Article(id=1263881623653761196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, issueId=1263881604263437054, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16578/j.issn.1004.2539.2026.01.008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1726848000000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-21, revisedDate=1729872000000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1779262460864, onlineDateStr=2026-05-20, pubDate=1768406400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1779262460864, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1779262460864, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1779262460864, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1263881604263437054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, year='2026', volume='50', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='191', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1779262456241, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1779263107607, updator=13041195026, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1263884336399528882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, issueId=1263881604263437054, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1263884336403723187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, issueId=1263881604263437054, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=56, endPage=66, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1263881627776762040, articleId=1263881623653761196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, language=EN, title=Research on dynamic characteristics of lower limb prosthetic knee joint based on the magnetorheological damper, columnId=1263881611804795649, journalTitle=Journal of Mechanical Transmission, columnName=Special Topic of Magnetic Transmission, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To solve the problems of fixed damping force and poor pseudo-humanity of traditional lower limb prosthetic knee joints, a magnetorheological damper was designed to meet the vibration reduction requirements of the lower limb prosthetic knee joint.

Methods

Through theoretical calculation, the maximum damping forces required for the knee joint swing phase during flat walking and flat running were obtained, which were 179.6 N and 1 377 N respectively. In order to adapt to the motion state of the lower limb prosthesis, a vibration absorber was designed to meet the damping force required by the knee joint swing phase. Through numerical simulation and test research, the influence of external disturbed magnetic field and temperature rise effect on the dynamics characteristics of magnetorheological damper were analyzed. The test of influence of external disturbance magnetic field and temperature rise effect on the dynamics characteristic of the lower limb prosthetic knee joint was conducted by using the lower limb prosthetic knee joint simulator.

Results

The results show that the output damping force of the magnetorheological damper increases with the increasing magnetic flux density of the external disturbed magnetic field. Under the same conditions, the output damping force of the magnetorheological damper decreases with the rising temperature of the magnetorheological fluid. In the early stage of knee joint swing and the first half of its middle stage, with the increase of the magnetic flux density of external disturbed magnetic field, the hysteresis of knee joint movement increases, and the angle error increases. When the magnetic flux density of external disturbed magnetic field is 10, 20 and 30 mT respectively, the maximum bending angle of the lower limb prosthetic knee joint is 59.0°, 57.8° and 55.7° respectively, and the maximum angle error reaches 3.0°, 6.8° and 11.9° respectively. As the rise of the temperature of the magnetorheological fluid, the hysteresis of knee joint movement increases, and the angle error increases. When the temperature of the damper rises to 30, 35 and 40 ℃ respectively, the maximum bending angle of the lower limb prosthetic knee joint is 57.1°, 54.0° and 49.8° respectively, and the maximum angle error reaches 1.9°, 5.1° and 9.8° respectively. These conclusions provide a basis for the design and optimization of the lower limb prosthetic knee joint based on the magnetorheological damper.

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目的

为了解决传统下假肢膝关节阻尼力固定、拟人性差等问题,设计了满足人体下假肢膝关节减振需求的磁流变阻尼器。

方法

通过理论计算,得到了平地行走和平地跑动时膝关节摆动相所需的最大阻尼力,分别为179.6 N和1 377 N;为了适应下假肢的运动状态,设计了满足膝关节摆动相所需阻尼力的减振器;通过数值仿真和试验研究,分析了外磁场扰动和温升效应对磁流变阻尼器动力学特性的影响;并利用下假肢膝关节模拟装置进行了外磁场扰动和温升效应对下假肢膝关节动力学特性影响的试验。

结果

结果表明,随着施加的外扰动磁场磁感应强度的增大,磁流变阻尼器输出的阻尼力增大;在相同条件下,随着磁流变液温度的升高,磁流变阻尼器输出的阻尼力减小;在膝关节的摆动前期和摆动中期的前半阶段,随着外扰动磁场磁感应强度的增大,膝关节运动的滞后性增强,角度误差增大;当外扰动磁场磁感应强度分别为10、20、30 mT时,下假肢膝关节的最大弯曲角度分别为59.0°、57.8°、55.7°,最大角度误差分别达到3.0°、6.8°、11.9°;随着磁流变液温度的升高,膝关节运动的滞后性增强,角度误差增大;当阻尼器温度分别升至30、35、40 ℃时,下假肢膝关节的最大弯曲角度分别为57.1°、54.0°、49.8°,最大角度误差分别达到1.9°、5.1°、9.8°。此结论为基于磁流变阻尼器的下假肢膝关节的设计和优化奠定了基础。

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甄亮,男,1984年生,甘肃张掖人,博士研究生,教授;主要研究方向为智能材料与振动控制;04130227.zl@163.com。
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党坤,男,1987年生,甘肃定西人,硕士研究生,副教授;主要研究方向为智能控制系统设计;

