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In the context of the national strategic goal of innovation-driven high-quality development, binary innovation is an important strategic choice for enterprises to realize long-term development and maintain business performance. However, not all managers as strategic decision makers of enterprises have long-term strategic vision. Based on the high-order echelon theory and time-oriented theory, China's A-share listed companies was selected as the research object, the relationship between managerial myopia and corporate binary innovation was explored, and the moderating effects of managerial freedom and environmental uncertainty on it was empirically tested. It is found that managerial myopia significantly inhibits firms' binary innovation. Managerial freedom strengthens the inhibitory effect of managerial myopia on firms' binary innovation. And environmental uncertainty weakens the inhibitory effect of managerial myopia on firms' binary innovation. By expanding the correlation between managerial myopia and corporate binary innovation, this paper has some practical implications for the appointment of high-level managerial talents and the strategic choices of enterprises.

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在国家创新驱动高质量发展的战略目标背景下,二元创新是企业实现长远发展,维持经营绩效的重要战略选择。然而,作为企业战略决策人的管理者并非都具有长远的战略目光。选取我国A股上市公司作为研究对象,探讨管理者短视与企业二元创新间的关系,并对管理自由度和环境不确定性对其的调节效应进行了实证检验。研究发现,管理者短视显著抑制了企业的二元创新。其中管理自由度强化了管理者短视对企业二元创新的抑制作用,而环境不确定性弱化了管理者短视对企业二元创新的抑制作用。研究结果拓展了管理者短视与企业二元创新的相关关系,对企业高层次的管理人才的聘任以及企业的战略选择具有一定的现实启示意义。

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罗彪,博士,合肥工业大学管理学院教授,研究方向:基于认知过程的战略创新;

李明煜,合肥工业大学管理学院硕士研究生,研究方向:基于认知过程的战略创新。

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因素名称 管理自由度 环境不确定性
因素分类 企业内部治理 企业外部环境
因素特征 制约 干扰
), ArticleFig(id=1157377649896203245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1157264394666251023, language=CN, label=表1, caption=企业内外部因素对“管理者短视一企业二元创新”的关系影响表, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素名称 管理自由度 环境不确定性
因素分类 企业内部治理 企业外部环境
因素特征 制约 干扰
), ArticleFig(id=1157377649950729198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1157264394666251023, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 关键词
管理者短视程度 天内、日内、数天、数月、年内、尽快、立刻、 马上、契机、之际、压力、考验、随即、即刻、 在即、最晚、最迟、关头、恰逢、来临之际、前 夕、适逢、遇上、正逢、之时、难度、困境、严 峻考验、双重压力、通胀压力
), ArticleFig(id=1157377650001060847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1157264394666251023, language=CN, label=表2, caption=管理者短视程度关键词, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 关键词
管理者短视程度 天内、日内、数天、数月、年内、尽快、立刻、 马上、契机、之际、压力、考验、随即、即刻、 在即、最晚、最迟、关头、恰逢、来临之际、前 夕、适逢、遇上、正逢、之时、难度、困境、严 峻考验、双重压力、通胀压力
), ArticleFig(id=1157377650051392496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1157264394666251023, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量类型 变量名称 变量符号 测量方法
解释变量 管理者短视 $M{M}_{i}$ 文本分析法, 以经营层讨论分析中 “短期视域” 词汇总词频占此部分总词频的比例
被解释变量 探索式创新 ${EXPLO}{R}_{i}$ 研发活动费用化支出
挖掘式创新 ${EXPLOI}_{i}$ 企业资本化支出
调节变量 管理自由度 ${NM}$ 企业高层管理者人数
${EP}$ 企业高层管理者平均任职时间
${OP}$ 企业高层管理者持股数量
${FM}$ 主成分分析法获得综合指标
环境不确定性 $E{U}_{i}$ 企业过去5年销售收入的标准差并经其所在行业调整后的值
控制变量 企业年龄 FirmAge ln(企业年末总资产)
企业规模 Size $\ln \left(\text{当年年份一公司成立年份+1}\right)$
托宾 O Tobin Q (流通股市值+非流通股股份数×每股净资产+负债账面值)/总资产
资产负债率 Lev 年末总负债除以年末总资产
现金流比率 Cashflow 经营活动产生的现金流量净额除以总资产
股权集中度 Top 1 第一大股东持股数量/总股数
企业成长率 Growth 本年营业收入/上一年营业收入-1
总资产净利润率 ${ROA}$ 净利润/总资产平均余额
), ArticleFig(id=1157377650114307057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1157264394666251023, language=CN, label=表3, caption=相关变量定义, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量类型 变量名称 变量符号 测量方法
解释变量 管理者短视 $M{M}_{i}$ 文本分析法, 以经营层讨论分析中 “短期视域” 词汇总词频占此部分总词频的比例
被解释变量 探索式创新 ${EXPLO}{R}_{i}$ 研发活动费用化支出
挖掘式创新 ${EXPLOI}_{i}$ 企业资本化支出
调节变量 管理自由度 ${NM}$ 企业高层管理者人数
${EP}$ 企业高层管理者平均任职时间
${OP}$ 企业高层管理者持股数量
${FM}$ 主成分分析法获得综合指标
环境不确定性 $E{U}_{i}$ 企业过去5年销售收入的标准差并经其所在行业调整后的值
控制变量 企业年龄 FirmAge ln(企业年末总资产)
企业规模 Size $\ln \left(\text{当年年份一公司成立年份+1}\right)$
托宾 O Tobin Q (流通股市值+非流通股股份数×每股净资产+负债账面值)/总资产
资产负债率 Lev 年末总负债除以年末总资产
现金流比率 Cashflow 经营活动产生的现金流量净额除以总资产
股权集中度 Top 1 第一大股东持股数量/总股数
企业成长率 Growth 本年营业收入/上一年营业收入-1
总资产净利润率 ${ROA}$ 净利润/总资产平均余额
), ArticleFig(id=1157377650177221618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1157264394666251023, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 观测值 平均值 标准差 最小值 最大值
EXPLOR 3590 18.2 1.434 9.525 23.315
EXPLOI 13257 4.898 7.635 0.000 22.481
${MM}$ 12964 0.131 0.122 0.000 4.206
${FM}$ 11677 0.074 0.441 -1.452 1.639
eu 9225 1.252 1.000 0.119 6.587
Size 13265 21.999 1.135 19.551 26.43
Lev 13265 0.378 0.186 0.027 0.925
ROA 13264 0.046 0.070 -0.398 0.254
Cashflow 13265 0.051 0.065 -0.196 0.257
Growth 13263 0.178 0.373 -0.660 4.330
Top1 13255 0.326 0.137 0.081 0.758
Tobin O 13024 2.207 1.396 0.802 17.729
FirmAge 13265 2.906 0.299 1.386 3.611
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变量 观测值 平均值 标准差 最小值 最大值
EXPLOR 3590 18.2 1.434 9.525 23.315
EXPLOI 13257 4.898 7.635 0.000 22.481
${MM}$ 12964 0.131 0.122 0.000 4.206
