Article(id=1263881625792856241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, issueId=1263881604263437054, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16578/j.issn.1004.2539.2026.01.020, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1727107200000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-24, revisedDate=1731600000000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1779262461374, onlineDateStr=2026-05-20, pubDate=1768406400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1779262461374, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1779262461374, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1779262461374, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1263881604263437054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, year='2026', volume='50', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='191', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1779262456241, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1779263107607, updator=13041195026, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1263884336399528882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, issueId=1263881604263437054, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1263884336403723187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, issueId=1263881604263437054, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=163, endPage=173, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1263881630855381194, articleId=1263881625792856241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, language=EN, title=Comprehensive design and test research of the mechanism based on the belt-shaped transplanting trajectory, columnId=1263881623129416517, journalTitle=Journal of Mechanical Transmission, columnName=Development·Application, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

In order to increase the depth of planting seedlings and reduce the width of transplanting holes, so as to improve the uprightness of rice pot seedlings after transplanting, the comprehensive design and test research of the transplanting mechanism based on the belt-shaped transplanting trajectory were carried out.

Methods

Firstly, a belt-shaped transplanting trajectory that can reduce the width of the hole was proposed, and the posture analysis of 10 key posture points on the transplanting trajectory was conducted according to the parameters of the transplanting mechanism and the requirements of motion design. Secondly, the seven-tooth non-circular gear planetary gear train transplanting mechanism was simplified into a planar 2R open chain mechanism, and a mechanism mathematical model based on the belt-shaped transplanting trajectory was constructed using the multi-position motion synthesis theory. Then, the objective function of the minimum change of the length of the planet carrier was established, and the App Design module of Matlab software was used to develop the multi-position motion comprehensive solution software for the rice pot seedling transplanting mechanism based on the genetic algorithm, and the optimal solution set of the key parameters of the transplanting mechanism was obtained. Finally, a simulation on the kinematic characteristics of the transplanting mechanism was carried out using Adams software, and a test prototype was fabricated to conduct the test research on field transplanting.

Results

The simulation results show that the transplanting mechanism has the characteristic of quick return, and all the parameters and kinematic characteristics of the mechanism meet the design requirements, where the planting depth and transplanting hole width are 22.19 mm and 9.78 mm, respectively, which represent increases of 41.9% and decreases of 27.9% respectively compared to the corresponding value in relevant literature. The results of field test show that the average planting depth of rice pot seedlings is 22.84 mm, the average hole width is 10.37 mm, the excellent rate of verticality is 93.3%, and the transplanting effect is satisfactory.

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目的

为了增加植苗深度、减小移栽穴口宽度、改善水稻钵苗移栽后的直立度,开展了基于纽带形移栽轨迹的移栽机构综合设计及试验研究。

方法

首先,提出一种可减小穴口宽度的纽带形移栽轨迹,并根据移栽机构参数和运动设计要求,对移栽轨迹上的10个关键位姿点进行了姿态分析;其次,将7齿非圆齿轮行星轮系式移栽机构简化为平面2R开链机构,并利用多位姿运动综合理论构建了基于纽带形移栽轨迹的机构数学模型;再次,建立行星架杆长变化最小的目标函数,并利用Matlab软件的App Design模块,基于遗传学算法开发了水稻钵苗移栽机构多位姿运动综合求解软件,获得了移栽机构关键参数的最优解集;最后,利用Adams软件对移栽机构进行了运动学特性的仿真,并加工试验样机,进行了田间移栽试验研究。

结果

仿真结果表明,该移栽机构具有急回特性,且机构各项参数与运动学特性均满足设计要求,其中,植苗深度和移栽穴口宽度分别为22.19 mm和9.78 mm,比相关文献中的对应值分别增加了41.9%和减小了27.9%。田间试验结果表明,水稻钵苗的平均植苗深度为22.84 mm、平均穴口宽度为10.37 mm,直立度的优良率可达93.3%,移栽效果较好。

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陈岁繁,男,1981年生,湖南涟源人,博士,教授;主要研究方向为机构创新设计与优化;

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陈岁繁,男,1981年生,湖南涟源人,博士,教授;主要研究方向为机构创新设计与优化;

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陈岁繁,男,1981年生,湖南涟源人,博士,教授;主要研究方向为机构创新设计与优化;