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Effect of external magnetic field on knee joint motion of magnetorheological damper-based prosthesis[D]. Lanzhou:Lanzhou University of Technology,2021:16-22., articleTitle=Effect of external magnetic field on knee joint motion of magnetorheological damper-based prosthesis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1264244218340901269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881623653761196, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=585, issue=null, pageStart=171125, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=9, rfOrder=15, authorNames=ZHEN L, FENG Y B, WEI X L, journalName=Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHEN LFENG Y BWEI X Let al. Influence of uncertainty factors on the dynamic characteristics of magnetorheological damper[J]. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials2023585:171125., articleTitle=Influence of uncertainty factors on the dynamic characteristics of magnetorheological damper, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1264244218458341782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881623653761196, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=39, issue=12, pageStart=1252, pageEnd=1257, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=10, rfOrder=16, authorNames=辛德奎, 聂松林, 纪辉, journalName=北京理工大学学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=辛德奎,聂松林,纪辉,. 管路减振用磁流变阻尼器设计与性能研究[J]. 北京理工大学学报201939(12):1252-1257., articleTitle=管路减振用磁流变阻尼器设计与性能研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1264244218521256343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881623653761196, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=39, issue=12, pageStart=1252, pageEnd=1257, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=10, rfOrder=17, authorNames=XIN Dekui, NIE Songlin, JI Hui, journalName=Transactions of Beijing Institute of Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XIN DekuiNIE SonglinJI Huiet al. Design and performance study of magnetorheological fluid damper for pipeline vibration control[J]. 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language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Three-dimensional distribution nephogram of the temperature field in the magnetorheological damper, figureFileSmall=YxnRPUz1kX1grgpRUgG85g==, figureFileBig=QW4pIqMH6Ortk/XLaonAcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1264244208014524783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881623653761196, language=CN, label=图10, caption=磁流变阻尼器内温度场的三维分布云图, figureFileSmall=YxnRPUz1kX1grgpRUgG85g==, figureFileBig=QW4pIqMH6Ortk/XLaonAcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1264244208136159600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881623653761196, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Isotherm distribution diagram of the temperature field in the magnetorheological damper, figureFileSmall=5qInQIVdNXoQ4y/nzqxcRw==, figureFileBig=TiofBUrbLNo2mk3LoiE8kg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1264244208194879857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881623653761196, language=CN, label=图11, caption=磁流变阻尼器内温度场的等温线分布图

(b)f=0.4 Hz (b)f=0.6 Hz (c)f=0.8 Hz

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Fitting parameters of the swing angle of the thigh and the calf

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ia1ia2ia3ib1ib2ib3i
19.16923.8800.5822.7980.495-2.289
29.52214.1700.04112.5001.4942.525
323.54037.1303.7355.1752.3981.184
410.3703.5739.81719.380-6.663-2.905
5-13.0703.1195.36224.8000.220-2.367
61.8331.89019.13027.250-6.317-0.363
), ArticleFig(id=1264244210287837569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881623653761196, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

大腿与小腿摆动角度的拟合参数

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ia1ia2ia3ib1ib2ib3i
19.16923.8800.5822.7980.495-2.289
29.52214.1700.04112.5001.4942.525
323.54037.1303.7355.1752.3981.184
410.3703.5739.81719.380-6.663-2.905
5-13.0703.1195.36224.8000.220-2.367
61.8331.89019.13027.250-6.317-0.363
), ArticleFig(id=1264244210392695170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881623653761196, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Key parameters of the lower prosthesis with the magnetorheological damper

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参数名称数值
大腿质量m1/kg1.1
小腿质量m2/kg2.5
大腿长度l1/mm455
小腿长度l2/mm435
大腿质心到髋关节的长度l1´/mm358
小腿质心到膝关节的长度l2´/mm164
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磁流变阻尼器下假肢关键参数

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参数名称数值
大腿质量m1/kg1.1
小腿质量m2/kg2.5
大腿长度l1/mm455
小腿长度l2/mm435
大腿质心到髋关节的长度l1´/mm358
小腿质心到膝关节的长度l2´/mm164
), ArticleFig(id=1264244210849874308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881623653761196, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Design parameters of the magnetorheological damper for the lower limb prosthetic knee joint

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参数名称参数值参数名称参数值参数名称参数值
活塞行程/mm74阻尼腔高度/mm130最大阻尼力/N>2 147
阻尼器直径/mm42阻尼间隙/mm1最大承载力/N8 696
活塞杆直径/mm10阻尼间隙长度/mm3.7最大输入电流/A2
活塞直径/mm35.6缸筒壁厚度/mm2.2线圈匝数270
), ArticleFig(id=1264244212540178821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881623653761196, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

下假肢膝关节磁流变阻尼器设计参数

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参数名称参数值参数名称参数值参数名称参数值
活塞行程/mm74阻尼腔高度/mm130最大阻尼力/N>2 147
阻尼器直径/mm42阻尼间隙/mm1最大承载力/N8 696
活塞杆直径/mm10阻尼间隙长度/mm3.7最大输入电流/A2
活塞直径/mm35.6缸筒壁厚度/mm2.2线圈匝数270
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基于磁流变阻尼器的下假肢膝关节动力学特性研究
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党坤 , 甄亮
机械传动 | 磁传动专题 2026,50(1): 56-66
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机械传动 | 磁传动专题 2026, 50(1): 56-66
基于磁流变阻尼器的下假肢膝关节动力学特性研究
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党坤 , 甄亮
作者信息
  • 酒泉职业技术大学 甘肃省太阳能发电系统重点实验室,酒泉735000
  • 党坤,男,1987年生,甘肃定西人,硕士研究生,副教授;主要研究方向为智能控制系统设计;

