Article(id=1263881613105086612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, issueId=1263881604263437054, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16578/j.issn.1004.2539.2026.01.014, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1727107200000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-24, revisedDate=1729958400000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1779262458348, onlineDateStr=2026-05-20, pubDate=1768406400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1779262458348, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1779262458348, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1779262458348, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1263881604263437054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, year='2026', volume='50', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='191', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1779262456241, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1779263107607, updator=13041195026, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1263884336399528882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, issueId=1263881604263437054, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1263884336403723187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, issueId=1263881604263437054, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=112, endPage=118, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1263881614988329111, articleId=1263881613105086612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, language=EN, title=Tooth surface design and analysis of pure rolling contact bevel gears based on preset transmission error, columnId=1263881613436379916, journalTitle=Journal of Mechanical Transmission, columnName=Design·Calculation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To address the problem that pure rolling bevel gears are prone to angular velocity mutation, vibration, and noise excitation under the influence of mounting errors, a tooth surface design method with low sensitivity to mounting errors was proposed.

Methods

Firstly, based on the influence of installation errors on angular velocity, the transmission error curve was preset as a parabolic type. Secondly, the theoretical tooth surface of the pinion was modified using the preset transmission error curve to establish a mathematical model of the target tooth surface. Finally, a 3D solid model of the modified bevel gear was constructed, and tooth contact analysis was performed.

Results

The results show that the derived transmission error curve is consistent with the preset curve, validating the effectiveness of the modification. The actual meshing points of the optimized tooth surface deviate from the edges, and the overall contact area centers on the tooth surface, effectively avoiding edge contact and stress concentration.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Wangwang WANG, Rulong TAN, Weiqing ZHANG, Xiaodong GUO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1263881634089189600, articleId=1263881613105086612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, language=CN, title=基于预置传动误差的纯滚接触锥齿轮齿面设计与分析, columnId=1263881615902630674, journalTitle=机械传动, columnName=设计计算, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

针对纯滚接触锥齿轮在安装误差作用下易产生角速度突变、诱发振动和噪声的问题,提出一种对安装误差低敏感的齿面设计方法。

方法

首先,基于安装误差对角速度的影响,将传动误差曲线预置为抛物线形;其次,利用预置的传动误差曲线对小轮理论齿面进行修形,建立了小轮目标齿面的数学模型;最后,构建了修形后的锥齿轮三维实体模型,并进行了齿面接触分析。

结果

结果表明,实际导出的传动误差曲线与预置曲线基本一致,验证了齿面修形的有效性;优化后的齿面实际啮入、啮出点偏离齿面边缘,整体接触区向齿面中部靠拢,可有效避免边缘接触及应力集中。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
谭儒龙(通信作者),男,1987年生,重庆人,博士,副教授;主要研究方向为高性能机电传动技术及系统、齿轮传动;
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王旺旺,男,1999年生,安徽安庆人,在读硕士研究生;主要研究方向为复杂曲面数字化与智能化制造技术;

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王旺旺,男,1999年生,安徽安庆人,在读硕士研究生;主要研究方向为复杂曲面数字化与智能化制造技术;

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王旺旺,男,1999年生,安徽安庆人,在读硕士研究生;主要研究方向为复杂曲面数字化与智能化制造技术;

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Journal of Mechanical Design2002124(3):524-532., articleTitle=Design and stress analysis of low-noise adjusted bearing contact spiral bevel gears, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1263881707057496802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881613105086612, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2006, volume=41, issue=1, pageStart=83, pageEnd=118, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=13, rfOrder=16, authorNames=LITVIN F L, FUENTES A, HAYASAKA K, journalName=Mechanism and Machine Theory, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LITVIN F LFUENTES AHAYASAKA K. Design,manufacture,stress analysis,and experimental tests of low-noise high endurance spiral bevel gears[J]. Mechanism and Machine Theory200641(1):83-118., articleTitle=Design,manufacture,stress analysis,and experimental tests of low-noise high endurance spiral bevel gears, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1263881636291199218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881613105086612, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1263881636630937844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881613105086612, companyId=1263881636291199218, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Mechanical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing400054, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1263881636685463798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881613105086612, companyId=1263881636291199218, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, 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label=Fig.11, caption=Contact trajectory, figureFileSmall=ofQmiufOEhRvYn/+EfLvqw==, figureFileBig=mlgL/HhiJ0xJEjOkUepVGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263881687893721706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881613105086612, language=CN, label=图11, caption=接触轨迹, figureFileSmall=ofQmiufOEhRvYn/+EfLvqw==, figureFileBig=mlgL/HhiJ0xJEjOkUepVGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1263881689030378096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881613105086612, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Design parameters of gear blanks

