Article(id=1263881628640732015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, issueId=1263881604263437054, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16578/j.issn.1004.2539.2026.01.013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1725120000000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-01, revisedDate=1729353600000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1779262462052, onlineDateStr=2026-05-20, pubDate=1768406400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1779262462052, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1779262462052, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1779262462052, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1263881604263437054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, year='2026', volume='50', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='191', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1779262456241, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1779263107607, updator=13041195026, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1263884336399528882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, issueId=1263881604263437054, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1263884336403723187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, issueId=1263881604263437054, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=100, endPage=111, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1263881631551579019, articleId=1263881628640732015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, language=EN, title=Design and analysis of catenary and conical section hybrid flexure hinges, columnId=1263881617894945455, journalTitle=Journal of Mechanical Transmission, columnName=Theory·Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

Existing research on flexible hinges corresponds to complex expressions for flexibility and rotational accuracy calculations. To address this issue, a new type of catenary flexure hinge was designed, and a method for establishing the hinge’s compliance and rotational accuracy model by approximating arc segments with straight-line segments was proposed.

Methods

Firstly, by defining the flexure hinge as a series combination of tapered and expanded sections, the curve in the tapered segment was divided into several arc segments, and the curve segments were approximated with straight segments. Based on the Castigliano’s second theorem, a method by calculating the flexibility of the tapered section and then establishing the hinge flexibility and rotational accuracy model through matrix operations was established. Secondly, using specific examples, the derived formula, literature formulas, and the finite element method were employed for calculations. When the curve segment was finely divided, the calculation results align well, thereby verifying the formula’s correctness. Thirdly, the influence of structural parameters on the flexibility, rotation accuracy, and flexibility-accuracy ratio of catenary flexure hinges was analyzed. Finally, the bending flexibility and flexibility-accuracy ratio of the catenary, conic, and their hybrid hinges were analyzed with the same structural parameters.

Results

The results show that a single parameter has a negative correlation with flexibility and rotation accuracy of the catenary hinge, and reducing the minimum thickness is the best way to improve flexibility. Under the same structural parameters, the flexibility and flexibility-accuracy ratio of the catenary hinge is between parabolic and circular shapes. Choosing a hybrid hinge with a section of high flexibility for the tapered section and a section of low flexibility for the expanded section allows for a balance between flexibility and motion accuracy.The greater the difference in flexibility, the better the flexibility-accuracy ratio.

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目的

既有的柔性铰链研究都对应着复杂的柔度和回转精度计算式。为了解决该问题,设计了一种新型悬链线形柔性铰链,提出一种用直线段逼近弧段建立铰链柔度和回转精度模型的方法。

方法

首先,将柔性铰链定义为渐缩段与渐扩段的串联组合,将渐缩段中曲线段分割成若干弧段,用直线段逼近弧段;基于卡氏第二定理,计算铰链渐缩段柔度,由矩阵运算建立铰链柔度和回转精度模型;其次,结合具体算例,采用推出公式、文献公式和有限元法计算,当曲线分割段数较大时,计算结果吻合较好,验证了公式正确性;再次,分析了结构参数对悬链线铰链柔度、回转精度和柔度精度比的影响;最后,分析了相同结构参数下悬链线、圆锥曲线及其混合铰链的弯曲柔度和柔度精度比。

结果

结果表明,单一参数对悬链线铰链柔度和回转精度的影响成负相关,减小最薄处厚度是提升其柔度的最佳方式。相同结构参数下,悬链线铰链弯曲柔度和柔度精度比介于抛物线和圆弧形之间。选择柔度大的为渐缩段、柔度小的为渐扩段的混合型铰链可兼顾柔度和回转精度;柔度悬殊越大,越有利于提升柔度精度比。

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陈贵清(通信作者),男,1979年生,福建尤溪人,工学博士,教授;主要研究方向为机械设计、材料设计与加工;
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谢祖强,男,1981年生,福建闽清人,工学硕士,高级实验师;主要研究方向为机械设计、先进制造技术;

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谢祖强,男,1981年生,福建闽清人,工学硕士,高级实验师;主要研究方向为机械设计、先进制造技术;

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(a)铰链几何结构、受力和变形 (b)铰链悬链线切口曲线

, figureFileSmall=w2mrgZVvYRIrTBxoHcTuFA==, figureFileBig=iAH/54sJ9m03Djs3vwjYLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263881683074408726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881628640732015, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Two-segment model and coordinate system of the flexure hinge, figureFileSmall=6zy/RECpw31vbHiSNKrSkA==, figureFileBig=zegdZilZAT5MCraqYjBSUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263881683850354973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881628640732015, language=CN, label=图2, caption=柔性铰链两段式模型及坐标系, figureFileSmall=6zy/RECpw31vbHiSNKrSkA==, figureFileBig=zegdZilZAT5MCraqYjBSUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263881684689215780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881628640732015, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Calculation diagram for the tapered section of the flexure hinge, figureFileSmall=oqYKn2htCe+M8w+IJrVyIw==, figureFileBig=GDeZkNGWMZndBiHWCv4E0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263881685574213931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881628640732015, language=CN, label=图3, caption=柔性铰链渐缩段计算示意图

(a)混合柔性铰链渐缩段 (b)曲线段直线逼近示意图

, figureFileSmall=oqYKn2htCe+M8w+IJrVyIw==, figureFileBig=GDeZkNGWMZndBiHWCv4E0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263881685997838638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881628640732015, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Schematic diagram for the expanded section of the flexure hinge, figureFileSmall=LkLTx7uKpnlfnrauKxN/2w==, figureFileBig=OjfMowcyCtijUy3KaLtLkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263881687432290616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881628640732015, language=CN, label=图4, caption=柔性铰链渐扩段示意图, figureFileSmall=LkLTx7uKpnlfnrauKxN/2w==, figureFileBig=OjfMowcyCtijUy3KaLtLkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263881688053047613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881628640732015, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Apply additional force to the geometric center of the flexure hinge, figureFileSmall=SHjZtrPUh2a6dMOc7WcehA==, figureFileBig=2iAJFNAq7lGMvZJwNmgQAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263881688694776131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881628640732015, language=CN, label=图5, caption=对柔性铰链几何中心施加的附加力, figureFileSmall=SHjZtrPUh2a6dMOc7WcehA==, figureFileBig=2iAJFNAq7lGMvZJwNmgQAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263881689370059080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881628640732015, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Parameter diagram for the tapered section of flexure hinges, figureFileSmall=qwi1l6EVID9XLUazpZOfMQ==, figureFileBig=GoKbRcHy8j4q9o23nvAl4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263881689839821134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881628640732015, language=CN, label=图6, caption=柔性铰链渐缩段参数图