通讯作者:

甄亮,男,1984年生,甘肃张掖人,博士研究生,教授;主要研究方向为智能材料与振动控制;04130227.zl@163.com。
Research on dynamic characteristics of lower limb prosthetic knee joint based on the magnetorheological damper
Kun DANG , Liang ZHEN
Affiliations
  • Key Laboratory of Solar Power Generation Systems of Gansu Province, Jiuquan Vocational Technical University, Jiuquan735000, China
出版时间: 2026-01-15 doi: 10.16578/j.issn.1004.2539.2026.01.008
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目的

为了解决传统下假肢膝关节阻尼力固定、拟人性差等问题,设计了满足人体下假肢膝关节减振需求的磁流变阻尼器。

方法

通过理论计算,得到了平地行走和平地跑动时膝关节摆动相所需的最大阻尼力,分别为179.6 N和1 377 N;为了适应下假肢的运动状态,设计了满足膝关节摆动相所需阻尼力的减振器;通过数值仿真和试验研究,分析了外磁场扰动和温升效应对磁流变阻尼器动力学特性的影响;并利用下假肢膝关节模拟装置进行了外磁场扰动和温升效应对下假肢膝关节动力学特性影响的试验。

结果

结果表明,随着施加的外扰动磁场磁感应强度的增大,磁流变阻尼器输出的阻尼力增大;在相同条件下,随着磁流变液温度的升高,磁流变阻尼器输出的阻尼力减小;在膝关节的摆动前期和摆动中期的前半阶段,随着外扰动磁场磁感应强度的增大,膝关节运动的滞后性增强,角度误差增大;当外扰动磁场磁感应强度分别为10、20、30 mT时,下假肢膝关节的最大弯曲角度分别为59.0°、57.8°、55.7°,最大角度误差分别达到3.0°、6.8°、11.9°;随着磁流变液温度的升高,膝关节运动的滞后性增强,角度误差增大;当阻尼器温度分别升至30、35、40 ℃时,下假肢膝关节的最大弯曲角度分别为57.1°、54.0°、49.8°,最大角度误差分别达到1.9°、5.1°、9.8°。此结论为基于磁流变阻尼器的下假肢膝关节的设计和优化奠定了基础。

磁流变阻尼器  /  下假肢膝关节  /  外扰动磁场  /  温升效应  /  动力学特性
Objective

To solve the problems of fixed damping force and poor pseudo-humanity of traditional lower limb prosthetic knee joints, a magnetorheological damper was designed to meet the vibration reduction requirements of the lower limb prosthetic knee joint.

Methods

Through theoretical calculation, the maximum damping forces required for the knee joint swing phase during flat walking and flat running were obtained, which were 179.6 N and 1 377 N respectively. In order to adapt to the motion state of the lower limb prosthesis, a vibration absorber was designed to meet the damping force required by the knee joint swing phase. Through numerical simulation and test research, the influence of external disturbed magnetic field and temperature rise effect on the dynamics characteristics of magnetorheological damper were analyzed. The test of influence of external disturbance magnetic field and temperature rise effect on the dynamics characteristic of the lower limb prosthetic knee joint was conducted by using the lower limb prosthetic knee joint simulator.

Results

The results show that the output damping force of the magnetorheological damper increases with the increasing magnetic flux density of the external disturbed magnetic field. Under the same conditions, the output damping force of the magnetorheological damper decreases with the rising temperature of the magnetorheological fluid. In the early stage of knee joint swing and the first half of its middle stage, with the increase of the magnetic flux density of external disturbed magnetic field, the hysteresis of knee joint movement increases, and the angle error increases. When the magnetic flux density of external disturbed magnetic field is 10, 20 and 30 mT respectively, the maximum bending angle of the lower limb prosthetic knee joint is 59.0°, 57.8° and 55.7° respectively, and the maximum angle error reaches 3.0°, 6.8° and 11.9° respectively. As the rise of the temperature of the magnetorheological fluid, the hysteresis of knee joint movement increases, and the angle error increases. When the temperature of the damper rises to 30, 35 and 40 ℃ respectively, the maximum bending angle of the lower limb prosthetic knee joint is 57.1°, 54.0° and 49.8° respectively, and the maximum angle error reaches 1.9°, 5.1° and 9.8° respectively. These conclusions provide a basis for the design and optimization of the lower limb prosthetic knee joint based on the magnetorheological damper.

