Article(id=1263881623158796982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, issueId=1263881604263437054, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16578/j.issn.1004.2539.2026.01.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1724428800000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-24, revisedDate=1732636800000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1779262460745, onlineDateStr=2026-05-20, pubDate=1768406400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1779262460745, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1779262460745, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1779262460745, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1263881604263437054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, year='2026', volume='50', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='191', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1779262456241, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1779263107607, updator=13041195026, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1263884336399528882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, issueId=1263881604263437054, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1263884336403723187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, issueId=1263881604263437054, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=40, endPage=49, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1263881626296136381, articleId=1263881623158796982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, language=EN, title=Analysis of electromagnetic vibration and noise of slotted disk-type asynchronous magnetic couplers, columnId=1263881611804795649, journalTitle=Journal of Mechanical Transmission, columnName=Special Topic of Magnetic Transmission, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

Alternating magnetic fields induce vibrations in mechanical components, thereby generating noise. Fluctuations in electromagnetic excitation forces and electromagnetic torque are the primary causes of electromagnetic vibration noise. To analyze the generation mechanisms and functional patterns of these fluctuations, an electromagnetic vibration noise analysis was conducted on a slotted disk-type asynchronous magnetic coupler with 9 pole pairs and 16 slots.

Methods

Firstly, theoretical formulas for air-gap magnetic flux density and electromagnetic excitation force were derived using the magnetic scalar potential permeance method and Maxwell stress tensor method. Combined with finite element simulation, the harmonic order amplitudes of the Fourier decomposition of air-gap magnetic flux density and electromagnetic excitation force were obtained. Secondly, based on the energy method, an expression for cogging torque was derived. Finite element simulation was employed to determine the cogging torque and electromagnetic torque fluctuations generated during the operation of the magnetic coupler. Thirdly, an electromagnetics-structural-acoustic multi-physics coupling model was established. Using the modal superposition method, vibration acceleration and displacement produced during stable operation of the magnetic coupler were obtained, and the characteristics of its electromagnetic noise were analyzed. Finally, a test platform for the magnetic coupler was constructed to measure electromagnetic noise during stable operation. Test results were compared with simulation outcomes to validate the theoretical analysis.

Results

The results indicate that low-order electromagnetic excitation forces are the main causes of vibrations in the magnetic coupler, and significant vibrations occur when the frequency of the electromagnetic excitation force approaches the natural frequency of the magnetic coupler. Comparison with simulation results shows that the test data obtained from the magnetic coupler test platform confirm the accuracy of the theoretical analysis.

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目的

磁场交替变换会引起机械部件的振动,从而产生噪声。电磁激振力与电磁转矩的波动是造成电磁振动噪声的主要原因。为了分析电磁激振力与电磁转矩波动的产生机制与作用规律,针对一台9对极16槽的开槽盘式异步磁力耦合器,进行了电磁振动噪声分析。

方法

首先,运用磁势磁导法与麦克斯韦应力张量法,推导出气隙磁密和电磁激振力的理论公式;并结合有限元仿真,得到了气隙磁密和电磁激振力傅里叶分解后的各谐波阶次幅值。其次,基于能量法,推导出齿槽转矩的表达式;运用有限元仿真,得到了磁力耦合器运行时产生的齿槽转矩及电磁转矩波动。再次,建立了电磁-结构-声学多物理场耦合模型;运用模态叠加法,得到了磁力耦合器稳定运行时产生的振动加速度与振动位移,并分析了其电磁噪声特征。最后,搭建磁力耦合器试验平台,测试了磁力耦合器稳定运行时的电磁噪声;将试验结果与仿真结果进行比较,以验证理论分析的正确性。

结果

结果表明,低阶电磁激振力是造成磁力耦合器振动的主要原因,且当电磁激振力频率与磁力耦合器固有频率相近时会产生较大振动。对比仿真结果,通过磁力耦合器试验平台得到的试验结果证明了理论分析的正确性。

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杨超君,女,1965年生,江苏无锡人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师;主要研究方向为磁力机械及激光加工技术;

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2.重庆大学 高端装备机械传动全国重点实验室,重庆400044, bio={"content":"

杨超君,女,1965年生,江苏无锡人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师;主要研究方向为磁力机械及激光加工技术;

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杨超君,女,1965年生,江苏无锡人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师;主要研究方向为磁力机械及激光加工技术;