(a)圆锥曲线铰链渐缩段参数 (b)混合铰链渐缩段参数

, figureFileSmall=qwi1l6EVID9XLUazpZOfMQ==, figureFileBig=GoKbRcHy8j4q9o23nvAl4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263881690976477527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881628640732015, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Finite element model of SEp-LCr type flexure hinge, figureFileSmall=GayBtl5yCxlHVgC0NGjK9g==, figureFileBig=scX0npIiaGUH/M7ZTMasKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263881692650004828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881628640732015, language=CN, label=图7, caption= SEp-LCr柔性铰链有限元模型, figureFileSmall=GayBtl5yCxlHVgC0NGjK9g==, figureFileBig=scX0npIiaGUH/M7ZTMasKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263881693140738401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881628640732015, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Relation between the relative error and the number of segments, figureFileSmall=eTsMvh9UQQHzseewcl+F/A==, figureFileBig=S5kmGcU61y7j0VHUgRRoPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263881694340309354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881628640732015, language=CN, label=图8, caption= C66相对误差er与分割段数n的关系, figureFileSmall=eTsMvh9UQQHzseewcl+F/A==, figureFileBig=S5kmGcU61y7j0VHUgRRoPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263881694868791664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881628640732015, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Influence of structural parameters on the compliance, figureFileSmall=PW3t5DeO16f+3jzLoUpo5Q==, figureFileBig=MoGyfeNp6OSrMFMhH1noHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263881695174975858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881628640732015, language=CN, label=图9, caption=结构参数对柔度的影响, figureFileSmall=PW3t5DeO16f+3jzLoUpo5Q==, figureFileBig=MoGyfeNp6OSrMFMhH1noHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263881696928194934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881628640732015, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Influence of structural parameters on the rotation accuracy, figureFileSmall=0UOoobDmQX+dcepbet1YHQ==, figureFileBig=LIs1Oewr46sLx7wrYJF4DQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263881697397956985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881628640732015, language=CN, label=图10, caption=结构参数对回转精度的影响, figureFileSmall=0UOoobDmQX+dcepbet1YHQ==, figureFileBig=LIs1Oewr46sLx7wrYJF4DQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263881697985159549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881628640732015, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Influence of structural parameters on the compliance-rotation accuracy ratio, figureFileSmall=/rG3Nnk61JVYjddYCAFl/A==, figureFileBig=AcPjfO4y5NEpUZm1E92RPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263881698320703873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881628640732015, language=CN, label=图11, caption=结构参数对柔度精度比的影响, figureFileSmall=/rG3Nnk61JVYjddYCAFl/A==, figureFileBig=AcPjfO4y5NEpUZm1E92RPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263881698576556420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881628640732015, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Bending compliance of flexure hinges, figureFileSmall=ZS2xrj5EgdB6KpTq/F7+lA==, figureFileBig=9hQEHm7jEc28WbbN/1FCdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263881699029541258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881628640732015, language=CN, label=图12, caption=柔性铰链弯曲柔度, figureFileSmall=ZS2xrj5EgdB6KpTq/F7+lA==, figureFileBig=9hQEHm7jEc28WbbN/1FCdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263881699407028621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881628640732015, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Bending compliance-rotation accuracy ratio of the flexure hinges, figureFileSmall=1Qgd5FduENetXOYZLFYxAg==, figureFileBig=ulFWOqB4vgQ+vx1PhJcG4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263881699843236242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881628640732015, language=CN, label=图13, caption=柔性铰链弯曲柔度精度比, figureFileSmall=1Qgd5FduENetXOYZLFYxAg==, figureFileBig=ulFWOqB4vgQ+vx1PhJcG4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263881701541929366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881628640732015, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Geometric parameters of the tapered section of flexure hinges

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 h0/mm b/mm t/mm L1/mm c/mm R/mm
118.1785.00.56.3138.839
28.010.01.05.03.55.321
311.515.01.57.55.08.125
), ArticleFig(id=1263881701982331289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881628640732015, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

柔性铰链渐缩段几何参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 h0/mm b/mm t/mm L1/mm c/mm R/mm
118.1785.00.56.3138.839
28.010.01.05.03.55.321
311.515.01.57.55.08.125
), ArticleFig(id=1263881702489842076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881628640732015, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Geometric parameters of the tapered section of hybrid flexure hinges

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 aep/mm bep/mmΦ/(°) Ls/mm Lk/mm t/mm
SEp8.8396.315302.1022.4060.5
类型 R/mm θm/(°) θ Lk/mm Lm/mm t/mm
CrL5.21150.276[0,θm4.0080.50.5
), ArticleFig(id=1263881702804414883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881628640732015, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

混合柔性铰链渐缩段几何参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 aep/mm bep/mmΦ/(°) Ls/mm Lk/mm t/mm
SEp8.8396.315302.1022.4060.5
类型 R/mm θm/(°) θ Lk/mm Lm/mm t/mm
CrL5.21150.276[0,θm4.0080.50.5
), ArticleFig(id=1263881703181902245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881628640732015, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Calculation results of flexibility of conic curve flexure hinges

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
C11/(mN-1 C22/(mN-1 C26/N-1 C33/(mN-1 C35/N-1

C44/

[rad(Nm)-1

C55/

[rad(Nm)-1

C66/

[rad(Nm)-1

1ep(L)7.783 0×10-96.838 3×10-6-1.063 4×10-31.888 9×10-7-2.358 3×10-51.182 1×10-13.735 9×10-31.680 8×10-1
1ep(T)7.789 6×10-96.857 1×10-6-1.064 2×10-31.890 5×10-7-2.360 3×10-51.185 6×10-13.739 0×10-31.685 8×10-1
e r/%-0.084-0.274-0.300-0.087-0.084-0.295-0.084-0.300
2hy(L)1.743 2×10-91.975 3×10-7-3.737 4×10-51.147 5×10-8-1.045 9×10-55.286 6×10-32.091 9×10-47.474 7×10-3
2hy(T)1.744 1×10-91.981 7×10-7-3.750 0×10-51.148 0×10-8-1.046 5×10-55.304 1×10-32.092 9×10-47.500 0×10-3
e r/%-0.050-0.322-0.337-0.047-0.050-0.329-0.050-0.337
3pb(L)1.550 4×10-92.426 5×10-7-3.031 8×10-51.019 8×10-8-6.201 7×10-72.838 1×10-38.268 9×10-54.042 4×10-3
3pb(T)1.550 9×10-92.429 1×10-7-3.035 2×10-59.825 3×10-9-6.203 4×10-72.841 2×10-38.271 2×10-54.046 9×10-3
e r/%-0.028-0.108-0.1113.788-0.028-0.110-0.028-0.111
), ArticleFig(id=1263881703693607337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881628640732015, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

圆锥曲线柔性铰链柔度计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
C11/(mN-1 C22/(mN-1 C26/N-1 C33/(mN-1 C35/N-1