Magnetorheological damper  /  Lower limb prosthetic knee joint  /  External disturbed magnetic field  /  Temperature rise effect  /  Dynamic characteristic
党坤, 甄亮. 基于磁流变阻尼器的下假肢膝关节动力学特性研究. 机械传动, 2026 , 50 (1) : 56 -66 . DOI: 10.16578/j.issn.1004.2539.2026.01.008
Kun DANG, Liang ZHEN. Research on dynamic characteristics of lower limb prosthetic knee joint based on the magnetorheological damper[J]. Journal of Mechanical Transmission, 2026 , 50 (1) : 56 -66 . DOI: 10.16578/j.issn.1004.2539.2026.01.008
随着世界人口数量的持续增长,自然灾害、战争、交通事故等因素造成的截肢残疾人数量也呈明显的上升趋势。下假肢技术的快速发展能有效地帮助截肢残疾人恢复行动能力和生活自理能力,对残疾人重拾生存和生活的信心具有重要意义。磁流变阻尼器是利用磁流变液的磁化特性设计的一种输出阻尼力可调的阻尼器。其通过控制电磁线圈的输入电流来改变产生磁场的磁感应强度,进而调控阻尼器的输出阻尼力。这种调控方式响应速度快且持续可控。此外,磁流变阻尼器具有低能耗、易于精确控制的优点,因此常被用作减振器,安装于下假肢膝关节。通过调节阻尼器输入电流的大小来调整下假肢运动时膝关节所需转矩,从而可有效掌控下假肢膝关节的摆动角度,以适应残疾人步行过程中的步态调整需求,提高下假肢膝关节运动的拟人性和稳定性[1]
HERR等[2]最早开展了基于磁流变阻尼器的下假肢膝关节的振动研究,首次提出采用磁流变阻尼器作为减振装置对下假肢膝关节进行减振这一方法。该方法利用传感器收集到的膝关节的力和力矩的信息来自动调节阻尼器的输出阻尼力;同时,利用磁流变阻尼器阻尼可调的特性,实现阻尼力的实时动态调整,以满足残疾人行走时对步态的要求。刘旭辉等[3-4]将机械四连杆机构与新型的磁流变阻尼器结合,设计了一种可变阻尼的智能下假肢,其很好地满足了残疾人行走时对步态的要求。易锋等[5]108[6]985提出一种包含计算力矩的控制策略,并将其应用于一种融入了比例微分的轨迹跟踪控制算法。该算法可通过控制小腿的摆动角度来达到磁流变下假肢膝关节的减振效果。为了满足下假肢膝关节的摆动要求,上述研究主要针对磁流变阻尼器的控制方法展开了讨论,忽略了磁流变阻尼器外部和自身的不利因素对其动力学特性的影响,如磁流变液长时间工作时的温升及外扰动磁场环境等必然会影响磁流变阻尼器的性能,进而影响假肢膝关节的正常功能。外磁场扰动和温升效应是影响磁流变阻尼器动态性能的主要因素,而关于该方面的研究甚少。本文通过数值仿真和试验验证分析了外磁场扰动和温升效应对磁流变阻尼器的动态性能和对下假肢膝关节的动力学特性的影响。
人类正常的步行方式为直立行走,可通过观察双足与地面之间的相对位置来确定正常人在平地行走时的步态周期,其包括站立相和摆动相两部分。其中,站立相约占总步态周期的70%,摆动相约占30%。图1所示为正常人平地行走时膝关节和髋关节的摆动角度的变化曲线[5]109。由图1可知,膝关节的摆动角度变化范围为2°~70°,髋关节的摆动角度变化范围为-18°~24°。图2所示为平地行走时大腿和小腿的摆动角度的变化曲线[6]986-987。由图2可知,大腿的摆动角度变化范围为-19.1°~24.7°,小腿的摆动角度变化范围为-61.4°~21.5°。
在Matlab软件中对图2中的数据进行参数识别和曲线拟合,可得大腿摆动角度θ1和小腿摆动角度θ2的表达式[7]14-16[8]16-22,分别为
θ1=i=16a1isin(a2iωt+a3i)
θ2=i=16b1isin(b2iωt+b3i)
式中,ω为行走频率,ω=1 Hz;t为行走时间,t=1 s;a1ia2ia3ib1ib2ib3i均为由参数识别得到的变量参数,具体参数值如表1[7]14-16[8]16-22所示。
智能磁流变下假肢膝关节由大小腿连接部分、二连杆机构和磁流变阻尼器组成。图3(a)为磁流变下假肢膝关节结构原理图,图3(b)为其三维模型图。磁流变阻尼器活塞杆与大腿连杆相连接,起到了对来自人体作用力的减振作用。当佩戴假肢的残疾人正常行走时,在人体作用力下,活塞在阻尼器腔体内往复运动。此时,假肢膝关节减振需要的阻尼力较小,阻尼器电磁线圈没有电流输入,磁流变阻尼器只提供黏滞阻尼力。当残疾人在行走过程中遇到障碍物时,假肢膝关节运动状态发生剧烈变化,控制系统实时调节电磁线圈输入电流的大小,使阻尼缝隙中磁流变液流动状态发生变化,从而使磁流变阻尼器输出的阻尼力增大,及时满足假肢膝关节的减振需求,以保证残疾人行走过程中膝关节的受力平衡。二连杆的上、下连杆分别模拟人体大腿和小腿。其中,上连杆需安装固定腔与患者大腿残肢相连,两个连杆通过旋转铰链相连,铰链表示膝关节。