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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263881703756579534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881625792856241, language=CN, label=图4, caption=平面2R移栽机构示意图, figureFileSmall=nLGR+4sDXXuTLfjPpb0qYQ==, figureFileBig=SHVWD7l8OCbycFgg1GRuvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263881704217952983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881625792856241, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Output results of the multi-posture motion solving software for the rice pot seedling transplanting mechanism, figureFileSmall=8zuDuokLKhbdBBxHpC6VbA==, figureFileBig=jfcWqHkPpK9mZbaA5GgE4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263881706289939162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881625792856241, language=CN, label=图5, caption=水稻钵苗移栽机构多位姿运动求解软件输出结果, figureFileSmall=8zuDuokLKhbdBBxHpC6VbA==, figureFileBig=jfcWqHkPpK9mZbaA5GgE4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263881706789061344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881625792856241, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Pitch curve meshing diagram of non-circular gears, figureFileSmall=SbQtKU9V7gDm8pc1MO4Mtg==, figureFileBig=EnheY0eGLgbDCb7DSMP0Jg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263881707590173415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881625792856241, language=CN, label=图6, caption=非圆齿轮节曲线啮合图, figureFileSmall=SbQtKU9V7gDm8pc1MO4Mtg==, figureFileBig=EnheY0eGLgbDCb7DSMP0Jg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263881708022186733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881625792856241, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Transmission ratio, pitch curve and three-dimensional model of the first stage non-circular gear, figureFileSmall=RH+f8lqprCZ+0L4eVpI0tw==, figureFileBig=oS7T9QuUChHkN7G9ljAYOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263881708642943731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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label=Fig.9, caption=Three-dimensional model of the transplanting mechanism, figureFileSmall=cnfRYmzsq7ijIpOQhiHizQ==, figureFileBig=rDYtZZ1PWvxdWedEBxMCqg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263881712640115466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881625792856241, language=CN, label=图9, caption=移栽机构的三维模型, figureFileSmall=cnfRYmzsq7ijIpOQhiHizQ==, figureFileBig=rDYtZZ1PWvxdWedEBxMCqg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263881713495753489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881625792856241, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Simulation results of the static trajectory and the dynamic trajectory of the transplanting mechanism, figureFileSmall=ksJQ2lzJwSPNsCgMNxXX+g==, figureFileBig=JwrS/v8CwMyHhNY0BAkUHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263881715072811795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881625792856241, language=CN, label=图10, caption=移栽机构的静轨迹与动轨迹仿真结果, 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articleId=1263881625792856241, language=CN, label=图15, caption=田间移栽试验, figureFileSmall=Sk2cV1JMUhHT5j5b/k7khQ==, figureFileBig=peL2Rum//7GIspVM+CavTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263881721980830531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881625792856241, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Definition of key pose points of the transplanting mechanism in each motion stage

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
运动阶段关键位姿点
取苗阶段取苗起始点q10、取苗点q1、取苗中间点q2、取苗结束点q3
送苗阶段送苗中间点q4
植苗阶段植苗起始点q5、植苗点q6、植苗结束点q7
回程阶段回程中间点q8q9
), ArticleFig(id=1263881724048622406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881625792856241, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

移栽机构各运动阶段的关键位姿点定义

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
运动阶段关键位姿点
取苗阶段取苗起始点q10、取苗点q1、取苗中间点q2、取苗结束点q3
送苗阶段送苗中间点q4
植苗阶段植苗起始点q5、植苗点q6、植苗结束点q7
回程阶段回程中间点q8q9
), ArticleFig(id=1263881724140897098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881625792856241, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Design parameters of key pose points

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
关键位姿点 xqi/mm yqi/mm φi/(°)
q1198.7950.802.39
q2186.0062.3013.47
q3160.2471.1925.14
q4140.31-70.31-17.22
q572.66-177.16-56.66
q654.77-196.98-54.61
q783.31-178.14-51.43
q847.72-130.50-30.75
q919.98-46.52-17.56
q10181.6232.14-16.24
), ArticleFig(id=1263881724275114830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881625792856241, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

关键位姿点的设计参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
关键位姿点 xqi/mm yqi/mm φi/(°)
q1198.7950.802.39
q2186.0062.3013.47
q3160.2471.1925.14
q4140.31-70.31-17.22
q572.66-177.16-56.66
q654.77-196.98-54.61
q783.31-178.14-51.43
q847.72-130.50-30.75
q919.98-46.52-17.56
q10181.6232.14-16.24
), ArticleFig(id=1263881724509995859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881625792856241, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Error analysis of design parameters and simulation parameters of key pose points

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

关键

位姿点

xqi/mm yqi/mm φi/(°)
设计值仿真值误差设计值仿真值误差设计值仿真值误差
q1198.79198.72-0.0750.8050.70-0.102.392.430.04
q2186.00186.680.6862.3062.08-0.2213.4714.300.83
q3160.24163.973.73(最大)71.1968.45-2.7425.1426.791.65
q4140.31138.38-1.93-70.31-69.340.97-17.22-18.17-0.95
q572.6671.45-1.21-177.16-177.9-0.74-56.66-57.10-0.44
q654.7754.05-0.72-196.98-196.620.36-54.61-54.73-0.12
q783.3181.94-1.37-178.14-179.86-1.72-51.43-50.361.07
q847.7247.17-0.55-130.50-127.343.16(最大)-30.75-33.08-2.33(最大)
q919.9816.85-3.13-46.52-46.59-0.07-17.56-15.392.17
q10181.62181.26-0.3632.1432.230.09-16.24-15.880.36
), ArticleFig(id=1263881724774237013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881625792856241, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