C44/

[rad(Nm)-1

C55/

[rad(Nm)-1

C66/

[rad(Nm)-1

1ep(L)7.783 0×10-96.838 3×10-6-1.063 4×10-31.888 9×10-7-2.358 3×10-51.182 1×10-13.735 9×10-31.680 8×10-1
1ep(T)7.789 6×10-96.857 1×10-6-1.064 2×10-31.890 5×10-7-2.360 3×10-51.185 6×10-13.739 0×10-31.685 8×10-1
e r/%-0.084-0.274-0.300-0.087-0.084-0.295-0.084-0.300
2hy(L)1.743 2×10-91.975 3×10-7-3.737 4×10-51.147 5×10-8-1.045 9×10-55.286 6×10-32.091 9×10-47.474 7×10-3
2hy(T)1.744 1×10-91.981 7×10-7-3.750 0×10-51.148 0×10-8-1.046 5×10-55.304 1×10-32.092 9×10-47.500 0×10-3
e r/%-0.050-0.322-0.337-0.047-0.050-0.329-0.050-0.337
3pb(L)1.550 4×10-92.426 5×10-7-3.031 8×10-51.019 8×10-8-6.201 7×10-72.838 1×10-38.268 9×10-54.042 4×10-3
3pb(T)1.550 9×10-92.429 1×10-7-3.035 2×10-59.825 3×10-9-6.203 4×10-72.841 2×10-38.271 2×10-54.046 9×10-3
e r/%-0.028-0.108-0.1113.788-0.028-0.110-0.028-0.111
), ArticleFig(id=1263881704071094701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881628640732015, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Calculation results of flexibility of catenary and hybrid flexure hinges

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
C11/(mN-1 C22/(mN-1 C26/N-1 C33/(mN-1 C35/N-1 C55/[rad(Nm)-1 C66/[rad(Nm)-1
2ca(L)2.354 9×10-93.751 9×10-7-7.026 3×10-51.548 1×10-8-1.412 9×10-62.825 9×10-41.405 3×10-2
2ca(F)2.479 1×10-93.785 9×10-7-7.111 8×10-51.644 5×10-8-1.510 1×10-62.806 8×10-41.446 4×10-2
er/%5.2740.9061.2176.2276.879-0.6742.844
3ca(L)1.593 6×10-92.555 6×10-7-3.185 5×10-51.048 9×10-8-6.374 4×10-78.499 2×10-54.247 3×10-3
3ca(F)1.676 4×10-92.571 3×10-7-3.215 6×10-51.107 6×10-8-6.881 7×10-78.434 4×10-54.353 8×10-3
er/%5.1960.6140.9455.5967.958-0.7642.507
2ca-2cr(L)2.446 4×10-94.162 2×10-7-7.634 3×10-51.637 3×10-8-1.494 1×10-62.935 6×10-41.497 3×10-2
2ca-2cr(F)2.566 6×10-94.163 7×10-7-7.663 8×10-51.720 7×10-8-1.613 7×10-62.899 4×10-41.528 5×10-2
er/%4.9130.0360.3865.0948.005-1.2334.672
SEp-LCr(L)8.515 3×10-95.329 0×10-6-1.065 8×10-31.304 3×10-7-1.928 0×10-54.087 3×10-32.223 9×10-1
SEp-LCr(F)8.605 7×10-95.177 7×10-6-1.035 3×10-31.364 5×10-7-2.006 4×10-54.181 6×10-32.163 5×10-1
er/%-1.0612.8402.857-4.618-4.069-2.3062.717
), ArticleFig(id=1263881705962725810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881628640732015, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

悬链线形和混合型柔性铰链柔度计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
C11/(mN-1 C22/(mN-1 C26/N-1 C33/(mN-1 C35/N-1 C55/[rad(Nm)-1 C66/[rad(Nm)-1
2ca(L)2.354 9×10-93.751 9×10-7-7.026 3×10-51.548 1×10-8-1.412 9×10-62.825 9×10-41.405 3×10-2
2ca(F)2.479 1×10-93.785 9×10-7-7.111 8×10-51.644 5×10-8-1.510 1×10-62.806 8×10-41.446 4×10-2
er/%5.2740.9061.2176.2276.879-0.6742.844
3ca(L)1.593 6×10-92.555 6×10-7-3.185 5×10-51.048 9×10-8-6.374 4×10-78.499 2×10-54.247 3×10-3
3ca(F)1.676 4×10-92.571 3×10-7-3.215 6×10-51.107 6×10-8-6.881 7×10-78.434 4×10-54.353 8×10-3
er/%5.1960.6140.9455.5967.958-0.7642.507
2ca-2cr(L)2.446 4×10-94.162 2×10-7-7.634 3×10-51.637 3×10-8-1.494 1×10-62.935 6×10-41.497 3×10-2
2ca-2cr(F)2.566 6×10-94.163 7×10-7-7.663 8×10-51.720 7×10-8-1.613 7×10-62.899 4×10-41.528 5×10-2
er/%4.9130.0360.3865.0948.005-1.2334.672
SEp-LCr(L)8.515 3×10-95.329 0×10-6-1.065 8×10-31.304 3×10-7-1.928 0×10-54.087 3×10-32.223 9×10-1
SEp-LCr(F)8.605 7×10-95.177 7×10-6-1.035 3×10-31.364 5×10-7-2.006 4×10-54.181 6×10-32.163 5×10-1
er/%-1.0612.8402.857-4.618-4.069-2.3062.717
), ArticleFig(id=1263881706382156216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881628640732015, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Calculation results of the rotation accuracy of flexure hinges

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
C11'/(mN-1 C22'/(mN-1 C26'/N-1 C33'/(mN-1 C35'/N-1
1ep (L)3.891 5×10-94.016 7×10-7-5.247 7×10-53.840 3×10-8-2.913 4×10-6
1ep (T)3.894 8×10-94.018 2×10-7-5.260 9×10-53.843 8×10-8-2.915 8×10-6
er/%-0.084-0.037-0.250-0.091-0.085
2hy(L)5.959 2×10-101.125 5×10-8-9.950 3×10-72.716 3×10-9-7.687 7×10-8
2hy(T)5.976 6×10-101.132 8×10-8-1.003 3×10-62.722 0×10-9-7.692 3×10-8
er/%-0.291-0.646-0.829-0.210-0.060
3pb(L)7.740 5×10-102.593 8×10-8-2.443 7×10-63.532 2×10-9-1.017 2×10-7
3pb(T)7.754 3×10-102.606 9×10-8-2.457 5×10-63.350 2×10-9-1.018 4×10-7
er/%-0.177-0.503-0.5625.434-0.118
2ca(L)1.177 4×10-94.093 4×10-8-5.799 2×10-65.367 2×10-9-2.318 1×10-7
2ca(F)1.277 7×10-94.152 9×10-8-5.981 9×10-65.644 9×10-9-2.202 2×10-7
er/%8.5191.4543.1505.168-5.000
3ca(L)7.968 0×10-102.842 9×10-8-2.680 8×10-63.645 9×10-9-1.055 8×10-7
3ca(F)8.598 4×10-102.874 5×10-8-2.754 8×10-63.806 7×10-9-1.003 3×10-7
er/%7.9111.1112.7604.4104.972
2ca-2cr(L)1.268 9×10-95.156 2×10-8-7.277 0×10-65.853 1×10-9-2.580 8×10-7
2ca-2cr(F)1.328 6×10-95.185 0×10-8-7.408 6×10-66.066 3×10-9-2.413 6×10-7
er/%4.7050.5591.8083.643-6.479
SEp-LCr(L)4.757 7×10-96.922 4×10-7-1.162 8×10-43.753 5×10-8-3.378 3×10-6
SEp-LCr(F)4.879 8×10-96.729 7×10-7-1.128 0×10-43.897 5×10-8-3.464 1×10-6
er/%-2.5662.7832.989-3.836-2.538
), ArticleFig(id=1263881706533151165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881628640732015, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