根据图3(a)中的结构尺寸,计算得到磁流变阻尼器的长度lMRD,即
lMRD=lKC2+lKD2-2lKClKDcos(θ1-θ2)
式中,lKC为铰链K到铰链C的长度,lKC=250 mm;lKD为铰链K到铰链D的长度,lKD=40 mm;θ1θ2分别为KH(大腿)、KS(小腿)与y轴的夹角,即分别为大腿和小腿的摆动角度。
由式(1)至式(3)可得磁流变阻尼器长度lMRD随步态周期变化的曲线,如图4所示。由图4可知,步态周期为72%和100%时,磁流变阻尼器的长度分别为244.8 mm和200.1 mm,这两个长度分别是阻尼器长度的最大值和最小值。因此,所设计磁流变阻尼器的工作行程必须大于44.7 mm才能满足要求。磁流变阻尼器下假肢的关键参数如表2所示。
通过分析人体水平行走过程发现,在支撑相运动过程中,膝关节转动角度变化范围较小且脚部始终与地面接触,具有一定的稳定性;在摆动相则是脚部与地面分离,小腿围绕膝关节摆动,膝关节转动角度范围大,且不稳定。因此,为更好地调节膝关节力矩、控制膝关节的精确摆动,需要求解膝关节所需的阻尼力。本文以摆动相运动过程为主要研究对象,由拉格朗日方程,建立图3(a)所示结构的动力学方程,表示为
τ1-τ2=M11θ¨1+M12θ¨2+C1+G1τ2=M21θ¨1+M22θ¨2+C2+G2
式中,τ1τ2分别为铰链HK所受的力矩;C1C2分别为KHKS的科氏力;G1G2分别为KHKS的重力;M11M12M21M22为转动惯量矩阵的4个分量,可分别表示为
M11=I1+m1l1'2+m2l12
M12=M21=m2l1l2'cos(θ1-θ2)
M22=I2+m2l2'2
式中,I1I2分别为KHKS的转动惯量。
科氏力C2可表示为
C2=-m2l1l2'sin(θ1-θ2)θ˙1
重力G2可表示为
G2=m2l2'gsinθ2
式中,g为重力加速度。
磁流变阻尼器作用在铰链C上的控制力矩τ2可表示为
τ2=Fd
式中,F为磁流变阻尼器的输出阻尼力;d为铰链KCD的距离,其表达式为
d=l1l2sin(θ1-θ2)/lMRD
将式(10)代入式(4)的第二个公式中,有
Fd=M21θ¨1+M22θ¨2+C2+G2
由式(12)可知,单轴式磁流变假肢膝关节是一个典型的非线性系统。其中,力臂d、科氏力C2及自重G2等都是非线性项,这些非线性项的变化必然会影响单轴式磁流变假肢膝关节的角度。根据上述分析,平地行走时膝关节在摆动相所需阻尼力的变化曲线如图5(a)所示,其最大值约为179.6 N。由于下假肢系统为非线性系统,行走过程的运动状态也会影响力臂d和科氏力C2的大小和方向,导致所需阻尼力F发生变化,影响膝关节的控制。因此,应设计满足不同运动状态要求的膝关节所需阻尼力的磁流变阻尼器,以保证下假肢的运动性能。平地跑步时膝关节在摆动相所需阻尼力的变化曲线如图5(b)所示,其最大值约为1 377 N。为满足残疾人行走过程中各种运动状态的需求,下假肢膝关节所需的磁流变阻尼器的阻尼力应大于1 377 N。因此,为了保证残疾人在平地穿戴假肢时的运动性能良好,以及满足残疾人在低洼高地障碍路面的行走需求,设计的磁流变阻尼器的输出阻尼力应大于1 500 N。
常见的磁流变阻尼器为剪切阀式圆筒形磁流变阻尼器,主要由供电线、导向活塞、活塞杆、线圈、浮动活塞及缸体等组件构成,其结构如图6所示。浮动活塞与缸体之间设有补偿气室,通常充氮气,用于补偿阻尼器无杆腔的压力;活塞与导向套之间形成环形阻尼缝隙,导向套上下端有磁流变液流通孔;阻尼器活塞在拉伸和压缩过程中,活塞上下两腔产生压差,磁流变液在压差作用下流过阻尼缝隙,此时,若给电磁线圈通电,则会在阻尼缝隙处产生垂直磁场,从而改变缝隙内磁流变液的剪切力,使磁流变阻尼器输出的阻尼力发生变化。因此,改变电磁线圈电流的大小可实现对阻尼力的连续调节[9]
为满足下假肢膝关节的减振需求,本文设计了一种输出阻尼力大于1 500 N的磁流变阻尼器,以确保其在下假肢膝关节中正常运行。经过试验验证,磁流变阻尼器的输出阻尼力满足要求。磁流变阻尼器的结构参数如表3所示。
当残疾人在各种路况下行走时,安装在下假肢膝关节的磁流变阻尼器减振装置因受到不同幅值和频率的冲击力而振动,此时阻尼活塞因振动在腔体内做往复运动,上下腔的磁流变液通过活塞与缸体间的环形缝隙流到活塞的另一侧,阻尼活塞将承受磁流变液流动产生的黏滞阻尼力和变化磁场产生的库仑阻尼力。改变电磁线圈电流的大小可以改变阻尼器工作间隙处的磁感应强度,从而实现对磁流变液的剪切屈服强度的调节,活塞与缸体相对运动时所承受的阻尼力也随之变化。所以,改变电磁线圈中电流的大小能够调节磁流变阻尼器的输出阻尼力。