关键位姿点的设计参数与仿真参数的误差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

关键

位姿点

xqi/mm yqi/mm φi/(°)
设计值仿真值误差设计值仿真值误差设计值仿真值误差
q1198.79198.72-0.0750.8050.70-0.102.392.430.04
q2186.00186.680.6862.3062.08-0.2213.4714.300.83
q3160.24163.973.73(最大)71.1968.45-2.7425.1426.791.65
q4140.31138.38-1.93-70.31-69.340.97-17.22-18.17-0.95
q572.6671.45-1.21-177.16-177.9-0.74-56.66-57.10-0.44
q654.7754.05-0.72-196.98-196.620.36-54.61-54.73-0.12
q783.3181.94-1.37-178.14-179.86-1.72-51.43-50.361.07
q847.7247.17-0.55-130.50-127.343.16(最大)-30.75-33.08-2.33(最大)
q919.9816.85-3.13-46.52-46.59-0.07-17.56-15.392.17
q10181.62181.26-0.3632.1432.230.09-16.24-15.880.36
), ArticleFig(id=1263881724921037656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881625792856241, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Comparison of simulation parameter results and design requirements

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设计参数设计要求/(°)仿真结果/(°)结论
取苗角-5~152.35满足
推苗角>5054.49满足
角度差50~6052.14满足
设计参数设计要求/mm仿真结果/mm结论
取苗深度>4054.24满足
齿轮箱回转半径<150113满足
植苗深度15~2522.19满足
穴口宽度<309.78满足
), ArticleFig(id=1263881725176890202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881625792856241, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

仿真参数结果与设计要求对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设计参数设计要求/(°)仿真结果/(°)结论
取苗角-5~152.35满足
推苗角>5054.49满足
角度差50~6052.14满足
设计参数设计要求/mm仿真结果/mm结论
取苗深度>4054.24满足
齿轮箱回转半径<150113满足
植苗深度15~2522.19满足
穴口宽度<309.78满足
), ArticleFig(id=1263881725617292125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881625792856241, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Statistics of field transplanting test measurement results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测量区漏插株数不合格株数合格株数优良株数合格率/%优良率/%平均植苗深度/mm平均穴口宽度/mm
11491864.593.022.7310.43
20291894.594.523.1710.46
316111825.591.022.6210.22
405101855.092.523.4310.12
50271913.595.522.2510.62
平均值0.43.89.2186.64.693.322.8410.37
), ArticleFig(id=1263881725793452895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881625792856241, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

田间移栽试验测量结果统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测量区漏插株数不合格株数合格株数优良株数合格率/%优良率/%平均植苗深度/mm平均穴口宽度/mm
11491864.593.022.7310.43
20291894.594.523.1710.46
316111825.591.022.6210.22
405101855.092.523.4310.12
50271913.595.522.2510.62
平均值0.43.89.2186.64.693.322.8410.37
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基于纽带形移栽轨迹的机构综合设计及试验研究
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陈岁繁 1 , 张浩南 1 , 侯万森 1 , 李其朋 1 , 陈问池 2 , 夏琪玮 2
机械传动 | 开发应用 2026,50(1): 163-173
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机械传动 | 开发应用 2026, 50(1): 163-173
基于纽带形移栽轨迹的机构综合设计及试验研究
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陈岁繁1 , 张浩南1, 侯万森1, 李其朋1, 陈问池2, 夏琪玮2
作者信息
  • 1.浙江科技大学 机械与能源工程学院,杭州310000
  • 2.浙江星莱和农业装备有限公司,金华321300
  • 陈岁繁,男,1981年生,湖南涟源人,博士,教授;主要研究方向为机构创新设计与优化;

Comprehensive design and test research of the mechanism based on the belt-shaped transplanting trajectory
Suifan CHEN1 , Haonan ZHANG1, Wansen HOU1, Qipeng LI1, Wenchi CHEN2, Qiwei XIA2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou310000, China
  • 2.Zhejiang Selehe Agriculture Equipment Co., Ltd., Jinhua321300, China
出版时间: 2026-01-15 doi: 10.16578/j.issn.1004.2539.2026.01.020
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目的

为了增加植苗深度、减小移栽穴口宽度、改善水稻钵苗移栽后的直立度,开展了基于纽带形移栽轨迹的移栽机构综合设计及试验研究。

方法

首先,提出一种可减小穴口宽度的纽带形移栽轨迹,并根据移栽机构参数和运动设计要求,对移栽轨迹上的10个关键位姿点进行了姿态分析;其次,将7齿非圆齿轮行星轮系式移栽机构简化为平面2R开链机构,并利用多位姿运动综合理论构建了基于纽带形移栽轨迹的机构数学模型;再次,建立行星架杆长变化最小的目标函数,并利用Matlab软件的App Design模块,基于遗传学算法开发了水稻钵苗移栽机构多位姿运动综合求解软件,获得了移栽机构关键参数的最优解集;最后,利用Adams软件对移栽机构进行了运动学特性的仿真,并加工试验样机,进行了田间移栽试验研究。

结果

仿真结果表明,该移栽机构具有急回特性,且机构各项参数与运动学特性均满足设计要求,其中,植苗深度和移栽穴口宽度分别为22.19 mm和9.78 mm,比相关文献中的对应值分别增加了41.9%和减小了27.9%。田间试验结果表明,水稻钵苗的平均植苗深度为22.84 mm、平均穴口宽度为10.37 mm,直立度的优良率可达93.3%,移栽效果较好。

移栽轨迹  /  移栽机构  /  非圆齿轮  /  运动学  /  水稻钵苗
Objective

In order to increase the depth of planting seedlings and reduce the width of transplanting holes, so as to improve the uprightness of rice pot seedlings after transplanting, the comprehensive design and test research of the transplanting mechanism based on the belt-shaped transplanting trajectory were carried out.

