降低3 µm波段水/羟基吸收反演中的热校正不确定性[15], 为月球资源探测与热物理参数反演提供保障.
WIRIS在轨科学数据的物理量反演精度与解释可靠性, 依赖于其数据的定量化水平. 构建完善的定标方法体系, 对于提升热物理参数、分子水吸收特征及硅酸盐矿物等关键科学产品的反演精度至关重要, 可有效抑制系统误差传播, 增强数据解译的一致性与可靠性. 本文在对WIRIS分析的基础上, 重点围绕其中长波谱段的光谱定标、辐射定标与几何定标展开方法论述, 并对相关误差来源与不确定度进行评估分析, 为其在轨数据的物理量转换和科学解译提供可靠的定量参考.
WIRIS是基于光栅分光的推帚式成像光谱仪, 包含可见近红外VNIR (0.45~1.05 µm)、短波红外SWIR (1.0~3.4 µm)、中波红外MWIR (3.3~6.5 µm)和长波红外LWIR (6.5~10 µm)共4个成像光谱通道, 如图1所示. WIRIS将工作于55 km×190 km的椭圆冻结轨道, 近月点位于月球南极上空, 支持全球调查与重点区域高分辨率勘测两种运行模式, 可调整探测增益与积分时间. WIRIS具备在轨定标能力, 定标组件包括微型黑体、太阳漫反射板与光谱定标灯, 用于实时监测载荷状态并保持光谱与辐射响应的一致性. 在全球调查模式下, WIRIS采用星下点推扫成像方式, 获取月球整体的矿物组成、热辐射分布及其变化特征; 在高分辨率勘测模式中, 结合运动补偿机制, 可对南极撞击坑和热异常区等关键区域进行精细成像, 满足对水冰资源、矿物分布与表层环境的深入探测需求.
为应对中长波红外段(3.3~10 μm)在轨成像中存在的背景热辐射干扰并提升探测灵敏度, WIRIS采用低温光学系统: 前端望远镜通过辐冷维持在240 K, 光谱仪自狭缝起整体封装于低温真空冷箱中, 冷箱内光机温度控制在120 K. 该热设计显著抑制了系统自身辐射背景对探测器动态范围的占用, 有效提高了中长波段的信噪比与定量探测的能力.
WIRIS的主要技术指标列于表2, 其整体性能指标满足月表资源探测、热物理参数反演及水/羟基分布研究等科学任务的技术要求.
为确保WIRIS获取数据具备高定量科学价值, 需系统开展光谱定标、辐射定标与几何定标工作.
光谱定标旨在测定仪器对单色光输入的响应函数, 从而获取各个探测通道的中心波长与光谱分辨率, 以准确评估和表征仪器的光谱性能. 中心波长定义为探测器响应函数的峰值对应波长, 而光谱分辨率通常指该响应函数在峰值处 50% 的波长宽度(FWHM), 表征仪器区分相邻光谱特征的能力. 对每个光谱维像元, 在不同波长入射条件下获取其响应数据, 构建其光谱响应函数. 实际测得的光谱响应曲线近似于高斯分布, 如图2所示, 采用如下高斯函数进行拟合:
$ G\left(\lambda \right)={A}_{0}+A\exp \left[-\frac{{\left(\lambda -{\lambda }_{\mathrm{c}}\right)}^{2}}{2{\sigma }^{2}}\right] . $
其中, $ {\lambda }_{\mathrm{c}} $为拟合获得的中心波长, $ \sigma $为标准差. 光谱分辨率(FWHM)计算公式为
$ R_\text{FWHM}=2\sqrt{2\ln 2}\;\;\sigma \approx 2.355\sigma . $
光谱定标系统由高稳定度光源(硅碳棒)、单色仪以及平行光管等组成, 其系统如图3所示. 其中单色仪配置了不同的光栅: 中波段采用闪耀波长为4 µm的光栅, 长波段采用闪耀波长为8 µm的光栅, 保证了测试谱段内具有充足的光能量. 为降低温度、大气环境对光谱定标的影响, 仪器和平行光管均处于低温(≤–30℃)、真空(≤3.7×10–3 Pa)的环境中.
