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Overseas R&D was recognized as an effective path for developing countries to achieve technological catch-up. Extant literature has confirmed the feedback role of overseas R&D in enhancing innovation performance based on the antecedents of economic and trade liberalization. However, against the backdrop of increasing global trade protectionism, the free flow of resources has become more difficult, and it remains uncertain whether overseas R&D can play its intended role. To this end, based on data from Chinese high-tech listed companies, how trade friction affects the overseas R&D performance of Chinese enterprises in the specific context of China-US trade friction was explored. It is found that instead of eroding the overseas R&D performance of Chinese firms, trade friction between China and the US has a push effect, which drives Chinese firms to improve investment efficiency and accumulate international investment experience, and then enhances the feedback role of overseas R&D. By distinguishing the destination of overseas R&D, the feedback role found to be more pronounced in samples from non-US countries. In contrast, R&D in the US is more directly impacted by trade friction, which dilutes the benefits of improving investment efficiency and accumulating international experience. The research findings not only deepen the relevant research on how trade protectionism and barriers affect the investment performance of multinational enterprises in international business theory but also provide insights into how Chinese enterprises can fully unleash the potential of overseas R&D in a highly uncertain investment environment.

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海外研发被视为后发国家实现技术赶超的有效路径,现有文献基于经贸自由化的前置条件证实了海外研发提升创新绩效的反哺作用。然而在全球贸易保护主义抬头的背景下,资源要素的自由流动愈发困难,海外研发能否发挥应有的作用尚不得而知。为此,基于中国高科技上市公司的数据,本文探索了中美贸易摩擦如何影响中国企业的海外研发绩效。研究发现,中美贸易摩擦非但没有侵蚀中国企业的海外研发绩效,反而产生倒逼效应,推动中国企业提升投资效率并积累国际投资经验,继而增强了海外研发的反哺作用。通过区分海外研发目的地,本文进一步发现倒逼效应在赴非美国家的样本中更显著。赴美研发受到贸易摩擦的冲击更为直接,稀释了提升投资效率和积累国际化经验所带来的收益。研究结论深化了国际商务理论关于贸易保护和壁垒如何影响跨国企业投资绩效的相关研究,为中国企业在高度不确定的投资环境下如何充分释放海外研发的潜能提供启示。

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徐晨,博士,上海应用技术大学经济与管理学院讲师,硕士研究生导师,研究方向:创新管理、国际商务;

王祥玮,上海应用技术大学经济与管理学院硕士研究生,研究方向:创新管理、国际商务;

孙元欣,博士,上海财经大学自由贸易区研究院教授,博士研究生导师,中国自由贸易试验区协同创新中心首席专家,研究方向:企业管理、自贸区。

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王祥玮,上海应用技术大学经济与管理学院硕士研究生,研究方向:创新管理、国际商务;

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Academy of Management Journal , 2002 . 45 ( 4 ): 769 - 777 ., articleTitle=Board structure and international political risk, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1156965343215309181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1156903810040943319, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=31, issue=6, pageStart=277, pageEnd=288, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[43], rfOrder=42, authorNames=何金花, 田志龙, journalName=管理评论, refType=null, unstructuredReference=何金花 , 田志龙 . 中国海外投资项目政治风险的演化;基于合法性视角的案例研究 [J]. 管理评论 , 2019 . 31 ( 6 ): 277 - 288 ., articleTitle=中国海外投资项目政治风险的演化;基于合法性视角的案例研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1156965343286612351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1156903810040943319, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=55, issue=2, pageStart=101044, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[44], rfOrder=43, authorNames=ZHU Y, SARDANA D, journalName=Journal of World Business, refType=null, unstructuredReference= ZHU Y , SARDANA D . Multinational enterprises' risk mitigation strategies in emerging markets: A political coalition perspective [J]. Journal of World Business , 2020 . 55 ( 2 ): 101044 ., articleTitle=Multinational enterprises' risk mitigation strategies in emerging markets: A political coalition perspective, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1156965343357915521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1156903810040943319, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=37, issue=null, pageStart=55, pageEnd=68, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[45], rfOrder=44, authorNames=ZHAO X, JIANG X, LI Z, journalName=International Review of Economics & Finance, refType=null, unstructuredReference= ZHAO X , JIANG X , LI Z . The impact of the economic crisis on the financial performance of multinational corporations [J]. International Review of Economics & Finance , 2015 . 37 . 55 - 68 ., articleTitle=The impact of the economic crisis on the financial performance of multinational corporations, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1156965343445995906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1156903810040943319, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=67, issue=1, pageStart=313, pageEnd=350, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[46], rfOrder=45, authorNames=MCLEAN R D, ZHANG T, ZHAO M, journalName=The Journal of Finance, refType=null, unstructuredReference= MCLEAN R D , ZHANG T , ZHAO M . Why does the law matter? Investor protection and its effects on investment, finance, and growth [J]. The Journal of Finance , 2012 . 67 ( 1 ): 313 - 350 ., articleTitle=Why does the law matter? 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变量 样本数 均值 标准差 最小值 最大值