Methods

Firstly, a belt-shaped transplanting trajectory that can reduce the width of the hole was proposed, and the posture analysis of 10 key posture points on the transplanting trajectory was conducted according to the parameters of the transplanting mechanism and the requirements of motion design. Secondly, the seven-tooth non-circular gear planetary gear train transplanting mechanism was simplified into a planar 2R open chain mechanism, and a mechanism mathematical model based on the belt-shaped transplanting trajectory was constructed using the multi-position motion synthesis theory. Then, the objective function of the minimum change of the length of the planet carrier was established, and the App Design module of Matlab software was used to develop the multi-position motion comprehensive solution software for the rice pot seedling transplanting mechanism based on the genetic algorithm, and the optimal solution set of the key parameters of the transplanting mechanism was obtained. Finally, a simulation on the kinematic characteristics of the transplanting mechanism was carried out using Adams software, and a test prototype was fabricated to conduct the test research on field transplanting.

Results

The simulation results show that the transplanting mechanism has the characteristic of quick return, and all the parameters and kinematic characteristics of the mechanism meet the design requirements, where the planting depth and transplanting hole width are 22.19 mm and 9.78 mm, respectively, which represent increases of 41.9% and decreases of 27.9% respectively compared to the corresponding value in relevant literature. The results of field test show that the average planting depth of rice pot seedlings is 22.84 mm, the average hole width is 10.37 mm, the excellent rate of verticality is 93.3%, and the transplanting effect is satisfactory.

