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More and more enterprises begin to adopt open and shared office space design, and one of the key problems caused by open and shared office space design is the lack of privacy. Based on the affective event theory, it has conducted a two-stage questionnaire survey of 210 employees with a two-week interval to explore how the lack of privacy in the workplace affects employees' work disengagement behavior through negative emotions. Finally, It was found that the lack of privacy in the workplace has a significant positive impact on employees' work disengagement behavior, and negative emotions play a partial mediating role between the two. In addition, the control point moderated the relationship between workplace privacy deficit and negative emotion: compared with the internal control point individual, the external control point individuals were more likely to be negatively affected by the lack of privacy in the workplace, and their negative emotions increased more obviously, and the impact on work disengagement behavior was also stronger.

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越来越多的企业开始采用开放式和共享式的办公空间设计,而开放式和共享式办公空间设计导致的一个关键问题就是办公场所隐私缺失。本研究基于情感事件理论,通过对210名员工进行时间间隔为两周的两阶段问卷调查,探析了工作场所隐私缺失会怎样通过消极情绪影响到员工的工作脱离行为。最终得到的研究结果表明:工作场所隐私缺失会对员工的工作脱离行为产生显著的正向影响,消极情绪在两者之间发挥部分中介作用。此外,控制点调节了工作场所隐私缺失与消极情绪之间的关系:相较于内控制点个体,外控制点个体更容易受到工作场所隐私缺失的消极影响,其消极情绪的增加更为明显,对工作脱离行为的影响也更强烈。

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博士,中南财经政法大学工商管理学院教授,研究方向:组织行为与人力资源管理;

博士,中南财经政法大学工商管理学院讲师,研究方向:组织行为与人力资源管理;

中南财经政法大学工商管理学院硕士研究生,研究方向:组织行为与人力资源管理;

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International Journal of Social Economics , 2014 . 41 ( 1 ): 2 - 31 ., articleTitle=Extending "Kahn's model of personal engagement and disengagement at work" with reference to existential attributes, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1157377616341771157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1157264407278526846, awardId=19YJA630081, language=CN, fundingSource=教育部人文社会科学研究规划基金项目“物理办公环境对员工心理和行为的影响研究”(19YJA630081), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1157377613347038063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1157264407278526846, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1157377613355426672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1157264407278526846, companyId=1157377613347038063, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Business Administration Zhongnan University of Economics and Law Wuhan 430073 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1157377613363815281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1157264407278526846, companyId=1157377613347038063, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中南财经政法大学 工商管理学院 武汉 