Article(id=1263881617588740906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, issueId=1263881604263437054, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16578/j.issn.1004.2539.2026.01.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1725465600000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1779262459418, onlineDateStr=2026-05-20, pubDate=1768406400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1779262459418, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1779262459418, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1779262459418, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1263881604263437054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, year='2026', volume='50', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='191', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1779262456241, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1779263107607, updator=13041195026, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1263884336399528882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, issueId=1263881604263437054, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1263884336403723187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, issueId=1263881604263437054, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=67, endPage=76, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1263881625188819789, articleId=1263881617588740906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, language=EN, title=Optimization of adsorption performance of magnetic pole rotation magnetic grippers, columnId=1263881611804795649, journalTitle=Journal of Mechanical Transmission, columnName=Special Topic of Magnetic Transmission, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

The risks of losing magnetism upon power-off and high energy consumption are suffered by traditional electromagnetic grippers. And the problem of lacking the active magnetic force regulation function is still faced by permanent magnegrippers. A lightweight magnetic pole rotation gripper with optimized methodology was developed.

Methods

Based on the magnetic flux continuity principle and magnetic field superposition effect, the optimal design strategy integrating theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and test verification was established through coordinated regulation of three key parameters: magnetic pole rotation angle, geometric dimensions, and air gap distance. The global optimal solution of the magnetic pole structural parameters was finally obtained.

Results

Both simulation and test results demonstrate that the optimized gripper achieves superior magnetic adhesion performance per unit mass compared to existing models. The proposed device exhibits distinctive advantages including compact structure, simplified control mechanism, and quasi-linear control characteristics, showing broad application potential in material handling operations.

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目的

针对传统电磁抓取器存在的断电失磁风险与高能耗,以及永磁抓取器存在磁力主动调控功能缺失等问题,提出一种磁极旋转式轻型抓取器及优化方法。

方法

基于磁通连续原理与磁场叠加效应,通过协同调控磁极旋转角、几何尺寸与提离间隙,构建了“理论分析-数值仿真-试验验证”的寻优策略,最终获取磁极结构参数的全局最优解。

结果

仿真和试验结果表明,设计的磁力抓取器在一定单位质量下的磁吸附性能均优于现有模型,具有结构紧凑、控制简单、近似线性控制的特点,应用场景广泛。

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宋利飞(通信作者),男,1989年生,湖北武汉人,博士,副教授;主要研究方向为智能制造、船舶先进制造技术;
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向祖权,男,1973年生,湖南绥宁人,博士,教授;主要研究方向为舰船信息化现场监控技术与条件保障;

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向祖权,男,1973年生,湖南绥宁人,博士,教授;主要研究方向为舰船信息化现场监控技术与条件保障;

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向祖权,男,1973年生,湖南绥宁人,博士,教授;主要研究方向为舰船信息化现场监控技术与条件保障;