IP_A 16455 2.313 1.786 0 6.856
IP_G 14738 2.101 1.558 0 9.114
${ORD}$ 16455 0.094 0.291 0 1
${ORD}\_ A$ 16455 0.044 0.206 0 1
ORD_O 16455 0.070 0.255 0 1
${TF}$ 16455 0.834 0.372 0 1
DOTF 16455 1.992 1.244 0 4.190
), ArticleFig(id=1156965339159417102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1156903810040943319, language=CN, label=表1, caption=关键变量的描述性统计, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 样本数 均值 标准差 最小值 最大值
IP_A 16455 2.313 1.786 0 6.856
IP_G 14738 2.101 1.558 0 9.114
${ORD}$ 16455 0.094 0.291 0 1
${ORD}\_ A$ 16455 0.044 0.206 0 1
ORD_O 16455 0.070 0.255 0 1
${TF}$ 16455 0.834 0.372 0 1
DOTF 16455 1.992 1.244 0 4.190
), ArticleFig(id=1156965339260080399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1156903810040943319, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
IP_A IP_G IP_A IP_G IP_A IP_G
$t$ $t + 1$ $t + 2$
${ORD}$ 0.143***(2.635) 0.292***(6.044) 0.393***(6.629) 0.353***(6.522) 0.428***(6.226) 0.403***(6.389)
Age $-{0.008}^{***}$(-2.666) $-{0.015}^{***}$(-5.254) -0.005 (-1.468) -0.014***(-4.128) -0.004 (-1.033) -0.012***(-2.997)
Size 0.000***(22.471) 0.000***(25.005) 0.000***(20.212) 0.000***(23.368) 0.000***(18.567) 0.000***(21.716)
State 0.154***(3.922) 0.154***(4.318) 0.239***(5.427) 0.195***(4.887) 0.246***(4.916) 0.202***(4.432)
Capability 0.938***(4.195) 0.601 ${}^{**}$(2.440) 1.102***(3.393) 0.513 *(1.760) 0.784 ${}^{**}$(2.134) 0.571 *(1.747)
Staff 1.153***(8.070) 0.723***(5.429) 1.057***(6.367) 0.831***(5.532) 1.153***(6.065) 1.025***(5.922)
Return $-{0.207}^{***}$(-7.419) 0.047 *(1.897) 0.192***(6.265) 0.126***(4.496) 0.079**(2.251) 0.004 (0.126)
Region $-{0.205}^{***}$(-10.211) $-{0.187}^{***}$(-10.303) $-{0.195}^{***}$(-8.735) -0.180***(-8.933) $-{0.184}^{***}$(-7.246) -0.176***(-7.639)
Industry $-{0.007}^{***}$(-4.659) $-{0.006}^{***}$(-4.449) $-{0.006}^{***}$(-3.283) $-{0.006}{}^{***}$(-3.682) $-{0.006}^{***}$(-2.796) $-{0.007}^{***}$(-3.544)
Constant 2.638***(29.213) 2.547***(30.874) 2.405***(23.595) 2.434***(26.247) 2.393***(20.474) 2.382***(22.306)
Company FE Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Year FE Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Pseudo ${R}^{2}$ 0.018 0.023 0.019 0.026 0.018 0.027
Chi-square 822.180 915.061 734.552 830.000 567.951 682.930
Observations 11534 10351 9391 8386 7503 6595
), ArticleFig(id=1156965339356549392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1156903810040943319, language=CN, label=表2, caption=海外研发对创新绩效的影响, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
IP_A IP_G IP_A IP_G IP_A IP_G
$t$ $t + 1$ $t + 2$
${ORD}$ 0.143***(2.635) 0.292***(6.044) 0.393***(6.629) 0.353***(6.522) 0.428***(6.226) 0.403***(6.389)
Age $-{0.008}^{***}$(-2.666) $-{0.015}^{***}$(-5.254) -0.005 (-1.468) -0.014***(-4.128) -0.004 (-1.033) -0.012***(-2.997)
Size 0.000***(22.471) 0.000***(25.005) 0.000***(20.212) 0.000***(23.368) 0.000***(18.567) 0.000***(21.716)
State 0.154***(3.922) 0.154***(4.318) 0.239***(5.427) 0.195***(4.887) 0.246***(4.916) 0.202***(4.432)
Capability 0.938***(4.195) 0.601 ${}^{**}$(2.440) 1.102***(3.393) 0.513 *(1.760) 0.784 ${}^{**}$(2.134) 0.571 *(1.747)
Staff 1.153***(8.070) 0.723***(5.429) 1.057***(6.367) 0.831***(5.532) 1.153***(6.065) 1.025***(5.922)
Return $-{0.207}^{***}$(-7.419) 0.047 *(1.897) 0.192***(6.265) 0.126***(4.496) 0.079**(2.251) 0.004 (0.126)
Region $-{0.205}^{***}$(-10.211) $-{0.187}^{***}$(-10.303) $-{0.195}^{***}$(-8.735) -0.180***(-8.933) $-{0.184}^{***}$(-7.246) -0.176***(-7.639)
Industry $-{0.007}^{***}$(-4.659) $-{0.006}^{***}$(-4.449) $-{0.006}^{***}$(-3.283) $-{0.006}{}^{***}$(-3.682) $-{0.006}^{***}$(-2.796) $-{0.007}^{***}$(-3.544)
Constant 2.638***(29.213) 2.547***(30.874) 2.405***(23.595) 2.434***(26.247) 2.393***(20.474) 2.382***(22.306)
Company FE Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Year FE Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Pseudo ${R}^{2}$ 0.018 0.023 0.019 0.026 0.018 0.027
Chi-square 822.180 915.061 734.552 830.000 567.951 682.930
Observations 11534 10351 9391 8386 7503 6595
), ArticleFig(id=1156965339415269649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1156903810040943319, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
IP_A IP_G IP_A IP_G IP_A IP_G
$t$ $t + 1$ $t + 2$
${ORD}\_ A$ ${0.150}^{*}\left({1.933}\right)$ ${0.311}^{***}\left({4.526}\right)$ ${0.366}^{***}\left({4.365}\right)$ ${0.348}^{***}\left({4.551}\right)$ ${0.370}^{***}\left({3.845}\right)$ 0.394 ${}^{***}\left({4.461}\right)$