430073)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1157377615473550217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1157264407278526846, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=aTukvFQXuiCxJK/qBylgoQ==, figureFileBig=KLEZ9qdPycOdcMBEu5HC1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1157377615519687562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1157264407278526846, language=CN, label=图1, caption=理论模型, figureFileSmall=aTukvFQXuiCxJK/qBylgoQ==, figureFileBig=KLEZ9qdPycOdcMBEu5HC1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1157377615578407819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1157264407278526846, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=2a2bKiOUlF0lISKEryLwrQ==, figureFileBig=ATdUFZOVNQLo62iiagoHfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1157377615632933772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1157264407278526846, language=CN, label=图2, caption=控制点的调节作用, figureFileSmall=2a2bKiOUlF0lISKEryLwrQ==, figureFileBig=ATdUFZOVNQLo62iiagoHfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1157377615687459725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1157264407278526846, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型 因素 ${\chi }^{2}$ ${df}$ ${\chi }^{2}/{df}$ RMSEA CFI ${TLI}$
四因子模型 ${LWP};{NE};{LOC};{WD}$ 217.78 92 2.37 0.08 0.93 0.91
三因子模型 ${LWP}+{NE};{LOC};{WD}$ 490.31 101 4.85 0.13 0.78 0.74
二因子模型 ${LWP}:{NE}+{LOC}+{WD}$ 849.2 105 8.09 0.18 0.58 0.52
单因子模型 ${LWP}+{NE}+{LOC}+{WD}$ 933.66 104 8.98 0.19 0.53 0.46
), ArticleFig(id=1157377615758762894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1157264407278526846, language=CN, label=表1, caption=验证性因子分析结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型 因素 ${\chi }^{2}$ ${df}$ ${\chi }^{2}/{df}$ RMSEA CFI ${TLI}$
四因子模型 ${LWP};{NE};{LOC};{WD}$ 217.78 92 2.37 0.08 0.93 0.91
三因子模型 ${LWP}+{NE};{LOC};{WD}$ 490.31 101 4.85 0.13 0.78 0.74
二因子模型 ${LWP}:{NE}+{LOC}+{WD}$ 849.2 105 8.09 0.18 0.58 0.52
单因子模型 ${LWP}+{NE}+{LOC}+{WD}$ 933.66 104 8.98 0.19 0.53 0.46
), ArticleFig(id=1157377615813288847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1157264407278526846, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 平均值 标准差 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1. 性别 1.50 0.50
2. 教育程度 2.92 0.55 0.10
3. 工作年限 3.76 1.37 -0.32** -0.22}{**
4. 职位层级 2.72 0.81 0.17 * -0.16** -0.27}{**
5. 年龄 2.88 0.70 -0.23}{** -0.22** 0.77 ** -0.23 **
6. 组织类型 2.59 0.98 -0.07 -0.13 -0.12 -0.14}{* -0.16*
7. 工作场所隐私缺失 3.05 0.89 0.02* -0.04 -0.08 0.36** -0.05 -0.10
8. 消极情绪 1.83 0.56 0.05 -0.01 -0.06 0.14 * -0.01 0.05 0.28 **
9. 控制点 2.21 0.41 -0.02 0.12 0.04 0.23 ** -0.01 0.07 0.33 ** 0.51**
10. 工作脱离 2.27 0.65 0.055 0.051 -0.18}{** 0.15 * -0.12 0.02 0.39 ** 0.52 ** 0.50 **
), ArticleFig(id=1157377615892980624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1157264407278526846, language=CN, label=表2, caption=变量描述性统计与相关系数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 平均值 标准差 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1. 性别 1.50 0.50
2. 教育程度 2.92 0.55 0.10
3. 工作年限 3.76 1.37 -0.32** -0.22}{**