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Harbin:Harbin Institute of Technology,2012:16-48., articleTitle=Research on wall-climbing robot of wheel-shaped suspended magnetic adsorption, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1263881734643376757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881617588740906, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=51, issue=5, pageStart=102, pageEnd=107, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=14, rfOrder=24, authorNames=韩力春, 王黎明, 闫晓玲, journalName=船海工程, refType=null, unstructuredReference=韩力春,王黎明,闫晓玲. 船舶爬壁机器人电磁吸附设计分析[J]. 船海工程202251(5):102-107., articleTitle=船舶爬壁机器人电磁吸附设计分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1263881734769205879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881617588740906, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=51, issue=5, pageStart=102, pageEnd=107, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=14, rfOrder=25, authorNames=HAN Lichun, WANG Liming, YAN Xiaoling, journalName=Ship & Ocean Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HAN LichunWANG LimingYAN Xiaoling. Design and analysis of electromagnetic adsorption for ship wall-climbing robot[J]. Ship & Ocean Engineering202251(5):102-107., articleTitle=Design and analysis of electromagnetic adsorption for ship wall-climbing robot, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1263881734941172345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881617588740906, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=584, issue=null, pageStart=152589, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=15, rfOrder=26, authorNames=ZHAI Q, ZHAI W J, GAO B, journalName=Applied Surface Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHAI QZHAI W JGAO B. Effects of quantities and pole-arrangements of magnets on the magneto-rheological polishing (MRP) performance of sapphire hemisphere[J]. Applied Surface Science2022584:152589., articleTitle=Effects of quantities and pole-arrangements of magnets on the magneto-rheological polishing (MRP) performance of sapphire hemisphere, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1263881735071195770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881617588740906, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=42, issue=1, pageStart=40, pageEnd=44, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=16, rfOrder=27, authorNames=诸卫平, 刘龙华, journalName=广船科技, refType=null, unstructuredReference=诸卫平,刘龙华. 电控永磁铁吸盘在船体制作车间起重设备上的应用[J]. 广船科技202242(1):40-44., articleTitle=电控永磁铁吸盘在船体制作车间起重设备上的应用, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1263881735171859067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881617588740906, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=42, issue=1, pageStart=40, pageEnd=44, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=16, rfOrder=28, authorNames=ZHU Weiping, LIU Longhua, journalName=GSI Shipbuilding Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHU WeipingLIU Longhua. Application of electronic control permanent magnet in lifting equipment of hull fabrication workshop[J]. 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Stability coefficients of magnetic force variations

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序号d1/mmd2/mmh/mm磁力变化稳定性系数s
115510.052 938 5
230510.335 960 0
345510.576 004 0
415530.017 599 9
545530.351 763 0
6451030.204 214 0
7301050.058 793 5
8451050.110 932 0
9451550.131 400 0
), ArticleFig(id=1263881719594213941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881617588740906, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

磁力变化稳定性系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号d1/mmd2/mmh/mm磁力变化稳定性系数s
115510.052 938 5
230510.335 960 0
345510.576 004 0
415530.017 599 9
545530.351 763 0
6451030.204 214 0
7301050.058 793 5
8451050.110 932 0
9451550.131 400 0
), ArticleFig(id=1263881720076558904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881617588740906, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Comparison of the adsorption unit before and after optimization

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几何参数优化前优化后
d1/mm25.030.0
d2/mm15.010.0
h/mm5.05.0
δ/mm2.01.0
mn/g13.87511.1
吸附力Fn/N相对旋转0°6.07.2
相对旋转90°10.914.8
相对旋转180°17.126.2
单位质量吸附力K/(N/g)相对旋转0°0.40.6
相对旋转90°0.81.3
相对旋转180°1.22.4
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吸附单元优化前后对比

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几何参数优化前优化后
d1/mm25.030.0
d2/mm15.010.0
h/mm5.05.0
δ/mm2.01.0
mn/g13.87511.1
吸附力Fn/N相对旋转0°6.07.2
相对旋转90°10.914.8
相对旋转180°17.126.2
单位质量吸附力K/(N/g)相对旋转0°0.40.6
相对旋转90°0.81.3
相对旋转180°1.22.4
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Advantages and disadvantages comparison of the permanent magnet lifting and the hoist lifting

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永磁起重吊装起重
易于钢铁器材固定钢铁固定不牢靠
安全性高安全性低
节省时间耗时长
人员数量少人员数量多
不需要缆绳需要缆绳
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永磁起重与吊装起重优缺点对比

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永磁起重吊装起重
易于钢铁器材固定钢铁固定不牢靠
安全性高安全性低
节省时间耗时长
人员数量少人员数量多
不需要缆绳需要缆绳
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磁极旋转式磁力抓取器吸附性能优化
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向祖权 1, 2 , 水金朋 1, 2 , 陈柳屹 1, 2 , 王玮琦 1, 2 , 宋利飞 1, 2
机械传动 | 磁传动专题 2026,50(1): 67-76
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机械传动 | 磁传动专题 2026, 50(1): 67-76
磁极旋转式磁力抓取器吸附性能优化
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向祖权1, 2 , 水金朋1, 2, 陈柳屹1, 2, 王玮琦1, 2, 宋利飞1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.高性能舰船技术教育部重点实验室,武汉430000
  • 2.武汉理工大学 船海与能源动力工程学院,武汉430000
  • 向祖权,男,1973年生,湖南绥宁人,博士,教授;主要研究方向为舰船信息化现场监控技术与条件保障;