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参数
螺旋角β/(°)35
法向压力角αn /(°)20
外锥模数mt /(°)7
齿高系数hc0.3
顶隙系数C *0.15
小、大轮节锥角δ1δ2/(°)18.435,71.565
齿顶角θa /(°)1.087
齿根角θf /(°)1.630
小、大轮面锥角δa1δa2 /(°)19.522,72.652
小、大轮根锥角δf1δf2 /(°)16.805,69.935
小、大轮齿数10,30
传动比i211∶3
轴交角ξ/(°)90
小、大轮外锥节圆直径de1de2/mm54,162
面宽B/mm30
), ArticleFig(id=1263881689563054710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263187878914834467, articleId=1263881613105086612, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

齿坯设计参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数
螺旋角β/(°)35
法向压力角αn /(°)20
外锥模数mt /(°)7
齿高系数hc0.3
顶隙系数C *0.15
小、大轮节锥角δ1δ2/(°)18.435,71.565
齿顶角θa /(°)1.087
齿根角θf /(°)1.630
小、大轮面锥角δa1δa2 /(°)19.522,72.652
小、大轮根锥角δf1δf2 /(°)16.805,69.935
小、大轮齿数10,30
传动比i211∶3
轴交角ξ/(°)90
小、大轮外锥节圆直径de1de2/mm54,162
面宽B/mm30
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基于预置传动误差的纯滚接触锥齿轮齿面设计与分析
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王旺旺 , 谭儒龙 , 张卫青 , 郭晓东
机械传动 | 设计计算 2026,50(1): 112-118
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机械传动 | 设计计算 2026, 50(1): 112-118
基于预置传动误差的纯滚接触锥齿轮齿面设计与分析
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王旺旺 , 谭儒龙 , 张卫青, 郭晓东
作者信息
  • 重庆理工大学 机械工程学院,重庆 400054
  • 王旺旺,男,1999年生,安徽安庆人,在读硕士研究生;主要研究方向为复杂曲面数字化与智能化制造技术;

通讯作者:

谭儒龙(通信作者),男,1987年生,重庆人,博士,副教授;主要研究方向为高性能机电传动技术及系统、齿轮传动;
Tooth surface design and analysis of pure rolling contact bevel gears based on preset transmission error
Wangwang WANG , Rulong TAN , Weiqing ZHANG, Xiaodong GUO
Affiliations
  • School of Mechanical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing400054, China
出版时间: 2026-01-15 doi: 10.16578/j.issn.1004.2539.2026.01.014
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目的

针对纯滚接触锥齿轮在安装误差作用下易产生角速度突变、诱发振动和噪声的问题,提出一种对安装误差低敏感的齿面设计方法。

方法

首先,基于安装误差对角速度的影响,将传动误差曲线预置为抛物线形;其次,利用预置的传动误差曲线对小轮理论齿面进行修形,建立了小轮目标齿面的数学模型;最后,构建了修形后的锥齿轮三维实体模型,并进行了齿面接触分析。

结果

结果表明,实际导出的传动误差曲线与预置曲线基本一致,验证了齿面修形的有效性;优化后的齿面实际啮入、啮出点偏离齿面边缘,整体接触区向齿面中部靠拢,可有效避免边缘接触及应力集中。

纯滚接触锥齿轮  /  传动误差  /  目标齿面  /  接触迹线  /  齿面接触分析
Objective

To address the problem that pure rolling bevel gears are prone to angular velocity mutation, vibration, and noise excitation under the influence of mounting errors, a tooth surface design method with low sensitivity to mounting errors was proposed.

Methods

Firstly, based on the influence of installation errors on angular velocity, the transmission error curve was preset as a parabolic type. Secondly, the theoretical tooth surface of the pinion was modified using the preset transmission error curve to establish a mathematical model of the target tooth surface. Finally, a 3D solid model of the modified bevel gear was constructed, and tooth contact analysis was performed.

Results

The results show that the derived transmission error curve is consistent with the preset curve, validating the effectiveness of the modification. The actual meshing points of the optimized tooth surface deviate from the edges, and the overall contact area centers on the tooth surface, effectively avoiding edge contact and stress concentration.