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Transactions of CSICE202240(4):351-356., articleTitle=Noise separation method of TGDI engine based on sound energy superposition, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1263881670227276790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881623158796982, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1263881670244054007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881623158796982, companyId=1263881670227276790, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang212013, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1263881670520878072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881623158796982, companyId=1263881670227276790, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.江苏大学 机械工程学院,镇江212013)]), AuthorCompany(id=1263881671812722698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881623158796982, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1263881671867248652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881623158796982, companyId=1263881671812722698, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmission for Advanced Equipment, Chongqing University, Chongqing400044, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1263881671879831565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881623158796982, companyId=1263881671812722698, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.重庆大学 高端装备机械传动全国重点实验室,重庆400044)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1263881711641833690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881623158796982, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Model of the magnetic coupler, figureFileSmall=cnmZg9b5SyGhuTKiHH1aPw==, figureFileBig=IHdVjUTgZDs7EROcc1MD/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263881712195481824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881623158796982, language=CN, label=图1, caption=磁力耦合器模型, figureFileSmall=cnmZg9b5SyGhuTKiHH1aPw==, figureFileBig=IHdVjUTgZDs7EROcc1MD/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263881715081162989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881623158796982, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Sources of vibration in mechano-electromagnetic transmission systems, figureFileSmall=NTzFR7hcvWfs4AaulRoJQA==, figureFileBig=svGSiEmQTgmFSdn/gFW9Nw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263881716242985208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881623158796982, language=CN, label=图2, caption=机电磁传动系统振动的来源, figureFileSmall=NTzFR7hcvWfs4AaulRoJQA==, figureFileBig=svGSiEmQTgmFSdn/gFW9Nw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263881717119594752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881623158796982, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Magnetomotive force distribution of the magnetic coupler, figureFileSmall=n9fCoDznXFc3mb0//JMjqQ==, figureFileBig=Ett95SpHLXL0y50vsyeNyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263881718365303047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881623158796982, language=CN, label=图3, caption=磁力耦合器磁动势分布, figureFileSmall=n9fCoDznXFc3mb0//JMjqQ==, figureFileBig=Ett95SpHLXL0y50vsyeNyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263881720022053133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881623158796982, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Three dimensional finite element model of the magnetic coupler, figureFileSmall=xdYveXgZo59WMqaoC04pKw==, figureFileBig=4rzgcn48JMl6BqJG2pmGOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263881720961577242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881623158796982, language=CN, label=图4, caption=磁力耦合器三维有限元模型

(a)磁力耦合器有限元模型 (b)导体转子有限元模型

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(c)3阶模态振型 (d)4阶模态振型

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Structural parameters of the magnetic coupler

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参数
导体层内半径r1/mm75
导体层外半径r2/mm130
齿槽内半径r3/mm80
齿槽外半径r4/mm125
永磁体外半径r5/mm125
永磁体内半径r6/mm80
永磁体厚度tm/mm10
铜导体厚度tc/mm10
永磁体背铁厚度tmb/mm10
铜盘背铁厚度tcb/mm10
气隙厚度g/mm可变
永磁体极对数p9
), ArticleFig(id=1263881758240551407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881623158796982, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

磁力耦合器结构参数

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参数
导体层内半径r1/mm75
导体层外半径r2/mm130
齿槽内半径r3/mm80
齿槽外半径r4/mm125
永磁体外半径r5/mm125
永磁体内半径r6/mm80
永磁体厚度tm/mm10
铜导体厚度tc/mm10
永磁体背铁厚度tmb/mm10
铜盘背铁厚度tcb/mm10
气隙厚度g/mm可变
永磁体极对数p9
), ArticleFig(id=1263881760031519221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881623158796982, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Material properties of the magnetic coupler

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参数
永磁体矫顽力Hc/(A/m)-8.68×105
铜导体电导率σ/(S/m)5.7×107
永磁体相对磁导率μ11.05
背铁相对磁导率μ22 000
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磁力耦合器材料属性

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参数
永磁体矫顽力Hc/(A/m)-8.68×105
铜导体电导率σ/(S/m)5.7×107
永磁体相对磁导率μ11.05
背铁相对磁导率μ22 000
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Material properties of the back iron

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材料弹性模量/(N/m2密度/(kg/m3泊松比
10#2.09×10117 8500.269
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背铁材料属性

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材料弹性模量/(N/m2密度/(kg/m3泊松比
10#2.09×10117 8500.269
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Modal frequencies

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模态阶数固有频率/Hz
1353.60
2764.75
31 768.00
43 119.90
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模态频率

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模态阶数固有频率/Hz
1353.60
2764.75
31 768.00
43 119.90
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Operating noise of the magnetic coupler

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输入转速/(r/min)输出转速/(r/min)噪声/dB相对误差/%
2505071.24.42
30010071.63.84
35015072.22.98
40020072.91.99
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磁力耦合器运行噪声

