Article(id=1263881617286807706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, issueId=1263881604263437054, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16578/j.issn.1004.2539.2026.01.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1730822400000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-06, revisedDate=1742313600000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1779262459346, onlineDateStr=2026-05-20, pubDate=1768406400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1779262459346, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1779262459346, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1779262459346, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1263881604263437054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, year='2026', volume='50', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='191', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1779262456241, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1779263107607, updator=13041195026, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1263884336399528882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, issueId=1263881604263437054, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1263884336403723187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, issueId=1263881604263437054, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=9, endPage=18, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1263881619581091999, articleId=1263881617286807706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, language=EN, title=Vibration characteristic analysis and stress optimization of the permanent magnet assisted magnetic gear, columnId=1263881611804795649, journalTitle=Journal of Mechanical Transmission, columnName=Special Topic of Magnetic Transmission, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

Aiming at the problems of unbalanced magnetic pull (UMP) and low structural strength of high-speed rotor in the operation of permanent magnet assisted magnetic gear, relevant research was conducted.

Methods

Firstly, the phase tuning method was used to study the influence of different transmission ratios on the UMP. Then, according to the structural characteristics for the high-speed permanent magnet rotor of the magnetic gear, the analytical solution of the rotor strength was obtained by using the equivalent mass ring method. Finally, taking reducing the maximum stress and ensuring a certain output torque as the optimization objectives, the multi-objective optimization was performed on the relevant parameters of the magnetic isolation bridge and magnetic barrier.

Results

The analysis results indicate that a transmission ratio where the maximum common divisor of the number of magnetic blocks and the number of poles of the low-speed rotor GCD=2 can effectively decrease UMP. The relative error between the analytical solution of the maximum stress obtained from the equivalent mass ring method and the result of finite element simulation is less than or equal to 1%, validating the accuracy of the analytical method. Through the optimized design, the maximum stress on the rotor is significantly reduced.

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目的

针对永磁体助磁式磁力齿轮运行时存在的不平衡磁拉力和高速转子结构强度低的问题,开展了相关研究。

方法

首先,利用相位调谐法研究不同传动比对不平衡磁拉力的影响;其次,针对磁力齿轮高速永磁转子的结构特点,采用等效质量圆环法求解转子强度的解析解;最后,以降低最大应力和确保一定的输出转矩为优化目标,对隔磁桥与磁障的相关参数进行多目标优化。

结果

分析结果表明,导磁块数与低速转子极对数的最大公因数GCD=2时的传动比可有效降低不平衡磁拉力;利用等效质量圆环法得到的最大应力的解析解与有限元仿真结果的相对误差小于等于1%,验证了解析方法的准确性;经优化设计,转子的最大应力显著下降。

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王鑫(通信作者),男,1998年生,河南新乡人,硕士研究生;主要研究方向为电机电器及其控制;
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上官璇峰,男,1965年生,河南渑池人,博士研究生,教授;主要研究方向为电机设计及其控制;

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上官璇峰,男,1965年生,河南渑池人,博士研究生,教授;主要研究方向为电机设计及其控制;

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上官璇峰,男,1965年生,河南渑池人,博士研究生,教授;主要研究方向为电机设计及其控制;

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figureFileBig=RDkHfClBHx/wvE0nZli3Dw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263881715022480147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881617286807706, language=CN, label=图13, caption=Pareto前沿图, figureFileSmall=0agp73AhJN3PDycIzSu76A==, figureFileBig=RDkHfClBHx/wvE0nZli3Dw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263881715534185237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881617286807706, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Structural parameters of the magnetic gear

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
高速转子内径r1i/mm28
高速转子外径r1o/mm65
低速转子内径r2i/mm85
低速转子外径r2o/mm100
钕铁硼厚度hm/mm10
调磁极块厚度hs/mm8
中间铁氧体厚度h1/mm4
两侧铁氧体厚度h2/mm5
调磁极块角度α/ (°)11
转子和调磁环的轴向长度Ls/mm74
磁障层数c3
内、外气隙宽度g1、g2/mm1、1
), ArticleFig(id=1263881715894895384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881617286807706, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

磁力齿轮的结构参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
高速转子内径r1i/mm28
高速转子外径r1o/mm65
低速转子内径r2i/mm85
低速转子外径r2o/mm100
钕铁硼厚度hm/mm10
调磁极块厚度hs/mm8
中间铁氧体厚度h1/mm4
两侧铁氧体厚度h2/mm5
调磁极块角度α/ (°)11
转子和调磁环的轴向长度Ls/mm74
磁障层数c3
内、外气隙宽度g1、g2/mm1、1
), ArticleFig(id=1263881716444349214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881617286807706, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Dynamic characteristics of the polar frequency phase tuning