Pure rolling contact bevel gear  /  Transmission error  /  Target tooth surface  /  Contact trace  /  Tooth contact analysis
王旺旺, 谭儒龙, 张卫青, 郭晓东. 基于预置传动误差的纯滚接触锥齿轮齿面设计与分析. 机械传动, 2026 , 50 (1) : 112 -118 . DOI: 10.16578/j.issn.1004.2539.2026.01.014
Wangwang WANG, Rulong TAN, Weiqing ZHANG, Xiaodong GUO. Tooth surface design and analysis of pure rolling contact bevel gears based on preset transmission error[J]. Journal of Mechanical Transmission, 2026 , 50 (1) : 112 -118 . DOI: 10.16578/j.issn.1004.2539.2026.01.014
纯滚接触锥齿轮通过有效控制接触路径、齿面形态灵活设计,以齿形优化的方法提高了传动效率。然而,安装误差的存在,易导致齿轮副在啮合转换处角速度突变,进而引起很大的振动和噪声。预置传动误差,可有效改善齿面应力集中、振动和噪声等问题,提高实际工况下纯滚接触锥齿轮传动的平稳性。
对于纯滚接触齿轮,已有学者做出相关研究。WAGNER等[1]提出圆柱齿轮的纯滚动接触齿面。CHEN[2]研究了圆柱齿轮纯滚动接触的一般运动几何模型。CHEN等[3-4]还引入圆弧作为纯滚动接触平行轴传动齿轮的齿廓。TAN等[5]根据微分几何的曲线理论,提出纯滚动接触弧齿锥齿轮的基本数学模型。ZHANG等[6]103992基于张量分析和微分几何理论,对纯滚接触锥齿轮的运动几何进行了研究。此外,关于齿面修形,邓效忠等[7]基于齿轮共轭理论,对准双曲面齿轮进行了抛物线形的齿面修形,并通过试验验证了修形方法的正确性。MU等[8]提出用圆弧刃代替直线刃的齿面修形方法,有效避免了因安装误差所导致的齿面边缘接触。曹雪梅等[9]提出基于共轭齿面修正的齿面修形方法,根据预设的高阶传动误差和接触印痕对齿面进行了两次修正。牟彦铭等[10]通过预置高阶传动误差和接触印痕,基于齿面曲率修正方法对齿面进行了修形。
在上述诸多学者对纯滚接触锥齿轮的运动几何理论研究基础上,本文以降低纯滚接触锥齿轮误差敏感性为目标,结合齿面修形技术,开展基于预置传动误差的纯滚接触锥齿轮齿面设计研究,期望为相交轴锥齿轮提供创新设计理论,促进新型高性能相交轴锥齿轮的开发。
纯滚接触锥齿轮是以空间共轭曲线啮合理论为基础进行设计的,其研究的基本元素为空间曲线[11]15-16。为了方便齿面数学模型的建立,根据相交轴锥齿轮实际传动情况,设计了图1所示的齿轮坐标系。
在齿轮坐标系中,S0SP为固定在绝对空间中的两个直角坐标系;S1S2分别为与小轮、大轮相固连的动坐标系。其中,z0与小轮回转轴线z1重合;zP与大轮回转轴线z2重合。传动比i21不变,两齿轮各自回转轴线不变且只进行回转运动;两回转轴线之间的轴交角为ξ;相交轴锥齿轮大、小轮的中心轴线相交于一点,即坐标系原点O0O1OPO2S0S1之间的相对旋转角为φSPS2之间的相对旋转角为ϕω1ω2分别为小轮、大轮的角速度矢量;Γ1Γ2分别为小轮齿面和大轮齿面的理论接触迹线;M为瞬时接触点。
根据传动比定义,有∣ω2∣ = i21ω1∣,则ϕ可表示为
ϕ=i21φ
根据上述各坐标系之间的位置关系,它们之间的坐标变换矩阵为
M01=cos φ-sin φ00sin φcos φ0000100001
MP0=10000cos ξ-sin ξ00sin ξcos ξ00001
M2P=cos ϕsin ϕ00-sin ϕcos ϕ0000100001
对于一对连续纯滚动接触锥齿轮,其几何特点之一就是齿面间的接触迹线位于节锥上。由于纯滚接触锥齿轮啮合理论基于传动比恒定条件,啮合传动中理论上不产生传动误差。为了预置有传动误差的纯滚接触锥齿轮,将理论接触迹线Γ1上每一瞬时接触点绕其节锥轴线进行旋转,得到修形目标曲线Γ(1);不同接触点旋转角度不同,且满足传动误差函数Δθt)。因此,小轮齿面的齿线由理论接触迹线Γ1重设为修形目标曲线Γ(1),如图2所示。