${FM}$ 11677 0.074 0.441 -1.452 1.639
eu 9225 1.252 1.000 0.119 6.587
Size 13265 21.999 1.135 19.551 26.43
Lev 13265 0.378 0.186 0.027 0.925
ROA 13264 0.046 0.070 -0.398 0.254
Cashflow 13265 0.051 0.065 -0.196 0.257
Growth 13263 0.178 0.373 -0.660 4.330
Top1 13255 0.326 0.137 0.081 0.758
Tobin O 13024 2.207 1.396 0.802 17.729
FirmAge 13265 2.906 0.299 1.386 3.611
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变量 1 2 3 4 5
1. EXPLOR 1
2. EXPLOI 0.231*** 1
3.${MM}$ -0.104 *** -0.004 1
4.${FM}$ 0.005 -0.063*** -0.054*** 1
5.${EU}$ -0.006 -0.005 -0.029 *** -0.054*** 1
), ArticleFig(id=1157377650353382389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1157264394666251023, language=CN, label=表5, caption=主要变量相关系数分析, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 1 2 3 4 5
1. EXPLOR 1
2. EXPLOI 0.231*** 1
3.${MM}$ -0.104 *** -0.004 1
4.${FM}$ 0.005 -0.063*** -0.054*** 1
5.${EU}$ -0.006 -0.005 -0.029 *** -0.054*** 1
), ArticleFig(id=1157377650416296950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1157264394666251023, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 (1) (2)
EXPLOR EXPLOI
${MM}$ $-{0.2201}^{*}\left({-{1.9199}}\right)$ $-{0.9045}^{**}\left({-{2.1663}}\right)$
Size ${0.8135}^{***}\left({23.4265}\right)$ 1.7963***(12.6483)
Lev $-{0.6347}{}^{***}\left({-{5.3234}}\right)$ 0.5837 (1.1595)
ROA 0.7213***(3.0852) $-{0.8426}\left({-{1.0170}}\right)$
Cashflow ${0.5848}^{***}\left({3.2605}\right)$ $-{1.8006}^{**}\left({-{2.3145}}\right)$
Growth ${0.0866}^{***}\left({2.9315}\right)$ $-{0.1920}\left({-{1.6196}}\right)$
Top1 0.4684**(2.4713) $-{2.7413}{}^{***}\left({-{3.1011}}\right)$
Tobin Q ${0.0002}\left({0.0205}\right)$ ${0.0239}\left({0.5585}\right)$
FirmAge $-{0.3331}\left({-{1.2656}}\right)$ ${0.6696}\left({0.6303}\right)$
Constant ${0.3052}\left({0.3031}\right)$ $-{34.1729}{}^{***}\left({-{5.2996}}\right)$
Observations 3447 12713
${R}^{2}$ 0.518 0.039
Number of id 960 2683
YEAR Yes Yes
${IND}$ Yes Yes
), ArticleFig(id=1157377650479211511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1157264394666251023, language=CN, label=表6, caption=主效应回归检验, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 (1) (2)
EXPLOR EXPLOI
${MM}$ $-{0.2201}^{*}\left({-{1.9199}}\right)$ $-{0.9045}^{**}\left({-{2.1663}}\right)$
Size ${0.8135}^{***}\left({23.4265}\right)$ 1.7963***(12.6483)
Lev $-{0.6347}{}^{***}\left({-{5.3234}}\right)$ 0.5837 (1.1595)
ROA 0.7213***(3.0852) $-{0.8426}\left({-{1.0170}}\right)$
Cashflow ${0.5848}^{***}\left({3.2605}\right)$ $-{1.8006}^{**}\left({-{2.3145}}\right)$
Growth ${0.0866}^{***}\left({2.9315}\right)$ $-{0.1920}\left({-{1.6196}}\right)$
Top1 0.4684**(2.4713) $-{2.7413}{}^{***}\left({-{3.1011}}\right)$
Tobin Q ${0.0002}\left({0.0205}\right)$ ${0.0239}\left({0.5585}\right)$
FirmAge $-{0.3331}\left({-{1.2656}}\right)$ ${0.6696}\left({0.6303}\right)$
Constant ${0.3052}\left({0.3031}\right)$ $-{34.1729}{}^{***}\left({-{5.2996}}\right)$
Observations 3447 12713
${R}^{2}$ 0.518 0.039
Number of id 960 2683
YEAR Yes Yes
${IND}$ Yes Yes
), ArticleFig(id=1157377650563097592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1157264394666251023, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 (1) (2) (3) (4)
EXPLOR EXPLOI EXPLOR EXPLOI
${MM}$ $-{0.2733}^{*}\left({-{1.6749}}\right)$ $-{0.6053}\left({-{1.3655}}\right)$
FM_MM $-{0.9454}^{*}\left({-{1.7188}}\right)$ $-{1.5819}^{*}\left({-{1.7537}}\right)$
${FM}$ ${0.1657}^{*}\left({1.7828}\right)$ 0.2038 (0.9921)
${MM}$ $-{0.3315}^{*}\left({-{1.8083}}\right)$ $-{1.1920}^{*}\left({-{1.8679}}\right)$
MM_EU ${0.2561}^{**}\left({2.2045}\right)$ ${0.7007}^{*}\left({1.6631}\right)$
Size ${0.8337}^{***}\left({18.8488}\right)$ 1.8168***( 12.0791 ) 0.8174***( 19.1387 ) 1.7699***( 9.4118 )
Lev $-{0.7222}{}^{***}\left({-{4.5837}}\right)$ 0.4942 ( 0.9217 ) $-{0.5555}^{***}\left({-{3.8511}}\right)$ ${0.3139}\left({0.4918}\right)$
ROA ${0.7498}^{**}\left({2.3989}\right)$ $-{0.9455}\left({-{1.0812}}\right)$ 0.9640 ***\left({3.4249}\right)$ $-{0.9348}\left({-{0.9248}}\right)$
Cashflow 0.6593}{***( 2.7893 ) $-{1.9783}^{**}\left({-{2.3836}}\right)$ ${0.4648}^{**}\left({2.1193}\right)$ $-{1.9099}^{**}\left({-{1.9641}}\right)$
Growth ${0.0760}*\left({2.1516}\right)$ $-{0.1695}\left({-{1.3626}}\right)$ 0.0474(1.2417) $-{0.1595}\left({-{0.9587}}\right)$
Top1 0.6052***( 2.6540 ) $-{2.7137}{}^{***}\left({-{2.9171}}\right)$ 0.3187 (1.5141) $-{2.4766}{}^{**}\left({-{2.2822}}\right)$
Tobin Q ${0.0010}\left({0.0641}\right)$ ${0.0038}\left({0.0815}\right)$ 0.0017(0.1299) $-{0.0097}\left({-{0.1715}}\right)$
FirmAge $-{0.2563}\left({-{0.6481}}\right)$ 0.5298 (0.4666) $-{0.0164}\left({-{0.0461}}\right)$ ${0.1087}\left({0.0750}\right)$
Constant $-{0.3989}\left({-{0.2713}}\right)$ $-{34.6945}^{***}\left({-{5.1965}}\right)$ $-{0.4934}\left({-{0.3623}}\right)$ $-{31.1139}^{***}\left({-{4.1944}}\right)$
Observations 2005 11208 2200 8864
${R}^{2}$ 0.555 0.040 0.569 0.036
Number of id 467 2191 582 1914
YEAR Yes Yes Yes Yes
IND Yes Yes Yes Yes