Controls Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Company FE Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Year FE Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Pseudo ${R}^{2}$ 0.018 0.023 0.019 0.025 0.018 0.026
Chi-square 818.981 899.060 709.741 808.260 544.052 662.124
Observations 11534 10351 9391 8386 7503 6595
), ArticleFig(id=1156965339478184210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1156903810040943319, language=CN, label=表3, caption=赴美研发对创新绩效的影响, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
IP_A IP_G IP_A IP_G IP_A IP_G
$t$ $t + 1$ $t + 2$
${ORD}\_ A$ ${0.150}^{*}\left({1.933}\right)$ ${0.311}^{***}\left({4.526}\right)$ ${0.366}^{***}\left({4.365}\right)$ ${0.348}^{***}\left({4.551}\right)$ ${0.370}^{***}\left({3.845}\right)$ 0.394 ${}^{***}\left({4.461}\right)$
Controls Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Company FE Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Year FE Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Pseudo ${R}^{2}$ 0.018 0.023 0.019 0.025 0.018 0.026
Chi-square 818.981 899.060 709.741 808.260 544.052 662.124
Observations 11534 10351 9391 8386 7503 6595
), ArticleFig(id=1156965339553681683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1156903810040943319, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
IP_A IP_G IP_A IP_G IP_A IP_G
$t$ $t + 1$ $t + 2$
ORD_O ${0.251}^{***}\left({4.097}\right)$ ${0.374}^{***}\left({6.867}\right)$ ${0.423}^{***}\left({7.523}\right)$ ${0.326}^{***}\left({6.292}\right)$ ${0.323}^{***}\left({5.517}\right)$ 0.325***( 6.131 )
Controls Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Company FE Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Year FE Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Pseudo ${R}^{2}$ 0.018 0.024 0.020 0.027 0.019 0.028
Chi-square 832.032 925.701 749.330 842.870 591.051 699.492
Observations 11534 10351 9391 8386 7503 6595
), ArticleFig(id=1156965339633373460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1156903810040943319, language=CN, label=表4, caption=赴非美国家研发对创新绩效的影响, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
IP_A IP_G IP_A IP_G IP_A IP_G
$t$ $t + 1$ $t + 2$
ORD_O ${0.251}^{***}\left({4.097}\right)$ ${0.374}^{***}\left({6.867}\right)$ ${0.423}^{***}\left({7.523}\right)$ ${0.326}^{***}\left({6.292}\right)$ ${0.323}^{***}\left({5.517}\right)$ 0.325***( 6.131 )
Controls Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Company FE Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Year FE Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Pseudo ${R}^{2}$ 0.018 0.024 0.020 0.027 0.019 0.028
Chi-square 832.032 925.701 749.330 842.870 591.051 699.492
Observations 11534 10351 9391 8386 7503 6595
), ArticleFig(id=1156965339713065237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1156903810040943319, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
IP_A ${IP}\_ G$ IP_A IP_G IP_A IP_G
$t$ $t + 1$ $t + 2$
${ORD}\times {TF}$ ${0.085}\left({0.546}\right)$ ${0.063}\left({0.465}\right)$ ${0.289}^{**}\left({2.020}\right)$ ${0.489}^{***}\left({3.850}\right)$ ${0.377}^{***}\left({8.401}\right)$ ${0.541}^{***}\left({4.108}\right)$
ORD $A \times {TF}$ ${0.126}\left({0.576}\right)$ ${0.060}\left({0.318}\right)$ ${0.247}\left({1.229}\right)$ 0.152 (0.824) 0.131 (0.618) 0.200 (1.041)
ORD_O×TF 0.233 (1.338) 0.245 (1.615) ${0.402}{}^{**}\left({2.512}\right)$ ${0.438}^{***}\left({10.945}\right)$ ${0.595}^{***}\left({3.632}\right)$ ${0.295}^{*}\left({1.940}\right)$
), ArticleFig(id=1156965339843088663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1156903810040943319, language=CN, label=表5, caption=中美贸易摩擦的调节效应检验, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
IP_A ${IP}\_ G$ IP_A IP_G IP_A IP_G
$t$ $t + 1$ $t + 2$
${ORD}\times {TF}$ ${0.085}\left({0.546}\right)$ ${0.063}\left({0.465}\right)$ ${0.289}^{**}\left({2.020}\right)$ ${0.489}^{***}\left({3.850}\right)$ ${0.377}^{***}\left({8.401}\right)$ ${0.541}^{***}\left({4.108}\right)$
ORD $A \times {TF}$ ${0.126}\left({0.576}\right)$ ${0.060}\left({0.318}\right)$ ${0.247}\left({1.229}\right)$ 0.152 (0.824) 0.131 (0.618) 0.200 (1.041)
ORD_O×TF 0.233 (1.338) 0.245 (1.615) ${0.402}{}^{**}\left({2.512}\right)$ ${0.438}^{***}\left({10.945}\right)$ ${0.595}^{***}\left({3.632}\right)$ ${0.295}^{*}\left({1.940}\right)$
), ArticleFig(id=1156965339901808921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1156903810040943319, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
IP_A IP_G IP_A IP_G IP_A IP_G
$t$ $t + 1$ $t + 2$
ORD $\times$ DOTF ${0.015}\left({0.322}\right)$ ${0.035}\left({0.865}\right)$ ${0.097}^{**}\left({2.313}\right)$ ${0.053}\left({1.395}\right)$ ${0.089}^{**}\left({2.040}\right)$ ${0.093}^{**}\left({2.348}\right)$