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GCD km受力情况
GCD=1 1Ns-2 Fxl0Fyl0
1<GCD<min{p2,Ns} 0 Fxl=Fyl=0
), ArticleFig(id=1263881716972831522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881617286807706, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

极频相位调谐的动态特性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GCD km受力情况
GCD=1 1Ns-2 Fxl0Fyl0
1<GCD<min{p2,Ns} 0 Fxl=Fyl=0
), ArticleFig(id=1263881717237072678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881617286807706, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Dynamic characteristics of the slot frequency phase tuning

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GCDks受力情况
GCD=11或p2-1 Fxl0Fyl0
1<GCD<min{Ns,p2}0 Fxl=Fyl=0
), ArticleFig(id=1263881717761360682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881617286807706, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

槽频相位调谐的动态特性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GCDks受力情况
GCD=11或p2-1 Fxl0Fyl0
1<GCD<min{Ns,p2}0 Fxl=Fyl=0
), ArticleFig(id=1263881720479269683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881617286807706, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Phase tuning factors

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Gp2NsGCDkmks
8161820,2,4,…,160,2,4,…,14
7.5151710,1,3,5,…,150,1,2,3,…,14
7141620,2,4,…,140,2,4,…,12
6.5131510,1,3,5,…,130,1,2,3,…,12
6121420,2,4,…,120,2,4,6,8,10
5.5111310,1,3,5,…,110,1,2,3,…,10
), ArticleFig(id=1263881720974197558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881617286807706, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

相位调谐因子

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Gp2NsGCDkmks
8161820,2,4,…,160,2,4,…,14
7.5151710,1,3,5,…,150,1,2,3,…,14
7141620,2,4,…,140,2,4,…,12
6.5131510,1,3,5,…,130,1,2,3,…,12
6121420,2,4,…,120,2,4,6,8,10
5.5111310,1,3,5,…,110,1,2,3,…,10
), ArticleFig(id=1263881721347490621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881617286807706, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Parameters of the magnetic gear materials

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材料密度/(kg/m3弹性模量/MPa泊松比
铁氧体4 9001.8×1020.24
钕铁硼7 5001.6×1020.24
轭铁7 6002.6×1050.28
), ArticleFig(id=1263881721733366590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881617286807706, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

磁力齿轮所用材料的参数

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材料密度/(kg/m3弹性模量/MPa泊松比
铁氧体4 9001.8×1020.24
钕铁硼7 5001.6×1020.24
轭铁7 6002.6×1050.28
), ArticleFig(id=1263881721985024835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881617286807706, language=EN, label=Tab. 6, caption=

Vibration modes and natural frequencies of the first five orders

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模态阶数低速转子调磁环
频率/Hz模态振型频率/Hz模态振型
1125221
21 187234
31 582298
41 889378
52 003456
), ArticleFig(id=1263881722169574213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881617286807706, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

前5阶振型与固有频率

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模态阶数低速转子调磁环
频率/Hz模态振型频率/Hz模态振型
1125221
21 187234
31 582298
41 889378
52 003456
), ArticleFig(id=1263881724069593928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881617286807706, language=EN, label=Tab. 7, caption=

Initial values of the optimization variables in the Taguchi design

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优化变量SR1R2R3
数值1002
), ArticleFig(id=1263881724174451531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881617286807706, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

在田口设计中的优化变量的初始值

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优化变量SR1R2R3
数值1002
), ArticleFig(id=1263881724287697743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881617286807706, language=EN, label=Tab. 8, caption=

Range of values for the optimization variables

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项目优化变量
R1R2R3S
水平10020.3
水平20.50.52.40.6
水平3112.80.9
水平41.51.53.21.2
), ArticleFig(id=1263881724509995857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881617286807706, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

优化变量的取值范围

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项目优化变量
R1R2R3S
水平10020.3
水平20.50.52.40.6
水平3112.80.9
水平41.51.53.21.2
), ArticleFig(id=1263881724715516756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881617286807706, language=EN, label=Tab. 9, caption=