), ArticleFig(id=1157377650634400761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1157264394666251023, language=CN, label=表7, caption=调节效应回归检验, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 (1) (2) (3) (4)
EXPLOR EXPLOI EXPLOR EXPLOI
${MM}$ $-{0.2733}^{*}\left({-{1.6749}}\right)$ $-{0.6053}\left({-{1.3655}}\right)$
FM_MM $-{0.9454}^{*}\left({-{1.7188}}\right)$ $-{1.5819}^{*}\left({-{1.7537}}\right)$
${FM}$ ${0.1657}^{*}\left({1.7828}\right)$ 0.2038 (0.9921)
${MM}$ $-{0.3315}^{*}\left({-{1.8083}}\right)$ $-{1.1920}^{*}\left({-{1.8679}}\right)$
MM_EU ${0.2561}^{**}\left({2.2045}\right)$ ${0.7007}^{*}\left({1.6631}\right)$
Size ${0.8337}^{***}\left({18.8488}\right)$ 1.8168***( 12.0791 ) 0.8174***( 19.1387 ) 1.7699***( 9.4118 )
Lev $-{0.7222}{}^{***}\left({-{4.5837}}\right)$ 0.4942 ( 0.9217 ) $-{0.5555}^{***}\left({-{3.8511}}\right)$ ${0.3139}\left({0.4918}\right)$
ROA ${0.7498}^{**}\left({2.3989}\right)$ $-{0.9455}\left({-{1.0812}}\right)$ 0.9640 ***\left({3.4249}\right)$ $-{0.9348}\left({-{0.9248}}\right)$
Cashflow 0.6593}{***( 2.7893 ) $-{1.9783}^{**}\left({-{2.3836}}\right)$ ${0.4648}^{**}\left({2.1193}\right)$ $-{1.9099}^{**}\left({-{1.9641}}\right)$
Growth ${0.0760}*\left({2.1516}\right)$ $-{0.1695}\left({-{1.3626}}\right)$ 0.0474(1.2417) $-{0.1595}\left({-{0.9587}}\right)$
Top1 0.6052***( 2.6540 ) $-{2.7137}{}^{***}\left({-{2.9171}}\right)$ 0.3187 (1.5141) $-{2.4766}{}^{**}\left({-{2.2822}}\right)$
Tobin Q ${0.0010}\left({0.0641}\right)$ ${0.0038}\left({0.0815}\right)$ 0.0017(0.1299) $-{0.0097}\left({-{0.1715}}\right)$
FirmAge $-{0.2563}\left({-{0.6481}}\right)$ 0.5298 (0.4666) $-{0.0164}\left({-{0.0461}}\right)$ ${0.1087}\left({0.0750}\right)$
Constant $-{0.3989}\left({-{0.2713}}\right)$ $-{34.6945}^{***}\left({-{5.1965}}\right)$ $-{0.4934}\left({-{0.3623}}\right)$ $-{31.1139}^{***}\left({-{4.1944}}\right)$
Observations 2005 11208 2200 8864
${R}^{2}$ 0.555 0.040 0.569 0.036
Number of id 467 2191 582 1914
YEAR Yes Yes Yes Yes
IND Yes Yes Yes Yes
), ArticleFig(id=1157377650709898234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1157264394666251023, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 (1) (2) (3) (4)
LEXPLOR LEXPLOI LEXPLOR LEXPLOI
${MM}$ $-{0.2322}^{*}\left({-{1.8045}}\right)$ $-{0.9223}^{**}\left({-{2.0663}}\right)$ $-{0.1156}{}^{***}\left({-{13.8955}}\right)$ $-{0.3597}^{**}\left({-{2.2793}}\right)$
Size 0.8354***(20.4969) 1.7297***(10.8984) 0.0507***( 64.6234 ) 0.4899***( 27.6427 )
Lev $-{0.6514}{}^{***}\left({-{4.7291}}\right)$ 0.5231 (0.9310) $-{0.0092}\left({-{1.4074}}\right)$ $-{0.1292}\left({-{1.2112}}\right)$
ROA 0.7669***(2.8132) $-{0.9565}\left({-{1.0281}}\right)$ ${0.1015}^{***}\left({3.9217}\right)$ $-{2.0893}^{***}\left({-{6.5342}}\right)$
Cashflow ${0.5513}{}^{***}\left({2.6313}\right)$ $-{1.6686}^{*}\left({-{1.8995}}\right)$ 0.0211(1.3055) $-{1.9213}^{***}\left({-{6.3058}}\right)$
Growth ${0.0883}^{***}\left({2.6135}\right)$ $-{0.2019}\left({-{1.5590}}\right)$ 0.0132***( 4.7458 ) ${0.0192}\left({0.4380}\right)$
Top 1 ${0.4788}^{**}\left({2.1754}\right)$ $-{3.3256}{}^{***}\left({-{3.3906}}\right)$ ${0.0040}\left({0.7478}\right)$ $-{0.8533}^{***}\left({-{7.1809}}\right)$
Tobin Q $-{0.0004}\left({-{0.0292}}\right)$ ${0.0003}\left({0.0066}\right)$ ${0.0009}\left({1.3029}\right)$ ${0.1600}{}^{***}\left({12.0490}\right)$
FirmAge $-{0.2120}\left({-{0.6772}}\right)$ 0.5538 ( 0.4667 ) ${0.0009}\left({0.3228}\right)$ $-{0.2194}{}^{***}\left({-{4.0651}}\right)$
Constant $-{0.4521}\left({-{0.3828}}\right)$ $-{34.9799}{}^{***}\left({-{4.7157}}\right)$ 1.7745***( 101.2100 ) $-{8.4810}{}^{***}\left({-{21.9045}}\right)$
Observations 2861 10702 3447 12713
${R}^{2}$ 0.503 0.040
Number of id 886 2586 2
YEAR Yes Yes Yes Yes
IND Yes Yes Yes Yes
), ArticleFig(id=1157377650768618491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1157264394666251023, language=CN, label=表8, caption=稳健性检验, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 (1) (2) (3) (4)
LEXPLOR LEXPLOI LEXPLOR LEXPLOI
${MM}$ $-{0.2322}^{*}\left({-{1.8045}}\right)$ $-{0.9223}^{**}\left({-{2.0663}}\right)$ $-{0.1156}{}^{***}\left({-{13.8955}}\right)$ $-{0.3597}^{**}\left({-{2.2793}}\right)$
Size 0.8354***(20.4969) 1.7297***(10.8984) 0.0507***( 64.6234 ) 0.4899***( 27.6427 )
Lev $-{0.6514}{}^{***}\left({-{4.7291}}\right)$ 0.5231 (0.9310) $-{0.0092}\left({-{1.4074}}\right)$ $-{0.1292}\left({-{1.2112}}\right)$
ROA 0.7669***(2.8132) $-{0.9565}\left({-{1.0281}}\right)$ ${0.1015}^{***}\left({3.9217}\right)$ $-{2.0893}^{***}\left({-{6.5342}}\right)$
Cashflow ${0.5513}{}^{***}\left({2.6313}\right)$ $-{1.6686}^{*}\left({-{1.8995}}\right)$ 0.0211(1.3055) $-{1.9213}^{***}\left({-{6.3058}}\right)$
Growth ${0.0883}^{***}\left({2.6135}\right)$ $-{0.2019}\left({-{1.5590}}\right)$ 0.0132***( 4.7458 ) ${0.0192}\left({0.4380}\right)$
Top 1 ${0.4788}^{**}\left({2.1754}\right)$ $-{3.3256}{}^{***}\left({-{3.3906}}\right)$ ${0.0040}\left({0.7478}\right)$ $-{0.8533}^{***}\left({-{7.1809}}\right)$