${ORD}\_ A \times {DOTF}$ ${0.009}\left({0.132}\right)$ ${0.029}\left({0.485}\right)$ 0.080 (1.294) ${0.050}\left({0.889}\right)$ 0.082 (1.262) ${0.063}\left({1.070}\right)$
ORD_O × DOTF 0.066(1.317) ${0.096}{}^{**}\left({2.163}\right)$ ${0.141}^{***}\left({3.042}\right)$ ${0.105}^{**}\left({2.461}\right)$ ${0.133}^{***}\left({2.760}\right)$ ${0.151}^{***}\left({3.451}\right)$
), ArticleFig(id=1156965339964723483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1156903810040943319, language=CN, label=表6, caption=中美贸易摩擦强度的检验结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
IP_A IP_G IP_A IP_G IP_A IP_G
$t$ $t + 1$ $t + 2$
ORD $\times$ DOTF ${0.015}\left({0.322}\right)$ ${0.035}\left({0.865}\right)$ ${0.097}^{**}\left({2.313}\right)$ ${0.053}\left({1.395}\right)$ ${0.089}^{**}\left({2.040}\right)$ ${0.093}^{**}\left({2.348}\right)$
${ORD}\_ A \times {DOTF}$ ${0.009}\left({0.132}\right)$ ${0.029}\left({0.485}\right)$ 0.080 (1.294) ${0.050}\left({0.889}\right)$ 0.082 (1.262) ${0.063}\left({1.070}\right)$
ORD_O × DOTF 0.066(1.317) ${0.096}{}^{**}\left({2.163}\right)$ ${0.141}^{***}\left({3.042}\right)$ ${0.105}^{**}\left({2.461}\right)$ ${0.133}^{***}\left({2.760}\right)$ ${0.151}^{***}\left({3.451}\right)$
), ArticleFig(id=1156965340010860829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1156903810040943319, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
IP_A IP_G IP_A IP_G IP_A IP_G
$t$ $t + 1$ $t + 2$
Panel A
${ORD}\times {TF}$ 0.353 (1.622) ${0.341}^{*}\left({1.847}\right)$ ${0.359}^{*}\left({1.811}\right)$ ${0.404}{}^{**}\left({2.263}\right)$ ${0.366}^{*}\left({1.760}\right)$ ${0.457}^{**}\left({2.480}\right)$
ORD_A $\times {TF}$ ${0.238}\left({0.809}\right)$ 0.330 (1.320) 0.282 (1.051) ${0.481}^{**}\left({1.994}\right)$ 0.390 (1.392) ${0.587}^{**}\left({2.361}\right)$
ORD_O×TF ${0.597}^{**}\left({2.364}\right)$ ${0.526}^{**}\left({2.466}\right)$ ${0.497}^{**}\left({2.166}\right)$ ${0.468}^{**}\left({2.263}\right)$ ${0.430}^{*}\left({1.783}\right)$ ${0.494}{}^{**}\left({2.316}\right)$
Panel B
ORD $\times {TF}$ ${0.187}\left({0.883}\right)$ 0.177(0.945) ${0.412}^{**}\left({2.099}\right)$ ${0.180}\left({0.990}\right)$ 0.256(1.245) 0.248 (1.315)
ORD_A×TF ${0.403}\left({1.272}\right)$ 0.200 (0.717) 0.448 ( 1.527 ) 0.207(0.761) 0.216(0.693) 0.198(0.692)
ORD_O×TF 0.234(1.005) 0.331 (1.601) ${0.486}{}^{**}\left({2.253}\right)$ 0.344 *( 1.719 ) 0.386 *( 1.710 ) ${0.403}^{*}\left({1.946}\right)$
Panel C
${ORD}\times {TF}$ ${0.502}{}^{**}$( 2.098 ) ${0.478}{}^{**}\left({2.357}\right)$ ${0.497}^{**}\left({2.324}\right)$ ${0.498}{}^{**}$( 2.508 ) ${0.599}^{***}\left({2.732}\right)$ ${0.677}^{***}\left({3.401}\right)$
ORD $A \times {TF}$ ${0.637}^{*}\left({1.767}\right)$ 0.483 (1.582) 0.367 (1.138) 0.584 *( 1.951 ) ${0.709}^{**}\left({2.095}\right)$ ${0.922}{}^{***}\left({3.000}\right)$
ORD_O×TF ${0.487}^{*}\left({1.871}\right)$ ${0.484}{}^{**}$(2.198) ${0.477}^{**}\left({2.053}\right)$ ${0.42}{2}^{*}\left({1.955}\right)$ ${0.498}^{**}\left({2.119}\right)$ ${0.565}{}^{***}\left({2.642}\right)$
Panel D
${ORD}\times {TF}$ ${0.128}\left({0.646}\right)$ ${0.122}\left({0.699}\right)$ ${0.326}^{*}\left({1.758}\right)$ 0.192 (1.139) 0.097(0.487) 0.148(0.828)
ORD $A \times {TF}$ 0.140 (0.514) 0.126(0.527) 0.375 (1.474) ${0.221}\left({0.953}\right)$ ${0.034}\left({0.126}\right)$ ${0.066}\left({0.273}\right)$
ORD $O \times {TF}$ 0.360 (1.577) ${0.421}{}^{**}\left({2.080}\right)$ ${0.52}{4}^{**}\left({2.445}\right)$ ${0.463}^{**}\left({2.378}\right)$ 0.368 (1.588) ${0.438}^{**}\left({2.101}\right)$
), ArticleFig(id=1156965340069581087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1156903810040943319, language=CN, label=表7, caption=内在机制的检验结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
IP_A IP_G IP_A IP_G IP_A IP_G
$t$ $t + 1$ $t + 2$
Panel A
${ORD}\times {TF}$ 0.353 (1.622) ${0.341}^{*}\left({1.847}\right)$ ${0.359}^{*}\left({1.811}\right)$ ${0.404}{}^{**}\left({2.263}\right)$ ${0.366}^{*}\left({1.760}\right)$ ${0.457}^{**}\left({2.480}\right)$
ORD_A $\times {TF}$ ${0.238}\left({0.809}\right)$ 0.330 (1.320) 0.282 (1.051) ${0.481}^{**}\left({1.994}\right)$ 0.390 (1.392) ${0.587}^{**}\left({2.361}\right)$
ORD_O×TF ${0.597}^{**}\left({2.364}\right)$ ${0.526}^{**}\left({2.466}\right)$ ${0.497}^{**}\left({2.166}\right)$ ${0.468}^{**}\left({2.263}\right)$ ${0.430}^{*}\left({1.783}\right)$ ${0.494}{}^{**}\left({2.316}\right)$
Panel B
ORD $\times {TF}$ ${0.187}\left({0.883}\right)$ 0.177(0.945) ${0.412}^{**}\left({2.099}\right)$ ${0.180}\left({0.990}\right)$ 0.256(1.245) 0.248 (1.315)
ORD_A×TF ${0.403}\left({1.272}\right)$ 0.200 (0.717) 0.448 ( 1.527 ) 0.207(0.761) 0.216(0.693) 0.198(0.692)
ORD_O×TF 0.234(1.005) 0.331 (1.601) ${0.486}{}^{**}\left({2.253}\right)$ 0.344 *( 1.719 ) 0.386 *( 1.710 ) ${0.403}^{*}\left({1.946}\right)$
Panel C