单色仪出射狭缝置于目标模拟器焦面, 形成单色平行光束进入光谱仪仪器, 在地面控制下进行成像采集, 由单色仪自动控制光源波长步进与图像采集过程, 最终形成波长与探测器响应的对应关系曲线, 用于响应函数拟合与中心波长提取. 对每个光谱维像元, 在不同波长入射条件下获取其响应数据, 构建其光谱响应函数, 采用高斯函数进行拟合并计算光谱分辨率FWHM.
对满足信噪比要求的波段, 提取其FWHM并进行平均, 获取当前视场方向下的典型光谱分辨率. 同时, 对每个波段进行独立高斯拟合, 提取其像元对应的中心波长.
辐射定标旨在建立探测器输出信号(Digital Number, DN值)与实际目标辐射亮度之间的定量转换关系, 是实现遥感数据辐射定量化处理的基础.
选用黑体作为标准辐射源, 其辐射亮度可依据普朗克定律计算. 为消除大气吸收的影响, 辐射定标在低温(≤–30℃)、真空环境(≤3.7×10–3 Pa)下开展, 定标系统结构与真空罐内设置情况如图4所示. 探测器采集不同温度黑体辐射下的图像或光谱响应, 通过多温度点测量, 建立系统输出与输入亮度的函数关系, 完成中长波通道多点绝对辐射定标.
为消除探测器像元间响应非一致性造成的辐射非均匀性误差, 需进行相对辐射定标处理. 通过观测辐射均匀的面源黑体获取探测器各像元响应差异, 进而建立像元间的响应修正系数. 相对辐射定标模型公式如下:
${\widehat D_{i,k}}={A}_{i,k} D{}_{i,k}+{B}_{i,k}.$
其中, $ {\widehat D_{i,k}} $为波段k上第i个像元的定标后输出; $ D{}_{i,k} $为未经定标的原始输出; $ {A}_{i,k},{B}_{i,k} $分别为像元i在波段k上的线性增益与偏置系数. 通过实验室环境下获取多点辐射亮度场景下的响应数据, 基于最小二乘拟合可求解$ {A}_{i,k} $$ {B}_{i,k} $, 实现响应一致性校正.
绝对辐射定标用于建立仪器响应与实际辐射亮度的定量关系, 通常采用可控温黑体作为标准辐射源. 黑体在不同温度下具有已知的辐射亮度, 通过采集其对应输出DN值, 构建系统输入输出模型. 基本的线性定标模型为
${L}_{k}={\alpha }_{k}{\overline{D}}_{k}+{\beta }_{k}.$
其中, $ {L}_{k} $为波段k的等效辐射亮度, $ {\overline{D}}_{k} $为波段k的平均DN值, $ {\alpha }_{k} $$ {\beta }_{k} $分别为每个波段的绝对辐射定标系数. 通过改变黑体温度可以获得不同量级的入曈辐射亮度$ {L}_{k} $, 从而建立仪器辐射定标方程, 求出辐射定标系数.
为实现对宽谱段红外光谱成像分析仪获取图像的空间几何属性的精确描述, 需开展系统的几何定标工作, 确定仪器成像系统的内方位元素, 为后续辐射数据投影、配准与几何校正提供基础.
WIRIS采用推扫式成像结构, 主要由望远镜、分光模块与面阵探测器构成, 属于二次成像系统, 其几何特性主要由望远镜成像特性决定, 焦距、视场、主点位置是内方位元素的主要内容.
将成像光谱系统放置于平行光管前面的二维转台上, 平行光管焦点处点光源发出的单色光通过平行光管后, 成为平行光出射, 如图5所示. 通过经纬仪测试、调整二维转台使平行光管的出射光线与系统光轴平行, 此时点光源在探测器空间维上的像元位置即为主点位置. 对于具有多通道的系统(如可见与红外通道), 通过在相同转台俯仰角下测得可见通道主像点位置, 并映射至红外通道, 实现主像点在各通道间的统一.