通讯作者:

宋利飞(通信作者),男,1989年生,湖北武汉人,博士,副教授;主要研究方向为智能制造、船舶先进制造技术;
Optimization of adsorption performance of magnetic pole rotation magnetic grippers
Zuquan XIANG1, 2 , Jinpeng SHUI1, 2, Liuyi CHEN1, 2, Weiqi WANG1, 2, Lifei SONG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory of High Performance Ship Technology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan430000, China
  • 2.School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Energy Power Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan430000, China
出版时间: 2026-01-15 doi: 10.16578/j.issn.1004.2539.2026.01.009
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目的

针对传统电磁抓取器存在的断电失磁风险与高能耗,以及永磁抓取器存在磁力主动调控功能缺失等问题,提出一种磁极旋转式轻型抓取器及优化方法。

方法

基于磁通连续原理与磁场叠加效应,通过协同调控磁极旋转角、几何尺寸与提离间隙,构建了“理论分析-数值仿真-试验验证”的寻优策略,最终获取磁极结构参数的全局最优解。

结果

仿真和试验结果表明,设计的磁力抓取器在一定单位质量下的磁吸附性能均优于现有模型,具有结构紧凑、控制简单、近似线性控制的特点,应用场景广泛。

参数优化  /  有限元分析  /  吸附试验  /  磁力抓取器  /  磁极旋转
Objective

The risks of losing magnetism upon power-off and high energy consumption are suffered by traditional electromagnetic grippers. And the problem of lacking the active magnetic force regulation function is still faced by permanent magnegrippers. A lightweight magnetic pole rotation gripper with optimized methodology was developed.

Methods

Based on the magnetic flux continuity principle and magnetic field superposition effect, the optimal design strategy integrating theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and test verification was established through coordinated regulation of three key parameters: magnetic pole rotation angle, geometric dimensions, and air gap distance. The global optimal solution of the magnetic pole structural parameters was finally obtained.

Results

Both simulation and test results demonstrate that the optimized gripper achieves superior magnetic adhesion performance per unit mass compared to existing models. The proposed device exhibits distinctive advantages including compact structure, simplified control mechanism, and quasi-linear control characteristics, showing broad application potential in material handling operations.