${ORD}\times {TF}$ ${0.502}{}^{**}$( 2.098 ) ${0.478}{}^{**}\left({2.357}\right)$ ${0.497}^{**}\left({2.324}\right)$ ${0.498}{}^{**}$( 2.508 ) ${0.599}^{***}\left({2.732}\right)$ ${0.677}^{***}\left({3.401}\right)$
ORD $A \times {TF}$ ${0.637}^{*}\left({1.767}\right)$ 0.483 (1.582) 0.367 (1.138) 0.584 *( 1.951 ) ${0.709}^{**}\left({2.095}\right)$ ${0.922}{}^{***}\left({3.000}\right)$
ORD_O×TF ${0.487}^{*}\left({1.871}\right)$ ${0.484}{}^{**}$(2.198) ${0.477}^{**}\left({2.053}\right)$ ${0.42}{2}^{*}\left({1.955}\right)$ ${0.498}^{**}\left({2.119}\right)$ ${0.565}{}^{***}\left({2.642}\right)$
Panel D
${ORD}\times {TF}$ ${0.128}\left({0.646}\right)$ ${0.122}\left({0.699}\right)$ ${0.326}^{*}\left({1.758}\right)$ 0.192 (1.139) 0.097(0.487) 0.148(0.828)
ORD $A \times {TF}$ 0.140 (0.514) 0.126(0.527) 0.375 (1.474) ${0.221}\left({0.953}\right)$ ${0.034}\left({0.126}\right)$ ${0.066}\left({0.273}\right)$
ORD $O \times {TF}$ 0.360 (1.577) ${0.421}{}^{**}\left({2.080}\right)$ ${0.52}{4}^{**}\left({2.445}\right)$ ${0.463}^{**}\left({2.378}\right)$ 0.368 (1.588) ${0.438}^{**}\left({2.101}\right)$
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海外研发、贸易摩擦与创新绩效:来自中国高科技上市公司的经验证据
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徐晨 1 , 王祥玮 1 , 孙元欣 2
技术经济 | 技术经济评价 2024,43(4): 177-189
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技术经济 | 技术经济评价 2024, 43(4): 177-189
海外研发、贸易摩擦与创新绩效:来自中国高科技上市公司的经验证据
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徐晨1, 王祥玮1, 孙元欣2
作者信息
  • 1 上海应用技术大学 经济与管理学院 上海 201418
  • 2 上海财经大学 自由贸易区研究院 上海 200433
  • 徐晨,博士,上海应用技术大学经济与管理学院讲师,硕士研究生导师,研究方向:创新管理、国际商务;

    王祥玮,上海应用技术大学经济与管理学院硕士研究生,研究方向:创新管理、国际商务;

    孙元欣,博士,上海财经大学自由贸易区研究院教授,博士研究生导师,中国自由贸易试验区协同创新中心首席专家,研究方向:企业管理、自贸区。

Overseas R&D, Trade Frictions and Innovation Performance : Empirical Evidence from Chinese High-tech Listed Companies
Chen Xu1, Xiangwei Wang1, Yuanxin Sun2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Economics and Management Shanghai Institute of Technology Shanghai 201418 China
  • 2 Institute of Free Trade Zones Shanghai University of Finance and Economics Shanghai 200433 China
出版时间: 2024-04-10 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1002-980X.J23121701
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海外研发被视为后发国家实现技术赶超的有效路径,现有文献基于经贸自由化的前置条件证实了海外研发提升创新绩效的反哺作用。然而在全球贸易保护主义抬头的背景下,资源要素的自由流动愈发困难,海外研发能否发挥应有的作用尚不得而知。为此,基于中国高科技上市公司的数据,本文探索了中美贸易摩擦如何影响中国企业的海外研发绩效。研究发现,中美贸易摩擦非但没有侵蚀中国企业的海外研发绩效,反而产生倒逼效应,推动中国企业提升投资效率并积累国际投资经验,继而增强了海外研发的反哺作用。通过区分海外研发目的地,本文进一步发现倒逼效应在赴非美国家的样本中更显著。赴美研发受到贸易摩擦的冲击更为直接,稀释了提升投资效率和积累国际化经验所带来的收益。研究结论深化了国际商务理论关于贸易保护和壁垒如何影响跨国企业投资绩效的相关研究,为中国企业在高度不确定的投资环境下如何充分释放海外研发的潜能提供启示。

海外研发  /  贸易摩擦  /  创新绩效  /  投资效率  /  国际化经验

Overseas R&D was recognized as an effective path for developing countries to achieve technological catch-up. Extant literature has confirmed the feedback role of overseas R&D in enhancing innovation performance based on the antecedents of economic and trade liberalization. However, against the backdrop of increasing global trade protectionism, the free flow of resources has become more difficult, and it remains uncertain whether overseas R&D can play its intended role. To this end, based on data from Chinese high-tech listed companies, how trade friction affects the overseas R&D performance of Chinese enterprises in the specific context of China-US trade friction was explored. It is found that instead of eroding the overseas R&D performance of Chinese firms, trade friction between China and the US has a push effect, which drives Chinese firms to improve investment efficiency and accumulate international investment experience, and then enhances the feedback role of overseas R&D. By distinguishing the destination of overseas R&D, the feedback role found to be more pronounced in samples from non-US countries. In contrast, R&D in the US is more directly impacted by trade friction, which dilutes the benefits of improving investment efficiency and accumulating international experience. The research findings not only deepen the relevant research on how trade protectionism and barriers affect the investment performance of multinational enterprises in international business theory but also provide insights into how Chinese enterprises can fully unleash the potential of overseas R&D in a highly uncertain investment environment.

overseas R&D  /  trade frictions  /  innovation performance  /  investment efficiency  /  international experience
徐晨, 王祥玮, 孙元欣. 海外研发、贸易摩擦与创新绩效:来自中国高科技上市公司的经验证据. 技术经济, 2024 , 43 (4) : 177 -189 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1002-980X.J23121701
Chen Xu, Xiangwei Wang, Yuanxin Sun. Overseas R&D, Trade Frictions and Innovation Performance : Empirical Evidence from Chinese High-tech Listed Companies[J]. Journal of Technology Economics, 2024 , 43 (4) : 177 -189 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1002-980X.J23121701