Tobin Q $-{0.0004}\left({-{0.0292}}\right)$ ${0.0003}\left({0.0066}\right)$ ${0.0009}\left({1.3029}\right)$ ${0.1600}{}^{***}\left({12.0490}\right)$
FirmAge $-{0.2120}\left({-{0.6772}}\right)$ 0.5538 ( 0.4667 ) ${0.0009}\left({0.3228}\right)$ $-{0.2194}{}^{***}\left({-{4.0651}}\right)$
Constant $-{0.4521}\left({-{0.3828}}\right)$ $-{34.9799}{}^{***}\left({-{4.7157}}\right)$ 1.7745***( 101.2100 ) $-{8.4810}{}^{***}\left({-{21.9045}}\right)$
Observations 2861 10702 3447 12713
${R}^{2}$ 0.503 0.040
Number of id 886 2586 2
YEAR Yes Yes Yes Yes
IND Yes Yes Yes Yes
), ArticleFig(id=1157377650827338748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1157264394666251023, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 (1) (2) 变量 (1) (2)
LEXPLOR LEXPLOI LEXPLOR LEXPLOI
${MM}$ $-{0.3834}^{**}\left({-{1.9964}}\right)$ $-{1.1178}^{*}\left({-{1.9350}}\right)$ FirmAge $-{0.0451}\left({-{0.0971}}\right)$ ${0.2940}\left({0.1775}\right)$
Size 0.8097***(14.1230) 1.6091***(7.2637) Constant $-{0.7667}\left({-{0.4449}}\right)$ $-{24.0598}{}^{***}\left({-{3.8238}}\right)$
Lev $-{0.4178}^{**}\left({-{2.0678}}\right)$ 1.7057**(2.1655 ) Observations 1860 6543
ROA 1.3823***( 3.3096 ) $-{1.0263}\left({-{0.8010}}\right)$ ${R}^{2}$ 0.504 0.045
Cashflow ${0.6579}^{**}\left({2.1008}\right)$ ${0.1181}\left({0.0966}\right)$ Number of id 800 2341
Growth 0.0712 (1.4359) $-{0.3316}^{*}\left({-{1.8012}}\right)$ YEAR Yes Yes
Top 1 0.5087 (1.4770) $-{3.4785}^{***}\left({-{2.6198}}\right)$ IND Yes Yes
Tobin Q $-{0.0001}\left({-{0.0034}}\right)$ $-{0.0072}\left({-{0.1007}}\right)$
), ArticleFig(id=1157377650877670397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1157264394666251023, language=CN, label=表9, caption=PSM 检验, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 (1) (2) 变量 (1) (2)
LEXPLOR LEXPLOI LEXPLOR LEXPLOI
${MM}$ $-{0.3834}^{**}\left({-{1.9964}}\right)$ $-{1.1178}^{*}\left({-{1.9350}}\right)$ FirmAge $-{0.0451}\left({-{0.0971}}\right)$ ${0.2940}\left({0.1775}\right)$
Size 0.8097***(14.1230) 1.6091***(7.2637) Constant $-{0.7667}\left({-{0.4449}}\right)$ $-{24.0598}{}^{***}\left({-{3.8238}}\right)$
Lev $-{0.4178}^{**}\left({-{2.0678}}\right)$ 1.7057**(2.1655 ) Observations 1860 6543
ROA 1.3823***( 3.3096 ) $-{1.0263}\left({-{0.8010}}\right)$ ${R}^{2}$ 0.504 0.045
Cashflow ${0.6579}^{**}\left({2.1008}\right)$ ${0.1181}\left({0.0966}\right)$ Number of id 800 2341
Growth 0.0712 (1.4359) $-{0.3316}^{*}\left({-{1.8012}}\right)$ YEAR Yes Yes
Top 1 0.5087 (1.4770) $-{3.4785}^{***}\left({-{2.6198}}\right)$ IND Yes Yes
Tobin Q $-{0.0001}\left({-{0.0034}}\right)$ $-{0.0072}\left({-{0.1007}}\right)$
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管理者短视对企业二元创新的影响——基于管理自由度和环境不确定性的调节作用
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罗彪 , 李明煜
技术经济 | 技术经济管理 2024,43(2): 106-117
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技术经济 | 技术经济管理 2024, 43(2): 106-117
管理者短视对企业二元创新的影响——基于管理自由度和环境不确定性的调节作用
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罗彪, 李明煜
作者信息
  • 合肥工业大学 管理学院 合肥 230000
  • 罗彪,博士,合肥工业大学管理学院教授,研究方向:基于认知过程的战略创新;

    李明煜,合肥工业大学管理学院硕士研究生,研究方向:基于认知过程的战略创新。

The Impact of Managers' Short-sightedness on Firm Dualistic Innovation: Based on the Moderating Effect of Managerial Freedom and Environmental Uncertainty
Biao Luo, Mingyu Li
Affiliations
  • School of Management Hefei University of Technology Hefei 230000 China
出版时间: 2024-02-10 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1002-980X.J23082401
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在国家创新驱动高质量发展的战略目标背景下,二元创新是企业实现长远发展,维持经营绩效的重要战略选择。然而,作为企业战略决策人的管理者并非都具有长远的战略目光。选取我国A股上市公司作为研究对象,探讨管理者短视与企业二元创新间的关系,并对管理自由度和环境不确定性对其的调节效应进行了实证检验。研究发现,管理者短视显著抑制了企业的二元创新。其中管理自由度强化了管理者短视对企业二元创新的抑制作用,而环境不确定性弱化了管理者短视对企业二元创新的抑制作用。研究结果拓展了管理者短视与企业二元创新的相关关系,对企业高层次的管理人才的聘任以及企业的战略选择具有一定的现实启示意义。

管理者短视  /  二元创新  /  环境不确定性  /  管理自由度

In the context of the national strategic goal of innovation-driven high-quality development, binary innovation is an important strategic choice for enterprises to realize long-term development and maintain business performance. However, not all managers as strategic decision makers of enterprises have long-term strategic vision. Based on the high-order echelon theory and time-oriented theory, China's A-share listed companies was selected as the research object, the relationship between managerial myopia and corporate binary innovation was explored, and the moderating effects of managerial freedom and environmental uncertainty on it was empirically tested. It is found that managerial myopia significantly inhibits firms' binary innovation. Managerial freedom strengthens the inhibitory effect of managerial myopia on firms' binary innovation. And environmental uncertainty weakens the inhibitory effect of managerial myopia on firms' binary innovation. By expanding the correlation between managerial myopia and corporate binary innovation, this paper has some practical implications for the appointment of high-level managerial talents and the strategic choices of enterprises.