理论接触迹线Γ1作为构建小轮理论齿面的基本元素之一,将其重设后,齿面间的接触点轨迹不再沿Γ1移动,而是沿修形目标曲线Γ(1)移动,故Γ1Γ(1)之间的角度差可视为传动误差。预置抛物线形传动误差可吸收齿轮安装误差引起的线性传动误差,减小齿轮副的振动和噪声[12-13]。为了使传动平稳、降低误差敏感性,将传动误差曲线预置为抛物线形,则传动误差函数Δθt)可设计为
Δθ(t)=-κ(t-ε)2
式中,κ为抛物线系数;t为锥面角度参数;ε为设计参考点处对应的角度参数。
由于Γ1Γ(1)仅在设计参考点ε处重合,故接触点位于该点时的传动误差为0。图3为多对齿啮合下的传动误差曲线示意图。
在单对齿啮合状态下,接触点位于修形目标曲线Γ(1)端点处的传动误差幅值可设置相等,即有Δθtmin)=Δθtmax)。因此,设计参考点ε可选取理论接触迹线的中点。
基于纯滚接触锥齿轮齿面成形机制,建立包含接触迹线、截面曲线等基本几何元素以及继承曲线接触特性的锥齿轮齿面映射关系式。
对由理论接触迹线、截面曲线所构成的小轮理论齿面进行修形,通过预置传动误差,将理论接触迹线重设为修形目标曲线,建立齿线为修形目标曲线的小轮目标齿面数学模型。在S1坐标系中,小轮齿面的理论接触迹线Γ1的矢量方程可表示为
r11(t)=pf(t)sin tpf(t)cos tf(t)1
式中,ft)为理论接触迹线Γ1在小轮坐标系S1中的z轴坐标分量;p为与节锥角相关的几何系数,p=tan δ1。其中,δ1为小轮节锥角。
连续纯滚接触需要满足条件:
t=φp=i21sin ξ-1+i21pcos ξ
根据修形目标曲线Γ(1)相对理论接触迹线Γ1的位置关系,将传动误差函数Δθt)代入式(6),则修形目标曲线Γ(1)的矢量方程为
r1(1)(t)=pf(t)sin[t-Δθ(t)]pf(t)cos[t-Δθ(t)]f(t)1
由式(8)可以计算得到,修形目标曲线Γ(1)的单位切矢量为
α(1)(t)=dr1(1)(t)/dtdr1(1)(t)/dt
在文献[11]23-25中,由齿面法向矢量与接触迹线的主法向量之间的定向角关系确定了其矢量方程的具体形式。其中,主法向量是接触迹线的Frenet标架中的一个基矢量。法向压力角αn作为齿轮传动中的一个重要几何参数,相较于上述定向角而言,能直观表现出齿轮的传动效率及接触特性。而文献[6]103992通过张量分析方法推导出齿面法向矢量与法向压力角αn之间的直接关系,可更加明确反映出锥齿轮传动的运动特性。
根据文献[6]103992中推导齿面法矢的方法,推导修形后的齿面法向矢量n(1)。具体推导过程请参考上述文献。建立法向矢量n(1)与法向压力角αn的直接关系,有
n(1)(t)=nx(1)ny(1)nz(1)0
nx(1)=[cαf '(t)-p2f '(t)f(t)Δt'sin αncos Δt+cηsin αnsin Δt]/cβ
ny(1)=[p2f '(t)f(t)Δt'sin αn-cαf '(t)sin Δt+cηsin αncos Δt]/cβ
nz(1)=p{[f '(t)]2sin αn+cαf(t)Δt'}/cβ
Δt=t-Δθtcα=±cηcos2 αn-p2[f '(t)]2sin2 αncη=[f '(t)]2+p2[f(t)]2(Δt')2cβ=cη{cηsin2 αn+cα2+p2[f '(t)]2sin2 αn}
式中,cα为与小轮齿面法向矢量相关的系数,其正值对应凹面,负值对应凸面;cηcβ均为与法向压力角直接相关的系数。
小轮理论齿面是其截面曲线Γs1沿理论接触迹线Γ1连续变化所构成的;Γ1重设后,小轮目标齿面可视为位于法平面内的截面曲线Γs(1)沿修形目标曲线Γ(1)连续变化所构成的,如图4所示。根据这一原理,以修形目标曲线Γ(1)上任意一个瞬时接触点M为原点,用α(1)n(1)×α(1)n(1)这3个基矢量构建局部坐标系SF1。在坐标系SF1中,基矢量n(1)×α(1)n(1)所在的平面称为修形目标曲线Γ(1)在该点处的法平面,如图5所示。