Transplanting trajectory  /  Transplanting mechanism  /  Non-circular gear  /  Kinematics  /  Rice pot seedling
陈岁繁, 张浩南, 侯万森, 李其朋, 陈问池, 夏琪玮. 基于纽带形移栽轨迹的机构综合设计及试验研究. 机械传动, 2026 , 50 (1) : 163 -173 . DOI: 10.16578/j.issn.1004.2539.2026.01.020
Suifan CHEN, Haonan ZHANG, Wansen HOU, Qipeng LI, Wenchi CHEN, Qiwei XIA. Comprehensive design and test research of the mechanism based on the belt-shaped transplanting trajectory[J]. Journal of Mechanical Transmission, 2026 , 50 (1) : 163 -173 . DOI: 10.16578/j.issn.1004.2539.2026.01.020
相比于传统的毯苗移栽,水稻钵苗移栽具有对苗根系破坏较小、抗倒伏能力强和产量高等优点[1-2]。机器移栽是实现水稻机械化生产的主要方式之一。而移栽机构是水稻移栽机的核心部件,直接影响移栽的效率和质量[3]
目前,常见的移栽机构主要有滑道式、多连杆式、行星轮系式等[4]。日本井关农机株式会社早在20世纪80年代就对旋转滑道式移栽机构进行了研究[5];印度FELEZI等[6]和韩国MIN等[7]探讨了四连杆式移栽机构;韩国CHOI等[8]对五连杆式移栽机构进行了设计。滑道式和连杆式移栽机构均存在作业效率低、振动大等缺点[9-10],而行星轮系式移栽机构因具有结构紧凑、传动平稳和移栽效率高等特点,已成为现有移栽机构的主要类型[11-12]
现有行星轮系式移栽机构使水稻钵苗在移栽过程中主要形成8字形移栽轨迹 [13]。为了解决静轨迹前倾、植苗深度浅和干涉等问题,孙良等[14]78-86利用精确多位姿运动综合的方法,设计了7齿非圆齿轮行星轮系式移栽机构。为了解决移栽效果差、取苗成功率低的问题,吴国环等[15]优化了相关设计参数。为了提高水稻钵苗移栽后的直立度,俞高红等[16]19-21对椭圆-不完全非圆齿轮行星轮系式移栽机构进行了参数优化,使移栽穴口宽度减小为13.57 mm;许春林等[17]83对5齿非圆齿轮行星轮系式移栽机构进行参数化设计,使穴口宽度减小为15.19 mm、植苗深度增加到15.64 mm。
为了进一步减小水稻钵苗的移栽穴口宽度、增加植苗深度、改善移栽后的直立度,本文提出一种纽带形移栽轨迹;基于多位姿运动综合理论,设计一种可实现该轨迹的7齿非圆齿轮行星轮系式移栽机构,并对其开展了运动学特性与相关试验研究。
图1为7齿非圆齿轮行星轮系式钵苗移栽机构简图[14]78-86。该机构主要由太阳轮1、第一中间轮2、第二中间轮3、行星轮4、移栽臂5(移栽臂末端装有秧夹,用来夹持钵苗)、行星轴6、中间轴7、齿轮箱体(行星架)8和中心轴9组成,上述各齿轮均为非圆齿轮。其中,太阳轮1与机架固连;中心轴9与齿轮箱体(行星架)8固连;第一中间轮2和第二中间轮3同轴;移栽臂5与行星轴6固连。
工作原理:中心轴9带动齿轮箱体(行星架)8匀速转动,从而带动第一中间轮2围绕太阳轮1转动,构成第一级传动;第一中间轮2通过中间轴7带动第二中间轮3转动,行星轮4通过与第二中间轮3啮合,构成第二级传动,从而带动与行星轴6固连的移栽臂5运动。由此可见,移栽臂5的绝对运动由围绕行星轴6的相对转动与行星轴6围绕中心轴9的牵连转动组成。可通过设计第一级传动的太阳轮1和第一中间轮2、第二级传动的第二中间轮3和行星轮4的结构参数,从而满足移栽过程中复杂的轨迹与姿态需求。
自由度分析:由于机构两侧完全对称,分析一侧即可。由图1可知,中心轴9与齿轮箱体(行星架)8固连为1个活动构件;第一中间轮2和第二中间轮3相对静止,可视为1个活动构件;行星轮4和移栽臂5固连为1个活动构件;故活动构件数n=3。中心轴9、中间轴7和行星轴6的转动中心均为转动副,故低副数PL=3;太阳轮1与第一中间轮2啮合,第二中间轮3与行星轮4啮合,故高副数PH=2。因此,自由度P=3n-2PL-PH=3×3-2×3-2=1。由此可见,当移栽机构只有1个原动件时,非圆齿轮行星轮系式移栽机构具有确定的运动。
根据水稻钵苗移栽的农艺特点,设计移栽机构和轨迹时,需要满足以下参数设计要求[17]83[18-19]
1)在苗台与水平面间夹角为55°的情况下,秧夹取苗时与水平面的夹角在-5°~15°。
2)取苗段轨迹尽量与钵苗盘垂直,保证钵苗被垂直取出。
3)取苗深度应大于40 mm,防止钵苗根部盘结,保证钵苗被完全取出。
4)移栽机构各部件之间不能发生干涉。
5)推苗角应大于50°,保证钵苗的直立度。
6)植苗时穴口宽度要小于30 mm,否则会造成钵苗直立度较差。
7)水稻钵苗的植苗深度在15~25 mm,深度过浅会引起倒伏、漂秧,过深则会影响低位节分蘖。
8)移栽后的钵苗与地面的倾斜角不小于70°。
9)取苗角和推苗角的差值应在50°~60°。
10)机构应紧凑,齿轮箱的最大回转半径应小于150 mm。
在工作过程中,移栽机构的速度变化需要满足以下运动设计要求[20-21]
1)取苗阶段,秧夹需夹紧苗茎,并将其沿生长方向拉出钵苗盘;运动速度需尽量缓慢,避免损伤钵苗。