managerial myopia  /  ambidextrous innovation  /  environmental uncertainty  /  managerial discretion
罗彪, 李明煜. 管理者短视对企业二元创新的影响——基于管理自由度和环境不确定性的调节作用. 技术经济, 2024 , 43 (2) : 106 -117 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1002-980X.J23082401
Biao Luo, Mingyu Li. The Impact of Managers' Short-sightedness on Firm Dualistic Innovation: Based on the Moderating Effect of Managerial Freedom and Environmental Uncertainty[J]. Journal of Technology Economics, 2024 , 43 (2) : 106 -117 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1002-980X.J23082401
党的二十大报告中强调“高质量发展是全面建设社会主义现代化国家的首要任务”。企业创新战略是企业为了执行其商业战略的有效途径 [ 1 ] ,其中二元创新是企业实现与国家战略有效对接、支持国家经济高质量发展的关键,是企业发展壮大的根本和获得竞争优势的重要来源 [ 2 ] 。二元创新,又称 “双元创新”,其所关注的核心在于技术与市场两个方面,其中探索式创新是指企业新产品、新技术研发、新市场开拓等活动; 挖掘式创新则是一种增量创新 [ 3 ] ,是指企业对现有业务和流程进行优化、调整等活动。两种创新在实践路径和能力上具有不同的要求, 不适应的创新模式很可能使企业难以适应市场变化或失去竞争优势而陷入新的困境。因此, 在当今快速变化的市场环境下, 企业管理者如何审时度势地将二元创新与市场需求相匹配, 以确保未来的绩效和竞争力变得至关重要。
近年来, 在严峻的国际环境和国内疫情的冲击下, 企业管理者的行为短视化成为了普遍现象甚至出现了上市公司真实盈余管理的情况, 如康得新事件和康美药业事件等, 给中国资本市场的健康发展带来了严重的负面影响 [ 4 ] 。管理者短视 (temporal myopia) 是指管理者对时间的认知,表现为其在决策时过多关注企业当下的绩效而忽视企业长远的发展 [ 5 ] 。企业根本上是人的集合体 [ 6 ] ,管理者作为企业的掌舵人无疑在其发展过程中发挥着举足轻重的作用。高阶梯队 (upper echelons) 理论认为,管理者认知会影响其行为和战略选择 [ 7 ] 。而企业二元创新活动本身具有过程复杂性、决策超前性及回报滞后等特点 [ 8 - 9 ] ,故企业二元创新本质上是一种高度依赖于管理者认知判断并给予反馈的活动。因此, 在经济下行压力进一步加大的现实背景下,兼具计划者与执行者双重身份的管理者 [ 10 ] ,其短视势必会对企业二元创新产生影响。
尽管管理者行为短视化会对企业的经营决策和创新偏好产生影响 [ 11 ] ,但并非一定会影响企业的综合绩效。在现代经济发展中,企业越来越难被视为孤立个体 [ 12 ] ,一方面企业的行为会受到外部大环境干扰,另一方面其内部的公司治理也会制约管理者的行为 [ 7 ] 。特质激活理论指出管理者的知识、技能和能力(KSA)与其工作行为会受到特定情境的影响 [ 13 - 14 ] 。现有研究表明,风险投资 [ 15 ] 、融券交易、公司治理水平、分析师跟踪人数和投资者持股比例 [ 16 ] ,在一定程度上可以遏制企业管理层的短视行为。因此本文考虑纳入管理自由度和环境不确定性因素, 探究管理者短视在特定情境的推动下会对企业二元创新产生何种影响。
本文基于管理者认知视角,在管理者 “说什么(语言)-是什么(认知)-怎么做(行为)” 的框架中引入特定情境因素作为调节变量,以2010-2021年 A 股上市制造业企业为研究对象,采用实证分析方法检验,试图分析以下问题:管理者对时间的短视会对企业二元创新产生何种影响?环境不确定性和管理自由度两个特定情境因素会如何影响管理者短视与企业二元创新之间的关系?
本文贡献在于:①探索了一种具有普遍性的管理者认知特质-管理者短视和二元创新之间的关系,进一步探讨了管理者短视的行为后果; ②将公司内外部情境因素-管理者自由度和环境不确定性纳入考虑范围,为管理者短视对二元创新的影响差异给出了解释;③对企业通过优化人才招聘和公司治理来削弱管理者短视对企业二元创新的不利影响提供了启示, 进而有可能帮助企业实现可持续发展和长期竞争优势。
社会心理学家认为, 个体对过去、现在和未来的感知、关注和洞察力存在着时间导向上的差异。这种时间导向被认为是个体先天具有稳定的特质 [ 17 ] ,同时也受后天环境的影响 [ 18 ] 。不同的时间导向支配其在社会目标的选择和追求中表现出的认知、情感和行为动机 [ 19 ] 。时间导向 (temporal orientation) 是个体对时间的过去、现在或未来的主观心理倾向性,对个体的认知、情感、态度和行为有着潜移默化的影响 [ 20 ] 。在管理学领域,它是指企业管理者对过去或未来的主观偏好 [ 21 - 23 ] 。在大多数研究中,学者们通常将时间导向划分为过去、现在和未来 [ 24 - 27 ] 或短期、长期导向等不同维度 [ 28 ] 。其中,短期导向是指企业管理者在主观上更侧重于当下 [ 29 ] 而短期导向也直接导致了管理者的短视。管理者短视 (managerial myopia) 即管理者决策视域较短, Graham 等 [ 30 ] 提供的调查证据表明,78%的管理者会牺牲长期价值,以满足短期收益目标。Stein [ 31 - 32 ] 和 Porter [ 33 ] 解释,管理者短视源于企业投资者施加的压力,如果管理者任职期间企业未能达到预期收益,投资者通常会卖出其股票来压低公司的股价, 因此相比于企业未来的发展, 管理者更倾向通过提高短期经营结果来证明自己。
组织二元性(organization ambidexterity) 由 Duncan [ 34 ] 首次提出。March [ 35 ] 在研究组织先导性战略中指出组织二元性是企业面对不同的市场竞争时,可以开展两种不同导向,方式迥异,一定程度上存在某种竞争关系的探索性活动和挖掘性活动 [ 36 ] 。Benner 和 Tushman [ 37 ] 借鉴 March 在研究中所提出的利用 (exploitation) 和探索(exploration)二分研究框架引入企业创新的领域, 首次提出了二元创新的概念。当前, 对于企业二元创新划分的主流观点可以分为两类。一类按照创新程度和新颖性的差异将创新分为突破式创新和渐进式创新。 突破式创新是指企业在创新上会追求产品和技术的实质性变革 [ 38 ] ;而渐进式创新则表现为对现有产品、技术和流程进行细微的改变。另一类则是根据知识搜索的距离和价值链上的功能领域差异将二元创新分为探索式创新和挖掘式创新。其中,探索式创新旨在开发和满足顾客和市场的潜在需求 [ 39 ] ,通过推出全新产品和技术、 开辟新市场,力求超越现有知识基础,探索和创造全新的知识体系,从而满足新兴客户的需求或超越客户期望, 是一种冒险、进取、激进型的创新。挖掘式创新旨在更好地满足当前消费者和市场需求,是建立在现有知识基础上,通过对现有业务、技能、流程的 “调整” 和 “优化” [ 40 ] ,是一种风险性较小,较为保守、稳定的创新。本文研究对象制造业企业在资源、竞争力方面较为匮乏,实现突破式创新相对困难,因此,采用第二类划分方式可以更好地描述企业的二元创新。综上所述,本文所指企业二元创新就是挖掘“成熟”的确定性和探索“全新”的可能性。