系统焦距的测试在近轴小视场区域进行, 因该区域内畸变较小, 可近似认为主光轴附近成像符合理想成像关系. 转动转台, 选择全视场约1/5范围内的两个视场点, 测得其转台角度$ \left({\theta }_{1},{\theta }_{2}\right) $及对应探测器列坐标$ \left({x}_{1},{x}_{2}\right) $, 代入以下公式可求得系统焦距$ f $:
${d}_{\mathrm{p}}\left({x}_{2}-{x}_{1}\right)=f\tan \left({\theta }_{2}-{\theta }_{1}\right).$
式中$ {, d}_{\mathrm{p}} $为探测器像元尺寸. 进一步, 根据所测两端视场点的角度, 可计算单像元视场 (Instantaneous Field of View, IFOV)及系统总视场范围(Field of View, FOV).
为验证本文提出的光谱、辐射与几何定标方法的适用性和精度, 以WIRIS的鉴定件(Engineering Model)为对象, 系统开展定标实验与误差评估. 鉴定件是具备与飞行正样(Flight Model)相同功能、结构与关键性能指标的试验件, 进行型号任务的方案验证、技术迭代以及在轨件交付前的技术闭环, 其定标结果可有效代表正样在轨性能的预期水平.
通过本文定标方法, 可以获取WIRIS中长波红外通道的关键性能参数, 包括光谱分辨率、辐射定标误差、几何内方位元素等, 以下将分别介绍光谱定标、辐射定标与几何定标的结果与误差分析.
采用本文所述方法对中长波红外通道进行光谱定标, 实验结果如图6所示. 中波红外通道平均光谱分辨率为53.9 nm, 长波红外通道的平均光谱分辨率为104.5 nm.
光谱定标结果的误差主要来源于实验装置系统、环境扰动和数据处理误差, 具体包括: 系统测量误差u1, 即单色仪输出波长的系统误差; 系统环境误差u2, 是实验温度、湿度等环境因素引入的干扰; 数据处理误差u3, 受拟合误差(如高斯拟合残差)及单色仪步进波长影响. 因此, 光谱定标的不确定度可表示为$ \sqrt{u_{1}^{2}+u_{2}^{2}+u_{3}^{2}} $, 单位nm.
实验室光谱定标中, 单色仪的波长精度约为0.2 nm, 重复性为0.075 nm, 最小步长为0.002 nm. 定标光路参数如下: 中波红外波段选用刻线密度 150 mm–1的光栅, 该光栅色散常数为20.43 nm·mm–1, 狭缝宽度设置为 0.4 mm, 波长扫描步长为 2 nm; 长波红外波段选用刻线密度 75 mm–1的光栅, 狭缝宽度设置为 0.6 mm, 波长扫描步长为 5 nm. 定标后中心波长拟合偏差小于 0.1 nm, 基于上述参数完成光谱定标精度计算, 光谱定标误差分析见表3.
光谱定标结果表明, WIRIS中长波谱段可实现3.3~10 µm谱段的连续覆盖, 光谱分辨率优于200 nm, 光谱定标误差均控制在Δλ /10以内, 满足月球表面光谱探测对中心波长精度与分辨率的要求.
根据本文辐射定标方法对WIRIS开展了相对和绝对辐射定标, 通过误差分析评价辐射定标的有效性.
实验室相对辐射定标的误差主要来源于相对辐射定标所使用定标系统(参考光源)的非均匀性、载荷自身噪声和模型误差. 因此, 可由参考光源的非均匀性、载荷噪声误差和模型误差合成得到相对辐射定标误差. 计算方法为
${\varepsilon }_{\text{rel}}\left(k\right)=\sqrt{\sigma _{\text{ref}}^{2}\left(k\right)+\sigma _{\mathrm{n}}^{2}\left(k\right)+\sigma _{\mathrm{m}}^{2}\left(k\right)}. $
式中, $ {\varepsilon }_{\text{rel}} $为相对辐射定标误差, $ {\sigma }_{\text{ref}} $为定标系统非均匀性, $ {\sigma }_{\mathrm{n}} $为载荷噪声误差, $ {\sigma }_{\mathrm{m}} $为模型误差, $ k $为波段序号. 对于某一个特定波段, 载荷噪声误差的计算方法为
$\begin{cases} {\sigma }_{\mathrm{n}}\left(k\right)=\dfrac{\sigma \left(k\right)}{{\overline D\left(k\right)}},\\ \sigma \left(k\right)=\sqrt{\dfrac{\displaystyle\sum \nolimits_{i=1}^{{N}_{\mathrm{s}}}{\left[D\left(i,k\right)-\overline{D}\left(k\right)\right]}^{2}}{{N}_{\mathrm{s}}-1}.}\\ \end{cases} $
其中, $ D(i,k) $为某一像元的DN值, $ \overline{D}\left(k\right) $为某一波段的DN均值, $ {N}_{\mathrm{s}} $为空间维像元数量, $ \sigma \left(k\right) $为某一波段的噪声.