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输入转速/(r/min)输出转速/(r/min)噪声/dB相对误差/%
2505071.24.42
30010071.63.84
35015072.22.98
40020072.91.99
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开槽盘式异步磁力耦合器电磁振动与噪声分析
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杨超君 1, 2 , 朱志成 1 , 王凯旋 1 , 郭亚飞 1 , 张意雯 1
机械传动 | 磁传动专题 2026,50(1): 40-49
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机械传动 | 磁传动专题 2026, 50(1): 40-49
开槽盘式异步磁力耦合器电磁振动与噪声分析
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杨超君1, 2 , 朱志成1, 王凯旋1, 郭亚飞1, 张意雯1
作者信息
  • 1.江苏大学 机械工程学院,镇江212013
  • 2.重庆大学 高端装备机械传动全国重点实验室,重庆400044
  • 杨超君,女,1965年生,江苏无锡人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师;主要研究方向为磁力机械及激光加工技术;

Analysis of electromagnetic vibration and noise of slotted disk-type asynchronous magnetic couplers
Chaojun YANG1, 2 , Zhicheng ZHU1, Kaixuan WANG1, Yafei GUO1, Yiwen ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang212013, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmission for Advanced Equipment, Chongqing University, Chongqing400044, China
出版时间: 2026-01-15 doi: 10.16578/j.issn.1004.2539.2026.01.006
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目的

磁场交替变换会引起机械部件的振动,从而产生噪声。电磁激振力与电磁转矩的波动是造成电磁振动噪声的主要原因。为了分析电磁激振力与电磁转矩波动的产生机制与作用规律,针对一台9对极16槽的开槽盘式异步磁力耦合器,进行了电磁振动噪声分析。

方法

首先,运用磁势磁导法与麦克斯韦应力张量法,推导出气隙磁密和电磁激振力的理论公式;并结合有限元仿真,得到了气隙磁密和电磁激振力傅里叶分解后的各谐波阶次幅值。其次,基于能量法,推导出齿槽转矩的表达式;运用有限元仿真,得到了磁力耦合器运行时产生的齿槽转矩及电磁转矩波动。再次,建立了电磁-结构-声学多物理场耦合模型;运用模态叠加法,得到了磁力耦合器稳定运行时产生的振动加速度与振动位移,并分析了其电磁噪声特征。最后,搭建磁力耦合器试验平台,测试了磁力耦合器稳定运行时的电磁噪声;将试验结果与仿真结果进行比较,以验证理论分析的正确性。

结果

结果表明,低阶电磁激振力是造成磁力耦合器振动的主要原因,且当电磁激振力频率与磁力耦合器固有频率相近时会产生较大振动。对比仿真结果,通过磁力耦合器试验平台得到的试验结果证明了理论分析的正确性。

开槽盘式异步磁力耦合器  /  振动噪声  /  傅里叶分解  /  多物理场耦合
Objective

Alternating magnetic fields induce vibrations in mechanical components, thereby generating noise. Fluctuations in electromagnetic excitation forces and electromagnetic torque are the primary causes of electromagnetic vibration noise. To analyze the generation mechanisms and functional patterns of these fluctuations, an electromagnetic vibration noise analysis was conducted on a slotted disk-type asynchronous magnetic coupler with 9 pole pairs and 16 slots.

Methods

Firstly, theoretical formulas for air-gap magnetic flux density and electromagnetic excitation force were derived using the magnetic scalar potential permeance method and Maxwell stress tensor method. Combined with finite element simulation, the harmonic order amplitudes of the Fourier decomposition of air-gap magnetic flux density and electromagnetic excitation force were obtained. Secondly, based on the energy method, an expression for cogging torque was derived. Finite element simulation was employed to determine the cogging torque and electromagnetic torque fluctuations generated during the operation of the magnetic coupler. Thirdly, an electromagnetics-structural-acoustic multi-physics coupling model was established. Using the modal superposition method, vibration acceleration and displacement produced during stable operation of the magnetic coupler were obtained, and the characteristics of its electromagnetic noise were analyzed. Finally, a test platform for the magnetic coupler was constructed to measure electromagnetic noise during stable operation. Test results were compared with simulation outcomes to validate the theoretical analysis.

Results

The results indicate that low-order electromagnetic excitation forces are the main causes of vibrations in the magnetic coupler, and significant vibrations occur when the frequency of the electromagnetic excitation force approaches the natural frequency of the magnetic coupler. Comparison with simulation results shows that the test data obtained from the magnetic coupler test platform confirm the accuracy of the theoretical analysis.