海外研发是后发国家在经贸自由化背景下嵌入全球创新网络并实现技术赶超的有效路径。既有文献揭示了在资源要素充分流动的前提下, 海外研发能够通过技术获取和市场开拓两种机制提升后发国家跨国企业的自主创新能力 [ 1 ] 。然而近年来以贸易摩擦为代表的保护主义思潮正在打破经贸自由化和要素充分流动的先决条件,需要在此背景下重新审视海外研发的作用。
中美贸易摩擦推动了相关理论和实证研究的持续深入, 但这一领域的文献主要关注贸易摩擦或者贸易自由化与企业对外投资决策之间的关系。以“关税跳跃”(tariff jumping) 假说为代表的研究认为贸易摩擦会增加贸易成本, 从而鼓励外国企业在贸易争端的发起国开展投资, 以便通过在当地生产来绕过较高的出口成本 [ 2 - 8 ] 。另一支研究则指出上述假说取决于受影响企业的特征 [ 9 ] ,甚至发现贸易摩擦会减少企业的对外直接投资 [ 10 - 13 ]
尽管上述文献深化了贸易摩擦微观影响的相关研究,诠释了贸易摩擦与对外投资决策之间的关系,但相关文献未探索贸易摩擦对投资绩效的影响, 无法解释贸易摩擦如何影响海外研发绩效。例如“关税跳跃” 假说的底层逻辑是贸易摩擦限制了企业出口,进而迫使企业将对外投资作为替代。但是,贸易摩擦对投资绩效的影响并不存在相应的替代关系, 意味着如果贸易摩擦影响海外研发绩效, 既有文献难以阐明其中的影响机制。
鉴于海外研发的反哺效应, 厘清贸易摩擦对研发绩效的影响及其机制具有重要意义。为此, 本文以中国上市公司为研究样本, 首先考察中国企业海外研发与创新绩效之间的关系。不同于既往研究, 本文的样本区间覆盖中美贸易摩擦的前后过程, 能够探究在贸易摩擦发生后, 海外研发提升创新绩效的作用是否仍然显见。考虑到赴美研发的企业受中美贸易争端的波及更为直接, 本文进一步探索海外研发绩效是否因企业赴美研发而异。
在上述分析的基础之上, 本文构造了测度中美贸易摩擦及其强度的变量, 更直接地考察贸易摩擦的调节作用,并分析其影响机制。一方面,贸易摩擦可能降低企业的研发绩效,主要因为贸易摩擦提高生产和运营成本, 如关税成本、生产的沉没成本以及投资转换成本, 从而降低企业的盈利能力。由于海外研发具有高风险和长周期的特点,一旦企业出现成本上升、利润下降的情况,就会影响其研发投入的可持续性,最终会影响研发绩效 [ 14 ] 。另一方面,贸易摩擦也可能提升企业的研发绩效,原因在于贸易摩擦产生倒逼效应,当企业面临困境时反而会激发“求生欲望”,倒逼企业提高投资效率,进而提升海外研发绩效0。
本文深化了国际商务理论关于贸易保护和壁垒如何影响跨国企业绩效的相关研究, 同时丰富了海外研发影响因素的理论成果。尤其在保护主义思潮愈演愈烈和美国无端打压中国高科技企业的当下, 探索中美贸易摩擦的微观影响机制有助于中国企业在“走出去”的过程中应对不利环境, 夯实自身能力从而充分释放海外研发提升创新能力的潜力。
海外研发究竟能否提升企业的创新绩效是近年来国际商务和创新战略研究的热点问题, 研究对象从发达国家的跨国企业转向新兴经济体和发展中国家的企业 [ 15 ] ,并且发现海外研发通过技术获取和市场开拓的反哺效应提升了企业的创新绩效 [ 1 ] 。在区分海外研发强度和广度的研究中,强度与创新绩效之间表现出正向关系 [ 16 ] ,而地理广度与创新绩效之间呈现非线性的倒 U 型关系 [ 17 ] 。虽然地理分散能够将不同来源的知识结合起来运用到新的领域,对创新绩效产生积极的作用 [ 18 ] ,但为了整合所获取的多元化知识,企业也需要付出协调整合成本。海外研发机构之间缺乏频繁的面对面交流的机会, 容易滋生不理解和不信任, 进而产生消极作用 [ 19 ]
尽管上述文献的结论初步证实了海外研发有助于提升企业的创新绩效, 但是两者的关系强度并非一成不变。现有文献从企业内部和外部的视角分析了影响这一关系的情境变量。站在企业内部的视角, Xu 等 [ 20 ] 的研究发现高管团队的遗传距离和国际化经验具有强化海外研发绩效的作用。企业异质性的相关研究发现,国有企业因为受到东道国限制从而抑制了海外研发对创新绩效的提升作用 [ 21 ] ,而非国有企业能从海外研发扩增知识基础和提升研发效率中获益 [ 22 ] 。除了产权性质外,行业属性和所在地区特征也会左右海外研发的成效 [ 23 ] 。Asimakopoulos [ 24 ] 发现企业年龄具有负向调节作用,因为企业在早期阶段进行海外研发不仅能帮助其增加克服外来者劣势的经验,而且年轻的企业不存在学习短视,能更好地管理海外研发。
基于企业外部视角,东道国与母国的特征是研究的焦点。针对中国企业的实证研究揭示了东道国与我国的制度距离具有优劣势并存的特点, 制度距离既放大了知识溢出效应, 也加剧了外来者劣势和学习成本, 因此在海外研发广度和深度的研究中起着不同的调节作用 [ 25 ] 。Tse 等 [ 26 ] 发现东道国政府的支持既能够助力企业获得当地互补资源, 同时也能加强企业知识应用的效果, 甚至东道国政府的财税政策能减轻企业的研发负担, 因此东道国政府的支持具有正向调节海外研发投资与创新绩效的作用。Mavroudi 等 [ 27 ] 提出不完善的知识产权保护制度反而促进了知识学习、获取和整合,有利于企业在全球范围内接近知识,进而提高海外研发的效率。
纵然海外研发与创新绩效的关系备受瞩目,但是既有文献在探讨这一问题时大都基于全球化和资源要素充分流动的背景,这与近年来以中美贸易摩擦为代表的逆全球化思潮限制资源要素自由流动的情境不相符。具体而言, 在考察海外研发与创新绩效的关系时, 现有研究并未将贸易摩擦的影响考虑在内, 缺少对这一潜在影响的间接或直接的衡量。例如通过区分研发目的地的方式间接地探究赴美研发的效益是否因中美贸易摩擦而受损, 或者将贸易摩擦作为一个情境变量加入分析框架, 直接地探索其对依赖全球资源和开放市场的海外研发造成何种影响。鉴于此,本文力求对相关研究进行补充,一是在主效应分析时区分了研发目的地,二是在调节效应的研究中加入了贸易摩擦这一情境变量,并试图揭示贸易摩擦的影响机制。
海外研发如何助推中国企业创新绩效的提升? 现有研究主要从探索型和利用型的双元路径对此问题展开了深入探讨 [ 1 ] 。探索型路径解释了后发国家跨国企业在缺乏所有权优势的情况下,借助海外研发获取创新资源,体现了跨国企业利用东道国区位优势实现技术赶超的目标。跨国企业通过嵌入全球创新网络、 招募海外科学家、接近当地科研机构等方式吸纳创新资源和技术知识 [ 28 ] ,继而逆向转移至母国企业实现整合内化 [ 29 ] ,从而提升创新绩效 [ 16 ]
根据知识基础观,内隐知识是后发国家的企业实现技术赶超的战略性资源,而海外研发是内隐知识获取的有效途径之一。尤其在美国对我国高科技产业实施技术封锁的现实情况下, 中国企业依赖技术引进和内向国际化的方式寻觅内隐知识的难度增大。相反,海外研发具有靠近知识源头的特点,意味着在吸收内隐知识方面具有空间地理邻近性的优势。尽管当前中国企业赴美投资遭遇更严格的外资安全审查 [ 30 ] ,但是中国企业仍然可以采取深度定位和隐身战略, 通过合资取代收购或合营取代全资子公司等多种方式嵌入东道国知识产业链 [ 31 ] ,进而凭借东道国的异质性创新资源和充足的学习机会强化企业对内隐知识的汲取能力以及提升自身知识储备的扩展效率,有助于增强自主创新能力。
利用型路径解释了海外研发提升创新绩效的另一种机制, 即跨国企业将自身的所有权优势用于东道国市场, 同时借助东道国的区位优势拓宽海外业务。为了更好地适应东道国环境并满足当地市场需求, 跨国企业奉行产品本土化战略,利用技术优势为当地市场量身定制产品和服务。在产品和服务适应性改造的过程中,跨国企业积累了丰富的研发经验,提升了渐进式研发能力 [ 1 ]
利用型海外研发活动近年来也发生了一些新变化, 拥有所有权优势的企业前往新兴经济国家从事研发活动不再是单纯地利用既有技术满足当地市场,开始呈现出利用和探索并重的趋势。例如发达国家的跨国企业在我国设立研发机构既有利用庞大的国内市场需求开发定制化的产品,也有探索和开发新技术并实现逆向技术转移的意图 [ 32 ] ,本质上体现了当今跨国企业布局全球研发网络追求分工协作,从而实现提升研发效率和创新绩效的目标。
据此, 本文提出以下研究假设:
海外研发能够提升中国企业的创新绩效(H1a)。
中美之间的动态博弈以及创新的高风险和投资周期长的特征导致中国企业更谨慎地选择海外研发目的地。尤其在中美贸易摩擦的背景下, 中国企业赴美研发所面临的内外部合法性的不一致导致这一决策与前往其他中立国和盟国研发的决策迥然不同,企业将面临更为严重的外来者劣势和新进入者劣势,致使中国企业重新评估未来在美投资项目的潜在风险 [ 12 ] 。相关研究也表明了美国的保护主义倾向会限制外资对美国企业的收购 [ 33 ] ,美国外商投资委员会 CFIUS 的审查会对中国企业在美投资产生负面影响 [ 12 ]
然而美国作为技术前沿国对探索型海外研发的企业而言具有一定程度的不可替代性, 例如中兴曾因美国制裁而一度陷入“休克”状态。因此即便美国对中国企业的投资实施更为严格的审查,企业仍然可以采取深度定位和隐身战略,或者愿意以一定的代价换取投资准入,如中兴在缴纳巨额罚款和更换管理层后 “起死回生”。虽然在投资初期企业将面临东道国的各项监管和缺乏内部合法性的困扰, 但随着对制度环境的适应、监管的放松以及东道国社会资本的累积, 企业的在美研发机构能够逐渐“站稳脚跟”, 克服创新环境的不确定性, 并在融入当地创新网络的过程中获取异质性的资源。这些独特的资源禀赋和技术优势能够快速增加中国企业的知识储备及维持创新活动所需的各项资源,有利于提升创新绩效。
据此, 本文提出以下研究假设:
赴美研发能够提升中国企业的创新绩效,但其影响具有一定的滞后性(H1b)。
相较于美国,中国企业前往其他国家将面临更小的投资阻力。中国已经深度嵌入全球价值链网络,而且中国市场蕴藏着巨大的投资吸引力。根据党的二十大报告,中国已成为140多个国家和地区的主要贸易伙伴。在经贸领域的强依赖性预示着其他国家作为中美贸易摩擦的非当事方不愿卷入争端, 例如德国和法国的领导人曾公开反对与中国“脱钩”,并表态欢迎中国企业赴德法投资。因此相比赴美投资,前往其他国家的投资活动将面临相对更小的外来者劣势和新进入者劣势, 这有助于企业嵌入当地创新网络、开展技术合作和市场开拓,进而提升海外研发绩效。
据此, 本文提出以下研究假设:
相比赴美研发,赴非美国家研发能为中国企业带来更高的创新绩效(H1c)。
贸易摩擦对跨国企业海外投资的影响始终存在争议。第一种观点认为贸易摩擦使企业感知到了生存和竞争压力, 反而会倒逼企业提升韧性和投资效率[ 3435 ]。第二种观点基于跨国企业本身的特征, 认为与只专注于国内市场的企业相比,跨国企业通过在海外设立子公司实现经营灵活性 [ 36 ] ,而且跨国企业作为对外投资的主力军,承担了相关产业融入全球价值链和经济高质量发展的重任,因此更容易受到母国政府的庇护 [ 37 ] ,同时跨国投资积累的海外资源有助于企业规避贸易摩擦的负面影响。第三种观点则与前两者相悖, 认为即便跨国企业能够根据国内外业务需要重新配置资源,但贸易摩擦不可避免地对企业的海外收入和海外份额造成负面的冲击 [ 38 ]
综合上述观点, 尽管贸易摩擦对跨国企业投资绩效的影响存在不同的解释, 但就本文而言, 奉行“跳板” 战略的后发国家跨国企业普遍视海外研发为技术赶超的重要路径, 意味着这些企业会竭尽所能通过投资效率的提升以及与利益群体保持紧密联系的方法缓冲贸易摩擦的负面影响。