企业战略实施体现其管理团队的特征 [ 41 ] 。个体社会目标的选择和追求基于不同的时间观点,这影响了人们的认知,情感和行为动机 [ 19 , 42 ] 。管理者短视体现了管理者的时间感知特质 [ 43 ] 。高阶梯队理论提出管理者的认知特质影响着他们的行为和战略决策, 影响着企业的目标、行为和结果。由于短视的管理者的决策视野狭窄,结合对企业当前业绩或是股票表现的考虑,他们宁愿牺牲企业的长远利益去追求短期财务的最大化, 同时更倾向于选择期限较短收益较高的项目。然而, 企业的二元创新需要长期或短期的研发投资; 其大量、持续的投资、长周期和高风险的特点,往往会增加商业风险 [ 44 - 45 ] ,且探索式创新和挖掘式创新都具有投入在前、收益在后以及产出不确定等特点。因此, 本文认为, 目光短浅的管理者将利用他们的资源和个人权力来影响其企业创新的规模和性质, 并降低他们的资本成本和研发成本。其中, 探索式创新需要企业更新现有核心业务,企业可能不具备培育新业务的核心竞争力,从而使其面临较大生存风险。较于具有高风险性的探索式创新,挖掘式创新的可预见性大大降低了新产品的研发风险,对原有产品的改进也进一步增强了客户黏性,因此短视的管理者有动机偏好挖掘式创新规避经营风险来实现企业目标。
基于此, 本文提出以下假设:
管理者短视对企业的探索式创新和挖掘式创新均具有显著负向影响;但其与挖掘式管理创新的相关关系更弱,与探索式管理创新的相关关系更强 (H1)。
依据特质激活理论(trait activation theory), 个体的行为选择会受到其 KSA( knowledge skills abilities) 和组织情境之间的相互作用的影响 [ 13 - 14 ] 。为了进一步探讨企业管理者短视在不同情境下对企业二元创新的影响,本文将纳入不同情境因素进一步探讨“管理者短视对企业二元创新”的影响。在回顾相关文献和理论的基础上, 不难发现企业二元创新的实施受到企业内、 外部环境的影响。本文认为外部因素(环境不确定性) 和公司内部治理因素(管理自由度)相互补充、相互制约, 均在企业管理者短视对企业二元创新的影响中发挥了重要的调节作用。这两种因素对“管理者短视一企业二元创新”的关系影响如下 表1 所示。
管理自由度又称管理自主权,被定义为企业高层管理者团队实现其意愿的程度,是在高管团队研究的一个重要问题,管理自由度的高低反映了管理者战略决策过程中自主范围的大小,其中所蕴含的“度”是企业在经营活动中相关利益者(如股东、董事会等)动态博弈的结果 [ 7 ] 。目前对于管理自由度的作用研究主要聚焦于其在企业管理者团队行为与其影响变量间的调节作用,张三保和张志学 [ 46 ] 研究表明在管理自由度较高的情况下, 管理者对企业的战略决策或绩效的影响更为显著,反之则较为有限。
根据特质激活理论,韵江和宁鑫 [ 47 ] 的研究表明若管理者拥有更多权力,意味着管理者能更好地发挥主观能动性和提升企业归属感,从而激发高层次需求。因此这些企业的管理者不再追求一些风险较小和短期收益的战略活动,反而更倾向于制定一些与企业相契合的战略目标 [ 48 ] 。因此管理自由度是一种积极的情境要素,会强化管理层能力对双元创新战略的影响,具体到管理者短视对企业二元创新的影响上,管理自由度会强化管理者管理者短视对企业二元创新的影响,尤其是需要承担巨大压力、克服更多障碍的探索式创新。 如果战略决策者具有较高的管理自由度和短视水平,决策者选择期限短、收益高项目的偏好将会被放大,即管理自由度将强化管理者短视水平对企业二元创新的抑制作用。
基于此, 本文提出以下假设:
管理自由度强化了管理者短视对探索式创新和挖掘式创新的抑制作用(H2)。
正如 Schumpeter [ 49 ] 所提到的,创新是推动经济增长的动力。对于企业而言,创新是获得市场份额和额外利润的关键手段。环境的不确定性(environmental uncertainty) 反映了外部环境变化的速度, 这意味着企业难以预测和控制外部因素, 从而导致竞争格局发生变化, 市场地位受到威胁。面对外部压力, 企业需要主动进行战略创新,以获取新的竞争优势。这种变化是由消费者、供应商、竞争对手、政府和监管部门等相关团体的行动所引起的, 而这些行动往往是不可预测的。当企业面临激烈的市场竞争和高风险时, 它们往往会倾向于通过创新来增加市场优势或巩固市场地位 [ 50 ] 。根据特质激活理论,尽管个体的认知特质能够增强其内部动机进行创新战略,但由于环境的不确定性程度不同,管理者的认知特质对企业创新战略的影响存在差异。具体来说,高度的环境不确定性迫使企业进行战略创新,以适应环境的要求[ 51 ]。在此背景下,环境不确定性被认为是一种强大的环境因素, 可以抑制高管的决策能力和倾向性, 使得不同个体做出相似的行为反应 [ 13 ] ,从而降低高管团队对战略决策的影响。Knight [ 52 ] 指出,高管是企业进行创新战略决策的决策者,而不确定性是企业利润的核心来源。如果未来的变化可以被预测, 企业的利润就会消失。因此, 环境的不确定性可能会激励企业增加创新投入。相反地,低环境不确定性可能削弱外部环境对企业的激励作用,导致企业的战略行为更容易受到惯性的影响。在这种情况下, 企业反而需要依靠高管的特质来增强战略变革的意愿和强度, 此时, 企业反而需要依靠高管的特质来增强战略变革的意愿和强度, 从而加强了高管的个人认知特质与企业创新战略之间的关系。
基于此, 本文提出以下假设:
环境不确定性会削弱管理者短视对探索式创新和挖掘式创新战略的抑制作用(H3)。
基于以上理论分析, 本文研究框架如 图1 所示。
本研究以2010-2021年沪、深两市 A 股上市制造企业作为研究对象,为确保数据有效性,剔除:①ST (special treatment)、* ST 类企业;②无法获得相关数据的企业。筛选后的样本共2683家上市企业。所有财务数据即其他相关数据均来自国泰安 CSMAR 数据库(China Stock Market & Accounting Research Database) 和 Wind 经济数据库,衡量高层管理者认知的文本分析取自来自研究期间样本企业的年报中经营情况讨论与分析部分,样本企业年度报告取自巨潮资讯网、和讯网等媒体披露。
个体的语言可以反映其个性、认知和偏好 [ 53 ] ,通过对个体语言中所使用的词汇类型以及频率高低来捕捉其认知特质 [ 54 ] 。若一个人更关注 “过去”,则其语言表达中越强调 “曾经”“以往” 等词汇;相反若其在言语中强调“将来”“要去”等词汇,则表明更关注未来 [ 53 ]
为了以尽可能客观的方式衡量解释变量,本文参考了史会斌和杨东 [ 55 ] 的文本分析方法,并结合已有的英文“短期视域”词集和管理层讨论与分析 (MD&A) 中文语料的特点,设计了能够反映管理者 “短期视域” 的中文词集如 表2 所示。通过分析上市公司年报中经营层讨论部分的词汇, 采用词典法计算出 “短期视域” 相关词汇在该部分的总词频占比, 并乘以100得到管理者短视程度。该指标值越高, 意味着管理者越倾向于短期决策。
根据财政部2006年颁布的《企业会计准则第6号——无形资产》文件,将企业的 R&D 投资分为研究阶段投资和开发阶段投资两个部分,其中研究阶段是指为获取新技术和新知识等进行的有计划的调查,其特点在于研究阶段是探索性的,与企业探索式创新战略更注重变革和创造的特点相匹配;而开发阶段在很大程度上形成一项新产品或技术的条件基本具备,与挖掘式创新侧重于对已有产品、业务流程升级完善的要求更加契合。