Slotted disk-type asynchronous magnetic coupler  /  Vibration and noise  /  Fourier decomposition  /  Multi-physics field coupling
杨超君, 朱志成, 王凯旋, 郭亚飞, 张意雯. 开槽盘式异步磁力耦合器电磁振动与噪声分析. 机械传动, 2026 , 50 (1) : 40 -49 . DOI: 10.16578/j.issn.1004.2539.2026.01.006
Chaojun YANG, Zhicheng ZHU, Kaixuan WANG, Yafei GUO, Yiwen ZHANG. Analysis of electromagnetic vibration and noise of slotted disk-type asynchronous magnetic couplers[J]. Journal of Mechanical Transmission, 2026 , 50 (1) : 40 -49 . DOI: 10.16578/j.issn.1004.2539.2026.01.006
开槽盘式异步磁力耦合器是一种新型传动装置,以电磁感应原理为工作基础,可实现电动机与负载之间的无接触式传动,具有结构简单、过载保护、转矩传输高效等优点,被逐渐应用于石油、化工等环境较恶劣的场景[1-5]
电磁振动噪声是一个涉及电磁、结构、声学等多个物理场的复杂问题。近年来,国内外许多学者针对电磁振动噪声进行了相关研究。TSYPKIN[6]基于振动分析技术研究异步电动机电磁振动的来源,结合试验发现,气隙中不规则磁场谐波会显著放大电动机结构的振动。KOTTER等[7]介绍了一种基于驱动系统的永磁轴向磁通电动机的电磁噪声-振动刚度仿真建模方法,并与试验结果进行比较,验证了该方法的可行性。LIU等[8]通过有限元法对机电液耦合器的电磁振动与噪声进行分析,并提出两种永磁体开槽的结构优化方案;根据两种优化方案的仿真对比,验证了两种开槽方式均能有效降低电磁振动。WU等[9]4377-4388从理论上推导了双定子中间磁极混合励磁电动机气隙磁通与电磁力谐波的产生机制,并结合仿真与试验分析了电动机振动特性。王道涵等[10]提出一种新型内置式永磁同步电动机;该电动机的转子沿轴向分成两段,每段中均有一个V形磁极;不同于其他磁极,该结构能够明显削弱齿槽转矩、电磁转矩波动以及振动噪声。王爽等[11]建立了双盘式磁力耦合器电磁激振力的解析模型,并对磁力耦合器进行振动噪声分析,但只考虑了部分阶次的电磁激振力对振动噪声的影响。综上所述,目前电磁振动噪声的研究主要集中在电动机,且大多为径向磁通电动机,对轴向磁通的开槽盘式磁力耦合器的电磁振动噪声特性的研究较少。由于开槽盘式异步磁力耦合器气隙磁场的非正弦分布[12]及转矩波动的存在,磁力耦合器在运行过程中受磁场交替变换作用,会不可避免地出现振动及噪声。因此,研究开槽盘式异步磁力耦合器的电磁振动噪声特点,在设计时对其结构参数进行优化设计,对提高其传动稳定性具有非常重要的意义。
结合9对极16槽的开槽盘式异步磁力耦合器的结构特征,本文提出一种电磁⁃结构⁃声学多物理场耦合的方法,研究磁力耦合器稳定运行时的电磁振动噪声特性。所提方法以磁力耦合器运行时产生的电磁激振力与电磁转矩为振动源,运用模态叠加法分析其电磁振动及噪声特征,并搭建磁力耦合器测试平台,进行了试验验证。
本文研究对象为开槽盘式异步磁力耦合器。由于磁路中磁通流动倾向于在低磁阻路径形成磁回路,导体盘采用开槽的形式会降低导体区整体的磁阻,故会增大导体区域磁通量,进而提高导体区域的平均磁通密度与电磁转矩密度[13]图1为开槽盘式异步磁力耦合器的模型图,其主要由永磁转子与导体转子组成。永磁体轴向充磁并按N、S极交替紧密排列于永磁体背铁上,组成永磁转子;铜导体上开有16个扇形槽,装配于铜盘背铁的齿部,组成导体转子。具体结构参数如表1所示,材料属性如表2所示。