柔性铰链回转精度计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
C11'/(mN-1 C22'/(mN-1 C26'/N-1 C33'/(mN-1 C35'/N-1
1ep (L)3.891 5×10-94.016 7×10-7-5.247 7×10-53.840 3×10-8-2.913 4×10-6
1ep (T)3.894 8×10-94.018 2×10-7-5.260 9×10-53.843 8×10-8-2.915 8×10-6
er/%-0.084-0.037-0.250-0.091-0.085
2hy(L)5.959 2×10-101.125 5×10-8-9.950 3×10-72.716 3×10-9-7.687 7×10-8
2hy(T)5.976 6×10-101.132 8×10-8-1.003 3×10-62.722 0×10-9-7.692 3×10-8
er/%-0.291-0.646-0.829-0.210-0.060
3pb(L)7.740 5×10-102.593 8×10-8-2.443 7×10-63.532 2×10-9-1.017 2×10-7
3pb(T)7.754 3×10-102.606 9×10-8-2.457 5×10-63.350 2×10-9-1.018 4×10-7
er/%-0.177-0.503-0.5625.434-0.118
2ca(L)1.177 4×10-94.093 4×10-8-5.799 2×10-65.367 2×10-9-2.318 1×10-7
2ca(F)1.277 7×10-94.152 9×10-8-5.981 9×10-65.644 9×10-9-2.202 2×10-7
er/%8.5191.4543.1505.168-5.000
3ca(L)7.968 0×10-102.842 9×10-8-2.680 8×10-63.645 9×10-9-1.055 8×10-7
3ca(F)8.598 4×10-102.874 5×10-8-2.754 8×10-63.806 7×10-9-1.003 3×10-7
er/%7.9111.1112.7604.4104.972
2ca-2cr(L)1.268 9×10-95.156 2×10-8-7.277 0×10-65.853 1×10-9-2.580 8×10-7
2ca-2cr(F)1.328 6×10-95.185 0×10-8-7.408 6×10-66.066 3×10-9-2.413 6×10-7
er/%4.7050.5591.8083.643-6.479
SEp-LCr(L)4.757 7×10-96.922 4×10-7-1.162 8×10-43.753 5×10-8-3.378 3×10-6
SEp-LCr(F)4.879 8×10-96.729 7×10-7-1.128 0×10-43.897 5×10-8-3.464 1×10-6
er/%-2.5662.7832.989-3.836-2.538
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悬链线及圆锥曲线混合柔性铰链设计与分析
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谢祖强 , 陈贵清
机械传动 | 理论研究 2026,50(1): 100-111
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机械传动 | 理论研究 2026, 50(1): 100-111
悬链线及圆锥曲线混合柔性铰链设计与分析
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谢祖强 , 陈贵清
作者信息
  • 福建船政交通职业学院 机械与智能制造学院,福州350007
  • 谢祖强,男,1981年生,福建闽清人,工学硕士,高级实验师;主要研究方向为机械设计、先进制造技术;

通讯作者:

陈贵清(通信作者),男,1979年生,福建尤溪人,工学博士,教授;主要研究方向为机械设计、材料设计与加工;
Design and analysis of catenary and conical section hybrid flexure hinges
Zuqiang XIE , Guiqing CHEN
Affiliations
  • School of Mechanical and Intelligent Manufacturing, Fujian Chuanzheng Communications College, Fuzhou350007, China
出版时间: 2026-01-15 doi: 10.16578/j.issn.1004.2539.2026.01.013
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目的

既有的柔性铰链研究都对应着复杂的柔度和回转精度计算式。为了解决该问题,设计了一种新型悬链线形柔性铰链,提出一种用直线段逼近弧段建立铰链柔度和回转精度模型的方法。

方法

首先,将柔性铰链定义为渐缩段与渐扩段的串联组合,将渐缩段中曲线段分割成若干弧段,用直线段逼近弧段;基于卡氏第二定理,计算铰链渐缩段柔度,由矩阵运算建立铰链柔度和回转精度模型;其次,结合具体算例,采用推出公式、文献公式和有限元法计算,当曲线分割段数较大时,计算结果吻合较好,验证了公式正确性;再次,分析了结构参数对悬链线铰链柔度、回转精度和柔度精度比的影响;最后,分析了相同结构参数下悬链线、圆锥曲线及其混合铰链的弯曲柔度和柔度精度比。

结果

结果表明,单一参数对悬链线铰链柔度和回转精度的影响成负相关,减小最薄处厚度是提升其柔度的最佳方式。相同结构参数下,悬链线铰链弯曲柔度和柔度精度比介于抛物线和圆弧形之间。选择柔度大的为渐缩段、柔度小的为渐扩段的混合型铰链可兼顾柔度和回转精度;柔度悬殊越大,越有利于提升柔度精度比。

悬链线柔性铰链  /  混合柔性铰链  /  渐缩段  /  直线逼近  /  柔度建模
Objective

Existing research on flexible hinges corresponds to complex expressions for flexibility and rotational accuracy calculations. To address this issue, a new type of catenary flexure hinge was designed, and a method for establishing the hinge’s compliance and rotational accuracy model by approximating arc segments with straight-line segments was proposed.

Methods

Firstly, by defining the flexure hinge as a series combination of tapered and expanded sections, the curve in the tapered segment was divided into several arc segments, and the curve segments were approximated with straight segments. Based on the Castigliano’s second theorem, a method by calculating the flexibility of the tapered section and then establishing the hinge flexibility and rotational accuracy model through matrix operations was established. Secondly, using specific examples, the derived formula, literature formulas, and the finite element method were employed for calculations. When the curve segment was finely divided, the calculation results align well, thereby verifying the formula’s correctness. Thirdly, the influence of structural parameters on the flexibility, rotation accuracy, and flexibility-accuracy ratio of catenary flexure hinges was analyzed. Finally, the bending flexibility and flexibility-accuracy ratio of the catenary, conic, and their hybrid hinges were analyzed with the same structural parameters.