Results of the Taguchi orthogonal test

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试验

序号

参数
R1/mmR2/mmR3/mmS/mmTm/(N·m)σmax/MPa
10020.392.84184.0
200.52.40.690.00182.9
3012.80.985.60192.2
401.53.21.284.61227.0
50.502.80.692.47211.0
60.50.53.20.395.70255.8
70.5121.282.23205.8
80.51.52.40.986.25171.0
9103.20.985.20222.7
1010.52.81.284.58194.0
11112.40.394.53205.5
1211.520.687.63225.0
131.502.41.285.80175.0
141.50.520.984.50197.0
151.513.20.691.70237.0
161.51.52.80.394.30236.5
), ArticleFig(id=1263881725093004121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881617286807706, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

田口正交试验结果

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试验

序号

参数
R1/mmR2/mmR3/mmS/mmTm/(N·m)σmax/MPa
10020.392.84184.0
200.52.40.690.00182.9
3012.80.985.60192.2
401.53.21.284.61227.0
50.502.80.692.47211.0
60.50.53.20.395.70255.8
70.5121.282.23205.8
80.51.52.40.986.25171.0
9103.20.985.20222.7
1010.52.81.284.58194.0
11112.40.394.53205.5
1211.520.687.63225.0
131.502.41.285.80175.0
141.50.520.984.50197.0
151.513.20.691.70237.0
161.51.52.80.394.30236.5
), ArticleFig(id=1263881725621486430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881617286807706, language=EN, label=Tab. 10, caption=

Results of the response surface orthogonal test

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试验序号参数
R2/mmR3/mmS/mmTm/(N·m)σmax/MPa
102.61.282.8201.2
212.61.282.5203.0
30.52.60.7588.3179.7
40.521.280.0187.6
50.53.20.395.5242.0
60.520.391.0182.3
712.60.393.6203.0
8020.7585.5177.0
902.60.394.5211.2
10120.7585.1206.0
1113.20.7589.5220.5
1203.20.7589.8224.6
130.53.21.284.0230.3
), ArticleFig(id=1263881725961225058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881617286807706, language=CN, label=表10, caption=

响应面正交试验的结果

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试验序号参数
R2/mmR3/mmS/mmTm/(N·m)σmax/MPa
102.61.282.8201.2
212.61.282.5203.0
30.52.60.7588.3179.7
40.521.280.0187.6
50.53.20.395.5242.0
60.520.391.0182.3
712.60.393.6203.0
8020.7585.5177.0
902.60.394.5211.2
10120.7585.1206.0
1113.20.7589.5220.5
1203.20.7589.8224.6
130.53.21.284.0230.3
), ArticleFig(id=1263881726418404197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881617286807706, language=EN, label=Tab. 11, caption=

Comparison of the parameters optimized by ESOA and those of the structure shown in Fig. 1

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参数优化前优化后
R1/mm00.5
R2/mm00.3
R3/mm22.3
S/mm00.4
Tm /(N·m)10495.43
σmax/MPa473.34232.57
), ArticleFig(id=1263881726611342184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881617286807706, language=CN, label=表11, caption=

经ESOA优化后的参数与图1所示结构的参数的比较

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参数优化前优化后
R1/mm00.5
R2/mm00.3
R3/mm22.3
S/mm00.4
Tm /(N·m)10495.43
σmax/MPa473.34232.57
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永磁体助磁式磁力齿轮振动特性分析与应力优化
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上官璇峰 , 王鑫 , 解雨 , 王旗
机械传动 | 磁传动专题 2026,50(1): 9-18
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机械传动 | 磁传动专题 2026, 50(1): 9-18
永磁体助磁式磁力齿轮振动特性分析与应力优化
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上官璇峰 , 王鑫 , 解雨, 王旗
作者信息
  • 河南理工大学 电气工程与自动化学院,焦作454003
  • 上官璇峰,男,1965年生,河南渑池人,博士研究生,教授;主要研究方向为电机设计及其控制;

通讯作者:

王鑫(通信作者),男,1998年生,河南新乡人,硕士研究生;主要研究方向为电机电器及其控制;
Vibration characteristic analysis and stress optimization of the permanent magnet assisted magnetic gear
Xuanfeng SHANGGUAN , Xin WANG , Yu XIE, Qi WANG
Affiliations
  • School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo454003, China
出版时间: 2026-01-15 doi: 10.16578/j.issn.1004.2539.2026.01.002
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目的

针对永磁体助磁式磁力齿轮运行时存在的不平衡磁拉力和高速转子结构强度低的问题,开展了相关研究。

方法

首先,利用相位调谐法研究不同传动比对不平衡磁拉力的影响;其次,针对磁力齿轮高速永磁转子的结构特点,采用等效质量圆环法求解转子强度的解析解;最后,以降低最大应力和确保一定的输出转矩为优化目标,对隔磁桥与磁障的相关参数进行多目标优化。