2)送苗阶段,移栽机构运转速度应平稳,避免钵苗掉落。
3)植苗阶段,秧夹松开苗茎,移栽臂转动的瞬时速度应加快,依靠推秧装置的推力与钵苗向下运动的惯性,将钵苗垂直种植在水田内。
4)回程阶段,移栽机构运转速度应较快,以提高工作效率。
图2(a)所示,水稻钵苗移栽机构在作业时,依次完成取苗(A'B'C'段)、送苗(C'D'E'段)、植苗(E'F'G'段)和回程(G'H'A'段)4个阶段。为了增加植苗深度、减小穴口宽度,在现有8字形移栽轨迹的基础上,本文创新性地提出一种水稻钵苗的纽带形移栽轨迹,如图2(b)所示。由图2可知,在同一植苗深度下,纽带形移栽轨迹的穴口宽度lEG [lEG图2(b)EG之间的距离]可小于8字形移栽轨迹的穴口宽度lE'G' [lE'G'图2(a)E'、G'之间的距离]。
根据移栽机构的参数设计要求,在钵苗移栽轨迹上选取10个关键位姿点,并分别对每个关键位姿点进行定义。关键位姿点及其定义如图3表1所示。
移栽机构的各运动阶段如下所述。
1)取苗阶段。秧夹在取苗起始点q10处开始调整取苗姿态,至取苗点q1处夹紧苗茎,经过取苗中间点q2后,至取苗结束点q3完成取苗。根据参数设计要求,在关键位姿点q1处,秧夹与水平面夹角应在-5°~15°;秧夹从q1点经过q2点到达q3点的运动轨迹应垂直于钵苗盘;q1q3的距离应大于40 mm。
2)送苗阶段。秧夹从取苗结束点q3,经过送苗中间点q4,到达植苗起始点q5完成送苗。为了保证移栽臂不与移栽机器上的部件发生干涉,在q4点处的秧夹与苗台的间距应大于0。
3)植苗阶段。秧夹在植苗起始点q5调整植苗姿态并插入水田,将钵苗植入植苗点q6;秧夹释放钵苗后,离开植苗结束点q7,完成植苗。根据参数设计要求,在关键位姿点q6处,秧夹与水平面的夹角应大于50°;q6点与水田表面的距离应在15~25 mm;q5q7点的距离应小于30 mm。
4)回程阶段。秧夹从植苗结束点q7,经过回程中间点q8q9,到达取苗起始点q10。根据运动设计要求,利用秧夹在q8q9的位置来控制回程段轨迹形状,使其运动连贯;该阶段运动速度较快,可提高工作效率。
依据多位姿运动综合理论[22-23]求解的机构参数,既考虑了钵苗移栽轨迹关键点的位置,又充分满足了秧夹姿态的要求。单行星架的轮系式移栽机构若不考虑齿轮约束,可以简化为图4所示的平面2R开链机构。其中,杆1表示行星架;杆2表示移栽臂。多位姿运动的综合要求:秧夹能够按顺序依次通过若干个给定的位置与姿态qixqiyqiφi(i=12N),其中,xqiyqi)为移栽轨迹上关键点的坐标;φi为秧夹的姿态角。
图4中,固定铰链点AxAyA1为行星架的回转中心;活动铰链点B1xB1yB11为移栽臂的回转中心;位姿点q1xq1yq1φ1为秧夹通过的移栽轨迹点。若秧夹从位姿点q1移动到位姿点qixqiyqiφi,则活动铰链从B1点移动到BixBiyBi1点,两点的坐标变换为
BiT=R1iB1T
式中,R1i为相对位移矩阵,可表示为
R1i=R11iR12iR13iR21iR22iR23iR31iR32iR33i i=2,3,N
其中,R11i=cos φ1iφ1i为秧夹从位姿点q1到位姿点qi的相对转角,φ1i=φi-φ1R12i=-sin φ1iR13i=xqi-xq1cos φ1i+yq1sin φ1iR21i=sin φ1iR22i=cos φ1iR23i=yqi-xq1sin φ1i-yq1cos φ1iR31i=0R32i=0R33i=1
多位姿运动综合设计的目标是使秧夹的夹持点q的运动满足纽带形移栽轨迹和姿态的设计要求。对图4所示简化的平面2R移栽机构,设移栽臂的长度L2保持不变,则每个位姿点对应的行星架长度L1不断变化。所以,保证L1的长度变化量最小,就可以保证机构的运动轨迹满足要求。
设秧夹通过第1个位姿点时,行星架的长度为理想长度,记作L11;秧夹通过位姿点qi时,行星架的长度为误差长度,记作L1i。根据行星架杆长不变原理,L1i=L11,故行星架杆长的约束方程[24]
fi=L1i-L11=(Bi-A) Bi-AT-(B1-A)(B1-A)T=0
联立式(1)、式(2)有
fi=Ci1xA+Ci2yA+Ci3=0(i=2,3,,N)
式中,Ci1=2[xB1(1-cos φ1i)+yB1sin φ1i+xq1cos φ1i-yq1sin φ1i-xqi]Ci2=2[yB1(1-cos φ1i)-xB1sin φ1i+yq1cos φ1i+xq1sin φ1i-yqi]Ci3=2(yqixB1-xqiyB1+xqiyq1-yqixq1)sin φ1i+2(xqixB1+yqiyB1-xqixq1-yqiyq1)cos φ1i-2yB1yq1-2xB1xq1+yqi2+xqi2+yq12+xq12
令秧夹依次通过轨迹上的N个位姿点,有
f2=C21xA+C22yA+C23=0f3=C31xA+C32yA+C33=0fN=CN1xA+CN2yA+CN3=0
方程组(4)包含(N-1)个方程和4个未知数(xAyAxB1yB1)。根据方程数应等于未知数原则,平面2R开链机构运动综合能够精确实现的位姿数目最多为5个。当N>5时,方程组(4)为超定方程组,无法获得方程组的精确解,只能进行近似求解。
根据最小二乘法原理[25],建立的行星架杆长度变化最小的目标函数为
F(x)=min[i=2N(L1i-L11)2]=min{i=2N[fi(x)]2}
式中,x=[xAyAxB1yB1]T
根据实际的设计需求,平面2R机构的位置角θ1iθ2i,杆1、杆2的长度L1L2均可用设计变量xAyAxBiyBixqiyqi表示,即