Parameter optimization  /  Finite element analysis  /  Adsorption test  /  Magnetic gripper  /  Magnetic pole rotation
向祖权, 水金朋, 陈柳屹, 王玮琦, 宋利飞. 磁极旋转式磁力抓取器吸附性能优化. 机械传动, 2026 , 50 (1) : 67 -76 . DOI: 10.16578/j.issn.1004.2539.2026.01.009
Zuquan XIANG, Jinpeng SHUI, Liuyi CHEN, Weiqi WANG, Lifei SONG. Optimization of adsorption performance of magnetic pole rotation magnetic grippers[J]. Journal of Mechanical Transmission, 2026 , 50 (1) : 67 -76 . DOI: 10.16578/j.issn.1004.2539.2026.01.009
磁力机械凭借其非接触传递力和力矩的优点,已广泛应用于机械、电子、航天、化工、交通以及船舶等领域。为满足造船生产中钢板加工预处理、下料、切割、焊接等工序过程中的搬运吊装要求,通常需采用专用电磁抓取器,其按工作原理可分为电磁式和永磁式两种。
永磁抓取器以其无需外接电源、可长期保持磁力、节能环保等优点受到青睐。它结构简单、维护方便,适用于各种需要长时间固定磁性构件的场合。但是,永磁抓取器的磁力大小固定,无法根据磁性构件的质量和形状进行调节[1-6]
在过去的20年间,学者针对永磁体可调节性的挑战与难题展开了研究。张博洋等[7]设计了一种磁力可开关的永磁轮,解决了永磁轮吸附力无法改变、作业完成后很难从壁面取下的问题。永磁轮仅具备磁吸附状态与非吸附状态两种模式,这种二元化的设计使其在实际应用中磁力变化的灵活性受到了限制。在某些需要精细控制吸附力的场合,这种简单的切换方式可能无法满足要求,从而影响作业的精确性和效率。郭登辉等[8]设计了一种能自适应吸附不同直径管道的非接触变磁隙式永磁吸附机构,通过调节磁隙的方法可实现磁力的变化。但在实际应用中,其结构复杂、调节过程烦琐以及磁力稳定性不足等问题逐渐显现。尽管相关研究取得了一定成果,实现了永磁体磁力的基本调节,但是在磁力状态切换过程中,磁力变化并非平滑过渡。这种突变式的磁力变化可能导致在吸附和释放过程中产生冲击或振动,对吸附的稳定性和作业的平稳性造成不利影响。特别是在需要稳定吸附的场合,这种非平滑的磁力变化可能会增大吸附失效的风险。
目前,磁吸附单元的优化设计方法主要包括1阶优化分析方法和对比分析法[9-10]。Ansys软件提供的1阶优化方法主要适用于连续函数的优化问题,其通过对函数的1阶偏导数进行分析和处理,寻找函数的极值点;但离散数据具有不连续性,1阶偏导数的概念无法直接应用。对比分析法则是通过单一变量控制的方式,探究磁吸附单元的最优尺寸和排布方式;但是,磁力的影响因素涉及多个变量,例如充磁方向、几何尺寸和提离间隙等,不能显式表达磁场或磁力与各参量的相互关系。
本文采用多维约束优化方法,设计了一种磁极旋转式轻型磁力抓取器,其包括两层永磁体单元,上层可以相对于下层同轴旋转。通过对永磁磁极单元旋转过程中充退磁过程的参数分析,确定磁极单元的主要结构参数的优化步骤,并借助有限元仿真结果数据的相关性分析,最终得出磁极结构最优参数的组合值。
本文设计的磁力抓取器利用磁通连续原理及磁场的叠加原理,通过磁系的相对运动,实现工作磁极面上磁场强度的相加、减弱或相消,从而达到吸持、缓冲和卸载的目的。
图1所示为磁力抓取器原理。其3种状态分别为反向磁化状态、正交磁化状态和同向磁化状态。在反向磁化状态下,两层磁铁间形成磁路,吸盘表现为无吸附力;在正交磁化状态下,仅下层磁铁与磁性构件形成磁路,吸盘表现为弱吸附状态,该状态下可以调整吸附件的姿态和位置;而在同向磁化状态下,两层磁铁与磁性构件形成磁路并相互增强,吸盘呈现出强吸附力。