4. 职位层级 2.72 0.81 0.17 * -0.16** -0.27}{**
5. 年龄 2.88 0.70 -0.23}{** -0.22** 0.77 ** -0.23 **
6. 组织类型 2.59 0.98 -0.07 -0.13 -0.12 -0.14}{* -0.16*
7. 工作场所隐私缺失 3.05 0.89 0.02* -0.04 -0.08 0.36** -0.05 -0.10
8. 消极情绪 1.83 0.56 0.05 -0.01 -0.06 0.14 * -0.01 0.05 0.28 **
9. 控制点 2.21 0.41 -0.02 0.12 0.04 0.23 ** -0.01 0.07 0.33 ** 0.51**
10. 工作脱离 2.27 0.65 0.055 0.051 -0.18}{** 0.15 * -0.12 0.02 0.39 ** 0.52 ** 0.50 **
), ArticleFig(id=1157377615951700881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1157264407278526846, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 消极情绪 工作脱离
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8
性别 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.04 -0.01 0.01 -0.03 -0.01
教育程度 0.04 0.03 -0.09 -0.09 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.03
工作年限 -0.07 -0.05 -0.16 -0.15 -0.19 -0.16 -0.15 -0.14
职位层级 0.16* 0.06 -0.06 -0.05 0.13 -0.01 0.046 -0.04
年龄 0.10 0.09 0.10 0.09 0.07 0.04 0.013 0.00
组织类型 0.09 0.10 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.05 -0.02 0.00
工作场所隐私缺失 0.27 ** 0.13 0.16* 0.39 ** 0.27**
控制点 0.50 ** 0.49 **
工作场所隐私缺失×控制点 0.13*
消极情绪 0.51** 0.45 **
${R}^{2}$ 0.03 0.09 ${}^{{10}*}$ 0.30** 0.31** 0.05 0.18** 0.30** 0.36**
$\Delta {R}^{2}$ 0.03 0.06 ** 0.27 ** 0.02** 0.05 0.13 ** 0.25 ** 0.18 **
F 1.07 3.00** 10.62** 10.07 ** 1.68 6.26 ** 12.31 ** 13.98**
${\Delta F}$ 1.07 14.16 ** 38.10 ** 4.29 ** 1.68 32.23 ** 72.57 ** 56.04**
), ArticleFig(id=1157377616027198354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1157264407278526846, language=CN, label=表3, caption=回归分析结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 消极情绪 工作脱离
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8
性别 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.04 -0.01 0.01 -0.03 -0.01
教育程度 0.04 0.03 -0.09 -0.09 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.03
工作年限 -0.07 -0.05 -0.16 -0.15 -0.19 -0.16 -0.15 -0.14
职位层级 0.16* 0.06 -0.06 -0.05 0.13 -0.01 0.046 -0.04
年龄 0.10 0.09 0.10 0.09 0.07 0.04 0.013 0.00
组织类型 0.09 0.10 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.05 -0.02 0.00
工作场所隐私缺失 0.27 ** 0.13 0.16* 0.39 ** 0.27**
控制点 0.50 ** 0.49 **
工作场所隐私缺失×控制点 0.13*
消极情绪 0.51** 0.45 **
${R}^{2}$ 0.03 0.09 ${}^{{10}*}$ 0.30** 0.31** 0.05 0.18** 0.30** 0.36**
$\Delta {R}^{2}$ 0.03 0.06 ** 0.27 ** 0.02** 0.05 0.13 ** 0.25 ** 0.18 **
F 1.07 3.00** 10.62** 10.07 ** 1.68 6.26 ** 12.31 ** 13.98**
${\Delta F}$ 1.07 14.16 ** 38.10 ** 4.29 ** 1.68 32.23 ** 72.57 ** 56.04**
), ArticleFig(id=1157377616098501523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1157264407278526846, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
中介作用 控制点 效应值 Boot 标准误差 Boot CI 下限 Boot CI 上限
消极情绪 的中介作用 外控制点 0.10 0.04 0.03 0.18
平均水平 0.06 0.02 0.02 0.10
内控制点 0.01 0.02 -0.03 0.05
), ArticleFig(id=1157377616157221780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1157264407278526846, language=CN, label=表4, caption=有调节的中介效应分析结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