Bingham黏塑性模型[10]是磁流变阻尼器力学模型中应用最广泛的一种,该模型可较好地描述磁流变液的Bingham黏塑性特性及磁流变阻尼器的输出阻尼力特性。阻尼器的Bingham黏塑性模型表达式为
F=12ηLAp2πDdh3x˙+3LAphτs
式中,η为磁流变液的动力黏度;L为活塞的有效长度;Ap为活塞的有效面积;Dd为阻尼通道的平均周长;h为阻尼缝隙的高度;x˙为磁流变阻尼器活塞与缸体的相对运动速度;τs为磁流变液的剪切屈服强度。上式中前半部分属于黏性阻尼力,是速度相关型阻尼力,其大小主要由活塞与缸体间的相对速度x˙决定,不受外部磁场的影响,因此可被视为固定不变的阻尼力;后半部分属于库仑阻尼力,其产生原理为:磁流变液在外部磁场作用下产生了磁流变效应,从而具有了类似于固体材料的剪切屈服强度,进而使阻尼器产生了随磁场磁感应强度变化的库仑阻尼力。
磁流变液常被认为是一种能够发生塑性屈服的新型智能材料,当剪应力达到磁流变液的屈服应力时,会引起磁流变液的剪切流动。剪应力与剪切速率之间存在线性关系,关系式为
τ=τssgn(γ˙)+ηγ˙
式中,τ为剪应力;γ˙为剪切速率。
为研究运动过程中磁流变阻尼器的内部电磁场情况,向磁流变阻尼器电磁线圈分别通入大小为0.4、0.8、1.2 A的电流I,并对阻尼器活塞杆施加位移幅值A0为15 mm、频率f为0.4 Hz的正弦激励x(t)=A0sin(2πft)图7图8分别为得到的磁流变阻尼器内部磁场磁感应强度B的三维和二维云图。由图7图8可知,磁流变阻尼器的活塞、阻尼间隙和气缸内部形成了一个封闭的磁路;其中,阻尼间隙处磁感应强度最大,磁感应线分布密集。活塞端部存在的漏磁将导致阻尼间隙处的磁感应强度降低。当输入电流从0.4 A增加到1.2 A时,最大磁感应强度从4.13 T增加到12.4 T,位于阻尼缝隙处,此时磁场几乎达到磁饱和,满足阻尼器磁场设计要求;磁感应线分布和磁感应强度大小与预期效果基本一致,表明磁流变阻尼器的结构设计和选材符合要求。
COMSOL软件仿真的后处理计算结果显示,当输入电流分别为0.4、0.8、1.2 A时,阻尼间隙处的平均磁感应强度分别为50.68、101.37、152.06 mT。阻尼间隙处的平均磁感应强度与输入电流基本成线性关系,关系曲线如图9所示。
在磁流变阻尼器活塞杆上施加x(t)=A0sin(2πft)的正弦谐波信号,设定电磁线圈输入电流I为1 A,正弦谐波信号幅值A0为15 mm,频率f分别为0.4、0.6、0.8 Hz,仿真运行50 s,预设阻尼器初始温度为27 ℃,即可得到磁流变阻尼器腔体内的温度场分布情况。图10图11分别为磁流变阻尼器内部温度场的三维分布云图和等温线分布图。由图10可知,阻尼器腔体内流体温度不尽相同,明显存在高温区和低温区,尤其是阻尼缝隙处的磁流变液温度明显高于电磁线圈、活塞和缸筒。由图11可知,磁流变阻尼器轴向的温度存在差异,距离活塞越远,温度越低。激励信号频率为0.4 Hz时,最高温度达到33.7 ℃;当激励信号频率增大到0.8 Hz时,最高温度达到52 ℃;为了进一步说明阻尼器磁流变液温度随加载时间的变化关系,利用COMSOL软件后处理功能得到各工况下阻尼缝隙处的平均温度随时间的变化关系,如图12所示。由图12可知,随着电流的增大,阻尼缝隙处的温度基本不变,这是由于磁流变阻尼器线圈的电阻较小,发热量小;随着激励信号频率和幅值的不断增大,阻尼缝隙处磁流变液的温度升高很快。从计算的数据中可以得出,线圈的发热量与阻尼力做功产生的热量相比要小得多,因此,磁流变阻尼器的温升主要来自阻尼力做功产生的磁流变液黏性热,受线圈的焦耳热影响较小。
外磁场会对磁流变阻尼器的输出阻尼力产生影响。本文选用定制的螺线管磁场发生器,应用超高精度高斯计测量磁场发生器通电后的磁感应强度,调试好的磁场发生器产生的磁场方向与阻尼器内部磁场方向一致。通过试验来测量磁流变阻尼器在实际激励运动下的温度升高值。由于磁流变阻尼器容腔内温度不易测试,因此可用磁流变阻尼器缸筒外壁的温度来代替。图13所示为搭建的磁流变阻尼器性能测试试验装置,主要包括磁流变阻尼器安装台架、激励信号发生器、数据采集系统、螺线管磁场发生器、高斯计、阻尼器温度测试系统等。控制系统选用研华工控机,数据采集系统选用PCI数据采集卡,磁流变阻尼器的位移信号、活塞杆的速度信号、磁流变阻尼器的输出力信号、磁流变阻尼器缸筒外壁的温度信号的输出通过PCI1713实现。同时,将模拟信号输入电液伺服激励系统,作为其激励信号,并利用LabVIEW编写控制程序。电磁线圈的电流通过外部手动输入,可以调节不同的输入电流;激励信号频率和幅值通过上位机设定,完成各输入电流和各激励信号作用下的磁流变阻尼器缸筒外壁的温升值的测量。磁流变阻尼器缸筒外壁的温度测试通过贴片热电阻PT100和具有显示功能的变送器完成。PT100的测试温度范围为0~150 ℃,可以将4~20 mA或0~5 V的电信号送到数据采集系统,从而可以实时采集磁流变阻尼器缸筒外壁的温度。