Results

The results show that a single parameter has a negative correlation with flexibility and rotation accuracy of the catenary hinge, and reducing the minimum thickness is the best way to improve flexibility. Under the same structural parameters, the flexibility and flexibility-accuracy ratio of the catenary hinge is between parabolic and circular shapes. Choosing a hybrid hinge with a section of high flexibility for the tapered section and a section of low flexibility for the expanded section allows for a balance between flexibility and motion accuracy.The greater the difference in flexibility, the better the flexibility-accuracy ratio.

Catenary flexure hinge  /  Hybrid flexure hinge  /  Tapered section  /  Linear approximation  /  Flexibility modeling
谢祖强, 陈贵清. 悬链线及圆锥曲线混合柔性铰链设计与分析. 机械传动, 2026 , 50 (1) : 100 -111 . DOI: 10.16578/j.issn.1004.2539.2026.01.013
Zuqiang XIE, Guiqing CHEN. Design and analysis of catenary and conical section hybrid flexure hinges[J]. Journal of Mechanical Transmission, 2026 , 50 (1) : 100 -111 . DOI: 10.16578/j.issn.1004.2539.2026.01.013
柔性铰链是一种一体化成形的高分辨率新型传动机构,具有小体积、无间隙、无机械摩擦、高定位精度等优点,广泛应用于微纳米操纵技术、微型机电系统、快速反射镜(Fast Steering Mirror, FSM)、多维加速传感器、生物医学工程等精密、超精密关键核心领域[1-6]
柔性铰链通过弹性变形传递运动、力与能量,是构建柔性机构的关键单元。早在1965年,PAROS等[7]巧妙地推导出圆弧形柔性铰链柔度计算公式。近年来,国内外研究人员对各种形式的柔性铰链进行了大量研究。吴鹰飞等[8]137-139推导出圆弧形柔性铰链柔度系列计算公式。SMITH等[9]推导了椭圆形柔性铰链柔度计算公式。CHEN等[10]095103[11]055106[12-16]对深切椭圆形、抛物线形、双曲线形、摆线形、指数形、倒角V形、混合型等形式柔性铰链进行柔度建模,分析了铰链精度和应力等性能。刘小院[17]9-16研究了圆锥曲线类柔性铰链的通用模型。CHEN等[18]针对变截面矩形柔性铰链扭转柔度提出两种通用解法。李立建等[19]采用非线性曲线拟合法得到了变截面矩形梁闭式扭转柔度计算公式。王传礼等[20]设计了一类新型椭圆导角混合柔性铰链,得出椭圆导角混合柔性铰链在回转能力和应力水平方面具有显著优势的结论。倪迎雪等[21]设计了一种新型双曲线直圆混合柔性铰链,它具有更好的转动能力和较高的载荷敏感性。张伟等[22]设计了一种直圆抛物线混合柔性铰链,它结合了直圆形和抛物线铰链的优点。
然而,上述研究中的每一种曲线形状的柔性铰链都对应着复杂的柔度和回转精度计算公式,应用不便。本文设计了一种新型悬链线形柔性铰链,难以通过上述方法求得该曲线全部柔度和回转精度项的解析解。为此,本文将铰链视为渐缩段与渐扩段的串联组合,将渐缩段曲线分割成若干弧段,用直线逼近弧段;基于卡氏第二定理,统一求取渐缩段柔度;再经过矩阵运算,建立了较为通用的柔度和回转精度;计算模型,并验证了公式正确性,分析了悬链线、圆锥曲线及其混合型铰链的柔度和精度性能。提出的悬链线形柔性铰链丰富了切口曲线的选择,可为新型柔性铰链的高效设计与分析提供参考。
悬链线是指均质索链在重力作用下自然下垂变形所呈现的曲线。以悬链线为切口的柔性铰链的几何结构、受力和变形如图1(a)所示。图1中,右手坐标系Oxyz的原点位于柔性铰链左端矩形截面中心,x轴沿截面法向指向右端,z轴与矩形截面宽度平行。设铰链宽度为b,最大厚度为h0,最薄处厚度为t,切口长度为2L,切口厚度为c,沿x轴方向铰链厚度函数为h(x)。悬链线标准方程为
y=a2(exa+e-xa)
式中,a为悬链线顶点到x轴的距离,为常数。
图1(b)所示,将标准方程向右平移L距离,再向下平移a-t2距离,得到的铰链x轴上方切口曲线为
y=a2(ex-La+e-x-La)-a+t2
设柔性铰链变形在线弹性材料弹性极限内,其左端受到的力和力矩为F=[FxFyFzMxMyMz]T,右端为相对固定端;载荷作用下左端变形为ζ=[ΔxΔyΔzαxαyαz]T;剪切模量G=E2(1+ν)E为弹性模量,ν为泊松比。由胡克定律:F=KζK为刚度矩阵,则ζ=K-1F=CF。其中,C为柔度矩阵,CR6×6,其非零元素如下:Cii(i=12,…,6),C26=C62C35=C53
工程上,柔性铰链切口可由一段连续光滑的曲线构成,也可由曲线段、折线段和平直段串联排列组合构成混合型铰链。考察图2所示的混合型柔性铰链,以铰链最薄处截面为界将其分成两段,设左段即载荷端段为渐缩段,长度为L1;右段即约束端段为渐扩段,长度为L2;分别建立局部坐标系。
设在载荷作用下,渐缩段在局部坐标系O1x1y1z1下柔度矩阵为C(1),渐扩段在局部坐标系O2x2y2z2下柔度矩阵为C(2)。根据虚功原理和变形叠加原理,柔性铰链在总体坐标系下的柔度矩阵为
C=C(1)+JC(2)JT
式中,J为柔性铰链渐扩段在局部坐标系下变形量与位移输出端变形量之间的位移转换矩阵,JR6×6,其非零元素为
J11=J22=J33=J44=J55=J66=1J26=J35=-L1
因此,分别求出铰链渐缩段和渐扩段在局部坐标系下的柔度矩阵,再由式(3)即可得到柔性铰链柔度矩阵。