在齿轮传动设计中,常用的齿廓曲线有渐开线、摆线和圆弧等。为了简化模型的建立,选择圆弧作为大、小轮的截面曲线。因此,截面曲线Γs(1)在坐标系SF1中可表示为
rF1Sec1(u)=0R1sin u-R1+R1cos u1
经坐标变换,小轮目标齿面方程为
SC1(t,u)=M1F1(t)rF1Sec1(u)
式中,R1为小轮齿廓圆弧半径;u为截面曲线Γs(1)沿n(1)×α(1)方向所对应的角度参数,u=0表示截面曲线Γs(1)与修形目标曲线Γ(1)有1个交点;M1F1t)为从SF1S1的坐标变换矩阵,具体形式为
M1F1(t)=iS1α(1)(iS1,n(1),α(1))iS1α(1)jS1α(1)(jS1,n(1),α(1))jS1α(1)kS1α(1)(kS1,n(1),α(1))kS1α(1)000r1(1)(t)
式中,iS1jS1kS1分别为坐标系S1x轴、y轴、z轴的基矢量。
大轮齿面不做修形处理,为小轮理论齿面的共轭齿面,由截面曲线Γs2沿接触迹线Γ2连续变化所生成,如图6所示。大轮齿面法矢n2与小轮理论齿面法矢n1共线,且两齿面的截面曲线位于同一法平面内,如图7所示。
根据空间共轭曲线啮合理论,大轮的接触迹线Γ2Γ1的共轭曲线。Γ2的矢量方程经坐标变换得
r22(t)=M2PMP0M01r11(t)
接触迹线Γ1Γ2在瞬时接触点M处具有相同的切矢量,Γ1的单位切矢量α1
α1(t)=dr11(t)/dtdr11(t)/dt
α1S1坐标系变换到S2坐标系,Γ2的单位切矢量α2
α2(t)=M2PMP0M01α1(t)
小轮理论齿面的单位法矢量n1经推导得
n1(t)=nx1(t)ny1(t)nz1(t)0
nx1(t)=sin tsin αn-cos t f '(t)[p2f(t)sin αn+cκ][f '(t)]2+p2[f(t)]2
ny1(t)=cos tsin αn+sin t f '(t)[p2f(t)sin αn+cκ][f(t)]2+p2[f(t)]2
nz1(t)=p{cκf(t)-[f '(t)]2sin αn}[f '(t)]2+p2[f(t)]2
cκ=±p2[f(t)]2cos2 αn-cgcg=[f '(t)]2[(p2+1)sin2 αn-1]
式中,cκ为与大轮齿面法向矢量相关的系数,其正值对应凹面,负值对应凸面;cg为与法向压力角直接相关的系数。
n1S1坐标系变换到S2坐标系,单位法矢量n2
n2(t)=M2PMP0M01n1(t)
α2n2×α2n2这3个基矢量构建局部坐标系SF2,截面曲线Γs2同样设置为圆弧,Γs2在局部坐标系SF2中可表示为
rF2Sec2(v)=0-R2sin vR2-R2cos v1
则大轮目标齿面方程为
SC2(t,v)=M2F2(t)rF2Sec2(v)
式中,R2为大轮齿廓圆弧半径;vΓs2沿n2×α2方向所对应的角度参数,v=0意味着截面曲线Γs2与接触迹线Γ2有1个交点;M2F2t)为从坐标系SF2到坐标系S2的坐标变换矩阵,具体形式为
M2F2(t)=iS2·α2(iS2,n2,α2)iS2·α2jS2·α2(jS2,n2,α2)jS2·α2kS2·α2(kS2,n2,α2)kS2·α2000r22(t)
式中,iS2jS2kS2分别为坐标系S2x轴、y轴、z轴的基矢量。
以齿线为对数螺旋线、小轮凹面推动大轮凸面为例,按上述齿面形成机制,建立修形后的对数螺旋锥齿轮三维实体模型,并对其进行有限元仿真分析。齿坯设计参数如表1所示。
将位于节锥上的对数螺旋线重设为修形目标曲线Γ(1),在坐标系S1下,Γ(1)的矢量方程可表示为
r1(1)(t)=nemtsin Δtnemtcos Δtbemt1
式中,n=sin δ1m=sin δ1cot β,其中,β为接触迹线Γ1的螺旋角;b=cos δ1
对于对数螺旋线,有
p=nbf(t)=bemt
角度参数t反映了接触迹线Γ1在节锥上的截取范围。根据表1所示的相关设计参数,计算得到的参数t的上、下限分别为
tmax=1mln de12ntmin=1mln de1-2Bsin δ12n
取设计参考点ε为理论接触迹线中点,有
ε=tmin+tmax2
在锥齿轮传动中,齿长方向上的传动误差量级一般为角秒(″)。根据图2所示,可预设当t=tmint=tmax时,传动误差为36″,转化为弧度,即