实验室绝对辐射定标精度由标准传递不确定度、黑体的稳定性、模型精度、相对辐射定标精度等决定, 如图7所示. 定标系统的不确定度主要为黑体的温度稳定性与面均匀性, 具体要求包括: 黑体的温度不稳定性控制在0.2 K (3.3~6.5 μm), 0.1 K (6.5~10 μm), 黑体的定标系统不确定度为0.05 K (3.3~10 μm).
因此, 中长波通道相对于绝对辐射定标误差如图8图9所示, 参数汇总结果列于表4.
图10为中长波辐射定标线性度情况, 结果显示两通道在测试范围内均保持了良好的线性响应. 图11给出了仪器定标后的辐射亮度与实际入瞳辐射亮度的对比关系, 二者拟合一致性较高, 表明所建立的定标模型能够有效反映实际观测条件.
综上, 通过相对与绝对辐射定标, 宽谱段红外光谱成像分析仪保证了探测数据的物理量可追溯性, 中长波通道相对辐射定标误差优于0.68 K (3.3~6.5 μm, 400 K), 优于0.95 K (6.5~10.0 μm, 300 K), 绝对辐射定标误差控制在优于2.0 K水平, 满足月球轨道光谱定量探测应用需求.
根据本文提供的几何定标方法, 内方位元素测试结果见表5.
由定标原理测试方法可知, 焦距、视场、主点位置的精度取决于转台角度的测量精度$ {u}_{1} $和仪器与平行光管的对准精度$ {u}_{2} $, 由误差传递公式$ \sqrt{u_{1}^{2}+u_{2}^{2}} $可得定标精度. 几何定标中使用的二维转台分辨率为$0.5{''} $; 采用TM5100 A型光电经纬仪对仪器和平行光管进行光轴对准, 经纬仪的测量精度为$\pm 0.7{''} $. 因此, 通过计算可得内方位元素的测量误差为
$ \begin{split} \varepsilon =&{\left[\sqrt{{0.5}^{2}+{\left(0.7\times 2\right)}^{2}}\right]^{''}}=\\&7.2\times {10}^{-3}\;\mathrm{mrad}< 0.04\times 0.18\;\mathrm{mrad}.\end{split} $
因此, 内方位元素的测量误差<0.04个IFOV, 测试精度满足应用需求.
宽谱段红外光谱成像分析仪(WIRIS)是嫦娥七号轨道器的核心科学载荷之一, 具备0.45~10.0 μm的宽光谱成像探测能力. 特别是在3.3~10 μm的中长波红外关键波段, WIRIS将实现CF、分子水吸收区(约6.1 μm)及月表热辐射的连续高光谱探测, 增强对月表硅酸盐矿物、水的赋存状态、月球热物理参数等的反演能力. 然而该中长波谱段在轨探测面临诸多技术挑战, 完善的定标方法对保证其物理量反演精度与解释可靠性至关重要.
围绕WIRIS中长波红外谱段, 提供了一套光谱、辐射与几何定标方法, 并以结构和性能参数与飞行正样一致的鉴定件为对象, 完成了中心波长、光谱分辨率、相对/绝对辐射响应、内方位元素等参数测试与误差分析. 定标结果表明, WIRIS中长波通道具备良好的定量化能力, 定标精度满足嫦娥七号任务的科学应用要求.
研究结果为WIRIS载荷在轨数据的物理量转换、辐射校正及科学反演提供了关键的地面技术支撑, 也可为未来深空任务中红外高光谱遥感仪器的定标方法建立与性能评估提供参考.

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doi: 10.11728/cjss2026.02.2025-0143
  • 接收时间:2025-08-24
  • 首发时间:2026-07-08
  • 出版时间:2026-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-24
  • 修回日期:2025-11-29
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    1中国科学院上海技术物理研究所 主动光电技术重点实验室 上海 200083
    2中国科学院大学 北京 100049

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