图2所示,磁力抓取器主要由磁吸附单元、上固定盖板、下吸盘和中转盘构成。中转盘和下吸盘分别包含1块永磁体,两者间留有微小间隙。旋转中转盘上的旋钮,驱动其内置磁体旋转至特定角度,使其在吸持、缓冲和释放状态之间切换,并且可通过改变该旋转角度来近似线性地控制吸附力。该装置的上盖板、中转盘、下吸盘等部件均采用隔磁材料制成,通过定位销固定旋转角度,确保磁力调节的精准与稳定。
磁场求解类型一般分为静态磁场、涡流场与瞬变场[11]。该磁力抓取器的磁吸附组件为静态磁场。在计算永磁体外部空间的磁场时,通常采用标量磁位法和矢量磁位法。标量磁位法利用等效磁荷模型,较为简便,但受限于其单一自由度,对于复杂结构的磁场计算可能不够精确。而矢量磁位法基于等效电流模型,拥有3个自由度,能更全面地描述磁场特性。因此,为了更精确地求解永磁体对应的磁感应强度,本文采用矢量磁位法进行计算。
静态磁场分布遵循Maxwell理论。受磁性材料特性及边界条件影响,安培全电流定律和高斯定律的微分表述为
×H=JB=0
式中,H为磁场强度;J为电流密度;B为磁感应强度。
由于磁力抓取器中的永磁材料和空气介质的物理属性在各个方向上都是相同的,不会因方向的变化而有所差异,因而符合B=μH。其中,μ为介质的磁导率。
基于磁场计算的磁荷模型,可知空间磁场源于磁荷分布。有限大小的永久磁铁产生的磁场,可视为特定规律分布的磁荷所生成磁场的叠加。因此,永久磁铁可等效为按规律分布的磁荷,满足特定关系式:
ρm=-μ0M0
式中,ρm为体磁荷密度;μ0为真空磁导率;M0为剩磁化强度。
对于均匀磁化的永磁体而言,M0为常矢量且ρm恒为0,故仅存在面磁荷。在此情况下,标量磁位Φm与面磁荷密度σm之间存在明确的对应关系,即
Φm=SσmdS4πμr+c
式中,S为永磁体边界面;r为源点与场点之间的距离;c为积分常数,取决于磁位参考点的选择。在实际的磁场计算中,通常关注的是空间中的磁场分布,而不是磁位的分布,故由式(3)可得
H=-Φm=-SσmdS4πμr
考虑到永磁体的剩磁存在,有
B=(1+χ)μ0H+M0
式中,χ为永磁体的体积磁化率;M0=Br。当所考虑的空间无其他介质时,可得
B=μ0H+M0
从磁体表面与空气的边界条件可得
σm=nM0=nBr
式中,n为永久磁体边界面的外法线单位矢量;Br为永磁体剩磁感应强度。对于稀土永磁体,其HB曲线基本为直线,μ可被认为是常数,故式(4)可表示为
H=-SσmdS4πμr1rdS=Sσmr4πμr3dS
对于图3所示的矩形永磁块,Pxyz)点的场强可表示为
H=H+-H-=S+σmr+4πμr+3dS-S-σmr-4πμr-3dS
式中,HH分别为正、负磁荷产生的磁场。
H+的3个分量可用HxHyHz表示,即
Hx+=Br4πμ[lny-d2/2+(x+d1/2)2+(y-d2/2)2+z2y-d2/2+(x-d1/2)2+(y-d2/2)2+z2+lny+d2/2+(x-d1/2)2+(y+d2/2)2+z2y+d2/2+(x+d1/2)2+(y+d2/2)2+z2]
Hy+=Br4πμ[lnx-d2/2+x-d2/2+(x-d1/2)2+(y+d2/2)2+z2(x-d1/2)2+(y-d2/2)2+z2+lnx+d2/2+(x+d1/2)2+(y-d2/2)2+z2x+d2/2+(x+d1/2)2+(y+d2/2)2+z2]
Hz+=-Br4πμ[arcsinx-d1/2y-d2/2(x-d1/2)2+z2+(y-d2/2)2+z2-arcsinx-d1/2y+d2/2(x-d1/2)2+z2+(y+d2/2)2+z2]-Br4πμ[arcsinx+d1/2y-d2/2(x+d1/2)2+z2+(y-d2/2)2+z2-arcsinx+d1/2y+d2/2(x+d1/2)2+z2+(y+d2/2)2+z2]
同样,H-的3个分量可用Hx-Hy-Hz-表示,即
Hx-=Br4πμ[lny-d2/2+(x+d1/2)2+(y-d2/2)2+(z+h)2y-d2/2+(x-d1/2)2+(y-d2/2)2+(z+h)2+lny+d2/2+(x-d1/2)2+(y+d2/2)2+(z+h)2y+d2/2+(x+d1/2)2+(y+d2/2)2+(z+h)2]