中介作用 控制点 效应值 Boot 标准误差 Boot CI 下限 Boot CI 上限
消极情绪 的中介作用 外控制点 0.10 0.04 0.03 0.18
平均水平 0.06 0.02 0.02 0.10
内控制点 0.01 0.02 -0.03 0.05
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工作场所隐私缺失会导致工作脱离行为吗?——项基于情感事件理论的研究
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王淑红 , 芦青 , 张利闪
技术经济 | 技术经济管理 2024,43(2): 118-128
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技术经济 | 技术经济管理 2024, 43(2): 118-128
工作场所隐私缺失会导致工作脱离行为吗?——项基于情感事件理论的研究
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王淑红, 芦青, 张利闪
作者信息
  • 中南财经政法大学 工商管理学院 武汉 430073
  • 博士,中南财经政法大学工商管理学院教授,研究方向:组织行为与人力资源管理;

    博士,中南财经政法大学工商管理学院讲师,研究方向:组织行为与人力资源管理;

    中南财经政法大学工商管理学院硕士研究生,研究方向:组织行为与人力资源管理;

Does Lack of Workplace Privacy Lead to Disengagement from Work? A Study Based on Affective Event Theory
Shuhong Wang, Qing Lu, Lishan Zhang
Affiliations
  • School of Business Administration Zhongnan University of Economics and Law Wuhan 430073 China
出版时间: 2024-02-10 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1002-980X.J23092611
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越来越多的企业开始采用开放式和共享式的办公空间设计,而开放式和共享式办公空间设计导致的一个关键问题就是办公场所隐私缺失。本研究基于情感事件理论,通过对210名员工进行时间间隔为两周的两阶段问卷调查,探析了工作场所隐私缺失会怎样通过消极情绪影响到员工的工作脱离行为。最终得到的研究结果表明:工作场所隐私缺失会对员工的工作脱离行为产生显著的正向影响,消极情绪在两者之间发挥部分中介作用。此外,控制点调节了工作场所隐私缺失与消极情绪之间的关系:相较于内控制点个体,外控制点个体更容易受到工作场所隐私缺失的消极影响,其消极情绪的增加更为明显,对工作脱离行为的影响也更强烈。

工作场所隐私缺失  /  工作脱离  /  消极情绪  /  控制点

More and more enterprises begin to adopt open and shared office space design, and one of the key problems caused by open and shared office space design is the lack of privacy. Based on the affective event theory, it has conducted a two-stage questionnaire survey of 210 employees with a two-week interval to explore how the lack of privacy in the workplace affects employees' work disengagement behavior through negative emotions. Finally, It was found that the lack of privacy in the workplace has a significant positive impact on employees' work disengagement behavior, and negative emotions play a partial mediating role between the two. In addition, the control point moderated the relationship between workplace privacy deficit and negative emotion: compared with the internal control point individual, the external control point individuals were more likely to be negatively affected by the lack of privacy in the workplace, and their negative emotions increased more obviously, and the impact on work disengagement behavior was also stronger.

lack of workplace privacy  /  disengagement from work  /  negative emotions  /  locus of control
王淑红, 芦青, 张利闪. 工作场所隐私缺失会导致工作脱离行为吗?——项基于情感事件理论的研究. 技术经济, 2024 , 43 (2) : 118 -128 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1002-980X.J23092611
Shuhong Wang, Qing Lu, Lishan Zhang. Does Lack of Workplace Privacy Lead to Disengagement from Work? A Study Based on Affective Event Theory[J]. Journal of Technology Economics, 2024 , 43 (2) : 118 -128 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1002-980X.J23092611
