Article(id=1263881627353100999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, issueId=1263881604263437054, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16578/j.issn.1004.2539.2026.01.015, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1737043200000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-17, revisedDate=1742486400000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1779262461745, onlineDateStr=2026-05-20, pubDate=1768406400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1779262461745, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1779262461745, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1779262461745, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1263881604263437054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, year='2026', volume='50', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='191', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1779262456241, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1779263107607, updator=13041195026, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1263884336399528882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, issueId=1263881604263437054, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1263884336403723187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, issueId=1263881604263437054, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=119, endPage=125, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1263881634055598819, articleId=1263881627353100999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, language=EN, title=Design and analysis of three-term cosine cam wave generators for harmonic reducers, columnId=1263881613436379916, journalTitle=Journal of Mechanical Transmission, columnName=Design·Calculation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

The wave generator, as the driving component, has its profile curve directly affecting the deformation and stress distribution of the flexible wheel. To reduce the stress on the flexible wheel and improve its fatigue performance, a design method for a three-term cosine cam wave generator was proposed.

Methods

The profile curve of the three-term cosine wave generator was composed of a constant term, represented by the base circle radius, and three cosine terms superimposed. By using the curvature variation coefficient at the major axis, the correction factor at the minor axis, and the clearance of the flexible bearing as variable parameters, the influence of these parameters on the performance of the wave generator was analyzed, and the optimization of a specific harmonic reducer model was validated. Finite element analysis was performed on the flexible wheel structure after incorporating the new cam structure under expansion, no-load, and loading conditions, and comparisons were made with the pre-optimized structure to analyze the stress distribution on the flexible wheel.

Results

The finite element results indicate that, compared to the traditional cosine wave generator, the flexible wheel under the three-term cosine wave generator exhibits superior stress performance under various working conditions and achieves longer fatigue life.

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目的

波发生器作为原动件,其轮廓曲线直接关系着柔轮的变形受力规律。为降低柔轮受力,改善其疲劳性能,提出一种三项余弦凸轮波发生器的设计。

方法

三项余弦波发生器轮廓曲线由基圆半径(常数项)及3个余弦项叠加而成,通过波发生器长轴处曲率、波高及短轴缩进量对曲线参数进行约束控制;在轴承选型后,将长轴处曲率变化系数、短轴修正系数、柔性轴承游隙作为变量参数,分析其对柔轮变形和应力的影响,并对具体型号谐波减速器提出最优设计方案;对新型凸轮结构装入后的柔轮结构进行有限元分析,分别在撑胀、空载以及加载条件下与传统余弦凸轮进行对比,对柔轮受力情况及谐波传动的整体性能进行分析,对该设计方案的合理性进行了验证。

结果

有限元分析结果表明,与传统余弦波发生器相比,三项余弦波发生器作用下的柔轮应力在不同工况下都降低10%以上,有着更小的应力幅值及更平稳的应力变化趋势,具有更长的疲劳寿命及更好的精度保持性能。

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张瑞亮(通信作者),男,1977年生,山西清徐人,博士,教授,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为齿轮传动;
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王玮,男,1998年生,山西晋中人,硕士研究生;主要研究方向为齿轮传动;

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Wave generator parameters

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名称数值名称数值
模数m/mm0.6游隙δm/mm0.02
径向变形系数w00.841 7轴承外圈半径r/mm30.67
柔轮中性层半径R1/mm31.39轴承内圈半径r4/mm22.605
), ArticleFig(id=1263881728880423238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881627353100999, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

波发生器参数

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名称数值名称数值
模数m/mm0.6游隙δm/mm0.02
径向变形系数w00.841 7轴承外圈半径r/mm30.67
柔轮中性层半径R1/mm31.39轴承内圈半径r4/mm22.605
), ArticleFig(id=1263881730201629002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881627353100999, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Parameter values

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因素水平1水平2水平3
曲率变化系数C110.9950.99
短轴修正系数b10-0.02-0.04
轴承游隙δm/mm0.020.0350.05
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参数取值

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因素水平1水平2水平3
曲率变化系数C110.9950.99
短轴修正系数b10-0.02-0.04
轴承游隙δm/mm0.020.0350.05
), ArticleFig(id=1263881735146713436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881627353100999, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Stress results of different parameters