结果

分析结果表明,导磁块数与低速转子极对数的最大公因数GCD=2时的传动比可有效降低不平衡磁拉力;利用等效质量圆环法得到的最大应力的解析解与有限元仿真结果的相对误差小于等于1%,验证了解析方法的准确性;经优化设计,转子的最大应力显著下降。

永磁体助磁式磁力齿轮  /  振动特性  /  应力分析  /  转子结构强度  /  多目标优化
Objective

Aiming at the problems of unbalanced magnetic pull (UMP) and low structural strength of high-speed rotor in the operation of permanent magnet assisted magnetic gear, relevant research was conducted.

Methods

Firstly, the phase tuning method was used to study the influence of different transmission ratios on the UMP. Then, according to the structural characteristics for the high-speed permanent magnet rotor of the magnetic gear, the analytical solution of the rotor strength was obtained by using the equivalent mass ring method. Finally, taking reducing the maximum stress and ensuring a certain output torque as the optimization objectives, the multi-objective optimization was performed on the relevant parameters of the magnetic isolation bridge and magnetic barrier.

Results

The analysis results indicate that a transmission ratio where the maximum common divisor of the number of magnetic blocks and the number of poles of the low-speed rotor GCD=2 can effectively decrease UMP. The relative error between the analytical solution of the maximum stress obtained from the equivalent mass ring method and the result of finite element simulation is less than or equal to 1%, validating the accuracy of the analytical method. Through the optimized design, the maximum stress on the rotor is significantly reduced.