因此,本文借鉴毕晓方等 [ 56 ] 的分析方法,从企业R&D投资异质性的角度对企业二元创新进行衡量,用企业较为成熟的资本化支出衡量挖掘式创新,探索式创新则用基础阶段的研发活动费用支出进行衡量。最后, 为了消除不同规模企业间的差异, 使用企业平均总资产对研发数据进行了标准化处理。
1)管理自由度
张三保和张志学 [ 46 ] 在研究管理自主权中用代理变量职位权、报酬权以及运作权来测量个体的管理自主权, 而本研究所关注的是高管团队的管理自由度, 因此借鉴相关文献, 同时根据中国企业现状进行修整, 最终采用以下指标作为管理自由度的代理变量。
一是企业高层管理者人数。若企业董事会中高管团队人数越多则其发言权越大, 在制定相关战略时受到约束较小更可能依据自身偏好左右战略决策,即高管团队在董事会中占比越高,管理自由度越高。
二是企业高层管理者平均任职时间。企业高层管理者在现任岗位任职时间越长, 经验越丰富, 更可能获得更高的声望权,得到更多人的认可,即高管团队平均任职时间越长,在战略决策时的影响力越大。
三是企业高层管理者持股数量。管理者持股情况影响其所有者权力,因此高管持股比例是评估高管团队所有者权力的最直接的方法, 高层管理者持股比例越高, 在战略决策时的想象力越大, 管理自由度越高。
最终通过主成分分析法将之集成综合指标, 取其均值测量高管团队的管理自由度, 综合数值越大代表管理自由度越高。
2)环境不确定性
企业所处的外部环境给企业带来了环境的不确定性。这种环境的不确定性会通过影响企业的相关业务进而对其销售收入产生波动,这一点在 ${\operatorname{Bergh}}^{\left\lbrack {57}\right\rbrack }$ 的研究中也有所论述。本文参考 Ghosh 和 Olsen [ 58 ] 的测量方法,企业环境不确定性的测量采用企业过去5年销售收入的标准差并经其所在行业调整后的值来描述。 然而, 企业的销售收入变化不全是外部环境变化所导致, 有一部分为企业稳定成长所带来的。因此, 为了所测量的环境不确定性更加准确,通过剔除销售收入变化中企业稳定增长的部分,估计其非正常的销售收入。 本文环境不确定性的具体测量步骤如下:
首先,计算企业的非正常销售收入,可以采用最小二乘法 (OLS) 对企业的非正常收入 $\left(\varepsilon \right)$ 进行估算。 该估算公式为
${SALE}\left(\text{ 企业销售收入 }\right)={\varphi }_{0}+{\varphi }_{1}{YEAR}+\varepsilon $
其中: ${YEAR}$ 为年度变量,如果样本值是本年度的,则 ${YEAR}$ 取5,若取值为上一年度,则 ${YEAR}$ 取4; 系数 ${\varphi }_{1}$ 可以解释为当其他解释变量保持不变时,解释变量 ${YEAR}$ 变化1单位导致 ${SALE}$ 的均值变化 ${\varphi }_{1};\varepsilon$ 为随机误差项。
其次, 计算企业未经行业调整的环境不确定性。为了计算企业非正常销售收入的变化系数, 首先需要计算其过去5年非正常销售收入的标准差 $\left(\delta \right)$ ,并将其除以过去5年非正常销售收入的平均值 $\left(\bar{\varepsilon }\right)$ 。这一步骤可以得到企业 i 的未经调整的环境不确定性系数 $\left({e{u}_{i}}\right)$ 。具体的计算公式为
$\delta =\sqrt{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{5}{\left({\varepsilon }_{i}-\bar{\varepsilon }\right)}^{2}/5},{eu}=\delta /5 $
其中: ${\varepsilon }_{i}$ 为企业在第 i 年的非正常销售收入。
最后, 计算行业环境的不确定性是一个重要的指标。使用模型计算所有企业本年度的环境不确定性, 并将其中位数作为其所在行业的环境不确定性。然后,用企业未经行业调整的环境的不确定性 $\left({e{u}_{i}}\right)$ 除以其所在行业的环境不确定性(Z),得到企业最终的环境不确定系数 $\left({E{U}_{i}}\right)$ 。计算公式为
$ E{U}_{i}=\frac{e{u}_{i}}{Z}$
参考以往的相关研究,考虑到上市企业的年龄、规模、资产负债率、现金流比率、股权集中度、总资产净利润率、托宾 Q 值、公司的成长率等都会对企业双元创新战略的实施产生影响,因此本研究将这些因素作为控制变量。具体的变量定义和测量方法如 表3 所示。
为检验管理者短视对企业二元创新的影响, 构建以下模型:
${EXPLOR}_{i, t}=\propto +{\beta }_{1}M{M}_{i, t}+{\beta }_{2}{\operatorname{Cont}}_{i, t}+{\varepsilon }_{i, t}$
${EXPLOI}_{i, t}=\propto +{\beta }_{1}M{M}_{i, t}+{\beta }_{2}{\operatorname{Cont}}_{i, t}+{\varepsilon }_{i, t}$
其中: ${EXPLOR}_{i}$ 为探索式创新, ${EXPLOI}_{i}$ 为挖掘式创新; $M{M}_{i}$ 为管理者短视程度; $F{D}_{i}$ 为管理自由度; $E{U}_{i}$ 为环境不确定性。同时,也引入 ${\text{Cont}}_{i}$ 控制变量和 ${\varepsilon }_{i}$ 误差项。
为了探究管理者短视与企业二元创新关系的调节作用,构建以下模型,来检验管理自由度、环境不确定性的影响:
${EXPLO}{R}_{i, t}=\propto +{\beta }_{1}F{M}_{i, t}+{\beta }_{2}M{M}_{i, t}\times F{M}_{i, t}+{\beta }_{3}{Con}{t}_{i, t}+{\varepsilon }_{i, t}$
${EXPLO}{I}_{i, t}=\propto +{\beta }_{1}F{M}_{i, t}+{\beta }_{2}M{M}_{i, t}\times F{M}_{i, t}+{\beta }_{3}{Con}{t}_{i, t}+{\varepsilon }_{i, t}$
${EXPLOR}_{i, t}=\propto +{\beta }_{1}E{U}_{i, t}+{\beta }_{2}M{M}_{i, t}\times E{U}_{i, t}+{\beta }_{3}{\operatorname{Cont}}_{i, t}+{\varepsilon }_{i, t}$
${EXPLO}{I}_{i, t}=\propto +{\beta }_{1}E{U}_{i, t}+{\beta }_{2}M{M}_{i, t}\times E{U}_{i, t}+{\beta }_{3}{Con}{t}_{i, t}+{\varepsilon }_{i, t}$
其中: $\propto$ 为拦截常数; ${\beta }_{1}\sim {\beta }_{3}$ 为回归系数; ${\varepsilon }_{i, t}$ 为误差项。