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编号

曲率变化

系数C1

短轴修正

系数b1

轴承游隙

δm/mm

等效应力/MPa
1100.02520
21-0.020.05536
31-0.040.035521
40.99500.035507
50.995-0.020.02500
60.995-0.040.05509
70.9900.05511
80.99-0.020.035495
90.99-0.040.02481
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不同参数应力结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号

曲率变化

系数C1

短轴修正

系数b1

轴承游隙

δm/mm

等效应力/MPa
1100.02520
21-0.020.05536
31-0.040.035521
40.99500.035507
50.995-0.020.02500
60.995-0.040.05509
70.9900.05511
80.99-0.020.035495
90.99-0.040.02481
), ArticleFig(id=1263881737671684457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881627353100999, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Setting of the finite element model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称数值/mm名称数值/mm
柔轮长度L34法兰内圈半径r244
柔轮壁厚0.3柔轮内圈半径30.67
法兰厚度t13波发生器基圆半径22.605
柔轮齿轮宽度B12.8径向变形量w0.505
法兰外圈半径r155波发生器内圈半径r320
), ArticleFig(id=1263881738602819955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881627353100999, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

有限元模型设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称数值/mm名称数值/mm
柔轮长度L34法兰内圈半径r244
柔轮壁厚0.3柔轮内圈半径30.67
法兰厚度t13波发生器基圆半径22.605
柔轮齿轮宽度B12.8径向变形量w0.505
法兰外圈半径r155波发生器内圈半径r320
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谐波减速器三项余弦凸轮波发生器的设计与分析
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王玮 , 张瑞亮 , 徐怀哲 , 王宇欣
机械传动 | 设计计算 2026,50(1): 119-125
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机械传动 | 设计计算 2026, 50(1): 119-125
谐波减速器三项余弦凸轮波发生器的设计与分析
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王玮 , 张瑞亮 , 徐怀哲, 王宇欣
作者信息
  • 太原理工大学 齿轮研究所,太原030024
  • 王玮,男,1998年生,山西晋中人,硕士研究生;主要研究方向为齿轮传动;

通讯作者:

张瑞亮(通信作者),男,1977年生,山西清徐人,博士,教授,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为齿轮传动;
Design and analysis of three-term cosine cam wave generators for harmonic reducers
Wei WANG , Ruiliang ZHANG , Huaizhe XU, Yuxin WANG
Affiliations
  • Gear Research Institute, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan030024, China
出版时间: 2026-01-15 doi: 10.16578/j.issn.1004.2539.2026.01.015
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目的

波发生器作为原动件,其轮廓曲线直接关系着柔轮的变形受力规律。为降低柔轮受力,改善其疲劳性能,提出一种三项余弦凸轮波发生器的设计。

方法

三项余弦波发生器轮廓曲线由基圆半径(常数项)及3个余弦项叠加而成,通过波发生器长轴处曲率、波高及短轴缩进量对曲线参数进行约束控制;在轴承选型后,将长轴处曲率变化系数、短轴修正系数、柔性轴承游隙作为变量参数,分析其对柔轮变形和应力的影响,并对具体型号谐波减速器提出最优设计方案;对新型凸轮结构装入后的柔轮结构进行有限元分析,分别在撑胀、空载以及加载条件下与传统余弦凸轮进行对比,对柔轮受力情况及谐波传动的整体性能进行分析,对该设计方案的合理性进行了验证。

结果

有限元分析结果表明,与传统余弦波发生器相比,三项余弦波发生器作用下的柔轮应力在不同工况下都降低10%以上,有着更小的应力幅值及更平稳的应力变化趋势,具有更长的疲劳寿命及更好的精度保持性能。

谐波减速器  /  三项余弦凸轮波发生器  /  柔性轴承  /  柔轮应力
Objective

The wave generator, as the driving component, has its profile curve directly affecting the deformation and stress distribution of the flexible wheel. To reduce the stress on the flexible wheel and improve its fatigue performance, a design method for a three-term cosine cam wave generator was proposed.

Methods

The profile curve of the three-term cosine wave generator was composed of a constant term, represented by the base circle radius, and three cosine terms superimposed. By using the curvature variation coefficient at the major axis, the correction factor at the minor axis, and the clearance of the flexible bearing as variable parameters, the influence of these parameters on the performance of the wave generator was analyzed, and the optimization of a specific harmonic reducer model was validated. Finite element analysis was performed on the flexible wheel structure after incorporating the new cam structure under expansion, no-load, and loading conditions, and comparisons were made with the pre-optimized structure to analyze the stress distribution on the flexible wheel.