只考虑轴向外磁场对磁流变阻尼器的影响,本文利用螺线管磁场发生器来模拟阻尼器外磁场的扰动情况,并根据Boit-Savart定理推导了多层紧匝螺线管电磁场发生器产生的磁感应强度。
将磁感应强度分别为10、20、30 mT的磁场发生器产生的磁场叠加于磁流变阻尼器自身产生的磁场上,并向磁流变阻尼器中分别通入大小为0.4、0.8、1.2 A的电流,施加振幅为±10 mm、频率为0.4 Hz的正弦激励x(t)=A0sin(2πft),进行试验测试和分析。
对于大小分别为0.4、0.8、1.2 A的输入电流,采集外磁场磁感应强度分别为10、20、30 mT时的输出阻尼力,并绘制输出阻尼力与位移的关系曲线,如图14所示。由图14可知,随着外磁场磁感应强度的增大,阻尼器输出的阻尼力增大。随着外加磁场磁感应强度从10 mT增大到30 mT,当输入电流为0.4 A时,最大输出阻尼力从1 443.7 N增大到1 528.7 N,增大了5.9%;当输入电流为1.2 A时,最大输出阻尼力从2 653.8 N增大到2 790.5 N,增大了5.2%。试验结果表明,随着阻尼器输入电流的增大,当外加磁场磁感应强度增大时,磁流变阻尼器输出的最大阻尼力的增长幅度减小。这是由于随着磁流变阻尼器输入电流的增大,阻尼器自身产生的磁场的磁感应强度增大,外磁场对阻尼器自身磁场的改变作用已不显著。综上分析,在施加轴向方向的外加磁场时,磁流变阻尼器内部磁流变液产生磁化效应,磁流变液屈服应力增大,进而导致输出阻尼力增大。磁流变阻尼器输出的总阻尼力等于自身磁场和轴向方向外磁场共同作用时两者所对应产生的阻尼力之和。
对于大小分别为0.4、0.8、1.2 A的输入电流,当阻尼器温度分别升至30、35、40 ℃时,采集磁流变阻尼器的输出阻尼力,并绘制3个不同输入电流条件下输出阻尼力与位移的关系,如图15所示。运行过程中阻尼器温度持续升高,此处3个温度是磁流变阻尼器运行过程中阻尼器筒壁温度的平均值。由图15可知,输出阻尼力随着通入电流的增大而不断增大,这是由于通入电流的增大使产生的磁场增强,磁流变阻尼器的库仑阻尼力增大;在相同条件下,输出阻尼力随磁流变液温度的升高而减小,这是由于温度升高使磁流变液屈服应力和黏度减小。当电磁线圈输入电流为0.4 A、温度从30 ℃升至40 ℃时,阻尼器输出的最大阻尼力从1 486.4 N减小到1 319.2 N,减小了167.2 N,减小幅度为11.2%;输入电流为1.2 A、温度从30 ℃升至40 ℃时,最大阻尼力从2 675.9 N减小为2 177.1 N,减小了498.8 N,减小幅度为18.6%。从最大阻尼力的减小值可以清楚地看出,随着温度的升高,磁流变阻尼器输出阻尼力明显减小,这将对磁流变阻尼器在下假肢膝关节的减振应用带来严重的影响。因此,随着磁流变阻尼器的持续工作,其温度不断升高,阻尼器输出阻尼力不断减小。其主要原因是随着阻尼器温度的升高,磁流变液黏度减小,磁化率下降,进而造成阻尼器输出的黏滞阻尼力和库仑阻尼力减小。
为了测试磁流变阻尼器外磁场扰动和温升效应对下假肢膝关节动力学特性的影响,搭建了磁流变阻尼器下假肢运动模拟试验装置,如图16所示。该装置包括大腿模拟装置、膝关节和髋关节的角度传感器、磁流变阻尼器、阻尼器控制器、数据采集系统等。
根据上文得到的轴向外扰动磁场对阻尼器输出阻尼力的影响机制,对磁流变阻尼器下假肢膝关节进行外磁场扰动试验。对阻尼器分别施加磁感应强度为0、10、20、30 mT的轴向扰动磁场,得到1 s步态周期内膝关节摆动相的摆动角度跟踪曲线和角度误差曲线,如图17所示。
图17(a)可知,在下假肢膝关节摆动前期和摆动中期的前半阶段,随着外扰动磁场磁感应强度的增大,膝关节运动的滞后性增强;与参考曲线0 mT相比,运动轨迹的角度误差逐渐增大。当外扰动磁场的磁感应强度分别为10、20、30 mT时,下假肢膝关节的最大弯曲角度分别为59.0°、57.8°、55.7°。在膝关节摆动中期的后半阶段和摆动后期,摆动角度随时间的变化基本成线性;且随着外扰动磁场磁感应强度的增大,摆动角度曲线的斜率变小,运动轨迹的滞后性减弱。由图17(b)可知,在下假肢膝关节的摆动前期和摆动中期的前半阶段,随着外扰动磁场磁感应强度的增大,摆动角度误差增大;当外扰动磁场磁感应强度分别为10、20、30 mT时,最大角度误差分别达到3.0°、6.8°、11.9°。试验结果表明,随着外扰动磁场磁感应强度的增大,最大弯曲角度减小,且摆动速度减小,步态跟随性变差,直至失去拟人性。这表明,外扰动磁场对下假肢膝关节的动力学性能影响很大,需要增加控制,以提高磁流变阻尼器下假肢膝关节运动的准确度。