从阿里巴巴耗资11.3亿元的支付宝办公大楼再到腾讯斥资18亿元建造的深圳滨海大厦,不难看出,如何设计工作场所,使员工拥有一个良好的工作场所体验已经成为越来越受企业重视的话题 [ 1 - 2 ] 。在现代工作场所的设计中,开放式和共享式的办公空间以其沟通更便利、成本更低的优势得到了企业的广泛使用 [ 3 ] 。 然而, 开放式和共享式办公空间在其独特优势的背后也存在着一些问题, 其中的一个关键问题就是可能会导致办公场所隐私缺失 [ 4 - 5 ] 。办公场所隐私缺失的程度会影响到员工在工作中对信息的把控和传递,甚至会成为决定员工思考和行动方式的重要因素 [ 6 ]
隐私对于个体的重要性不言而喻,工作场所中的隐私已被证明可以提供给员工分享个人私密信息的机会 [ 7 ] ,增加员工之间沟通的持续时间 [ 8 ] ,帮助员工实现合适的社交互动水平,使其从压力事件中恢复 [ 9 ] 。然而,随着开放式和共享式的办公场所设计逐步成为工作场所设计的主要形式,工作场所隐私缺失成为了普遍现象,学者们开始研究隐私缺失所带来的负面影响,例如, Kim 和 De Dear [ 10 ] 发现隐私缺失是导致员工工作场所满意度下降的主要因素, Gregory 等 [ 11 ] 发现工作场所隐私缺失会导致员工的情绪耗竭, Khazanchi 等 [ 12 ] 提出隐私缺失会导致员工间形成消极的工作关系。然而,在已有的关于工作场所隐私缺失会对员工带来什么影响的研究中,较少关注工作场所设计的核心问题——工作场所设计对员工高效投入工作的影响。 因此, 本研究旨在探究在工作场所中, 员工对于他们工作的投入程度是否会受到隐私缺失的影响, 进而使他们做出工作脱离行为。
目前关于隐私的研究主要从社会促进 [ 13 ] 、分心-冲突理论 [ 14 ] 以及资源保存理论 [ 11 ] 进行了探讨,然而当个体处于不适的环境中时, 其产生的最直接的反应便是消极的情绪感受。基于此, 本研究从情感事件理论的视角探究工作场所隐私缺失对员工工作脱离的影响。基于情感事件理论, 我们认为工作场所中的某些环境特征会导致相应的工作事件,这些工作事件会导致情感反应并最终影响到员工的态度和行为 [ 15 - 16 ] 。在以往的研究中,对于情感事件理论中的工作环境特征主要关注的是社会环境 [ 17 - 18 ] 。Ashkanasy 等 [ 1 ] 则首次提出可以将物理办公环境作为环境特征纳入情感事件理论模型, 研究其对员工的影响。在本研究中, 将聚焦工作场所隐私缺失这一物理办公环境特征变量,探究它会对员工产生什么样的影响。除此之外,情感事件理论还进一步指出,在将情感事件和环境特征排除在外之后,个体的特征也会影响到个体的情感反应 [ 19 ] ,也就是说情感事件与情感反应之间的关系会受到个体特质的调节作用 [ 15 ] 。在人格特质中,控制点反映了个体对生活中发生的事情及其结果控制源的不同解释, 影响到个体对于自身与环境之间关系的认知。内控制点个体认为自己可以较好地掌控事情的结果, 外控制点个体则认为自己很难决定事情的结果 [ 20 ] 。因此, 在面对隐私缺失的环境时, 内控制点个体相信自身可以通过一定的方式去掌控和改善环境, 而外控制点个体则认为面对外界环境自身无能为力 [ 21 ] ,这种不同的认知模式会影响到个体产生不同的情绪感受和后续行为, 因此可以假设控制点会在隐私缺失与员工的负向感受(包括负向行为)之间起到调节作用。
基于以上分析,本研究将物理办公环境作为工作环境特征的重要组成部分, 基于情感事件理论构建一个有调节的中介模型对工作场所隐私缺失与工作脱离之间的关系进行探究,旨在丰富对工作场所隐私缺失的影响作用及其作用机制与边界的认知。
隐私(privacy)的概念出现在心理学、法学、建筑学等不同学科的文献中 [ 22 ] 。几乎每一个学科都对隐私进行了定义, 学科不一样定义时会关注不同的重点, 但是大部分都强调与外界保持相分离的状态以及减少或避免与他人发生交流 [ 23 ] 。然而, Kemp 和 Bell [ 24 ] 则有着不同的看法,在他看来,隐私并不一定意味着与外界保持分离或者避免与他人发生沟通,而强调的是个体的一种能力,即自我能在多大程度上向他人保持开放或封闭的能力, 并把隐私界定为个体是否有能力决定传达给他人自己的哪些信息, 不传达给他人哪些信息。Altman [ 25 ] 把工作场所的隐私看作在工作场所中个体能够对刺激输入或者信息输出进行选择性控制。 这种观点得到了大部分学者的认同,隐私体现了个体与他人的人际互动界限的控制过程 [ 26 ] 。根据以上理解,本文采用O'Neill [ 27 ] 的观点,把工作场所隐私缺失界定为员工在工作场所中感觉到自身视觉信息的暴露程度以及能够控制听觉信息输入和输出的程度, 工作场所隐私缺失严重即意味着员工感觉自身暴露在他人的视线中并且难以控制听觉信息对自己的输入或者自己向他人信息的输出。
工作脱离的概念最早由Kahn [ 28 ] 基于角色理论提出, Kahn 认为工作脱离是指员工将自我从工作角色中抽离出来, 表现出自我与工作角色的不匹配或不相融, 在角色扮演的过程中表现为生理、认知和情感上的自我防卫及退缩。后来 Demerouti 等[ 29 ] 将工作脱离作为工作倦怠(与工作投入相对)的子维度进行研究,认为处于工作脱离的员工对其工作持有消极的态度并远离工作。本文采用 Demerouti 等 [ 29 ] 给出的定义,认为工作脱离是指员工远离工作的对象和内容, 并且对工作保持消极的态度和行为。和其他工作中的负面行为相比,这种在工作中的不作为风险比较小、成本也比较低,在一定程度上能够带来巨大的满足感 [ 30 ] ,因此,与其他负面行为相比,员工更有可能做出工作脱离行为。
隐私缺失的办公环境会给员工带来过多的视觉和听觉刺激 [ 7 ] ,处于被过度干扰和刺激的状态 [ 31 ] ,这种情境容易增加员工的心理负担、压力和疲劳,使得员工身心疲惫 [ 32 ] 。员工不仅需要工作,还需要耗费额外的时间和精力去关注和处理这种隐私缺失环境所带来的不必要的信息干扰,将时间和精力分散在与工作无关的事情上无疑会加重员工的脑力和体力负担 [ 33 ] ,增加员工的生理和心理压力 [ 34 ] ,导致在工作中精神和情绪过载 [ 35 ] 。当个体需要耗费更多资源去应对外界所带来的侵扰时,自然地其对于工作所能投入的精力就会相对减少,这势必会影响到他们维持自身的工作投入状态,从而产生工作脱离行为 [ 36 ]
同时,根据归因理论,处于隐私缺失的环境时,个体可能会将其带来的不适归因为组织对于自身工作条件的不重视,因此个体会对组织产生不满情绪,降低对组织的付出,也可能产生工作脱离行为;从个体对信息控制的角度出发,工作场所隐私缺失使得个体难以控制与外界的信息互动,产生较低的个人控制感,在低控制感下,个体容易产生消极的情绪体验,从而导致工作脱离行为。
综合以上分析,本文提出假设1:
工作场所隐私缺失与工作脱离显著正相关(H1)。