Hy-=Br4πμ[lnx-d1/2+(x-d1/2)2+(y+d2/2)2+(z+h)2x-d1/2+(x-d1/2)2+(y-d2/2)2+(z+h)2+lnx+d1/2+(x+d1/2)2+(y-d2/2)2+(z+h)2x+d1/2+(x+d1/2)2+(y+d2/2)2+(z+h)2]
Hz-=Br4πμ(arcsin{x-d1/2y-d1/2/[(x-d1/2)2+(z+h)2+(y-d2/2)2+(z+h)2]}-arcsin{x-d1/2y+d2/2/[(x-d1/2)2+(z+h)2+(y+d2/2)2+(z+h)2]})-Br4πμarcsin{x+d1/2y-d2/2/[(x+d1/2)2+(z+h)2+(y-d2/2)2+(z+h)2]}-arcsin{x+d1/2y+d2/2/[(x+d1/2)2+(z+h)2+(y+d2/2)2+(z+h)2]}
于是,总磁场的各分量为
Hx=Hx+-Hx-Hy=Hy+-Hy-Hz=Hz+-Hz-
总磁场强度为
|H|=Hx2+Hy2+Hz2
总磁感应强度B
B=μH
基于等效磁荷模型,能够精确计算出两个永磁体在P点分别产生的磁感应强度B1B2。根据磁场叠加原理,P点的总磁感应强度BB1B2在空间中的矢量叠加[12],即
B=B1+B2
利用有限元模拟法,即可求出磁力抓取器的磁吸附力Fn,即
Fn=i=1NBi2Si2μ0
式中,N为对磁铁拆分的单元数量;i为第i等份磁铁单元;Bi为每一等份的磁感应强度;Si为每一等份气隙的有效受力面积。
首先,对磁力抓取器稳定工作条件[13-15]进行分析。
①吸附与分离条件:在磁力达到峰值,即磁力抓取器处于同向磁化状态(旋转角度α=180°)时,磁力抓取器不发生脱离。而在磁力处于谷值,即磁力抓取器处于反向磁化状态(旋转角度α=0°)时,磁力减弱至磁力抓取器能够顺利分离。单位质量吸附力能够直接体现永磁体的磁性能强弱。具体而言,在相同质量下,永磁体的单位质量吸附力越大,其吸附能力就越强。因此,引入衡量永磁体性能评价指标K,表达式为
K=Fnmn
式中,mn为永磁体的质量。
一般认为,当单位质量磁吸附力K<1 N/g时,磁介质不能发挥等同自身的磁力,磁力性能较差;当磁介质吸附力超过自身两倍质量,即单位质量磁吸附力>2 N/g时,认为磁力性能较优。第二种情况下,磁介质在磁场中受到的磁力远大于其自身质量,能够表现出较强的磁性和较好的磁力性能。
②磁力变化稳定性条件:磁力抓取器系统具有一定的稳定性,即磁力抓取器磁力变化需要平滑连续。定义抓取器的磁力变化稳定性系数s
s=1180i=1180Ri-R¯)2
式中,Ri为第(i-1,i)角度范围内单位质量吸附力K随旋转角度α的变化率;R¯为变化率的均值。
③工作过程可靠性条件:控制磁力抓取器顺利调整磁力时,所需的转矩应在所能提供的最大转矩范围内,即抓取器的夹持转矩W随旋转角度α变化过程中的最大值Wmax需小于系统所提供的最大转矩的1.2~2倍。
优化问题的数学模型为
Kα11 N/gKα22 N/gs0.1Wmax6 N·m
式中,Kα1为反向磁化状态下的单位质量磁吸附力;Kα2为同向磁化状态下的单位质量磁吸附力。
磁力抓取器的磁吸附力受到多种因素影响。由式(10)~式(15)可知,永磁体的几何尺寸(长度d1、宽度d2、厚度h)以及永磁体提离间隙δ是重要影响因素。
为了验证磁吸附力的关系曲线,利用有限元软件仿真分析,具体步骤如下所述。
1)分析方法和单元类型。
磁力抓取器属于三维静态磁场,采用矢量磁位法求解。此外,单元类型选择包含10节点的Solid 98单元的四面体。
2)定义材料参数。
铷铁硼材料(NdFe35)是一种高性能的永磁材料,将其作为主磁体,并采用矩形构型。
3)确定受力物体。
为了计算磁力抓取器对下方物体的磁吸附力,在吸盘下方建立了一个200 mm×200 mm×1 mm的长方体纯铁磁性构件,并将其作为吸力测量的对象;同时,在磁力抓取器的下吸盘处添加一块半径为25 mm、厚度为1 mm的圆柱形铁片以模拟下磁铁的挡板;并利用Ansys软件的宏FMAGBC计算铁磁性构件受到的吸引力。