Results

The finite element results indicate that, compared to the traditional cosine wave generator, the flexible wheel under the three-term cosine wave generator exhibits superior stress performance under various working conditions and achieves longer fatigue life.

Harmonic reducer  /  Three-term cosine cam wave generator  /  Flexible bearing  /  Stress of flexible wheel
王玮, 张瑞亮, 徐怀哲, 王宇欣. 谐波减速器三项余弦凸轮波发生器的设计与分析. 机械传动, 2026 , 50 (1) : 119 -125 . DOI: 10.16578/j.issn.1004.2539.2026.01.015
Wei WANG, Ruiliang ZHANG, Huaizhe XU, Yuxin WANG. Design and analysis of three-term cosine cam wave generators for harmonic reducers[J]. Journal of Mechanical Transmission, 2026 , 50 (1) : 119 -125 . DOI: 10.16578/j.issn.1004.2539.2026.01.015
近年来,工业进程不断发展。谐波结构作为机械关节传动的核心零部件,兼具低质量、小体积、高传动比等优势,其应用范围不断扩大。波发生器作为原动件,其轮廓曲线直接影响着整个柔轮的周期性变形规律,从而影响谐波减速器的传动性能。开展波发生器型线研究,对于谐波减速器设计具有重要意义。在谐波传动中,相比于其他零部件,柔轮结构强度最低,更易发生弯曲疲劳失效,所以,其应力分布特性往往作为谐波结构性能的判定依据[1]
传统的凸轮有多种不同的设计方法,如余弦模型、二力模型、四力模型等[2],这些设计方法为凸轮的选型设计打下了坚实的基础。一些学者为了满足不同工况的需要,给出更具多样化的选择。张雷等[3]提出凸轮波发生器短轴修正的概念,提供了短轴缩进优化的取值区间,并通过有限元分析确定其减小柔轮应力的合理性。韩金林等[4]提出一种椭圆弧与圆弧曲线拼接的凸轮曲线轮廓,在保持周长不变的情况下,可有效降低其周向应力。吕渌渊[5]提出凸轮型线的椭圆曲线式设计方法,从应力应变角度分析柔轮状态,验证了波发生器型线对于柔轮疲劳性能存在影响。WANG等[6]及母慢等[7]提出基于圆锥曲线组合凸轮波发生器的设计方法,并通过实例计算和有限元分析验证了其合理性。魏云平[8]分析了柔性轴承对凸轮轮廓的影响,提出对波发生器型线的优化方法,极大地优化了波发生器与柔轮内壁的紧密程度。邓四二等[9]74-75及关崇复[10]提出柔性轴承游隙分布规律及柔性轴承在撑胀变形时滚子变形量的计算方法。李明海等[11]对内燃机凸轮型线进行分析,讨论了速度、加速度曲线对凸轮性能的影响,对于谐波凸轮的性能评价具有参考价值。
在有限元分析方面,周清华[12]探讨了柔轮在不同波发生器装入后的有限元分析法及载荷分布情况。李莉[13]针对不同形式的波发生器在不同工况下的各关键参数对柔性轴承及柔轮的影响,提出具有参考价值的仿真分析方法。邢静忠等[14]对礼帽形柔轮撑胀受力进行有限元分析,提出柔轮受力关键点及应力分布规律。张立勇等[15]分析了凸轮径向变形量对柔轮弯曲应力及寿命的影响。梅杰等[16]提出波发生器装入柔轮时波高发生变化的问题,为波发生器径向变形量的选取提供了依据。吴灿等[17]给出柔轮应力与疲劳寿命之间的关系及相关分析方法。