Permanent magnet assisted magnetic gear  /  Vibration characteristic  /  Stress analysis  /  Structural strength of rotor  /  Multi-objective optimization
上官璇峰, 王鑫, 解雨, 王旗. 永磁体助磁式磁力齿轮振动特性分析与应力优化. 机械传动, 2026 , 50 (1) : 9 -18 . DOI: 10.16578/j.issn.1004.2539.2026.01.002
Xuanfeng SHANGGUAN, Xin WANG, Yu XIE, Qi WANG. Vibration characteristic analysis and stress optimization of the permanent magnet assisted magnetic gear[J]. Journal of Mechanical Transmission, 2026 , 50 (1) : 9 -18 . DOI: 10.16578/j.issn.1004.2539.2026.01.002
磁力齿轮利用磁场间的相互耦合作用,可实现非机械接触式转矩传输,其优势包括过载自动防护、噪声低、稳定性好、可靠性高、转矩密度高和制造工艺简单等[1-2]。目前,磁力齿轮在医疗、航空和机械制造等领域已得到广泛的应用[3-4]
近年来,国内外学者对磁力齿轮的研究涉及多个方面。井立兵等[5]采用二维全局解析法计算了磁力齿轮的磁场分布与输出转矩,并验证了内、外转子的转矩比值与传动比基本一致的结论。FU等[6]比较了永磁体布置方式不同的3种磁力齿轮,得知Halbach结构与辐条结构的磁力齿轮比传统面贴式磁力齿轮有更高的转矩密度。任超等[7]研究了一台磁力齿轮复合电动机,利用有限元法分析了齿槽转矩,得到齿槽转矩及各结构尺寸与不同永磁材料之间的关系。程文杰等[8]针对高速磁力齿轮运行时涡流损耗较大这一问题,利用有限元法进行了温度场计算,并在加入风冷后得到不同风速下沿轴向分布的对流换热系数曲线。杨巧玲等[9]设计了一台圆筒形直线磁力齿轮,并利用有限元法分析了气隙磁密、静态和动态推力特性。袁馨[10]设计了一种电流调制型磁力齿轮,通过在调磁环中引入励磁绕组,在减少永磁体使用量的同时提高了转矩传递效率。刘玫等[11]设计了一种极间偏移式转子结构,可有效减小磁力齿轮中的齿槽转矩,减少量为9%。张志强[12]用旋转磁化圆筒形调磁块替代传统的矩形调磁块,前者的转矩密度可达162.94 N·m/L。
物体的振动特性是工程领域的一项重要指标,但关于磁力齿轮振动特性的研究却非常少。NIELSEN等[13]研究了齿槽转矩和不平衡磁拉力对表贴式、内置V形与Halbach同轴磁力齿轮振动和噪声的影响。袁晓明[14]分析了磁力齿轮在不同磁耦合刚度下的固有频率和振型的变化规律,并讨论了阻尼系数对振幅的影响。磁力齿轮中转子径向各点受力不均匀,会产生不平衡的磁拉力。为此,本文利用相位调谐理论分析了永磁体助磁式磁力齿轮的受力状态,并通过谐响应分析方法得到传动比与谐振频率之间的关系;针对高速转子在运行过程中隔磁桥处存在的应力集中问题,采用多目标优化方法优化磁障结构,与初始结构相比,其电磁性能基本不变,但最大应力小于材料的屈服强度。
本文研究的磁力齿轮径向结构如图1所示。其中,低速转子采用表贴式磁极,使用具有较高剩磁密度的钕铁硼;调磁环由硅钢片与非导磁材料在圆周方向上交替排列组成;高速转子采用3层磁障结构,并内置平行充磁的铁氧体。
借鉴已有样机数据,永磁体助磁式磁力齿轮的基本参数如表1所示。
永磁体助磁式磁力齿轮中,调磁环为定子,高、低速永磁转子反向旋转。基于气隙磁场调制原理,由高(低)速永磁转子建立的磁场经调磁环调制后,在外(内)气隙中产生新的永磁场,旧永磁场与新永磁场通过耦合实现转矩传递。
调磁环中,导磁块数Ns、高速转子极对数p1、低速转子极对数p2需满足以下关系:
Ns=p1+p2
高速转子与低速转子按照某一传动比反向旋转,传动比G
G=p2p1=-n1n2=-T2T1
式中,n1n2分别为高、低速转子的转速;T1T2分别为高、低速转子的转矩。
本节采用文献[15]中的分析方法研究磁力齿轮定、转子间的不平衡磁拉力。磁力齿轮中存在作用于转子铁芯的径向力与切向力,前者产生磁力齿轮的不平衡磁拉力,后者产生转矩。低速转子每旋转1周,磁极j所受的磁拉力将变化Ns个周期,调磁极块i所受的磁拉力将变化2p2个周期。由于磁力齿轮中调磁极块数与磁极数不相等,将产生两种激励:槽频激励和极频激励。调磁环与外转子间的受力分析如图2所示。
由于低速转子每旋转1周,调磁极块i与低速转子作用2p2次,该调磁极块所受的磁拉力激励频率ωs
ωs=2p2n2
i个调磁极块与x轴的夹角ψi
ψi=2π(i-1)Ns
相邻两个调磁极块之间所受磁拉力的相位差φi
φi=2πp2Ns