图3(a)为局部坐标系下混合柔性铰链渐缩段结构示意图。根据柔性铰链末端受拉/压、弯曲、扭转作用下应变能公式[17]12-16,由材料力学卡氏第二定理可得,柔性铰链渐缩段柔度矩阵非零元素值为
C11(1)=PcE,C55(1)=P1bE,C66(1)=P1aEC22(1)=P3aE+ksPcG,C33(1)=P3bE+ksPcGC26(1)=C62(1)=-P2aEC35(1)=C53(1)=-P2bEC44(1)=724Gf(z0)(P1a+P1b)
式中,ks为矩形截面的剪切系数,ks=12+11ν10(1+ν)f(z0)为矩形截面扭转补偿函数[17]14,令z0=bt,则有
f(z0)=1.17z02+2.191z0+1.17z02+2.609z0+1
式(5)中,涉及截面参数与所处位置有关的积分因子为
Pja=0L1xj-1Iz(x)dxPjb=0L1xj-1Iy(x)dx,j=1,2,3Pc=0L11A(x)dx
式中,Iz(x)x截面对z轴的截面惯性矩,Iz(x)=112bh(x)3Iy(x)x截面对y轴的截面惯性矩,Iy(x)=112h(x)b3A(x)为截面面积,A(x)=bh(x)。可见式(7)所示积分因子仅与铰链厚度函数h(x)有关。设渐缩段切口函数为y=f(x),对应的铰链厚度函数h(x)=2f(x)
圆弧形、椭圆形、双曲线形、抛物线形、椭圆倒角混合型、广义圆锥倒角V型等线型常用于柔性铰链的工程设计中,此类曲线有比较成熟的柔度计算模型,而悬链线形柔性铰链线难以通过式(5)得到全部积分项解析解。设铰链渐缩段第k段曲线为y=fk(x),如图3(b)所示,将曲线沿x轴方向等间距分割成n段,用过分割点的直线段近似弧段,得
xk,i=(i-1)Lkn+xki=1,2,3n+1
式中,xk为第k段起始横坐标值。
则对应分割点处的铰链厚度为
hk,i=2fk(xk,i)
考察直线逼近的第i段,设其锥角为αk,ix截面处的铰链厚度为hk,i(x),则
αk,i=arctanhk,i-hk,i+12(xk,i+1-xk,i)hk,i(x)=βkix+εki,xk,ixxk,i+1
式中,βki=-2tan αk,iεki=hk,iβki-xk,i
将式(10)代入式(7),得与hk,ix有关的积分因子,即
Ijka,i=xk,i,xxk,i+1xj-1dx(x+εki)3Ijkb,i=xk,ixk,i+1xj-1dxx+εkij=1,2,3
λk,i=xk,i+1-xk,i2(xk,i+εki)2(xk,i+1+εki)2μk,i=lnxk,i+1+εkixk,i+εki
得第i段与hix有关的积分因子,即
I1ka,i=λk,i(xk,i+1+xk,i+2εki)I2ka,i=λk,i[2xk,i+1xk,i+εki(xk,i+1+xk,i)]I3ka,i=μk,i-λk,i[4ε1ixk,i+1xk,i+3εki2(xk,i+1xk,i)+2εki3]I1kb,i=μk,iI2kb,i=xk,i+1-xk,i-εkiμk,iI3kb,i=12(xk,i+1-xk,i)(xk,i+1+xk,i-2εki)+εki2μk,i
通过逐段求和,可得曲线段式(7)的积分因子,即
Pjka=12bi=1nIjka,iβki3Pjkb=12b3i=1nIjkb,iβkiPkc=1bi=1nI1kb,iβki,j=1,2,3
设铰链渐缩段第s段为y=fs(x)的折线,其斜率小于0,折线两端点坐标分别为(xsys)、(xs+1ys+1),xs<xs+1;与曲线段第i段计算方法相同,将折线端点坐标值代入式(9)~式(13),改变公式下标得折线段与hsx有关的积分因子IjsaIjsb值,由式(7)可得
Pjsa=12bIjsaβs3
式中,变量PjsaPjsbPsc分别表示式(7)中计算折线段,即第s段涉及的截面参数与所处位置有关的积分因子;βs表示式(10)中将βki下标ki改写为s形成的计算式。
设铰链渐缩段第m段为厚度hm的等截面直梁,即y=12hmxm<x<xm+1,由式(7)可得
Pjma=12(xm+1j-xmj)jbhm3Pjmb=12(xm+1j-xmj)jb3hmPmc=xm+1-xmbhm,j=1,2,3
式中,变量PjmaPjmbPmc分别表示式(7)中计算平直段,即第m段涉及的截面参数与所处位置有关的积分因子。
综上,将每个分段计算出的积分因子相加,代入式(5)可得渐缩段在局部坐标系下的柔度矩阵。
图4为柔性铰链渐扩段示意图。由图4可知,柔性铰链渐扩段可由一段对应的渐缩段曲线通过对称平移得到。设渐缩段为y=g(x),经由与x=L2对称且向左平移L2,得到的柔性铰链渐扩段表达式为
y=g(L2-x
y=g(x)柔度可由式(5)得到,记为Cg(2);由式(7)、式(17)可得渐扩段积分因子P'与其对应的渐缩段积分因子P的关系,即
P1a'=P1a;P1b'=P1b;Pc'=PcP2a'=L2P1a-P2a;P2b'=L2P1b-P2bP3a'=L22P1a-2L2P2a+P3aP3b'=L22P1b-2L2P2b+P3b
将式(18)代入式(5),可得渐扩段与其对应的渐缩段在局部坐标系下的柔度关系式,即
C(2)=TCg(2)TT
式中,Cg(2)为渐扩段对应的渐缩段在局部坐标系下的柔度矩阵;T为柔性铰链渐扩段与其对应的渐缩段的柔度映射矩阵,TR6×6,其非零元素分别为
T11=T44=T55=T66=1T22=T33=-1;T26=T35=-L2
将式(19)代入式(3)整理得,柔性铰链柔度矩阵为
C=C(1)+QCg(2)QT
式中,Q为渐扩段的柔度传递矩阵,Q=JT,其非零元素为
Q11=Q44=Q55=Q66=1Q22=Q33=-1;Q26=Q35=-(L1+L2)
由式(21)可见,先求得渐缩段和与渐扩段对应的渐缩段在局部坐标系下的柔度矩阵,再通过矩阵运算即可求得柔性铰链柔度矩阵。
因此,可将柔性铰链视为渐缩段和渐扩段的串联组合,其中,渐扩段由与其对应的渐缩段对称平移得到。统一求得渐缩段的柔度矩阵,再通过矩阵变换即可求得柔性铰链柔度矩阵,采用直线段逼近曲线弧段的方法简化了计算。
理想的铰链应可以绕其回转中心自由旋转,而柔性铰链在外力作用下产生弹性变形,易使铰链回转中心产生漂移,影响铰链的回转精度。通常选取其几何中心D点的线位移来表征铰链的回转精度,即求铰链自由端在载荷F作用下D点的线位移。设D的位移ζD=[ΔDxΔDyΔDz]T,回转精度柔度矩阵为CD',则有
ζD=CD'F
式中,CD'为柔度矩阵,CD'R3×5,其非零元素为C26'C35'Cii'i=1,2,3