综上可知,现有的研究多用传统或组合曲线对凸轮进行设计,通过曲率对凸轮轮廓进行评价,对波发生器撑胀条件下的柔轮进行分析。这些研究未能在凸轮轮廓曲线设计中充分考虑轴承游隙、长轴曲率、短轴缩进量等因素对凸轮型线的影响,且存在凸轮型线性能评价指标及其对柔轮影响的分析工况过于单一等问题。为解决以上问题,本文综合考虑轴承游隙、长轴曲率、短轴缩进量等因素,提出将三项余弦曲线作为波发生器凸轮型线的设计方法,给出各参数应满足的约束条件和计算方法;并将曲率、速度、加速度等因素作为波发生器型线性能的评价指标,着重分析了轴承游隙、长轴曲率、短轴修正系数等主要参数对波发生器运动学和力学性能的影响规律;在此基础上,将其与常用的标准余弦凸轮波发生器在不同典型工况下的柔轮受力情况进行对比,以验证该设计方法的合理性、适用性。
图1为波发生器示意图,其由凸轮和柔性轴承两个部分组成。
传统余弦波发生器的凸轮型线可表示为
ρ=r0+w0mcos(2t)0tπ/2
式中,r0为凸轮基圆半径;w0为最大径向变形系数;m为谐波齿轮模数。
由余弦函数的性质可知,对于cos(kt)k=1,2,3,…),当k为偶数时,其在(0,π/2)上的积分恒为0。而常数项在区间段上的积分恒为定值。
所以,在确定基圆半径r0的条件下,可以通过添加偶数项余弦函数,在保证凸轮在积分常数确定的情况下对曲线进行设计,即不改变周长。为了满足波发生器长轴处波高、曲率及短轴缩进量的要求,需要通过3个未知量来对曲线进行更有效的控制。同时,为了满足实际凸轮型线需求,在偶数项余弦函数中选取前3项更加接近实际凸轮型线的余弦项来对曲线进行设计。
得到的三项余弦波发生器凸轮型线为
ρ=r0+x1cos(2t)+x2cos(4t)+x3cos(6t)0tπ/2
其中,系数x1x2x3需要通过波发生器长轴处波高、长轴处曲率及短轴缩进量来进行约束控制,得到符合要求的凸轮型线。
在长轴处,柔轮最大径向变形量为
w=w0m
为满足设计曲线的最大变形量,各项系数应满足以下条件:
x1+x2+x3=w
同样的,对于曲线短轴处,应满足
-x1+x2-x3=-w-b0
式中,b0为短轴修正量。
b1=b0/w
为短轴修正系数,可以对短轴缩进量进行控制。
为了与柔轮形成更好的接触,可以适当调整长轴处曲率来对曲线进行控制,使波发生器在长轴段的状态更加平缓。
由余弦函数组成的方程的曲率计算式为
rL=(ρ·ρ+2ρ1·ρ1-ρ·ρ2)/(ρ·ρ+ρ1·ρ1)1.50tπ/2
式中,ρ1ρ2分别为轮廓曲线ρ的1阶导数和2阶导数。
代入长轴处t=0得,曲线长轴处曲率为
rL0=(ρ-ρ2)/ρ20tπ/2
将式(1)代入式(8),可以得到原始余弦曲线长轴处曲率rL0。取曲率变化系数为C1,令
rL1=C1rL0
可得到三项余弦曲线长轴处的曲率。
由式(3)及式(4)可知,在长轴处
ρt=0=r0+w
kp=rL0(r0+w)2-r0=ρ-ρ2-r0=5x1+17x2+37x3
为长轴处曲率计算系数。
为同时满足式(4)、式(5)、式(6)、式(11)的条件,得到
111-11-151737x=w-w-b1wkp
可以解得
x=(x1,x2,x3)T
即三项余弦曲线各项系数。
当波发生器凸轮型线基本参数确定后,轴承型号也应确定。应选取恰当的轴承游隙δm,确保轴承外圈自由运动。
δm=δp+(0.55~0.75)δb
式中,δp为剩余径向间隙,δp>0;δb为凸轮与轴承配合的过盈量。
基于滚动轴承设计原理[9]76-79及相关研究,当波发生器与柔性轴承完成装配后,柔性轴承装配后径向游隙Cp的分布方式为
Cp=(δp/2)[1-f(t)]
式中,f(t)为轴承游隙分布系数方程,其表达式为
f(t)=[ρ(t/2)-r0]/w
轴承滚子最大变形量为
δmax=nδ(9/32ε2Q2σ)1/3
式中,nδ为与接触点主曲率差有关的系数;ε为两接触体综合弹性常数;Q为滚动体与滚道之间的法向接触载荷;σ为接触点的主曲率和函数。
可以通过滚动轴承设计原理进行查表计算以上参数。
滚子压缩量δ可根据式(18)进行计算,即
δ(t)=δmaxf(t)-Cpδ(t)>0
在轴承的影响下,需要对凸轮的波高进行补偿,来确保波发生器引起的最大变形量保持不变,即
w1=w+Cp+δmax
波发生器装入柔性轴承后,轴承外圈型线方程为
ρn=ρ-δ(t)+(r-r0)-δm(t)0tπ/2
式中r为凸轮装配前轴承外圈半径。
由弹性方程及应力计算式可以得到,柔轮弯曲应力为
σt=Es2R12(rLn-1R1)
式中,E为柔轮弹性模量;s为柔轮壁厚;R1为柔轮变形前的等效惯性矩中性层半径;rLn为轮廓曲线ρn的曲率。