作用于第i个调磁极块的磁拉力相角ϕi
ϕi=p2ψi
假设作用于第i个调磁极块的第l阶谐波磁拉力的径向分量Fril、切向分量Ftil的表达式[16-17]分别为
Fril=Arilcosl(ωst+ϕi)+Brilsinl(ωst+ϕi)Ftil=Atilcosl(ωst+ϕi)+Btilsinl(ωst+ϕi)
式中,ArilBrilAtilBtil均为第l阶谐波的傅里叶系数;t为时间。
在此引入机械齿轮系统中的相位调谐理论,分析磁力齿轮转子在受到第l阶谐波磁拉力时的受力状态。定义极频相位调谐因子km[18]
km=mod(lp2/Ns)
式中,mod为取余运算符。
调磁环所受的第l阶谐波磁拉力的合力沿x轴与y轴方向的分量分别为
Fxl=i=1Ns(Frilcosψi-Ftilsinψi)Fyl=i=1Ns(Frilsinψi+Ftilcosψi)
将式(4)、式(6)~式(8)代入式(9),整理得
Fxl=12i=1Ns[(Arilcoslωst+Brilsinlωst)(cosHm+cosIm)]-12i=1Ns[Atilsinlωst-BtilcoslωstcosHm-cosIm]Fyl=12i=1Ns[(Arilsinlωst-Brilcoslωst)(cosHm-cosIm)]+12i=1Ns[(Atilcoslωst+Btilsinlωst)(cosHm+cosIm)]
式中,Hm=2πkm+1i-1/NmIm=2πkm-1i-1/Nm。其中,Nm为低速转子的数量。
以高速转子极对数p1=2为例,分析式(10)可得:
1)km=0Ns=81216时,调磁环的第l阶谐波磁拉力的合力为0,将削弱不平衡磁拉力,抑制调磁环振动。
2)km=1Ns-2时,调磁环的第l阶谐波磁拉力的合力不为0,且沿x轴和y轴方向的分量均不为0,将增强不平衡磁拉力,激起调磁环振动。
定义变量GCDNsp2的最大公因数,即
GCD=GCD(Ns,p2)
式中,GCD为取最大公因数运算符。由此可得极频相位调谐的动态特性,如表2所示。
槽频激振的分析与上述极频激振的分析过程一致。因此,下面仅给出槽频相位调谐因子ks的定义式,即
ks=mod(lNs/p2)
由此可得槽频相位调谐的动态特性,如表3所示。
利用Maxwell应力张量法,得到的作用于永磁转子和调磁环的径向磁力密度fr
fr=Br22μ0
式中,Br为径向气隙磁通密度;μ0为真空磁导率。
沿转子表面对径向磁力密度积分,得到的作用于转子中心的不平衡磁拉力沿x轴与y轴方向的分量分别为
Fx=Lsr02πfrcosθdθFy=Lsr02πfrsinθdθ
式中,r为气隙处各点所对应半径的平均值;θ为由气隙处平均半径所构成的圆上各点所对应的角度。
永磁转子径向不平衡磁拉力的合力Fr
Fr=Fx2+Fy2
当高速转子极对数p1=2时,磁力齿轮各传动比G所对应的极频、槽频相位调谐因子如表4所示。
图3图4所示分别为当激振方式取槽频激振和极频激振时,低速转子与调磁环在各传动比下受到的不平衡磁拉力的分布。由图3图4可知,传动比的增大对槽频激振与极频激振下的不平衡磁拉力具有一定的抑制作用。这是因为改变传动比会影响气隙磁场的扭曲程度,但无法消除气隙中的谐波磁场。当传动比G分别取6、7、8时,槽频激振和极频激振下不平衡磁拉力中均存在Fxl=Fyl=0的谐波分量,使GCD=2时比GCD=1时的磁拉力幅值小,与理论分析结果一致。
为全面地了解永磁体助磁式磁力齿轮的固有频率与各阶模态振型,分析各部分的动态特性,本节对磁力齿轮进行模态分析。磁力齿轮为多自由度振动系统,在仿真环境中对低速转子和调磁环建模时,需考虑其实际的装配结构,以满足有限元分析的约束设置。图5所示为加入端盖部分后磁力齿轮各部件的仿真模型。磁力齿轮各部分所用材料的参数如表5所示。
根据模态分析基本理论,将磁力齿轮视为多自由度系统,则其运动微分方程可表示为
MX¨+CX˙+KX=F(t)
式中,MCK分别为质量矩阵、阻尼矩阵和刚度矩阵;X¨X˙X分别为加速度、速度和位移向量;Ft)为外力向量。
当模态分析不考虑阻尼且无外力作用时,有
K-ωi2Mu=0
式中,ωi为各阶固有频率;u为振幅。
由于高速转子被设计为3层磁障,磁障中嵌入铁氧体,且由表5可知,铁氧体比轭铁的密度小得多,使高速转子的整体质量减小,所以高速转子的固有频率比调磁环和低速转子大得多。对传动比G=6.5的磁力齿轮进行有限元分析,可得其低速转子和调磁环的前5阶模态振型与固有频率之间的对应关系,如表6所示。
表6可知,低速转子第1、2阶固有频率分别为125、1 187 Hz,故使低速转子发生共振的激振力频率集中在高频段;而调磁环的第1~5阶固有频率处于221~456 Hz范围内,均集中在低频段,说明调磁环更容易发生共振。
与模态分析仅关注结构的固有频率特性不同,谐响应分析更关注磁力齿轮在稳态载荷作用下的动态响应,需根据已知的激励类型对结构的稳态受迫振动进行仿真,得出结构的振幅与频率之间的关系。