θ1i=arctanyBi-yAxBi-xAθ2i=arctanyqi-yBixqi-xBi   i=2,3,,N
L1=(xB1-xA)2+(yB1-yA)2L2=(xq1-xB1)2+(yq1-yB1)2
通过以上处理,可将平面2R机构的多位姿运动综合问题转化为单目标多参数的优化问题进行求解。
设秧夹通过第1个位姿点时,行星架转角θ11和移栽臂的转角θ21为初始转角。通过计算可得秧夹通过不同位姿点时行星架相对于X轴的转角Δθ1i及移栽臂相对于行星架的转角Δθ2i,其计算式分别为
Δθ1i=θ1i-θ11              Δθ2i=θ2i-θ21-Δθ1i   (i=2,3,,N)
将位姿点代入式(8)得到一组数据,利用3次非均匀B样条曲线进行拟合,得到简化的平面2R移栽机构在完整周期内的相对转角关系曲线,从而可计算得到行星轮系移栽机构的总传动比I,计算式为
I=d(Δθ1i)d(Δθ2i)   i=2,3,,N
为了使两级传动的非圆齿轮具有较好的运动学性能,在分配传动比时,应使两级传动的传动比差别较小,在对应转角位置上有相近的幅值周期比,以利于获得圆度较好的非圆齿轮节曲线。传动比设计分配方案为
i12=ksIi34=Ii12
式中,i12为第一级非圆齿轮的传动比;i34为第二级非圆齿轮的传动比;ks为传动比调整系数。
在纽带形移栽轨迹中选取10个关键位姿点,具体设计参数如表2所示。
利用Matlab软件中的App Design模块,结合目标函数方程(5)与参数约束方程式(6)、式(7)以及相对转角和总传动比方程式(8)、式(9),基于遗传学算法,开发了水稻钵苗移栽机构的多位姿运动综合求解软件,并将表2中位姿点的设计参数输入到求解软件中,得到满足这些位姿点要求的移栽机构关键参数、相对转角曲线与总传动比曲线,如图5所示。由图5可知,目标函数最优适应度值为0.448 34,平均适应度值为0.448 36,适应度函数收敛;经过圆整后,xAyAxB1yB1的最优值分别为-76 mm、53 mm、7 mm、43 mm;行星架的长度L1=83 mm;移栽臂的长度L2=192 mm;行星架的初始安装角φ11=-7°;移栽臂的初始安装角φ21=2°
图6为非圆齿轮节曲线啮合图。由图6可知,第一级非圆齿轮啮合传动时符合以下规律[26]:1)两齿轮的中心距a12始终不变;2)由于传动比时刻变化,太阳轮(主动轮)的节曲线向径r1和第一中间轮(从动轮)的节曲线向径r2也时刻变化;3)太阳轮转过的节曲线长度与第一中间轮转过的节曲线长度保持相同。
太阳轮节曲线向径为
r1(δ1)=a121+i12
式中,δ1为太阳轮节曲线上各点的向径所对应的角度。
第一中间轮节曲线向径为
r2(δ2)=a12-r1(δ1)=a12i121+i12
式中,δ2为第一中间轮节曲线上各点的向径所对应的角度。
两齿啮合时,太阳轮(主动轮)转过的节曲线长度与第一中间轮(从动轮)转过的节曲线长度相同,有
r1dδ1=r2dδ2
δ2=0δ11i12dδ1
移栽机构的分传动比i12i34随行星架转角的变化曲线可根据式(10)确定。参考行星轮系移栽机构的设计要求及移栽轨迹参数范围,选取第一级齿轮传动中心距的初始值a12=40 mm。根据以上特性,主动轮旋转1周,可以得到第一级非圆齿轮的节曲线,并在SolidWorks软件中进行齿廓设计的三维建模。第一级非圆齿轮的传动比、节曲线及三维模型如图7所示。同理,对第二级非圆齿轮传动进行设计,相关信息如图8所示。
为了验证理论方法的正确性和移栽机构设计的可行性,根据水稻钵苗移栽机构的工作原理与求解得到的设计参数,对其进行结构设计与仿真。在SolidWorks软件中对移栽机构的各零部件进行三维建模,并按照设计要求进行虚拟样机的装配,随后将移栽机构的三维模型导入Adams软件中,对模型中不影响仿真结果的螺母螺栓等紧固件进行简化处理,并添加各构件之间的约束与驱动,如图9所示。
设置移栽机构前进速度为0.6 m/s、单臂移栽频率为120株/min、移栽株距为300 mm,进行虚拟样机的运动仿真,并对移栽机构的秧夹夹持点进行标记,得到移栽静轨迹与动轨迹,如图10所示。
将从Adams软件中仿真得到的移栽机构静轨迹与理论设计的静轨迹进行对比,如图11所示。由图11可知,仿真静轨迹与理论静轨迹基本一致。
对理论和仿真静轨迹中关键位姿点q1~q10X轴、Y轴上的坐标xqiyqi与秧夹姿态角φi的设计值、仿真值以及它们之间的误差进行分析,结果如表3所示。其中,xqi的最大误差为3.73 mm、平均误差为1.375 mm(表中未列出),yqi的最大误差为3.16 mm、平均误差为1.017 mm(表中未列出)、φi的最大误差为2.33°。结果说明,仿真得到的钵苗移栽机构夹持点的运动轨迹满足理论设计需求。
将移栽机构在Adams软件中仿真的运动轨迹导入到CAD中进行标注,可得到相关仿真设计参数,如图12所示。将相关仿真参数结果与设计要求进行对比,如表4所示。由表4可知,基于纽带形轨迹的移栽机构在工作过程中,各项参数均满足设计要求,且植苗深度和移栽穴口宽度分别为22.19 mm与9.78 mm,对比文献[16]19-21和文献[17]83可知,植苗深度增加了41.9%,穴口宽度减小了27.9%。
基于Adams后处理模块,仿真移栽机构夹持点(插秧机未移动)沿X轴和Y轴方向上的位移、速度和加速度曲线如图13所示。