开槽盘式异步磁力耦合器工作模型如图1(d)所示。假设永磁转子为主动部件,安装在主动轴;导体转子安装在从动轴。当电动机带动永磁转子转动时,铜导体切割永磁体磁场中的磁力线产生感应电流,感应电流产生的感应磁场与原磁场进行耦合来传递转矩。磁力耦合器还可通过改变气隙长度控制传递动力的能力,从而实现无级调速。上述传动系统在工作中可能产生振动和噪声。图2为机电磁传动系统振动的来源与传递图。一般来说,传动装置的振动来源可以分为3种:机械振动、电磁振动、空气动力振动。由于磁力耦合器为非接触式传动且无风冷装置,所以,磁力耦合器的电磁振动是传动过程中产生振动的主要部分。其传递路径为导体盘⁃传动轴⁃负载,与磁力耦合器运行时产生的电磁激振力、电磁转矩波动以及本身结构模态等因素有关。
由此,本文首先进行磁力耦合器的电磁激振力及电磁转矩波动分析;其次,将所得的电磁激振力与电磁转矩作为激振源加载到铜盘背铁齿部,利用模态叠加法,得到磁力耦合器谐波响应结果,即振动加速度与振动位移;最后,将谐波响应结果作为噪声源,求解磁力耦合器的运行噪声。
对于开槽盘式异步磁力耦合器,主磁通量的轴向分量为进入气隙的主要分量,在铜盘背铁齿部产生具有时间与空间两种属性的电磁激振力,从而产生振动噪声。因此,气隙磁密直接决定了电磁激振力的性质。为分析磁力耦合器的气隙磁密,本文使用磁势磁导法对气隙磁密进行理论推导。
为建立相对简单的磁力耦合器分析模型,做以下假设。
1)忽略背铁磁饱和问题,认为背铁材料的磁导率为无穷大。
2)仅考虑磁力耦合器永磁体产生的磁场,不考虑感应磁场对原磁场的影响。
3)永磁体产生的磁动势为矩形磁动势。
4)开槽对气隙磁导的影响为矩形影响,忽略其边界效应。
为了便于分析,将磁力耦合器的永磁体背铁与铜盘背铁在平均半径处沿周向展开,从而在二维展开模型上建立坐标系,分析磁力耦合器的磁动势。根据上述假设,可得出磁力耦合器周向展开后的磁动势分布,如图3所示。其中,纵坐标的正负代表磁场磁性;永磁体磁动势幅值F的计算式[14]
F=Hctm
根据磁势磁导法,气隙磁密表达式[15]
BZ(θ,t)=fZ(θ,t)Λ(θ)
式中,BZθt)为轴向气隙磁密;fZθt)为永磁体磁动势;Λθ)为气隙磁导;θ为沿转子圆周位置;t为时间变量。
图3所示的磁动势分布可知,磁动势fZθt)的傅里叶展开表达式[16]
fZ(θ,t)=γ=1,3,5Fγcos(γpθ-γωt)
式中,Fγγ阶磁动势的幅值;γ为磁动势傅里叶展开阶数,γ=1,3,5,…;ω为磁力耦合器运行时转速差对应的角速度。
气隙磁导Λθ的傅里叶展开表达式为
Λ(θ)=Λ0+m=1,2,3Λmcos(mzθ)
式中,Λ0为0阶气隙磁导的幅值;m为气隙磁导傅里叶展开阶数,m=1,2,3,…;Λmm阶气隙磁导的幅值;z为铜盘背铁的齿数。
将式(3)、式(4)代入式(2)可得,气隙磁密的表达式为
BZ(θ,t)=fZ(θ,t)Λ(θ)=γ=1,3,5Fγcos(γpθ-γωt)m=0,1,2,3Λmcos(mzθ)=γ=1,3,5m=0,1,2,3FγΛm2cos[(γp±mz)θ-γωt]
由于开槽盘式异步磁力耦合器的永磁体为轴向充磁,所以,切向气隙磁密相对于轴向气隙磁密较小。忽略切向气隙磁密的影响,此时,电磁激振力仅受轴向气隙磁密的影响。根据麦克斯韦应力张量法,轴向电磁激振力[17]可表示为
PZ(θ,t)=BZ2(θ,t)2μ0
式中,μ0为真空磁导率。
将式(5)代入式(6)可得,电磁激振力的表达式为
PZ(θ,t)=12μ0{[γ=1,3,5Fγcos(γpθ-γωt)]×[m=0,1,2,3Λmcos(mzθ)]}2=12μ0{γ=1,3,5 m=0,1,2,3FγΛm2cos[(γp±mz)θ-γωt]}2
对式(7)进行积化和差可得,单阶电磁激振力的表达式为
PZ(θ,t)=116μ0Fγ1Fγ2Λm1Λm2cos{[(γ1p±m1z)θ-γ1ωt]±(γ2p±m2z)θ-γ2ωt]}=116μ0Fγ1Fγ2Λm1Λm2cos{[(γ1±γ2)p±(m1±m2)z]θ-(γ1±γ2)ωt}γ=1,3,5m=0,1,2,3