表4 中给出了本文的描述性统计数据。发现企业探索式创新的平均值为18.2 ,标准差为1.434 ,取值范围在9.525~23.315。这表明不同上市企业在探索式创新方面存在较大的差异。企业挖掘式创新也呈现类似情况。 而管理者短视的平均值为0.131,标准差为0.122,取值范围在0~4.206,显示了不同企业管理者短视程度的差异。两个调节变量的均值分别为0.074和1.252, 取值范围分别为 -1.452~1.639和0.119~6.587, 这表明存在一定程度的异质性。在控制变量层面,企业规模(Size)的均值和标准差分别为21.999和1.135。
表5 列示了变量之间的相关关系。探索式和挖掘式创新与管理者短视的相关系数分别是-0.104和 -0.004 ,表明了双元创新战略和管理层能力之间存在负相关关系。主要变量间相关系数小于0.8 ,初步判断不存在共线性问题。此外,本文对主要变量进行了方差膨胀因子检验,数据均小于8,说明不存在多重共线性问题。
主效应回归结果如 表6 所示。(1)列中自变量和因变量的线性估计系数是 -0.2201, 显著性水平为10%,该数据显示管理者短视对企业选择探索式创新存在显著的负向影响。同样, 管理者短视与挖掘式创新的回归系数和显著性水平分别为 -0.9045和5%, 表明管理者短视抑制企业实施探索式创新, 假设 H1成立。即管理者对时间的认知水平 (即管理者短视程度) 与探索式创新和挖掘式创新均呈负相关关系。
在控制变量层面,公司规模、资产收益率、现金流、 企业成长率、第一大股东占股比例、托宾 Q 值与探索式创新战略正相关; 公司规模、资产负债率、托宾 Q 值、企业年龄与挖掘式创新战略正相关。
表7 分别展示了假设2和假设3的回归结果。(1)列和(2)列检验了管理自由度对探索式创新的调节效应, 交互项系数均为负数, 且显著性水平均为10%,这验证了假设2。当管理自由度增强时,在管理者短视程度不变的情况下,管理者短视对探索式创新的负向影响更加显著,说明管理自由度会影响企业开展探索性和挖掘式创新的尝试。(3)列和(4)列验证了
外部环境不确定性的调节机制, 其交互项系数均为正, 分别为0.2561和0.7007, 显著性水平分别为5% 和10%。这说明环境不确定性越大, 解释变量与被解释变量之间的负相关关系越弱, 验证了假设3。
考虑到新冠肺炎疫情冲击的特殊性,排除了2020年的数据,并重新进行了验证,回归结果依然表现稳定可靠。
在样本期间内,观察到被解释变量的0值较多,因此将固定效应模型替换为负二项回归模型,研究发现, 管理者短视的系数在 (3) 列和 (4) 列中均显著为负 (如 表8 所示), 与基准回归结果一致, 进一步表明研究结论具有稳健性。
考虑到可能存在的样本自选择问题,本文采用1:1邻近匹配 PSM 方法进行进一步检验, 如 表9 所示。将解释变量 ${MM}$ 中高于中位数的样本界定为实验组。对控制变量进行差异检验,匹配后各特征变量标准偏差均大幅缩小。将匹配后的样本重新进行回归,回归后结果仍然符合预期,结果表明前文结论仍成立。
本文基于社会心理学的时间导向理论和高层梯队理论, 从管理者内在特质视角理论阐述并实证检验了管理者短视主义对企业二元创新战略的影响。本文以中国 A 股上市公司2010-2021年年报中的管理者讨论与分析(MD&A)内容为对象,使用文本分析来测量管理者短视,以企业R&D 投资异质性的角度对不同类型创新战略进行衡量,探讨二者之间的相关关系并同时纳入了管理自由度和环境不确定性情境要素。
研究结果表明:①管理者对时间的认知水平即管理者短视与探索式创新和挖掘式创新均呈负相关关系;②环境不确定性越高时,管理者短视对二元创新战略的负向影响越会受到抑制;③管理自由度强化了管理者短视对探索式与挖掘式创新的抑制作用, 说明高管团队被赋予较高权力后, 且在感知到外部压力和风险后,会设法规避创新风险,不愿意尝试进行创新活动。
第一,本研究对于企业尤其是具有高创新需求企业的人才招聘及优化有参考意义。党的二十大报告指出人才是第一资源、创新是第一动力。创新驱动实际是人才的驱动,企业高级管理团队秉持可持续发展的理念是助力中国经济高质量发展的关键。本文探讨了企业高层管理者短视对于在企业二元创新的影响, 研究结果为企业高层次管理人才的聘用任职提供了证据支撑,即企业高管短视将影响企业二元创新战略的选择, 因此在高级管理者的选拔和培养上企业不应只局限于传统的人口统计学特征, 还要关注管理者对时间的认知特质。
第二,本文研究对于公司治理的优化具备重要参考价值。研究结果揭示了企业在进行二元创新时,其管理层需要兼顾内外部因素。据本研究所得结论, 高度不确定的环境会削弱管理者短视对于探索式创新和挖掘式创新战略的抑制作用, 因此要求企业管理者要同时识别环境中可能存在的潜在危机和创新机遇。其次,管理自由度的增加可能会进一步助推管理者的短视行为,从而带来负向影响。为了实现这一目标,企业应该优化权力分配,确保权责相对平衡的前提下,激发管理层的能力和潜力,从而带领企业推行创新策略。
第一, 本文研究关于管理者短视和双元创新的方法有一些不足。尽管这是大部分研究的常见做法, 但无法充分分析管理者短视对双元创新战略的影响。因此, 未来的研究可以采用案例研究和问卷调查等更全面和深入的方法, 以探究管理者短视与企业二元创新之间的关系。
第二, 本文聚焦于企业二元创新的前因, 即探讨管理者短视与企业二元创新之间的关系问题。然而, 我们尚未充分探究解释变量和被解释变量之间的中介机制和传导路径, 因此该内部“黑箱”亟须开启。此外, 我们还需要深入探索和加深对影响管理者短视与企业二元创新抑制作用的其他边界条件的认知, 以更加贴近企业的现实情况。
  • 国家自然科学基金委基础科学中心项目“智能互联系统的系统工程理论及应用”(72188101)
  • 教育部人文社会科学研究一般项目“社会网络结构对绿色消费行为扩散的影响机制研究”(21YJA630066)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1002-980X.J23082401
  • 接收时间:2023-08-24
  • 首发时间:2025-07-30
  • 出版时间:2024-02-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-24
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国家自然科学基金委基础科学中心项目“智能互联系统的系统工程理论及应用”(72188101)
教育部人文社会科学研究一般项目“社会网络结构对绿色消费行为扩散的影响机制研究”(21YJA630066)
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    合肥工业大学 管理学院 合肥 230000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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种数
Number of
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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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