图13(a)可知,0~0.35 s为取苗阶段,0.35~0.6 s为送苗阶段,0.6 s为植苗时刻,0.6~1.0 s为回程阶段。由此可知,移栽机构工作行程所需时间为0.6 s,而回程时间为0.4 s,行程速比系数K=1.5,机构具有急回特性,可提高工作效率。在取苗阶段,夹持点在X方向上的位移为47.2 mm,Y方向上的位移为22.4 mm。由计算可知,取苗轨迹与水平面的角度为-25.4°,而苗台安装角度约为55°,故取苗轨迹与苗台间夹角为80.4°。由此可见,取苗段轨迹与苗台近似垂直,钵苗可被近似垂直取出。
图13(b)可知,取苗阶段,夹持点在X方向上的速度不大于0.3 m/s,Y方向上的速度不大于0.1 m/s,满足了钵苗被缓慢取出这一要求;送苗阶段,夹持点在Y方向上的速度逐渐增大,在快到植苗点处,达到最大速度-2.67 m/s,有助于增加水稻钵苗向下的动能,提高植苗效果。
图13(c)可知,在取苗阶段和送苗阶段(0~0.6 s),夹持点的加速度曲线总体较为平缓,可保证移栽机构工作平稳,避免了水稻钵苗的损伤。当夹持点接近取苗点时,加速度波动逐渐减小,有助于平稳进入下一个移栽周期。
以上结果说明,该移栽机构工作平稳且运动学特性满足水稻移栽的运动设计要求。
为了验证移栽机构的可靠性,制作移栽机构样机,对其进行了田间试验研究。试验台架的搭建如图14所示。
经台架试验,该移栽机构符合理论设计要求,且运转过程中无卡顿和干涉等问题,可以进行田间移栽试验。
2024年6月17日,在浙江省永康市对该试验样机进行了田间试验,试验前按GB/T 6243—2017《水稻插秧机 试验方法》中的要求对土地进行了耕整。试验过程如图15所示。
试验材料:选取同一批次的水稻钵苗,育苗天数为35 d、苗长为120~250 mm、叶片(苗龄)3~5片;钵土落地不松散,各钵体间无连根状态,钵土含水率在25%~40%,空钵率不大于1%,每钵的株苗数在2~3株。
试验设备:基于纽带形轨迹的水稻钵苗移栽机构、星月神2ZG-8Q2型插秧机身、量程为0~300 mm的卷尺、钢尺、数显量角器和计时器。
试验按照相关检测方法和标准[27-29]对样机移栽效果进行测定。采用对角线取样法选取5个测区,测区距田边大于1个工作宽幅。在5个测区内,测定直立度时,每个测区各测200穴;测定植苗深度、穴口宽度时,每个测区各测10穴。试验过程中,对植苗深度、穴口宽度、漏插株数以及直立度不合格、合格和优良株数做记录,并根据农艺要求规定钵苗移栽后直立度的评价标准:水稻茎秆与地面夹角小于45°为不合格、大于70°为优良、在45°与70°之间为合格。
田间移栽试验测量结果如表5所示。由表5可知,水稻移栽后平均植苗深度为22.84 mm,平均穴口宽度为10.37 mm,与仿真结果几乎一致,水稻直立度的合格率为4.6%、优良率为93.3%,证明本文设计的水稻钵苗移栽机构能够实现较高的水稻直立度,很好地满足了水稻钵苗移栽的农艺要求。分析移栽后直立度不合格的原因:1)非圆齿轮在加工和装配时存在误差,存在的齿侧间隙造成啮合时产生振动;2)为了使移栽穴口宽度尽可能地减小,在植苗处的移栽动轨迹存在前倾,造成秧苗被过分前推。有待后续研究以解决以上问题。
1)通过理论分析,在8字形移栽轨迹的基础上,提出一种可减少穴口宽度的纽带形移栽轨迹;并根据设计要求,对移栽轨迹上的10个关键位姿点进行了姿态分析。
2)基于多位姿运动综合理论,构建了基于纽带形移栽轨迹的机构求解模型。建立了行星架杆长变化最小的目标函数;并利用Matlab软件的App Design模块,基于遗传学算法开发了水稻钵苗移栽机构多位姿运动综合求解软件,获得了移栽机构关键参数的最优解集:xAyAxB1yB1的最优值分别为-76 mm、53 mm、7 mm、43 mm;行星架的长度L1=83 mm、移栽臂的长度L2=192 mm、行星架的初始安装角φ11=-7°、移栽臂的初始安装角φ21=2°。
3)对基于纽带形轨迹的水稻钵苗移栽机构进行三维建模,并利用Adams软件对移栽机构进行了运动学特性的仿真研究。结果表明,仿真静轨迹与理论静轨迹基本一致,移栽机构的行程速比系数K=1.5,具有急回特性,且各项参数与运动学特性均满足设计要求。植苗深度和穴口宽度分别为22.19 mm和9.78 mm,比相关文献的对应值分别增加了41.9%和减小27.9%。
4)加工出试验样机并进行了田间移栽试验。结果表明,平均植苗深度为22.84 mm、穴口宽度为10.37 mm、直立度的优良率为93.3%,移栽效果较好。
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2026年第50卷第1期
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doi: 10.16578/j.issn.1004.2539.2026.01.020
  • 接收时间:2024-09-24
  • 首发时间:2026-05-20
  • 出版时间:2026-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-24
  • 修回日期:2024-11-15
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    1.浙江科技大学 机械与能源工程学院,杭州310000
    2.浙江星莱和农业装备有限公司,金华321300
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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