由余弦函数具有的性质可知,三项余弦曲线光滑、无限阶可导,并且曲线曲率同样光滑。该曲线各余弦项在周期内积分值为0,可以有效保证三项余弦曲线在设计过程中曲线周长仅与常数项有关,不受其他项的影响。三项余弦曲线的诸多优点使其可以被用于凸轮波发生器轮廓设计。
谐波减速器工作过程中,柔轮作为结构中最易损坏的零部件,其受力情况常被作为评价谐波性能的指标。在波发生器装入柔轮后,忽略轴承外圈和柔轮内圈的装配偏差,结合式(21),可以通过曲率变化关系来反映柔轮结构的受力情况。以CSF-25-50型号谐波减速器为例,轴承型号为EB456009-25KC,计算参数如表1所示。
在已知凸轮基本参数的情况下,三项余弦波发生器的轮廓曲线主要受短轴修正系数b1和曲率变化系数C1以及轴承游隙δm影响。其中,C1=0、b1=0时,即为余弦曲线。现对各参数进行取值,取值情况如表2所示。
相关研究表明,在谐波减速器中,柔轮与刚轮在波发生器的长轴区间段接触,并且柔轮的最大受力区间也在此位置。图2所示为余弦曲线和三项余弦曲线对比。由图2可知,波发生器在0°~30°曲线变化比较平缓,认为该段区间柔轮更易参与接触,应重点关注凸轮型线对这一部分的影响。
曲率变化系数对柔轮变形前后曲率差值的影响如图3所示。可以看出,在余弦凸轮基础上,改变曲率变化系数可以使长轴t=0°位置处最大曲率峰值降低;而在18°~45°位置,曲率差值存在升高趋势;在18°及45°位置附近,曲率差值不受该系数影响;在45°后,曲率差值的绝对值有与前半段相似的变化规律。所以,在一定范围内,改变曲率变化系数可以使长轴段区间最大曲率差值降低,从而改善曲线的性能。
短轴修正系数对柔轮变形的影响如图4所示。合理改变短轴修正系数,可以使得曲线在20°~30°及短轴位置附近曲率差值下降,30°~70°位置曲率差值上升。可以通过该参数有效补偿曲率变化系数带来的影响,降低最大曲率差值。
轴承游隙对柔轮变形的影响如图5所示。可以看出,随着游隙增加,长轴区间段曲率差值存在增大趋势,而其他位置保持不变。所以,在保证轴承运转不受影响条件下,应选取较小的游隙。
当谐波结构传动时,波发生器速度和加速度大小关系着柔轮所受的附加应力,较小的速度和平稳的加速度可以有效降低由运动不均匀所产生的附加应力。所以,可以根据凸轮型线速度、加速度曲线情况,来评价柔轮应力分布性能及传动的平稳性。
图6所示速度对比图可知,减小C1b1后,速度系数在长轴段的绝对值也在减小。而由图7所示加速度图可知,改变C1b1使得加速度系数绝对值的峰值降低且变化区间变小。这使得凸轮作为原动件所引起的运动趋势更加平稳,拥有更加均匀的应力分布和更加良好的传动性能。
依据表2所示参数,以柔轮所受的等效应力为条件得到表3所示的结果,可以对不同因素对柔轮等效应力幅值的影响进行分析。
可以发现,当系数满足限定条件时,在一定范围内,3个系数取值越小,最大弯曲应力值越小。各因素主次关系为,曲率变化系数、轴承游隙、短轴修正系数。综合考虑平稳性及最大应力等因素,最终选定C1=0.99,b1=-0.04,δm=0.02 mm。
波发生器及柔轮参数如表4所示,图8为波发生器装入柔轮后的结构简图。柔性轴承取EB456009-25KC。
利用UG软件建立三维模型。通过以下方式在保持计算的有效性前提下缩短有限元模型分析计算时间。① 去除模型中的部分工艺倒角,并针对齿根部位的网格进行细化。② 在Ansys软件中处理各部件之间的接触关系时,将轴承内圈与轴承滚子之间、柔轮与轴承外圈之间均设置为绑定约束,轴承外圈与轴承滚子之间、轴承内圈与波发生器之间均设置为摩擦接触,释放刚轮绕轴线旋转的自由度,将柔轮与刚轮之间定义为摩擦接触,摩擦因数为0.1。③ 柔轮和刚轮的齿数分别为100、102;柔轮材料为40CrNiMoA,弹性模量为210 GPa,泊松比为0.27;凸轮材料为40Cr;输入转速为1 600 r/min,加载转矩为127 N·m。④ 单元格类型采用C3D8R,模型具有266 204个单元,356 698个节点。⑤ 仿真分为3个分析步:波发生器与柔轮撑胀,建立刚轮与柔轮之间的接触,在刚轮外圈施加负载。
图9为柔轮在优化前后两种不同波发生器撑胀下的等效应力分布图。可以发现,柔轮最大应力位置主要分布在齿圈处及柔轮筒与法兰连接处。对于空载及加载,也有相似的应力分布情况。