4)施加边界条件,选择求解方法。
施加磁力线平行边界条件。由于本模型中不包含电流源,所以,采用差分矢量磁位法进行求解。
5)定义初始参数。
设定永磁体长度d1=25 mm,宽度d2=15 mm,厚度h=5 mm,两永磁体提离间隙δ=2 mm。
在本节中,对比了在X轴方向和Y轴方向进行的充磁(图4)对磁性构件磁力的影响。
仿真计算结果如图5所示。结果表明,两永磁体相对旋转角度为任意值时,沿X轴方向充磁时产生的磁力均显著高于沿Y轴方向充磁的情况。因此,选择沿X轴方向进行充磁。
利用Maxwell软件对吸附单元的几何尺寸进行分析,结果如图6~图9所示。
在对吸附单元中单一几何尺寸变量(d1d2h)的分析中,可以明确观察到每个几何尺寸的变化均对单位质量吸附力产生显著影响,具体表现如下所述。
永磁吸附单元长度d1对单位质量吸附力K的影响如图6图7所示。随着长度d1的增加,K值随旋转角度的变化在一定范围内波动。
永磁吸附单元的宽度d2对单位质量吸附力K的影响如图8所示。随着d2的增加,K值随旋转角度的变化成正相关性增强。
永磁吸附单元厚度h对单位质量磁吸附力的影响如图9所示。随着永磁体厚度h的不断增加,吸附单元的单位质量吸附力逐渐增大。可以看出,磁体厚度h与单位质量吸附力之间成正相关,即厚度越大,吸附能力越强。
结合吸附与分离条件,初步选定单因素影响下的d1=30 mm、d2=10 mm、h=5 mm的尺寸为局部最优尺寸。尚存在多因素影响下的全局最优尺寸解。
因此,综合考虑长度d1、宽度d2、厚度h、旋转角度α等关键因素对单位质量吸附力K的影响,结果如图10所示。图10中,红色和蓝色曲线均为不符合吸附与分离条件的典型曲线;绿色曲线为不符合磁力变化稳定性条件的典型曲线。
得到满足Kα11 N/gKα22 N/g时的磁力变化稳定性系数s,如表1所示。
仅有序号1、序号4、序号7的磁力变化稳定系数s≤0.1,如图11所示。
当尺寸d1=30 mm、d2=10 mm、h=5 mm时,磁力抓取器表现出较强的吸附与分离能力和相对较为可靠的磁稳定性,表现出良好的磁吸附特性。这与初定参数的结果保持高度的一致性,说明其在不同条件下均展现出优异的综合性能。
将永磁体充磁方向选择为X轴方向,d1=30 mm;d2=10 mm;h=5 mm;计算两永磁体间的提离间隙从1 mm变化到10 mm时产生的磁力及转动永磁体所需转矩。
磁力计算结果如图12所示。随着提离间隙δ的增加,吸持状态下的磁吸附力经历了先减小、后增大、再减小并最终趋于平稳的变化过程。通过对比分析,发现当δ=1 mm和δ=5 mm时,磁吸附力的表现相对较好。考虑到两永磁体在旋转过程中可能因斥力或吸力的影响导致提离间隙出现抖动,进一步评估提离间隙稳定性。发现提离间隙在1 mm左右时,磁吸附力变化较小,相对稳定;而在5 mm附近时,磁吸附力变化较大,稳定性较差。因此,最终选择1 mm作为最优提离间隙,以确保磁力抓取器在吸持状态下具有良好的磁吸附力和稳定性。
转矩计算结果如图13所示。其中,最大值出现在提离间隙为1 mm、旋转角度为30°时,约为0.108 N·m。由此可知,当转矩超过0.108 N·m时(已知徒手拧开汽水瓶盖转矩约为2~6 N·m),便可满足系统要求。
通过仿真分析,优化后的结构参数如下:d1=30 mm,d2=10 mm,h=5 mm,δ=1 mm。优化前后数据对比如表2所示。在两永磁体相对旋转0°、90°、180°时,优化后的吸附力分别提高了20.0%、35.8%和53.2%,单位质量吸附力分别提高了50.0%、62.5%和100.0%。图14图15分别为优化前、后的磁感应云图。
搭建磁力抓取器吸附力试验平台,具体结构如图16所示。采用四立柱悬挂设计,确保磁力抓取器处于稳定悬空状态。
该平台的核心调节机制是通过旋转旋钮驱动中转盘,实现两磁极之间相对旋转角度的连续或分段调整,并通过定位销精准锁定上盖板与中转盘的位置,确保角度设定的准确性,如图17所示。