由式(5)可得气隙磁密的谐波特性,即气隙磁密在时空上的分布。磁力耦合器气隙磁密的空间阶次为γp±mz,时间阶次为γ。这里p=9,z=16,气隙磁密在空间上主要分布在9、25、27等阶次,时间上主要分布在奇数阶次。根据式(6),电磁激振力与气隙磁密为平方关系,气隙磁密直接决定了电磁激振力的性质。所以,由式(8)可得电磁激振力的谐波特性,即电磁激振力在时空上的分布。电磁激振力空间阶次为γ1±γ2p±m1±m2z,时间阶次为γ1±γ2,则电磁激振力在空间上主要分布在0、2、16、18阶次,时间上主要分布在偶数阶次。
为验证上述电磁激振力的谐波特性,在仿真分析软件中建立开槽盘式异步磁力耦合器的三维有限元模型,如图4所示。永磁体材料为钕铁硼,背铁材料为10#钢。永磁转子与导体转子间气隙厚度设置为3 mm,转速差设置为200 r/min。
电磁激振力由气隙磁密产生,所以,先对气隙磁密进行仿真求解。图5(a)所示为开槽盘式异步磁力耦合器在气隙厚度3 mm、转速差200 r/min时的轴向气隙磁密分布。由于铜盘背铁齿的调制作用,气隙磁密呈不规则分布而非正弦分布,主要体现在相同磁极的两块永磁体气隙处磁密幅值不同及同一块永磁体处的气隙磁密有波动。图5(b)所示为气隙磁密傅里叶分解后的谐波分布。气隙磁密谐波的空间阶次主要分布在9、25、27阶,时间阶次主要分布在1、3、5阶,与式(5)的分析结果一致,验证了气隙磁密谐波特性理论分析的正确性。
图6(a)所示为开槽盘式异步磁力耦合器在气隙厚度3 mm、转速差200 r/min时的电磁激振力密度。由于气隙磁密发生畸变,且前文已经分析,电磁激振力与气隙磁密为平方关系。所以,电磁激振力出现更大的幅值波动。图6(b)所示为电磁激振力傅里叶分解后的时空分布。其主要分布在阶次较低位置,且电磁激振力的空间阶次主要分布在0、2、16、18阶,时间阶次主要分布在偶数阶,与式(8)的分析结果一致,验证了电磁激振力谐波特性理论分析的正确性。
开槽盘式异步磁力耦合器的电磁转矩是由永磁体磁场与铜盘产生的感应磁场相互耦合产生的。铜盘背铁的齿槽调制作用导致气隙磁密呈非正弦分布,且诱发齿槽转矩,从而引起电磁转矩波动。磁力耦合器作为一种传动装置,在传动过程中,如果存在较大的电磁转矩波动,会导致传动过程不稳定,引起磁力耦合器的振动、噪声。本节对磁力耦合器的电磁转矩波动及齿槽转矩进行分析。
在磁力耦合器运行时,如果产生较大的电磁转矩波动,会引起振动与噪声,降低传动的稳定性。电磁转矩波动[18]可以表示为
Tripple=Tmax-TminTave×100%
式中,Tmax为最大转矩;Tmin为最小转矩;Tave为平均转矩。
依据图4所示的磁力耦合器三维有限元模型,气隙厚度设置为3 mm,转速差设置为200 r/min,仿真模拟得到的磁力耦合器电磁转矩与时间关系如图7所示。由图7可知,磁力耦合器稳定运行时的平均转矩为146.49 N·m,最大转矩为148.51 N·m,最小转矩为144.47 N·m。由式(9)可得,此时转矩波动为2.76%。
齿槽转矩是永磁体和齿槽间因磁场相互作用而产生的力的切向分量。这种力总有将齿槽口与永磁体对齐在某一位置的趋势。齿槽转矩Tcog的存在会加剧电磁转矩波动,导致磁力耦合器的振动、噪声、声振粗糙度性能恶化。其解析式[19]
Tcog=-Wθ0
式中,W为磁场能量;θ0为永磁体中线与对应背铁齿中线的夹角,如图8所示。
存储在磁场的能量可以近似地视为永磁体和气隙中能量的总和,可表示为
Wairgap+PM=12μ0VBr2(θ)[hm(θ)hm(θ)+g(θ,θ0)]2dV
式中,Brθ)为永磁材料的剩磁密度沿圆周方向的分布;hmθ)为永磁体充磁的圆周分量;gθθ0)为有效气隙厚度的圆周分量;V为气隙体积。
假设永磁体磁场在气隙中均匀分布,则Br2θ)的傅里叶展开式可表示为
Br2(θ)=αBr2+n=1Brncos2npθ)
其中,
Brn=2nπBr2sin(nαπ)
式中,Br为永磁体剩磁;α为永磁体极弧系数;n为傅里叶分解阶数,取正整数。
式(11)中,{hm(θ)/[hm(θ)+g(θθ0)]}2的傅里叶展开式可表示为