取齿圈处及柔轮筒与法兰连接处为关键点,对柔轮不同工况下的等效应力分布进行分析。图10图11分别为1个周期内柔轮撑胀时、加载时的应力对比图,图12为空载时应力对比图。
在撑胀条件下,相比于余弦波发生器,三项余弦波发生器使柔轮在长轴区间段齿圈处应力由510.83 MPa降低为454.04 MPa,其幅值降低了56.79 MPa,约11%;而在齿圈其他位置及法兰连接处应力无明显变化。在加载条件下,柔轮大部分区间内齿圈处应力值都得到降低,其幅值由414.06 MPa降低为263.8 MPa,降低了150.26 MPa,约36%;且应力交变值降低了97 MPa,约32%。在空载条件下,应力分布与撑胀时相似,应力幅值降低了54 MPa,约11%。而在法兰连接处的最大应力存在小幅度提升,但其值与应力幅值仍有较大差距,没有对柔轮整体受力情况产生过大影响。
整体来看,柔轮的应力幅值存在于齿圈长轴区间段内。相比于余弦曲线,三项余弦曲线使得不同工况下柔轮的应力幅值都得到有效降低。且在三项余弦作用下,柔轮齿圈应力变化更加平缓,可以更加均匀地分布在区间内,提高了谐波传动的平稳性。这与三项余弦的速度、加速度曲线更加平稳的趋势相同,说明对波发生器速度、加速度曲线的分析,可以在一定程度上反映柔轮加载后的受力分布情况。柔轮在1个周期内的应力幅值降低和变化趋势稳定,说明其受到的交变载荷影响更小,具有更加优异的疲劳性能;同时,较低的应力及较小的相对速度可以减少柔轮齿的磨损,提高柔轮传动的精度保持性能,从而证实了该设计方法对于改善柔轮的疲劳性能和精度保持性能的合理性。
1)三项余弦曲线相比于传统曲线具有更高的自由度,余弦曲线本身具有保持周长不变的性能,以及无限阶可导的光滑性。对曲率、短轴缩进量以及轴承游隙做出合理调节,并优化曲线性能,可以使之成为一种合理的凸轮波发生器型线。
2)三项余弦曲线波发生器的参数主要由长轴处曲率变化系数、短轴修正系数及轴承游隙来决定。在一定范围内,3个因素取值越小,最大弯曲应力值越小。各因素主次关系为曲率变化系数、轴承游隙、短轴修正系数。提出波发生器曲率、速度、加速度曲线作为波发生器性能的评价指标。
3)有限元分析结果表明,在优化后,柔轮应力仍按周期分布,在长轴段区间存在最大值。与传统余弦波发生器相比,在三项余弦波发生器作用下,柔轮所受的最大等效应力得到有效降低,应力分布状态也更加合理,有利于改善柔轮的疲劳性能和精度保持性能。证明基于三项余弦的凸轮优化方法及设计思路对波发生器轮廓曲线的设计有积极意义。
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2026年第50卷第1期
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doi: 10.16578/j.issn.1004.2539.2026.01.015
  • 接收时间:2025-01-17
  • 首发时间:2026-05-20
  • 出版时间:2026-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-17
  • 修回日期:2025-03-21
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    太原理工大学 齿轮研究所,太原030024

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张瑞亮(通信作者),男,1977年生,山西清徐人,博士,教授,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为齿轮传动;
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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种数
Number of
species
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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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