消极情绪是指个体陷入不愉快的境况或心情低落的一种主观体验,主要包括焦虑、悲伤以及愤怒等各种让人厌烦的情绪感受 [ 37 - 38 ] ,根据情感事件理论,在工作环境中发生的情境或事件会直接导致员工产生某种情感反应 [ 39 ] ,工作场所中员工的情感反应来自对情感事件的体验,进而影响员工的工作态度与行为 [ 40 ] 。 Ayoko 等 [ 41 ] 提出员工在与工作场所的互动中会产生积极或消极的情绪,这些情绪会影响员工的工作积极性、生产力等。
情感事件理论的第一阶段提出工作环境中发生的情感事件会直接影响员工的情感反应。已经有相关的研究表明,工作情境中的隐私缺失对相关的情绪发挥着直接决定作用 [ 42 ] ,当员工处于隐私缺失的工作场所时,员工向他人传递信息以及他人向自己传递信息的控制权受到剥夺 [ 43 ] ,他们会因为无法控制外界与自我的交互从而导致消极情绪 [ 44 ] 。首先,当处于缺乏隐私的工作场所时,个体与他人的边界不清晰,因此导致了不必要的侵扰事件,这些侵扰事件会使其产生沮丧、烦躁等消极情绪,并且员工还会因为受到外界的侵扰导致分心,感觉到自身工作任务的完成受到阻碍,从而产生沮丧和愤怒等消极情绪 [ 45 ] 。此外,在任务受阻的情况下, 员工为了给自己创造和争取更多隐私, 可能会尝试采取一些措施, 例如, 在自己和同事之间设置一些物理屏障,然而这种有意识的领地行为可能会进一步扩大摩擦从而再次增强了员工的消极情绪。最后, 当处于缺乏隐私的工作场所时,员工会直接暴露在其他人的视野中,个体无法按照自己的需要来控制自己对外界信息的输出, 这种信息输出失控会导致个体产生一种被监视的感觉, 这种被监视的感觉也会导致员工产生焦虑、烦躁、紧张等消极情绪 [ 33 ] 。情感事件理论的第二阶段提出情感反应会影响到员工的行为。作为一种消极的情感反应,消极情绪往往会导致个体产生消极的行为 [ 46 ] 。Ashkanasy 等 [ 1 ] 认为,由于办公环境的影响而产生消极情感反应的员工,会产生一种与组织、环境格格不入的感受,即自己与工作环境不匹配感,这种不匹配感会影响员工使其不能将自己的全部精力投入到工作中,从而使个体从工作目标和内容中抽离出来,产生工作脱离行为 [ 47 ]
因此,本文提出假设2:
消极情绪在工作场所隐私缺失与员工工作脱离之间起中介作用(H2)。
基于情感事件理论, 员工的情感反应不仅会受到工作中发生的事件的影响, 个人的某些特质也会起到一定的调节作用。控制点是一种稳定的人格特质,内控制点个体认为自己能够掌控自身命运,往往对行为结果做内部归因, 相信自己能够通过自身行动克服环境中的问题从而获得想要的结果, 感知自身行为与结果的密切关系并且愿意对此负责; 而外控制点个体则认为自己无法左右自身命运, 往往对行为结果做外部归因,认为自身在外界的环境中是消极被动的,自身的努力对想要的结果影响不大 [ 48 ] 。相较于外控制点的个体而言,内控制点的个体往往在内在工作动机、自我效能等方面有更加积极的表现 [ 49 - 50 ] 。不同控制点的个体在面对相同的环境因素时,会有不同的表现 [ 51 ] 。例如,对于外控制点的个体而言,在面对工作负荷以及组织约束时,会感受更大的压力以及表现出更多的反生产行为 [ 52 - 53 ]
由于控制点体现了个体对周围发生的事情及其控制源的解释, 所以不同控制点的个体在面对隐私缺失的工作环境时会有不同的解释及后续行为 [ 20 ] 。从认知层面来看,在面对隐私缺失的环境时,内控制点个体会认为这种环境难以对其行为结果产生影响,内部归因使得他们会维持良好的心态从而产生较少的消极情绪;相反,外控制点的个体则会认为环境中的干扰对其行为结果会产生强烈的负向影响,这种外部归因使得他们无法保持良好的心态,从而产生较多的消极情绪 [ 21 ] 。此外,从应对策略来看,内控制点个体相信结果主要取决于自身,外界的不良环境是可以改善和控制的,因此他们会主动地采取能够满足自身需求的策略从而使其适应环境, 例如, 如果进行的谈话或者行为保密性较高的时候, 他们会主动地去寻找相对私密的场所, 尽量避免在开放的环境中进行; 在感觉到隐私缺失的时候, 更好地规范自己的行为以适应隐私缺失的环境等。因此,这类个体能够更好地适应隐私缺失的环境而不太容易产生焦虑等负面情绪 [ 54 ] 。但对于外控制点个体来说, 其认为个体对于外部环境来说是无能为力的, 因此他们更多采取消极被动的策略, 例如不停地抱怨外部环境, 然而这种策略不仅不能改善现有状态, 反而会使得个人的消极情绪加重。
由此,本文提出假设3:
控制点在工作场所隐私缺失和消极情绪之间起调节作用。对于内控制点个体,工作场所隐私缺失对消极情绪的正向影响作用较小;对于外控制点个体,工作场所隐私缺失对消极情绪的正向影响较大(H3)。
本文将控制点的调节作用进一步假设为对中介效应的调节作用, 即有调节的中介。具体而言, 个体越是外控,工作场所隐私缺失通过消极情绪对工作脱离产生影响的影响效应(间接效应)越强。
由此,本文提出假设4:
控制点可以调节工作场所隐私缺失通过消极情绪对工作脱离的间接效应。对于内控制点个体,工作场所隐私缺失通过消极情绪影响工作脱离的间接效应较小;对于外控制点个体,工作场所隐私缺失通过消极情绪影响工作脱离的间接效应较大 (H4)。理论模型如 图1 所示。
本研究采用网上发放问卷的方式进行数据收集, 在问卷收集过程中, 选取了办公环境设计可能存在隐私差异的多个不同行业,如互联网、金融、制造、研发等。本研究采用的是两阶段的数据收集方法,以此来降低共同方法偏差, 个人基本的信息、工作场所隐私缺失、消极情绪和控制点在第一个阶段进行收集, 间隔两周后,再次向参与第一次问卷调查的被调查者发放第二轮问卷,收集工作脱离信息。第一轮问卷调查发放问卷300份,回收问卷275份;第二轮总共发放275份问卷,收回230份问卷,之后经过配对,共回收完整有效问卷210份,问卷总体有效回收率约为72.4%。
本研究调查对象主要来源于武汉、深圳以及其他多个地区的在职员工,分布较为广泛。本研究样本中, 性别方面,男性占50.5%、女性占49.5%;年龄方面,20~29岁占28.5%、30~39岁占58.1%、40~49岁占10.5%、50岁及以上占2.9%;在接受教育的程度方面,高中及以下占2.9%、大专占10.4%、大学本科占78.1%、顾士研究生及以上占8.6%;工作年限方面,2年以下占2.9%、2~5年占15.2%、5~8年占28.6%、8~11年占25. 7%、11-14年占11. 4%、14年及以上占16. 2%; 组织类型方面,政府及事业单位占15.2%、国有企业占26.5%、民营企业占40.7%、外资企业占8.6%、合资企业占3.8%、其他类型占5.2%;职位层级方面, 高层管理者占6.7%、中层管理者占30.5%、基层管理者占46.6%、普通员工占16.2%。
工作场所隐私缺失。采用由 O’Neill [ 27 ] 研究中所使用的工作场所隐私缺失量表,共有4个条目,内部一致性系数为0.826 。示例题目如:“当我身处我的工作区时,我会暴露在别人的视野中”“当我在我的工作区中用正常的音量说话时,另一个工作区的人可以听到”。采用李克特5点量表,“1 = 几乎没有,2 = 很少,3 = 一般,4 = 很多,5 = 极其多”,得到的分数越高,说明在工作的场所中员工的隐私缺失程度越高。