中美贸易摩擦一方面倒逼中国企业提高投资效率以增加创新产出。首先对探索型海外研发而言,如果技术来源国相对分散, 那么中国企业可以重新权衡投资机会, 降低在美国的投资强度同时增加研发的地理分散度, 进而提升技术知识学习的效率。其次, 对于技术来源国集中且为美国的情形, 中国企业可与当地具有高度合法性的合作伙伴开展合作研发 [ 31 ] 。最后,对利用型海外研发而言,中国企业可以提高自身资源的利用效率,例如把投资重点放在与我国保持友好合作关系的国家或中立国家 [ 39 ]
另一方面, 中美贸易摩擦倒逼中国企业加强与东道国利益群体的合作, 借此化解外来者劣势和新进入者劣势。中美贸易摩擦及其涟漪效应致使中国企业面临高度不确定性和风险,企业为了获取外部合法性倾向于加强与所在国家利益群体的联系。通常而言, 拥有丰富国际化经验的企业在面对外部环境不确定性和加强与东道国利益相关者的联系方面具有优势,既能克服外来者劣势 [ 20 ] ,也更善于采取游说等政治策略 [ 40 ] 或承担社会责任以赢得当地利益群体的信任 [ 41 ]
据此, 本文提出以下研究假设:
中美贸易摩擦能够增强海外研发对中国企业创新绩效的正向作用(H2a)。
中美贸易摩擦对中国企业赴美研发的影响最为直接,迫使企业陷入进退维谷的窘境。一是中美贸易摩擦增加中国企业在美投资的难度, 导致赴美研发的企业直面更高的政治风险, 其增加了投资活动的不确定性,削弱了企业投资价值 [ 42 ] 。相关研究表明,政治风险引发合法性缺失,进而影响企业的海外投资绩效 [ 43 ] 。 二是中国企业出于“关税跳跃”的动机又会加大在美的投资力度。研究发现,通过与关键利益相关者合作管理政治风险能够助力企业在复杂的制度环境中取得良好的结果 [ 44 ] 。因此为了提升赴美研发的绩效,中国企业不仅专注于投资效率的提升,也会强化与东道国利益群体的联系。尽管提升效率和赢得利益相关者信任的作用会随时间推移愈发凸显,增强中国企业对恶劣环境的适应能力,但是日臻严苛的投资环境导致两种机制相互对冲并抵消各自的影响。
据此, 本文提出以下研究假设:
中美贸易摩擦在赴美研发与中国企业创新绩效之间不具有调节作用(H2b)。
与赴美研发不同的是,前往其他国家开展研发活动受贸易摩擦的影响相对较小,其原因在于:首先,中美之间的经贸摩擦一般不涉及其他国家,主观上非当事国也不愿被卷入争端,因此在中国企业前往这些国家投资的问题上,非当事国仍秉持开放和欢迎的态度,中国企业的海外研发不会遭受负面影响;其次,与金融危机时期发达国家跨国企业转移投资重心的决策相类似 [ 45 ] ,中美贸易摩擦迫使开展利用型海外研发的企业改变投资布局, 例如将市场开拓的重心转移至中立国或友好国家, 这反而会提升中国企业在这些国家的投资绩效。
据此, 本文提出以下研究假设:
中美贸易摩擦能够增强赴非美国家研发对中国企业创新绩效的正向作用(H2c)。
图1 直观地呈现了本文的概念模型及相应假设。其中, 假设1分三个子假设, 主要基于知识基础观分析海外研发与创新绩效的关系。假设2为对应的调节效应假设, 基于国际商务理论考察中美贸易摩擦对海外研发绩效的影响。
本文选取2014-2022年中国 A 股高科技上市公司为研究样本。时间区间的选择基于中美贸易摩擦的起始年份, 以2018年为中心涵盖前后各四年的数据。鉴于高科技企业是海外研发的主力军, 本文借鉴徐晨和孙元欣 [ 1 ] 的做法筛选高科技行业。在剔除终止上市、出现财务状况或其他异常的上市公司(ST 公司)、退市整理期、暂停上市的样本后,本研究最终获得由2917家高科技行业上市公司组成的非平衡面板数据集。 研究所涉及的变量包括贸易调查数据、专利、海外研发情况、公司特征、财务指标、治理结构等。其中,专利数据来自中国研究数据服务平台 (CNRDS) 和国泰安 (CSMAR) 数据库,缺失值利用国家知识产权局专利数据库填补;贸易调查信息经中国贸易救济信息网站手工整理;海外研发的情况根据子公司的经营范围认定, 并利用公司官网或国内外大型门户网站加以补充;企业国际化数据基于国泰安 (CSMAR) 数据库整理获得, 缺失值通过手工查阅上市公司年报获得;其他数据均来自中国研究数据服务平台 (CNRDS) 和国泰安 (CSMAR)数据库。各变量的测度方案如下。
鉴于数据的可获得性, 本文采用两种方式来刻画企业创新绩效。其一, 使用上市公司及其子公司的专利申请数来刻画;其二,使用上市公司及其子公司的专利授权数来刻画。
(1)专利申请总数 $\left({{IP}\_ A}\right)$ :等于报告期当年内上市公司及其国内子公司申请的专利总数,含发明专利、 实用新型和外观设计。为避免极端值的影响, 本文对专利数加1取对数处理。
(2)专利授权总数 $\left({{IP}\_ G}\right)$ :等于报告期当年内上市公司及其国内子公司授权的专利总数,含发明专利、 实用新型和外观设计。本文对专利授权数进行了对数化处理。
(1)是否海外研发(ORD)。本文的核心解释变量 ${ORD}$ 采用虚拟变量的方式测量,表示企业是否开展海外研发。企业在报告期内拥有经营范围涉及研发、研究、开发、设计、研制等字眼的海外子公司时取1,反之取0。
(2)是否赴美研发(ORD_A)。变量 ${ORD}\_ A$ 表示企业是否在美国进行海外研发,若企业在报告期内拥有经营范围涉及研发、研究、开发、设计、研制等字眼的美国子公司时取1, 反之取0。
(3)是否前往其他国家研发(ORD_O)。变量 ${ORD}\_ O$ 表示企业是否在除了美国之外的国家进行海外研发,若企业在报告期内拥有经营范围涉及研发、研究、开发、设计、研制等字眼的海外非美子公司时取1,反之取0。
(1)中美贸易摩擦虚拟变量(TF)。变量 ${TF}$ 是一个虚拟变量,首先筛选出由美国发起且针对中国的贸易保护措施, 然后根据上市公司所在行业与贸易保护措施的目标行业进行匹配, 当行业遭受贸易保护措施时取1, 否则取0。
(2)中美贸易摩擦强度(DOTF)。DOTF 表示上市公司遭受中美贸易摩擦的程度,具体为报告期内上市公司所属行业遭到实施管辖权为美国且受影响的司法管辖区为中国的贸易保护措施的数量, 并对变量加1取对数处理。
本文在计量模型中控制了公司、地区和行业层面的因素,具体包括:① 成立年限(Age),即报告期年份与成立年份之差;②企业规模 (Size),采用上市公司的员工数来衡量;③产权性质 (State),即上市公司是否为国有企业;④吸收能力(Capability),采用研发投入占营业收入的比重来衡量;⑤研发人员所占比重(Staff),采用报告期内研发人员数量占员工总人数的比例衡量;⑥股票收益率(Return),即考虑现金红利再投资的年个股回报率;⑦地区 (Region),采用上市公司的实际经营地衡量,分为东部地区、中部地区、西部地区和东北地区;⑧行业(Industry),划分依据为上市公司所属行业的大类代码。
关键变量的描述性统计结果如 表1 所示。从 ${IP}\_ A$${IP}\_ G$ 的统计结果来看,样本上市公司的专利申请数存在过度离散的情况,表现为标准差是均值的6~7倍 (IP_A 在未取对数前的均值 = 70.6,标准差 = 511.5; ${IP}\_ G$ 在未取对数前的均值 $={37.7}$ ,标准差 $={227.3}$ ),表明即便同属高科技上市公司,其创新产出仍有较大差异。ORD 的结果表明,在样本区间内共有约9.4% 的观测值开展海外研发活动。进一步分析表明,在2917家上市公司中,共计411家公司从事海外研发活动,占样本公司总数的14.1%。根据 ${ORD}\_ A$${ORD}\_ O$ 的统计结果,样本区间内分别约有4.4% 和7.0% 的样本在美国和除美国外的其他国家设立研发机构。变量 ${TF}$ 的统计结果表明,样本区间内的观测值受中美贸易摩擦影响的比重高达83.4%,共计2432家上市公司受到中美贸易摩擦的直接影响。
当因变量取对数并出现截断和连续两种情况时, Tobit 模型可以用于分析混合了截断和连续的因变量, 即在某个阈值以下的观测值被截断, 而在该阈值以上的观测值是连续的情形。对于这种情况, Tobit 模型可以提供更准确的估计结果。为此, 本文使用 Tobit 模型估计海外研发与创新绩效的关系。除此以外, 研发投入转化为创新产出可能需要时间的积累, 除了影响当期创新产出外, 还可能产生持续的影响。因此, 在综合考虑数据期间、实际研发周期和尽可能不损失有效样本的情况下, 本文进行短期动态分析, 分别考察海外研发对当期和未来两期创新绩效的影响。本文设定的模型如式(1)所示。
$ I{P}_{i, t}={\gamma }_{1}{OR}{D}_{i, t}+{\gamma }_{2}T{F}_{i, t}+{\gamma }_{3}{OR}{D}_{i, t}\times T{F}_{i, t}+{\gamma }_{4}{\text{ Controls }}_{i, t}+{\varepsilon }_{i, t}$
其中: $I{P}_{i, t}$ 为创新绩效,由专利申请和授权数衡量; ${\gamma }_{1}$ 为海外研发 ${OR}{D}_{i, t}$ 的系数; ${\gamma }_{2}$ 为贸易摩擦 $T{F}_{i, t}$ 的系数; ${\gamma }_{3}$ 为海外研发与贸易摩擦交互项 ${OR}{D}_{i, t}\times T{F}_{i, t}$ 的系数; ${\varepsilon }_{i, t}$ 为误差项。根据海外研发与创新绩效的研究假设,在不含贸易摩擦和交互项的模型中 ${\gamma }_{1}$ 应显著为正,在总体样本和非美国家的样本中,贸易摩擦的调节作用 ${\gamma }_{3}$ 应显著为正,但在赴美研发的样本中不显著。
表2 报告了海外研发与创新绩效的回归结果, 其中列 (1) 和列 (2) 估计海外研发对当期创新绩效的影响,列 (3) 和列 (4) 以及列 (5) 和列 (6) 分别估计海外研发对 $t + 1$$t + 2$ 期创新绩效的影响。列 (1) 和列 (2) 的结果表明,海外研发对专利申请和授权数的增加产生显著的影响。具体而言,在控制其他因素不变的情况下, 开展海外研发能够帮助母国企业平均增加约14.3%的专利申请产出和约29.2%的专利授权数, 说明海外研发对专利增长具有较大的贡献。列(3) $\sim$ 列(6)的结果与t期相比更为显著,而且注意到系数的绝对值呈上升趋势,表明海外研发对创新绩效的影响具有短期持续性且效果逐渐显现。综上,假设H1a得到了验证。
表3 报告了赴美研发与创新绩效的回归结果。列 (1) 的结果表明,在美国建立海外研发机构对当年创新绩效的提升作用有限,说明在美研发的中国企业在投资之初将面临更严重的外来者劣势。列(3)~ 列(6) 的结果表明,赴美研发所面临的加重型外来者劣势具有短期性,随着企业逐渐适应制度环境并在当地积累社会资本,海外研发对创新绩效的正向作用逐渐显现。综上,假设H1b得到了验证。
表4 报告了赴非美国家研发与创新绩效的回归结果。在海外研发的初期阶段,变量 ${OR}{D}_{-}O$ 的系数大小普遍高于 ${ORD}$ 的系数,表明海外研发的总体影响在初期受到赴美样本的干扰。同时, ${ORD}\_ O$ 的系数大小在初期也略高于 ${ORD}\_ A$ 的系数,再次证明赴美投资在开始阶段将面临更严峻的外来者劣势和新进入者劣势。与之相反,赴非美国家研发能为中国企业带来更高的创新绩效。但是另外,随着企业逐步适应严苛的投资环境,赴美研发的作用开始显现,而赴非美国家研发的反哺作用则出现后劲不足的现象。综上,赴美研发和赴非美国家研发的相对优势取决于研发阶段,在初期受中美贸易摩擦的直接影响,赴非美国家研发具有相对优势,而在中后期,“站稳脚跟”的赴美研发企业得益于东道国技术优势,能从中获益更多。研究结论部分支持假设H1c。