采用模态叠加法,对各传动比下的低速转子与调磁环分别进行谐响应分析计算。其中,低速转子的扫频范围为0~2 000 Hz;调磁环的扫频范围为0~1 000 Hz。通过后处理得到的低速转子和调磁环的幅频特性曲线分别如图6图7所示。
图6图7可知,低速转子的振幅有4个峰值,其最大值出现在频率为120 Hz时;调磁环在频率分别为200、300、700 Hz时,振幅均大于1 mm。所以,应尽量避免不平衡磁拉力的激励频率接近上述频率。
由文献[19]知,由于传动比G=6.5时高速转子受调磁环影响的激励频率为1 333.33 Hz,而高速转子的1阶固有频率为1 641 Hz,所以,高速转子较难发生共振。但高速转子受到的离心力较大,因此,需对高速转子做机械强度分析。
本文研究的永磁体助磁式磁力齿轮的高速转子转速为5 000 r/min,离心力会在隔磁桥与磁障拐角处产生应力集中,严重时会导致结构破坏。本节对传动比为6.5的磁力齿轮进行应力分析,利用等效质量圆环法计算隔磁桥处的应力并确定隔磁桥的形状,为后续优化做准备。
为方便计算,对磁力齿轮做以下假设:
1)仅对高速稳态时的转子进行受力分析。
2)转子中的内置铁氧体未受到压应力的影响。
3)忽略由交变磁场产生的温度变化对转子结构应力分布的影响。
4)忽略磁力齿轮运行时的振动对高速转子应力的影响。
图8所示为高速转子的等效质量模型。其中,ReiReo分别为等效质量圆环的内、外半径。由图8可知,高速运行时,极靴将受到自身和永磁体离心力的共同作用,最大应力出现在隔磁桥处。由于转子结构的复杂性,用等效质量圆环法将极靴与永磁体的质量等效至隔磁桥处,等效质量圆环的厚度与隔磁桥的厚度相等。通过该理论可得到等效质量圆环的应力分布,并估算出隔磁桥处的最大机械应力[20]
等效质量圆环的质量为等效前铁氧体与极靴的质量之和,则等效质量圆环的密度ρeq可表示为
ρeq=Mm+MsVeq
式中,Mm为铁氧体的质量;Ms为极靴的质量;Veq为等效质量圆环的体积。进一步将ρeq展开为
ρeq=ρmSmLs+ρFeSFeLsSeqLs=ρmSm+ρFeSFeSeq
式中,ρmSm分别为永磁体的密度与截面面积;ρFeSFe分别为硅钢材料的密度与极靴处的横截面面积;Seq为等效质量圆环的截面面积。
当转子稳态运行时,等效质量圆环上产生的等效应力σeq可表示为
σeq=[πn1Reo+Rei60]2ρeq
在高速转子运行过程中,因内置铁氧体而产生的边缘效应使隔磁桥位置处具有最大应力,该应力值σmax可表示为
σmax=ασσeq
式中,ασ为应力集中系数。
为保证高速转子安全运行,本文中转子结构运行时的最大应力值σmax应小于硅钢材料的屈服强度Rp0.2,即
σmax<Rp0.2
利用式(19)计算可得,ρeq=164 256.42 kg/m3,再将转速n1=5 000 r/min代入式(20),得到σeq=187.6 MPa。而由应力集中系数手册[21]可得到,该转子结构的应力集中系数ασ=2.5,进而得到最大应力值σmax=468.9 MPa。下面进行有限元仿真验证。
图9为有限元仿真应力云图。由图9可知,最大应力为473.34 MPa,位于最内层磁障的隔磁桥处。这是由于在离心力的作用下,最内层磁障的隔磁桥受到另外两层磁障的共同拉力,引起最大应力的集中。而通过等效质量圆环这种解析法求得的最大应力为468.9 MPa,解析法与仿真法之间最大应力的相对误差为0.94%。
因隔磁桥处出现的应力值超过了硅钢片的屈服强度(Rp0.2=390 MPa),隔磁桥处结构发生了塑性变形,严重时可能损坏结构。为此,针对隔磁桥处的应力集中,可通过采用圆弧形隔磁桥、设置圆形倒角和引入加强筋等措施优化转子结构。
本节对高速转子的结构进行优化。根据初始结构的应力云图,选择优化磁障内部圆角的半径R1R2、磁障中加强筋的宽度S和圆弧形隔磁桥的半径R3图10),从而提高输出转矩值Tm、降低最大应力值σmax。首先采用田口优化方法确定主要优化变量,然后采用响应曲面设计方法选择优化变量的最优组合。
在田口设计中,通过建立正交试验矩阵并对其分析,可以筛选出对优化目标影响较大的变量。所考虑的4个结构优化变量SR1R2R3的初始值如表7所示,各优化变量的取值范围如表8所示。
本文采用的田口设计类型为4变量4水平。建立的正交试验及根据正交组合得出的有限元结果如表9所示。
根据表9,对每一种优化参数组合的磁力齿轮做仿真分析,再进行平均值和方差分析,得到不同组合的优化变量对输出转矩Tm与最大等效应力值σmax这两个优化目标的影响。某一优化变量在第k个水平下的目标性能指标的平均值EXk和方差DX的表达式分别为
EXk=14[EXh+EX(m)+EX(n)+EX(q)]
DX=14k=14(EXk-E)2
式中,EXhEX(m)EX(n)EX(q)分别为该优化变量的第hmn、q次试验结果;E为优化变量在该组优化参数下的平均值。