消极情绪量表。采用由黄丽等 [ 55 ] 修订的消极情绪问卷。共有10个测量项目,内部一致性系数为0.853。示例题目如:“我感到心烦”“易怒的”“紧张的”。采用李克特5点量表,“1 = 几乎没有,2 = 很少,5 = 一般,2 = 很多,5 = 极其多”,得到的分数越高,说明员工的消极情绪水平越高。
控制点。采用由 Spector [ 56 ] 开发的工作控制点量表,共有16个题项,8个用来测量个体的内控特质,8个用来测量个体的外控特质, 测量外控特质的题项如 “能得到自己想要的工作机会, 主要是凭运气” 等; 测量个体的内控特质的题项则如“如果组织成员不满意上级为他们所做的决定, 就应该积极的采取行动” 等。量表的内部一致性系数为0.876 。采用的也是李克特5点量表,“1= 非常不符合,2= 有点不符合,3= 一般符合,4 = 有点符合,5 = 非常符合”。针对个体的内控特质部分的测量,我们这里采用的是反向计分的方法, 将其加总平均之后得到员工的外控倾向水平。得到的分数越高, 说明员工的外控程度越高, 内控程度越低。
工作脱离行为。采用由 Demerouti 等 [ 57 ] 开发的量表中的子维度,共有8个题项,包含4道反向计分题, 内部一致性系数为0.812 。示例题目如:“我越来越多地以消极的方式谈论我的工作”。量表采用李克特5点量表,“1=非常不符合,2=有点不符合,3=一般符合,4=有点符合,5=非常符合”。得到的分数越高,说明员工的工作脱离行为就越高。
控制变量。基于 Damman 等 [ 58 ] 的发现,即职业生涯晚期的员工的工作脱离行为会明显强于早期的员工,本文选取了年龄、工作年限、职位层级等作为控制变量,并根据以往关于隐私的研究选取了性别等人口学变量 [ 11 ]
本研究使用 Amos 20.0软件检验整体问卷的区分效度。对超过4个条目的测量题项进行了打包处理, 量表整体的区分效度检验结果见 表1 。四因子模型变量包括工作场所隐私缺失、控制点、消极情绪、工作脱离,三因子模型将工作场所隐私缺失和控制点合并为一个因子,二因子模型将消极情绪、控制点和工作脱离并为一个因子, 单因子将所有变量当作一个因子。验证性因子分析结果表明, 四因子模型的拟合指标优于其他模型 $\left({{\chi }^{2}/{df}={2.37}}\right.$ , ${RMSEA}={0.08},{CFI}={0.93},{TLI}={0.91};{\chi }^{2}/{df}$ 表示卡方自由度比, ${RMSEA}$ 表示近似误差均方根, ${CFI}$ 表示比较拟合指数, ${TLI}$ 表示 Tucker-Lewis 指数),这说明本研究中各个关键变量的测量都具有良好的区分效度。
变量的平均值、相关系数以及标准差等描述性统计数据见 表2 所示。由 表2 可以看出, 工作场所隐私缺失与员工的消极情绪 $(r ={0.28}, P <{0.01};r$ 表示相关系数, P 表示显著性值) 和工作脱离行为均存在着显著的正相关关系 $\left({r ={0.39}, P <{0.01}}\right)$ 。此外,消极情绪与工作脱离呈现出显著的正相关关系 $(r ={0.52}, P <$ 0.01 )。这些发现初步支持了本研究研究假设的验证。
首先对假设1进行验证, 使用 SPSS 25.0采用层级回归方法, 因变量为工作脱离, 自变量为工作场所隐私缺失, 第一步先把人口统计学变量(即控制变量)引入, 第二步把研究的自变量(即工作场所隐私缺失) 引入。由 表3 可以发现,工作场所隐私缺失对工作脱离有显著的正向影响 ( $\mathrm{M}6,\beta ={0.39}, P <{0.01};\beta$ 表示回归系数, P 表示显著性值),假设1得到支持。本研究按照 Baron 和 Kenny [ 59 ] 的层级回归法进行中介效应的检验。由 表3 可以看出,工作场所隐私缺失对消极情绪 ( $\mathrm{M}2,\beta ={0.27}, P <{0.01}$ ) 有显著的正向影响。此外,在加入中介变量消极情绪之后,工作场所隐私缺失对工作脱离正向影响仍然显著,但系数明显降低 $(\mathrm{M}8,\beta =$ ${0.27}, P <{0.01})$ ,说明消极情绪在工作场所隐私缺失和工作脱离之间起到部分中介作用,假设2得到支持。 此外,本文还运用 SPSS 25.0宏程序 PROCESS 对中介效应的显著性进行了进一步分析,发现中介效应95% 的置信区间为 $\left\lbrack {{0.03},{0.14}}\right\rbrack$ ,不包含0。这进一步证实在工作场所隐私缺失和工作脱离之间消极情绪发挥的中介效应是显著的。
本文运用层级回归分析进行调节效应检验。首先引入人口统计学变量, 再将工作场所员工隐私和内外控制点引入, 最后将工作场所员工隐私和内外控乘积的交互项引入。在检验调节作用之前, 本文分别对中介变量和调节变量进行了标准化处理, 目的是消除变量之间的共线性问题。 表3 结果表明,工作场所隐私缺失和控制点的交互项对消极情绪具有显著的正向影响 ( $\mathrm{M}4,\beta ={0.13}, P <$ 0.05), 表明外控的程度越高, 工作场所隐私缺失对消极情绪产生的正向作用越强。调节效应如 图2 所示。简单斜率检验显示,对于外控制点个体,工作场所隐私缺失与消极情绪显著正相关 $(\beta =$ ${0.16}, P <{0.01})$ ,外控倾向会强化工作场所员工隐私缺失对消极情绪的影响作用;对于内控制点个体,工作场所隐私与消极情绪的正相关不显著 $\left({\beta ={0.02}, P >{0.05}}\right)$ 。因此, 假设3得到验证。
被调节的中介效应采用 SPSS 25.0宏程序 PROCESS 进行检验。如 表4 所示, 对内控制点个体 (低于平均值一个标准差),工作场所隐私缺失对工作脱离的间接效应不显著(95%置信区间包含0),对于外控制点个体(高于平均值一个标准差)时,其间接效应显著(95%置信区间不包含0),且效应值显著大于内控制点个体 $\left({{\Delta r}={0.8},{95}\%\mathrm{{CI}}={0.015},{0.17}}\right)$ ,因此,假设4得到了验证。
本研究基于情感事件理论, 对工作场所中的隐私缺失对员工工作脱离行为会产生什么影响以及如何产生影响进行了分析, 得出以下结论: 第一, 工作场所隐私缺失正向影响工作脱离。第二, 消极情绪在工作场所隐私缺失与工作脱离的关系中起部分中介作用。第三,控制点调节了工作场所隐私缺失与工作脱离的关系。相较于内控制点个体而言, 外控制点个体的工作场所隐私缺失对消极情绪的正向影响作用更强。第四,控制点调节了工作场所隐私缺失通过消极情绪影响工作脱离的间接效应,即相较于内控制点个体来说, 外控制点个体的工作场所隐私缺失通过消极情绪影响工作脱离的间接效应更强。