选取了一系列不同质量的铁块与铁棒作为测试对象,模拟真实使用场景。试验过程中,首先,将磁力抓取器按照设计要求固定并悬空于测试区域;随后,将铁块与铁棒组合并置于其正下方,密切观察重物与磁力抓取器之间的临界分离状态。
在临界分离点,即重物刚好从磁力抓取器上脱落的瞬间,记录此时的重物质量。这一数值直接反映了在当前磁极旋转角度下,磁力抓取器所能提供的磁吸附力大小。通过重复试验并调整磁极旋转角度,即可得到全旋转角度下磁力抓取器的性能表现。如图18所示,磁力抓取器成功吸附了重达2.5 kg的物体,并在吸附过程中达到临界分离状态。
磁力抓取器磁吸附力的仿真值和试验平均值如图19所示。比较发现,二者误差不大,但实测值略小于仿真值。这与测量误差和仿真的理想边界条件有关,实际磁铁固定时存在一定间隙等因素,从而基本验证了仿真的准确性。
随着船舶制造业对高效、安全、环保起重技术的持续需求,相比传统的机械式或液压式起重设备,永磁起重不需要额外的动力源来驱动抓取动作,能够显著降低能源消耗和碳排放[16]。永磁起重与吊装起重优缺点对比如表3所示。
同时,相较于电磁式磁力抓取器完全依赖于电流吸附和易产生热量积累的不足,磁极旋转式磁力抓取器通过其独特的磁极旋转机制,能够实现对铁磁性材料的快速、精准抓取和释放。在船体制作过程中,可高效地完成钢板、型材等材料的搬运和定位工作,显著提高生产效率,如图20所示。
调研发现,市场主流磁力抓取器尺寸约为本研究仿真尺寸的10倍。基于此,为验证其工业应用效能,一方面将抓取器体积放大至实际水平,另一方面则探索将多个抓取器以阵列化形式排列,并对比了这两种方法下的磁力差异,结果如图21所示。在阵列化布局中,各磁力抓取器可独立旋转、控制。
图22为不同布局下磁力对比图。由图22可知,阵列排布的磁力抓取器展现出更优的磁力性能;同时,该布局下单个抓取器的操控转矩较低,整体装置的操控性更好。
综上所述,在船体制作车间这种大型、高能耗的生产环境中,磁极旋转式磁力抓取器将发挥更加重要的作用。
1)设计了一种磁极旋转式磁力抓取器。其在吸附力调节的灵活性、响应速度和精度方面优势明显,且成本较低,适用于吸附力要求较高、需要频繁调节的应用场景,例如船体制作车间起重设备、船舶自动系泊装置等。
2)通过理论与仿真分析,确定了矩形永磁体宽度方向充磁的最优形式;结合优化问题数学模型的约束条件,综合确定最优结构参数d1=30 mm、d2=10 mm、h=5 mm以及提离间隙δ=1 mm。
3)搭建试验平台并制作了磁力抓取器试验样机。实测结果显示,实测磁吸附力与仿真磁吸附力结果基本一致,验证了磁吸附优化设计的正确性及永磁吸附磁力抓取器的可行性。
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2026年第50卷第1期
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doi: 10.16578/j.issn.1004.2539.2026.01.009
  • 接收时间:2024-09-05
  • 首发时间:2026-05-20
  • 出版时间:2026-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-05
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    1.高性能舰船技术教育部重点实验室,武汉430000
    2.武汉理工大学 船海与能源动力工程学院,武汉430000

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宋利飞(通信作者),男,1989年生,湖北武汉人,博士,副教授;主要研究方向为智能制造、船舶先进制造技术;
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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