Δθ(tmin)=Δθ(tmax)=π18 000
t=tmin,根据式(5)、式(34),可计算得到抛物线系数κ
κ=π18 000(tmin-ε)2
预置的传动误差Δθt)可表示为
Δθ(t)=-π18 000(tmin-ε)2(t-ε)2
确定修形参数后,将其代入齿面方程;在Matlab软件中编写程序,生成齿面点,并将齿面点文件导入三维建模软件中;再根据表1所示的齿坯参数,生成修形后的纯滚接触对数螺旋锥齿轮三维实体模型,如图8所示。
齿面接触分析是一种用于评估齿轮啮合过程中齿面接触状态和接触性能的方法。该方法对于确保齿轮传动的平稳性、减少噪声和磨损、延长齿轮的使用寿命具有重要意义。传统基于赫兹理论的齿轮副分析方法主要适用于简单几何形状和理想化的载荷条件;而有限元分析作为工程设计和分析的一种核心工具,可以处理更复杂的齿轮几何形状和实际载荷分布,提供更接近实际的分析结果。图9为三维实体多对齿有限元模型啮合过程中的应力云图。
图9(a)中,实际啮合转换点1表明,上一个齿从开始啮出转换到另一个齿开始啮入;当接触点从该齿啮入点到达齿面中部时,只有1对齿啮合,如图9(b)所示;图9(c)中,实际啮合转换点2则表明,该齿从开始啮出转换到下一个齿开始啮入。
根据有限元分析结果,导出传动误差曲线,并将其与预置的理论传动误差曲线进行对比,对比分析结果如图10所示。
图10中,蓝色点划线为有限元分析导出的实际传动误差曲线;根据式(36)计算得出的传动误差函数,可绘制出预置的理论传动误差曲线,即红色实线部分。通过对比可知,实际传动误差曲线和预置的理论传动误差曲线仅有微小偏差。在多对齿啮合传动中,传动误差曲线的交点对应齿轮啮合过程中的实际啮合转换点;实际传动误差在该点的幅值为-16.328 7",理论传动误差在该点的幅值为-14.578 5",两者相较于其他接触点,在啮合转换点处偏差略大;对于整体趋势而言,两者基本吻合,且实际传动误差曲线呈抛物线形,有利于降低误差敏感性、减小振动和噪声,证明了齿面修形的有效性。
与上述相对应,图11所示为齿面接触轨迹在轴截面处的投影,接触轨迹左右两个端点分别是齿轮传动的实际啮入点Ta和实际啮出点Tb
实际啮入点Ta和实际啮出点Tb的坐标分别为(4.144,2.299) mm和(23.296,2.510 6) mm。显然,实际啮入点远离了小端,偏向齿根方向;实际啮出点远离大端,偏向齿顶方向。整体接触区偏向齿面中部,有利于避免边缘接触及应力集中。
1)在节锥上重设理论接触迹线,可以获得预置的传动误差曲线,且该曲线与有限元分析得出的传动误差曲线基本吻合。
2)修形后的传动误差曲线呈抛物线形,有利于降低齿轮副对安装误差的敏感性。
3)齿面优化后的接触轨迹远离齿面边缘,整体接触区向齿面中部靠拢,可有效避免齿面边缘接触及应力集中的发生。
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2026年第50卷第1期
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doi: 10.16578/j.issn.1004.2539.2026.01.014
  • 接收时间:2024-09-24
  • 首发时间:2026-05-20
  • 出版时间:2026-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-24
  • 修回日期:2024-10-27
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    重庆理工大学 机械工程学院,重庆 400054

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谭儒龙(通信作者),男,1987年生,重庆人,博士,副教授;主要研究方向为高性能机电传动技术及系统、齿轮传动;
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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