本研究的理论贡献主要在于:
第一, 拓展了对工作场所隐私缺失的影响作用及其作用机制的认知。企业对物理办公环境进行有效设计的核心目的之一就是希望能够促进员工更高效地投入工作, 而以往研究探讨了工作场所隐私对员工的沟通与互动、工作关系、工作满意度、情绪与压力等产生的影响作用,但是很少有研究关注工作场所隐私是否会影响到员工对于工作的投入状态。本研究探讨了工作场所隐私缺失怎样影响员工的工作脱离, 同时, 基于情感事件理论的理论视角,按照如下路径,即 “组织环境-情感事件-员工情感-员工行为”,揭示了工作场所隐私缺失影响工作脱离的作用机制,丰富了对于工作场所隐私的研究。
第二, 拓展了对情感事件理论中工作环境的研究范围及作用认知。以往研究中关于情感事件理论中的工作环境特征主要关注的是社会环境 [ 15 , 17 - 18 ] ,本研究则聚焦于物理环境,分析了物理环境特征所产生的事件对员工的情绪以及工作态度所产生的影响作用。
第三,使得人们对工作场所隐私缺失影响作用及发生边界有了更加深入的认知。本文研究的结果表明,工作场所隐私缺失对消极情绪以及工作脱离之间关系的影响程度会受到个体的人格特质控制点的影响, 这有助于理解在同样的办公环境中, 为什么有的员工会产生积极的情绪, 而有的员工则会产生消极的情绪,以至于在工作中做出完全不同的行为。
第四, 从物理办公环境视角, 拓展了对于工作脱离影响因素的认知。关于工作脱离的前因变量研究, 已有研究主要是从职业生涯 [ 59 ] 、心理状态 [ 60 ] 、工作资源 [ 61 ] 等进行探究,而本研究则从物理办公环境的视角,分析了物理办公环境导致的员工隐私水平的差异对于员工工作行为的影响,深化了对工作脱离前因变量的认识。
从实践上看,本研究的结论表明组织需要关注工作场所隐私的设置对员工可能产生的影响作用,具体管理启示如下:
首先,组织需要采取多种措施来满足员工工作场所的隐私需求,以降低工作场所隐私缺失所产生的负面影响。例如, 在开放式的办公环境中, 允许员工的办公位可以有适当的挡板或者玻璃隔断, 可以采用可以自动升降的挡板,员工可以根据隐私需求随时调整挡板的高度,也可以采用可以灵活转动的桌椅,员工可通过桌椅的方向获取不同程度的隐私水平;为员工提供可以进行私密谈话的空间(如专门的洽谈室);设置可以用来接听电话的隐私水平较高的区域;为员工提供可以用来放松的区域, 在这里他们可以聊聊天、休息一下以此来缓解员工在工作中可能感受到的持续被监控感。
其次,组织需要对某种工作场所设计所可能产生的正向和负向影响进行深入理解,做到权衡利弊,以充分发挥优势,避免可能带来的问题。例如,开放式的办公环境,可以节约办公成本、增加员工之间的沟通频率和人际交往等,但也可能导致员工的隐私需要不能被满足以及带来更多工作上不必要的干扰,员工可能会感觉到自己每时每刻都在被监控着,从而不能更好地专注于自己的工作。
最后, 组织要了解员工对工作场所设计的个体需求差异, 提高物理办公环境和个体需求之间的匹配度, 使员工拥有更高的工作场所体验感。在已有关于人与组织匹配的研究中, 学者们大多关注人与组织价值观的匹配、人与工作岗位的匹配、以及上下级之间的匹配, 却极少关注人与物理办公环境的匹配, 甚至对员工在工作场所涉及的需求情况的差别都关注很少,但这对于员工绩效又是极其重要的,因此组织应该尽量提高员工与物理办公环境之间的匹配度, 以此提高员工在工作场所中的正向体验, 进而减少员工在工作中的负面行为。
首先,本研究采用两阶段的问卷调查方法,并运用匿名的方式收集数据,这样做对于共同方法偏差的降低是十分有帮助的, 并且对于准确揭示研究变量之间的因果关系也是有利的。但是在变量的测量方面, 来源于同一被试仍然有可能存在一定程度的共同方法偏差, 未来可以采用多种数据来源或多种研究方法来进行相关研究。
其次,本研究从物理办公环境的视角探讨了工作场所隐私上的缺失对于员工工作脱离的影响作用,但是物理办公环境除了工作场所隐私以外,还有其他的重要变量,例如工作场所的领地、个人空间大小、位置安排、拥挤程度、布局、环境等,未来可以进一步研究物理办公环境中的其他变量对工作脱离产生的影响作用。
再次, 本研究探讨了控制点的调节作用, 因为面对同样的物理办公环境不同的员工可能会产生不同的体验和感受,并且对于隐私水平的需要而言,员工之间也会存在差异,因此未来还可以进一步探讨其他变量的调节作用。例如,员工的组织支持感知可能会在其中发挥作用,感受到更强的组织支持感的员工相较于感知到更少组织支持感的员工,工作场所隐私缺失可能会对其消极情绪和行为产生更小的影响。再者个体的内外向人格特质可能也会发挥作用,相对于外向的个体,内向的个体更需要独处,他们在思考问题时不是像外向者那样喜欢与外界进行沟通交流, 倾向于寻求外界信息, 而是需要一个安静的空间, 自己去独自思考。对于一个外向的员工来说, 他们对于隐私的需求可能更小, 隐私水平比较低的工作环境对其的消极情绪以及工作行为的影响会更小,而对于一个内向的员工,隐私缺失导致的干扰对于他们消极情绪的产生以及后续的工作行为可能会有更大的影响作用。
最后,本研究基于情感事件理论,探讨了消极情绪在其中发挥的中介作用,研究的结果表明消极情绪在工作场所隐私缺失与工作脱离之间是起到了部分中介的作用, 这就说明除了本文研究的消极情绪以外, 还可能有其他的作用机制, 因此未来的研究针对作用机制可以进行进一步的探讨。例如, 基于社会交换理论, 当个体在隐私缺失的工作场所中工作,这种隐私缺失的感受会使得员工认为组织并没有给予自己应有的重视,没有为自己提供必要的工作环境和工作支持,进而会产生较低的组织支持感,基于互惠原则,他们会选择降低对工作的投入, 从而产生工作脱离行为。
  • 教育部人文社会科学研究规划基金项目“物理办公环境对员工心理和行为的影响研究”(19YJA630081)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1002-980X.J23092611
  • 接收时间:2023-09-26
  • 首发时间:2025-07-30
  • 出版时间:2024-02-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-26
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教育部人文社会科学研究规划基金项目“物理办公环境对员工心理和行为的影响研究”(19YJA630081)
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    中南财经政法大学 工商管理学院 武汉 430073
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