表5 报告了加入中美贸易摩擦变量的调节效应检验结果。交互项 ${ORD}\times {TF}$t期的系数虽然为正,但是不显著, 表明在中美贸易摩擦伊始企业面临两种力量的博弈, 一方面企业为了突围而提高研发投资效率, 另一方面因进出口管制而面临严峻的投资形势,两种力量相互对冲抵消了各自影响。列(3)~ 列(6)的结果表明, ${ORD}\times {TF}$ 的系数在 $t + 1$ 期和 $t + 2$ 期显著为正,表明贸易摩擦倒逼企业提升投资效率的作用逐渐显现, 而且随着时间的推移, 企业适应了当地的制度环境, 在与利益群体的合作过程中企业也逐步嵌入东道国创新网络,这些都有助于企业消除贸易摩擦的负面影响,强化倒逼效应,从而证实了假设H2a。
交互项 ${ORD}\_ A \times {TF}$${ORD}\_ O \times {TF}$ 分别考察贸易摩擦在赴美研发和赴非美国家研发样本中的调节作用。结果显示,赴美研发由于受到贸易摩擦的直接影响,致使企业提升投资效率的效果事倍功半,表现为 ${ORD}\_ A \times {TF}$ 的系数为正但不具有显著性。 ${ORD}\_ O \times {TF}$ 的系数在 $t + 1$ 期和 $t + 2$ 期显著为正,这是因为在中美贸易摩擦的影响下中国企业会增加海外研发的地理广度, 加之第三国或中立国政府对中国企业的研发投资持开放态度, 原先赴美研发的企业可能调整海外研发布局, 不仅将更多的投资重心转移至第三国或中立国, 也会加强在第三国或中立国研发的效率,以弥补赴美研发的效率损失。综合上述分析, 表5 中的检验结果与假设H2b和假设H2c一致。
本文在基准回归中采用虚拟变量的形式测量贸易摩擦的影响, 然而不可否认的是, 即便两家公司同时遭受贸易摩擦的直接影响, 但影响的程度仍可能存在差异。一方面, 分属不同行业的公司面临的贸易摩擦强度不一,另一方面,实行多元化经营的公司可能直面多项限制性措施。尽管本文在控制变量中加入了行业变量,但不能排除企业异质性特征所带来的干扰。为此在稳健性检验中,本文设定变量中美贸易摩擦强度(DOTF),首先筛选实施管辖权为美国且受影响国为中国的贸易保护措施,然后根据企业的经营范围确定涉及的行业,最后计算贸易保护措施的数量,并对数据进行加1取对数处理。
表6 报告了中美贸易摩擦强度的检验结果, 总体上看, 表6 的结果与 表5 不存在明显的差异。交互项 ${ORD}\times {DOTF}$ 的正向调节作用仍表现出一定的滞后性。进一步细分样本后发现, ${ORD}\_ A \times {DOTF}$ 系数为正但不显著,表明中美贸易摩擦难以强化赴美研发对创新绩效的反哺作用。 $\mathit{{ORD}}\_ O \times \mathit{{DOTF}}$ 的回归结果表明,贸易摩擦具有较强的倒逼效应,增强企业赴非美国家研发的绩效。假设H2a、假设H2b和假设H2c得到了进一步验证。
根据研究假设,中美贸易摩擦的倒逼效应源于两个方面:一是企业提高投资效率以增加创新产出,二是企业加强与东道国利益群体的合作, 借此化解外来者劣势和新进入者劣势。本文通过构造投资效率及企业国际化经验两个指标来表征企业的投资能力和应对外来者劣势的能力。内在机制的研究框架如 图2 所示, 括号内为具体的变量名称。
投资效率反映了企业在资源配置、风险管理、经营管理和研发创新等方面的重要能力,因此分样本考察 “中美贸易摩擦→投资效率→海外研发绩效”的关系能够说明企业投资能力的高低是否决定了中美贸易摩擦对中国企业海外研发绩效的正向调节作用。现有研究主要利用投资水平与投资机会的敏感系数来测量投资效率 [ 46 ] 。其中,总投资 $=$ 购建固定资产、无形资产和其他长期资产支付的现金+取得子公司及其他营业单位支付的现金净额-处置固定资产、无形资产和其他长期资产收回的现金净额-处置子公司及其他营业单位收到的现金净额,总资产=企业报告期年末总资产,投资水平=总投资/总资产,托宾 $Q =$ 市值/总资产,投资效率=投资水平与托宾 $Q$ 的回归系数。本文以平均值作为划分依据,当样本公司的投资效率大于等于平均值时定义为投资效率高组, 否则划为低组。
中美贸易摩擦虽然导致外来者劣势和新进入者劣势进一步放大,但是企业在以往的出口贸易、对外投资和国际合作中所积累的国际化经验能够抵消部分的负面影响。这意味着如果企业拥有丰富的国际化经验, 那么贸易摩擦所引致的负面影响将减弱, 而在倒逼效应的驱动下, 贸易摩擦产生正向的调节作用。根据这一逻辑,本文分样本考察 “中美贸易摩擦→国际化经验→海外研发绩效” 的关系,采用海外业务收入占主营业务收入的比重测度企业的国际化经验。根据国际化经验的平均值, 本文将样本企业划分为国际化经验高组和低组。
表7 的 Panel A 和 Panel B 报告了投资效率的检验结果, 其中 Panel A 为投资效率高组的回归结果, Panel B 为低组的回归结果。结果显示,相较于投资效率低的企业,投资效率较高的企业表现出更明显的倒逼效应。与基准回归的结果类似, 这一倒逼效应在前往非美国家的研发样本中更突出, 表明赴非美国家研发的企业在遭受贸易摩擦时通过提高投资效率来消化负面影响,并借此实现海外研发绩效的提升。
Panel C 和 Panel D 报告了企业国际化经验的检验结果,其中 Panel C 为国际化经验高组的回归结果, Panel D 为对应低组的回归结果。对比表中的数据,当企业缺乏国际化经验时,贸易摩擦的正向调节作用基本不显著。这是因为国际化经验折射出企业掌握海外资源的情况, 决定了企业能否融入当地环境, 为缓解外来者和新进入者劣势奠定资源基础。当相关经验匮乏时,企业将同时面临进入陌生市场所诱发的新进入者劣势和因贸易摩擦而加剧的外来者劣势,两种劣势相互叠加进而抑制倒逼效应的产生。与之相反,国际化经验丰富的企业在国际合作和政治游说方面体现出优势,也善于维系与东道国利益群体的关系,因此贸易摩擦反而激发了这些企业提高研发绩效的斗志。
以贸易摩擦为代表的科技地缘政治风险限制了技术资源和科技人才的自由流动, 加剧了跨国企业海外研发的不确定性和难度。既有文献在探讨海外研发的效果时基于资源要素充分流动的背景, 亟须评估贸易保护等限制措施和护栏条款对海外研发绩效的影响。本文选取中国高科技上市公司为样本,实证检验海外研发对创新绩效的反哺作用是否受到中美贸易摩擦的影响,并在区分研发地的基础上考察贸易摩擦影响的异质性。本文的主要结论包括:
第一,即便将中美贸易摩擦的影响考虑在内,海外研发仍能显著提升中国企业的创新绩效,且该反哺作用具有短期持续性。
第二, 中美贸易摩擦非但没有削弱海外研发绩效, 反而产生倒逼效应, 推动企业提高投资效率并积累国际化经验。
第三, 倒逼效应取决于研发区位选择, 当研发地是贸易摩擦的发起国时, 企业面临更严峻的外来者劣势,从而削弱倒逼效应的程度;相反,当研发地是贸易摩擦的非当事国时,投资效率和国际经验的正向作用胜过外来者劣势的负面影响, 产生显著的倒逼效应。
本文的理论贡献体现在三个方面:
首先,承接国际商务理论关于贸易保护如何影响跨国企业创新绩效的研究脉络,本研究发现对技术赶超型跨国企业而言,贸易保护不完全是制约企业发展的绊脚石,而是一把双刃剑,也是激励企业提升创新效率的触发器。
其次,本研究揭示了贸易摩擦影响企业海外研发绩效的内在机制,从理论和实证视角阐明了提升投资效率和积累国际化经验是贸易摩擦产生倒逼效应的主因。
最后,本研究发现贸易摩擦的倒逼效应因研发东道国的特征而异,为企业因地制宜提供理论依据。
本文结论所蕴含的管理和政策启示如下:
首先, 在科技地缘政治风险加剧的当下, 中国企业应充分意识到对外投资将遭遇更严重的外来者劣势, 但也要辩证地看待贸易摩擦的影响, 企业可以引入数字技术来提高现有资源的利用效率, 也可以采用内向国际化的方式积累国际化经验,通过潜能释放来实现危中寻机。
其次, 中国企业需加强自主创新和核心技术攻关, 提高抗风险能力。在贸易摩擦和大国博弈的背景下, 企业应以技术创新作为获取竞争优势的来源,而非依赖成本优势。
再次,政府应当引导企业正确认识贸易摩擦的影响,可以建立应对贸易摩擦的咨询服务平台,为企业提供国外贸易政策的最新动向。
最后, 政府应加强对本国企业海外研发的保护, 增强企业的安全感, 例如出台稳定的激励和扶持政策, 持续更新对外投资国别指南,帮助企业降低海外研发风险。
  • 国家自然科学基金青年科学基金“经济制裁对跨国企业海外研发网络建构的影响:基于被制裁企业的视角”(72302155)
  • 教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金“中美经贸摩擦背景下海外研发对母公司创新能力的影响及其內在机制研究”(20YJC630172)
  • 上海市“科技创新行动计划”软科学研究项目“关键核心技术攻关创新联合体的国际经验与上海策略——以集成电路产业为例”(23692118100)
  • 上海应用技术大学决策咨询研究课题“我国培育发展专精特新中小企业研究”(101100230012007-A25)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1002-980X.J23121701
  • 接收时间:2023-12-17
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2024-04-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-17
基金
国家自然科学基金青年科学基金“经济制裁对跨国企业海外研发网络建构的影响:基于被制裁企业的视角”(72302155)
教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金“中美经贸摩擦背景下海外研发对母公司创新能力的影响及其內在机制研究”(20YJC630172)
上海市“科技创新行动计划”软科学研究项目“关键核心技术攻关创新联合体的国际经验与上海策略——以集成电路产业为例”(23692118100)
上海应用技术大学决策咨询研究课题“我国培育发展专精特新中小企业研究”(101100230012007-A25)
作者信息
    1 上海应用技术大学 经济与管理学院 上海 201418
    2 上海财经大学 自由贸易区研究院 上海 200433
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
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species
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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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