根据阻尼器温升对输出阻尼力的影响,进行不同温度下的磁流变阻尼器下假肢膝关节性能的测试试验。随着试验的进行,阻尼器温度不断升高,分别测试阻尼器温度在30、35、40 ℃时下假肢膝关节的跟踪性能,得到1 s步态周期内膝关节摆动相的摆动角度跟踪曲线和角度误差曲线,如图18所示。
图18(a)可知,在下假肢膝关节的摆动前期和摆动中期的前半阶段,随着阻尼器温度的升高,膝关节运动的滞后性增强;与参考曲线20 ℃相比,运动轨迹的角度误差逐渐增大,当阻尼器温度分别升至30、35、40 ℃时,下假肢膝关节的最大弯曲角度分别为57.1°、54.0°、49.8°。在膝关节的摆动中期后半阶段和摆动后期,摆动角度随时间的变化基本成线性;随着阻尼器温度的升高,摆动角度曲线的斜率变小,运动轨迹的滞后性减弱。由图18(b)可知,在下假肢膝关节的摆动前期和摆动中期的前半阶段,随着阻尼器温度的升高,摆动角度误差增大;当阻尼器温度分别升至30、35、40 ℃时,最大角度误差分别达到1.9°、5.1°、9.8°。试验结果表明,随着阻尼器温度的升高,最大弯曲角度减小,且摆动速度减小,步态跟随性变差,直至失去拟人性。这表明,磁流变阻尼器的温度对下假肢膝关节的性能也具有一定的影响。
根据下假肢膝关节的动力学特性,设计了满足人体下假肢膝关节减振需求的磁流变阻尼器;通过数值仿真和试验验证,分析了外扰动磁场对磁流变阻尼器动力学特性的影响,并利用搭建的磁流变阻尼器下假肢模拟装置完成了试验测试,得到以下结论:
1)通过理论计算得到,平地行走时膝关节摆动相所需最大阻尼力约为179.6 N,平地跑步时膝关节摆动相所需最大阻尼力约为1 377 N。为满足残疾人不同运动状态的需求,保证下假肢的运动性能良好,设计了一种满足要求的磁流变阻尼器。
2)随着施加的外扰动磁场磁感应强度的增大,阻尼器的输出阻尼力增大。随着外扰动磁场磁感应强度从10 mT增大到30 mT,当阻尼器输入电流为0.4 A时,最大输出阻尼力从1 443.7 N增大到1 528.7 N,增大了5.9%;当输入电流为1.2 A时,最大输出阻尼力从2 653.8 N增大到2 790.5 N,增大了5.2%。在相同条件下,输出阻尼力随磁流变液温度的升高而减小。电磁线圈输入电流为0.4 A、温度从30 ℃升至40 ℃时,阻尼器输出的最大阻尼力从1 486.4 N减小到1 319.2 N,减小了167.2 N,减小幅度为11.2%;输入电流为1.2 A、温度从30 ℃升至40 ℃时,最大阻尼力从2 675.9 N减小到2 177.1 N,减小了498.8 N,减小幅度为18.6%。
3)在下假肢膝关节的摆动前期和摆动中期的前半阶段,随着外扰动磁场磁感应强度的增大,膝关节运动的滞后性增强。当外扰动磁场磁感应强度分别为10、20、30 mT时,下假肢膝关节的最大弯曲角度分别为59.0°、57.8°、55.7°,最大角度误差分别达到3.0°、6.8°、11.9°;即随着外扰动磁场磁感应强度的增大,摆动角度误差逐渐增大。在下假肢膝关节的摆动前期和摆动中期的前半阶段,随着阻尼器温度的升高,膝关节运动的滞后性增强。当阻尼器温度分别升至30、35、40 ℃时,下假肢膝关节的最大弯曲角度分别为57.1°、54.0°、49.8°,最大角度误差分别达到1.9°、5.1°、9.8°;即随着阻尼器温度的升高,摆动角度误差逐渐增大。
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doi: 10.16578/j.issn.1004.2539.2026.01.008
  • 接收时间:2024-09-21
  • 首发时间:2026-05-20
  • 出版时间:2026-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-21
  • 修回日期:2024-10-26
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    酒泉职业技术大学 甘肃省太阳能发电系统重点实验室,酒泉735000

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甄亮,男,1984年生,甘肃张掖人,博士研究生,教授;主要研究方向为智能材料与振动控制;04130227.zl@163.com。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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