图5所示,设柔性铰链几何中心偏离渐缩段与渐扩段交点O2的距离为Ld。若L1>L2LD=L1-Ld;若L1=L2LD=L1;若L1<L2LD=L1+Ld。根据卡氏第二定理,为了求得ζD,在D点处施加一组零值附加力FD=[FDxFDyFDz]T。当LDxL2时,铰链x截面内力分量为F(x)=-Fx-FDxF(y)=-Fy-FDyF(z)=-Fz-FDzM(y)=My-xFz-(x-LD)FDzM(z)=Mz-xFy-(x-LD)FDy。设单元应变能为U,由卡氏第二定理,有
ΔDx=UFDx
当铰链渐缩段与渐扩段长度相等时,铰链几何中心位于O2处,即LD=L1=L2,记式(3)中第二项Cp(2)=JC(2)JT,由式(24)可得
C11'=Cp,11(2)C22'=Cp,22(2)+LDCp,26(2);C26'=Cp,26(2)+LDCp,66(2)C33'=Cp,33(2)+LDCp,35(2);C35'=Cp,35(2)+LDCp,55(2)
当铰链长度L1>L2时,铰链几何中心位于渐缩段上,即LD=L1-Ld,记Cpd(1)x[LDL1]时渐缩段的柔度矩阵,由式(24)可得
C11'=Cp,11(2)+Cpd,11(1)C22'=Cp,22(2)+LDCp,26(2)+Cpd,22(1)+LDCpd,26(1)C26'=Cp,26(2)+LDCp,66(2)+Cpd,26(1)+LDCpd,66(1)C33'=Cp,33(2)+LDCp,35(2)+Cpd,33(1)+LDCpd,35(1)C35'=Cp,35(2)+LDCp,55(2)+Cpd,35(1)+LDCpd,55(1)
当铰链长度L1<L2时,铰链几何中心位于渐扩段上,即LD=L1+Ld,设Cgd(2)为渐扩段对应的对称平移渐缩段在局部坐标系O2x2y2z2下、x[LdL2]时的柔度矩阵。由式(19)得,局部坐标系下该渐扩段的柔度矩阵为
Cd(2)=TdCgd(2)TdT
式中,Td为该柔性铰链渐扩段与其对应对称平移渐缩段的柔度映射矩阵,TdR6×6,其非零元素分别为
Td,11=Td,44=Td,55=Td,66=1Td,22=Td,33=-1;Td,26=Td,35=-Ld
Cpd(2)=JCd(2)JT,由式(24)可得
C11'=Cp,11(2)-Cpd,11(2)C22'=Cp,22(2)+LDCp,26(2)-Cpd,22(2)-LDCpd,26(2)C26'=Cp,26(2)+LDCp,66(2)-Cpd,26(2)-LDCpd,66(2)C33'=Cp,33(2)+LDCp,35(2)-Cpd,33(2)-LDCpd,35(2)C35'=Cp,35(2)+LDCp,55(2)-Cpd,35(2)-LDCpd,55(2)
式(25)、式(26)、式(29)给出柔性铰链回转中心的柔度。定义以铰链自由端的柔度与相应回转中心柔度比值的大小来衡量铰链自由端位移相同时保持转动中心能力的高低,则铰链各项柔度精度比为
ηij=CijCij
式(30)中的ηijη66值越大,柔性铰链回转精度性能越高。
为了验证上述模型的正确性,分别选取悬链线、圆锥曲线和混合柔性铰链进行算例计算,并与文献公式和有限元法计算结果进行比较。将悬链线形柔性铰链的切口厚度c、渐缩段切口长度L1和铰链最薄处厚度t代入悬链线标准方程,通过Matlab vpasolve函数求解超越方程:a=x0,得悬链线常数a;由式(2)得悬链线切口曲线方程。图6(a)为椭圆形、圆弧形、抛物线形与双曲线形柔性铰链渐缩段几何参数图。其中,铰链切口厚度c=h0-t2;直椭圆长半轴aep=L1;直椭圆的短半轴bep=cR为圆弧半径;圆心角θm=arcsinL1R。则x轴上方渐缩段圆锥曲线参数方程为
yep(x)=bep+t2-bep1-(x-L1)2aep2ycr(x)=R+t2-R1-(xR-sin θm)2ypb(x)=t2+c(1-xL1)2yhy(x)=12t2+4cc+t(1-xL1)2
式中,0xL1;下标epcrpbhy分别表示椭圆、圆弧、抛物线、双曲线;若椭圆为深切形,则将式(31)中第1个式子的bep改成aepaep改成bep,深切椭圆短半轴bep=L1,长半轴aep=c
选取柔性铰链材料为65Mn钢,弹性模量E=200 GPa,泊松比ν=0.3。圆锥曲线柔性铰链渐缩段几何参数如表1所示。其中,序号1为深切椭圆形参数。选用表1参数cL1tb设计悬链线形柔性铰链,序号2至3对应的悬链线常数a分别为4.049 0、6.317 5。将上述数学模型在Matlab软件中编程计算,得到深切椭圆形、抛物线形、双曲线形铰链柔度与回转精度值,与文献[11]055106给出的理论计算公式进行比较,悬链线、悬链线圆弧混合型计算值与有限元法进行比较。图6(b)所示为混合柔性铰链渐缩段,选取的几何参数如表2所示。
表2中,SEp表示折线段与椭圆段串联;CrL表示圆弧段与平直段串联。选择SEp-LCr(渐扩段为LCr)左右非对称形柔性铰链参数,分别用本文计算式与有限元法计算。有限元模型如图7所示。采用Solid186单元,在SEp端面中间点建立关键点,与端面创建MPC约束,施加单位载荷,在LCr端面施加约束。
随机选择表1中序号3的参数,得到C66本文公式与文献[8]137圆弧形、文献[10]095103椭圆形、文献[11]055106抛物线形、双曲线形中理论计算公式相对误差er与分割段数n的关系,如图8所示。由图8可见,随着分割段数n的增大,相对误差不断减小,逐渐趋近于理论计算值。其中,当n=50时,双曲线形的er为-0.31%,椭圆形为-0.06%,圆弧形为-0.08%,抛物线形为-0.11%。
选取分割段数n=50,上述铰链柔度计算结果分别如表3表4所示。表中,1ep(L)中“1”表示表1中序号1参数计算结果;下标表示曲线类型;“L”表示本文方法计算结果;“T”表示文献[11]055106中理论系列计算式计算结果;“F”表示有限元法计算结果。铰链回转精度计算结果如表5所示。从表3可见,本文方法计算柔度与文献理论公式的相对误差大多小于0.5%,最大约为3.8%。从表4可见,本文方法与有限元计算的相对误差大多小于6%,最大约为8%。从表5可见,本文方法计算回转精度与理论计算式和有限元法的相对误差大多小于6%,最大约为8.5%。上述结果说明,当分割段数n较大时,本文方法与文献理论计算式、有限元法计算结果吻合较好,验证了计算式的正确性。
从柔度计算公式可以看出,悬链线形柔性铰链柔度与铰链切口厚度c、渐缩段长度L1、最薄处厚度t和铰链宽度b有关。选取表1中序号3参数,合理改变任意一项参数而其他参数不变,求得任一参数对柔度的影响,如图9所示。
图9可见,悬链线形柔性铰链各柔度项随任意参数变化的趋势相似,但变化速率不同;各柔度项都随参数ctb的增大而减小,随参数L1的增大而增大;各柔度项对参数t的变化最敏感,对参数c的变化敏感性最弱。由图9(a)可知,参数cC11C33C55的影响很小,对C22C26C35C66的影响相对较大;由图9(b)可知,参数L1的变化对C11C26C66的影响较小,对其他项的影响较大,对C33的影响最大。由图9(c)图9(d)可知,铰链参数tb的增加对各柔度项的影响都较大;其中,参数t的变化对C22C26C66的影响较其他项大,参数的b变化对C33C35C55的影响较其他项大。