[hm(θ)hm(θ)+g(θ,θ0)]2=G0+n=1Gncos(nzθ)
式中,G0Gn均为傅里叶展开系数。
将式(11)~式(14)代入式(10)可得,磁力耦合器齿槽转矩表达式为
Tcog=zπ(r4-r3)24μ0(r4+r3)n=1nGnBrnsin(nzα)
齿槽转矩的周期数[9]4384-4385
NL=fLCM(2p,z)
式中,fLCM(·)为最小公倍数函数。
由式(16)可得,9对极16槽盘式磁力耦合器1个机械周期内的齿槽转矩的周期数为144。
为了得到磁力耦合器产生的齿槽转矩,依据图4所示的三维有限元模型,考虑到齿槽转矩是永磁体与铜盘背铁齿相互作用产生的,需要忽略铜导体产生的电磁转矩的影响。所以,在仿真模拟时将三维模型中的铜导体去掉或不设置其涡流效应,且为了方便仿真求解,将永磁转子转速设置为1 (°)/s。图9为磁力耦合器在气隙厚度为3 mm、永磁转子转速为1 (°)/s时所产生的齿槽转矩与时间关系图。齿槽转矩幅值为0.781 N·m,1个周期为2.5 s;由于1个机械周期为360 s,1个机械周期内齿槽转矩的周期数为144,与式(16)的周期数分析结果一致。
为了研究磁力耦合器的电磁振动噪声特性,本文提出一种适用于磁力耦合器的多物理场耦合模型,分析流程如图10所示。具体流程如下所述。
1)建立磁力耦合器的三维模型,通过电磁场模拟分析软件,模拟得到磁力耦合器在气隙厚度3 mm、转速差200 r/min下的电磁激振力与电磁转矩。
2)由建立的磁力耦合器三维模型获得三维铜盘背铁模型。在结构场中,将铜盘背铁模型设置为空间自由振动边界条件,开展模态分析,求解三维铜盘背铁模型的模态振型与固有频率。
3)建立电磁⁃结构⁃声学多物理场耦合模型并进行振动分析,将电磁激振力与电磁转矩传递到结构模型中并进行多场耦合分析,运用模态叠加法求解铜盘背铁的谐波响应。本文取振动加速度与振动位移为谐波响应结果。
4)在声场中,将谐波响应结果作为噪声源并求解磁力耦合器运行时的噪声。本文取A加权声压级来反映磁力耦合器的声辐射情况。
结构的振动不仅与电磁激振力和电磁转矩的特点有关,还与结构本身的动力学特性有关[20]。通过模态分析可以得到结构的动力学特性,即结构的模态振型与固有频率,为结构的振动特性分析及优化设计提供依据。
本文采用有限元法对磁力耦合器的模态进行分析。将铜盘背铁模型导入到仿真软件中,材料为10#钢,尺寸参数如表1所示,材料属性如表3所示。将其设置为空间自由振动边界条件,对其模态进行计算。图11所示为铜盘背铁前4阶模态的振型。各阶模态振型形变较大位置都集中在背铁齿部,轴孔位置形变较小。前4阶模态的固有频率如表4所示。当磁力耦合器的电磁激振力频率与固有频率相近时,可能会产生较大的电磁振动和噪声。
为进一步分析磁力耦合器的电磁振动特性,将磁力耦合器在气隙厚度3 mm、转速差200 r/min条件下产生的电磁激振力与电磁转矩作为激振源,加载到铜盘背铁上并进行磁固耦合分析。图12所示为电磁激振力与电磁转矩加载模型。考虑到电磁振动及噪声与电磁激振力的频率和磁力耦合器的固有频率有关,因而需要确定磁力耦合器运行频率。磁力耦合器的运行频率[21]可表示为
f=2pv60
式中,v为永磁转子与导体转子的相对转速差。
由式(17)可得,磁力耦合器在200 r/min转速差下的运行频率为60 Hz。为方便仿真求解,且由电磁激振力谐波特性分析结果可知,电磁激振力主要分布在低阶次。因此,设置计算最大频率为2 kHz,步长设置为磁力耦合器运行频率。然后,运用模态叠加法对振动加速度与振动位移进行求解。图13为磁力耦合器振动加速度与频率关系图。当频率为360 Hz时,振动加速度最大,为3.704 9 m/s2;此时,电磁激振力的频率与1阶模态频率接近,产生了较大振动。随着频率的持续增大,振动加速度逐渐降低。在频率为780 Hz时,虽然电磁激振力频率靠近2阶模态频率,但此时电磁激振力阶数较高,幅值较小,并没有产生更大的振动加速度。图14为磁力耦合器在电磁激振力与电磁转矩作用下产生的振动位移云图。由图14可知,最大位移量发生在齿槽端部,为0.011 221 mm;轴孔处位移量则最小。