图11所示为各优化变量对优化目标的影响权重。由图11可知,加强筋的宽度对优化目标的影响权重最大。当把输出转矩Tm与最大等效应力值σmax同时作为优化目标时,某些参数的取值不能同时满足Tmσmax的优化要求。考虑到该磁力齿轮结构的重要性及优化目标的整体优化空间,确定将输出转矩作为优先优化目标。由田口试验优化方法可以确定,R1的值为0.5 mm;其余3个影响权重较大的变量可通过响应面Box-Behnken设计法继续优化。
响应面法是一种将试验设计与数学建模结合的设计方法。该方法通过构建二阶多项式,得到多变量与多目标之间的非线性数学关系。其中,Box-Behnken设计法是被广泛使用的方法之一。基于该方法设计试验时,针对每个影响因素(即变量因子)均选择3个水平值。这3个水平值构成等差数列,例如位于优化空间核心的中点值0、代表变量上边界的+1以及代表变量下边界的-1。响应面正交试验的结果如表10所示。
根据表10,利用质量管理统计软件Minitab分析得出的优化目标与优化变量之间的拟合函数为
Tm=73.79-0.99R2+15.08R3-12.45S+0.08R2R3+0.67R2S-0.46R3S-0.2R22-2.15R32+0.49S2
σmax=391.90+25.26R2-180.5R3-74.46S-27.58R2R3+11.11R2S-15.74R3S+42.75R22+46.22R32+70.18S2
白鹭群优化算法(Egret Swarm Optimization Algorithm, ESOA)是一种受自然界鸟群行为启发的优化算法范例,它模拟了自然界中白鹭捕食的行为模式。该算法受雪白鹭代表的坐等策略与大白鹭代表的积极捕食的激进策略的启发,主要包括坐等策略、激进策略和判别条件3个方面。ESOA的流程如图12所示。
选取的圆角半径R2、圆弧形隔磁桥的半径R3和加强筋宽度S的约束条件分别为
0 mmR21.5 mm2 mmR33.2 mm0.3 mmS1.2 mm
利用ESOA进行计算时,种群大小设为100,最大迭代次数设为200。图13为Pareto前沿图。
图13可知,当最大应力减小时,输出转矩也有所下降。显然,两个子目标的优化过程是相互冲突的,因此,需要综合考虑各优化变量,在各项参数间寻求一个恰当的平衡点,以确保双目标函数能够同时得到最优解。这意味着在减小最大应力值、实现转子结构安全性提升的同时,还需保证输出转矩下降得尽可能小。虽然Pareto前沿图(图13)中的一系列最优解均符合设计要求,但若选择蓝色点这一最优参数,则加强筋宽度S=0.3 mm会使制造难度增加。因此,选取红色点这一最优参数,此时磁障内部的圆角半径R2=0.3 mm、圆弧形隔磁桥的半径R3=2.3 mm、加强筋宽度S=0.4 mm。
根据Pareto前沿图选取的最优结构参数进行优化,将优化后磁力齿轮的数据与原始数据做对比,结果如表11所示。
表11可知,优化后转子结构的最大应力值小于屈服强度,输出转矩有所降低,降幅为8.24%,在可接受范围内。上述优化保证了转子在高速运转下的安全性。因此,本文多目标优化设计基本符合预期。
借鉴相位调谐理论分析了磁力齿轮传动比G与不平衡磁拉力之间的关系。分析得知,当导磁块数Ns和低速转子极对数p2的最大公因数GCD=2时,存在抑制不平衡磁拉力幅值的谐波分量,使不平衡磁拉力的幅值相对较小;当频率分别为200、300、700 Hz时,调磁环的振幅均大于1 mm。所以,应采取一些减振措施,如调磁极块间使用橡胶等高阻尼特性材料。采用等效质量圆环法对高速转子的强度进行理论分析,并使用多目标优化设计方法,以“确保一定的输出转矩”和“减小最大应力值”为目标进行优化,最终得出合理的结构参数。
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2026年第50卷第1期
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doi: 10.16578/j.issn.1004.2539.2026.01.002
  • 接收时间:2024-11-06
  • 首发时间:2026-05-20
  • 出版时间:2026-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-06
  • 修回日期:2025-03-19
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    河南理工大学 电气工程与自动化学院,焦作454003

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王鑫(通信作者),男,1998年生,河南新乡人,硕士研究生;主要研究方向为电机电器及其控制;
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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