从回转精度计算公式可知,悬链线形柔性铰链回转精度与切口厚度c、渐缩段长度L1、最薄处厚度t和铰链宽度b有关。同理,选取表1序号3参数,合理变动任一项参数而其他参数不变,求得结构参数对回转精度的影响,如图10所示。
图10可见,悬链线柔性铰链各回转精度柔度项随任意参数变化的趋势相似,但变化速率不同;各项都随参数ctb的增大而减小,随L1的增大而增大,变化趋势与柔度项相似。由图10(a)可知,参数c变化对C22'C26'的影响较大,C33'次之,对C11'C35'的影响较小。由图10(b)可知,参数L1变化对各柔度项的影响都较大,对C35'的影响最大,其余项变化趋势相近。由图10(c)可知,参数t变化对C22'C26'的影响较大,对其余项的影响较小。由图10(d)可知,参数b变化对C35'的影响最大,C22'C26'次之,对C11'C33'的影响较小。回转精度柔度项增大意味着柔性铰链回转精度降低。由图9图10可知,改变参数在增大铰链柔度的同时会降低回转精度。
从上述分析可见,悬链线柔性铰链自由端柔度和回转精度成负相关,提高柔度的同时会使回转精度降低。综合考虑柔度和回转精度,基于式(30)分析铰链结构参数变化对回转精度性能的影响,结果如图11所示。
图11可见,悬链线柔性铰链柔度精度比η11=2.0,不随铰链参数变化。从图11(a)可知,随着参数c增大,η22η26增大较显著。从图11(c)可知,随着参数t增大,η22η26的减小较其他项显著。从图11(b)图11(d)可知,参数L1b变化对各柔度精度比的影响均较小,参数b的变化对除η33外的其余项都不产生影响。
综上所述,为了提高悬链线柔性铰链的柔度,应以减小铰链最薄处厚度为主要手段,此时虽然会降低回转精度,但柔度精度比是提升的;其次是减小铰链宽度,此时柔度精度比基本保持不变;而减小铰链切口厚度对柔度提升不明显,同时还会降低柔度精度比;增加铰链渐缩段长度,对重要柔度项C26C66提升不明显,且不提升柔度精度比。
选取表1中序号2参数,计算相同结构参数下的悬链线、圆锥曲线、悬链线与圆锥曲线混合柔性铰链弯曲柔度C66的值,结果如图12所示,弯曲柔度精度比η66的值如图13所示。图中,Hy表示双曲线形柔性铰链;CaCr表示悬链线与圆弧形混合柔性铰链,其中,渐缩段为Ca段。
图12图13可知,在相同结构参数下,Hy、Pb、Ca、Cr和Ep的弯曲柔度依次递增,弯曲柔度精度比依次递减,其转动能力和回转精度不能兼顾。Ca弯曲柔度比Pb提升5.5%,而柔度精度比降低4.1%,综合考虑C66η66,Ca介于Pb和Cr之间,悬链线丰富了柔性铰链切口形状的选择。渐缩段为悬链线、渐扩段为圆锥曲线的混合柔性铰链——CaHy、CaPb、CaCr、CaEp的C66递增,η66依次递减;几何对称的HyCa、PbCa、CrCa、EpCa的C66依次递增且大小与相互对称的铰链相同,η66也依次递增;几何对称的混合柔性铰链弯曲柔度相等,但柔度精度比不等。其中,针对η66值,CaHy大于HyCa,CaPb大于PbCa,CrCa大于CaCr,EpCa大于CaEp。Hy、PbHy、CaHy、CrHy、EpHy的C66η66依次递增,Pb、CaPb、CrPb、EpPb的C66η66依次递增,Ca、CrCa、EpCa的C66η66依次递增;比较Ep和EpHy,EpHy的C66值较Ep降低了29.4%,但η66值提升了217.7%。选择柔度大的为渐缩段、柔度小的为渐扩段组成混合铰链,可兼顾柔度和回转精度,且渐扩段和渐缩段的柔度差距越大,铰链的柔度精度比越高。
设计了一种新型悬链线柔性铰链。将铰链视为渐缩段与渐扩段的组合,将渐缩段分割为若干弧段,并用直线逼近弧段;基于卡氏第二定理,统一求取渐缩段柔度,再由矩阵运算,建立铰链柔度和回转精度计算模型,通过算例验证了计算式的正确性;分析了结构参数对悬链型柔性铰链柔度和回转精度的影响,比较了相同结构参数下悬链线、圆锥曲线及其混合铰链的弯曲柔度和柔度精度比。得出以下结论:
1)新型悬链线形柔性铰链难以通过传统方法求得全部柔度和回转精度项的解析解。本文通过分割铰链渐缩段,用直线段逼近弧段,统一求取渐缩段柔度;再由矩阵变换建立了通用的柔度和回转精度模型。通过具体算例与文献[11]055106计算式和有限元计算比较,当曲线段分割段数较大时,计算结果吻合较好,验证了计算式的正确性,提出的通用计算模型极大简化了柔性铰链柔度和回转精度的计算过程。
2)分析了不同结构参数对悬链柔性铰链柔度、回转精度和柔度精度比的影响。单一参数对柔度和回转精度的影响成负相关,提升柔度的同时回转精度降低。减小铰链最小厚度对柔度提升最敏感,其次是减小铰链宽度,而减小铰链切口厚度和增加铰链渐缩段长度对重要柔度和回转精度的提升不明显。
3)分析了相同结构参数下悬链线、圆锥曲线及其混合铰链的弯曲柔度和柔度精度比。双曲线形、抛物线形、悬链线形、圆弧形和椭圆形柔性铰链弯曲柔度依次递增,柔度精度比依次递减,悬链线形介于抛物线形和圆弧形之间。选择柔度大的为渐缩段、柔度小的为渐扩段的组合可兼顾柔度和回转精度,柔度悬殊越大,越有利于提升柔度精度比。
本文设计丰富了铰链切口曲线的选择,计算方法可为新型柔性铰链的高效设计与分析应用提供参考。
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doi: 10.16578/j.issn.1004.2539.2026.01.013
  • 接收时间:2024-09-01
  • 首发时间:2026-05-20
  • 出版时间:2026-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-01
  • 修回日期:2024-10-20
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    福建船政交通职业学院 机械与智能制造学院,福州350007

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陈贵清(通信作者),男,1979年生,福建尤溪人,工学博士,教授;主要研究方向为机械设计、材料设计与加工;
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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