为研究开槽盘式异步磁力耦合器的噪声特性,建立图15所示的空气域,将铜盘背铁包裹在空气域内,将磁力耦合器稳定运行时产生的谐波响应作为噪声源,对噪声的相关物理量进行计算分析。图16为磁力耦合器产生的噪声辐射云图。由于A加权声压级能反映人耳对噪声响度的感受,且磁力旋转装置的噪声测试标准规定使用A加权声压级表示噪声辐射情况。所以,本文采用A加权声压级来反映磁力耦合器的运行噪声。由此得到的磁力耦合器在工作时产生的最大噪声为74.348 dB。
为了验证开槽盘式磁力耦合器运行时的噪声,搭建试验平台,通过试验验证理论分析及模拟结果的正确性。
图17所示为机电传动系统的磁力耦合器测试平台。测试平台的动力源型号为YE3⁃225S⁃4的三相异步电动机,通过变频器控制其输出转速。将永磁转子安装在主动轴,导体转子安装在从动轴。在试验过程中,给定磁力耦合器的气隙厚度,测量其在稳定运行时产生的噪声。
在磁力耦合器稳定运行时,将SM400噪声计置于磁力耦合器测试平台中,测量其在不同输入转速但保持转速差为200 r/min时产生的噪声。测试时存在一定的环境噪声。为了消除环境噪声的影响,需要在测试磁力耦合器前先测量试验平台在不同输入转速下的环境噪声,然后利用声压级叠加公式进行处理。声压级叠加公式[22]
Lp=Lp1+10lg[1+10-(Lp1-Lp2)/10]
式中,Lp为实测运行噪声;Lp1为实际运行噪声;Lp2为环境噪声。
表5所示为去除环境噪声后的磁力耦合器在不同输入转速但保持相同转速差下稳定运行时的噪声值。可见,其转速差均为200 r/min,由此产生的噪声基本一致。由于测试平台存在摩擦、振动以及不完全对中等因素,随着输入转速的增大,所测量的运行噪声出现了略微增大。在输入转速为250 r/min、输出转速为50 r/min时,磁力耦合器的实际运行噪声为71.2 dB,仿真结果为74.348 dB,两者相对误差为4.42%,与仿真结果较为接近。
1)运用磁势磁导法与麦克斯韦应力张量法,推导了电磁激振力的理论计算式;利用仿真软件,得到电磁激振力时空分布下的各阶次幅值。结果显示,电磁激振力主要集中在低阶位置。
2)基于能量法,推导出磁力耦合器的齿槽转矩表达式;并通过仿真得知,齿槽转矩在1个机械周期内的波动次数为永磁体极数与背铁齿数的最小公倍数。
3)运用有限元分析软件对铜盘背铁的各阶模态振型和固有频率进行了模拟分析。结果表明,各阶振型云图中,形变较大位置集中在背铁盘齿部,轴孔位置形变较小。
4)提出一种适用于磁力耦合器的多物理场耦合模型,运用模态叠加法,分析了磁力耦合器的电磁振动及噪声。由分析结果可知,当电磁激振力频率与磁力耦合器固有频率相近时,磁力耦合器会产生较大振动。
5)搭建磁力耦合器试验平台,测试了磁力耦合器运行噪声。试验噪声结果与有限元仿真噪声结果的相对误差仅4.42%,验证了该振动噪声分析流程的正确性。因此,运用所提方法可以在设计阶段评估磁力耦合器的振动噪声特性,进而优化磁力耦合器设计。
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2026年第50卷第1期
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doi: 10.16578/j.issn.1004.2539.2026.01.006
  • 接收时间:2024-08-24
  • 首发时间:2026-05-20
  • 出版时间:2026-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-24
  • 修回日期:2024-11-27
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    1.江苏大学 机械工程学院,镇江212013
    2.重庆大学 高端装备机械传动全国重点实验室,重庆400044
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