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"Lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets." Green consumption and sustainable development has become an important issue for economic and social development, how consumers practice green consumption and how to form green consumption willingness for green products is the key area direction of green consumption research. Therefore, a model on the response mechanism of green consumption intention was established based on the stereotype content model and the interactive effect of brand personification (competence personification vs. warm personification) and green product types. The main findings are as follows. Brand personification interacts with product types to influence consumers' green consumption intention. For practical products, compared to warm personification, competence personification is more likely to stimulate consumers' green consumption intention. For hedonic products, compared to competence personification, warm personification can more stimulate consumers' green consumption intention. Green perceived quality and green perceived value mediate the interactive effect of brand personification and product types on green consumption intention. Consumption motivation monitors the interaction between brand personification and product types on green consumption intention. Based on the above results, it enriches the related research on brand personification, providing practical reference value for the selection of enterprise brand personification, the promotion of green products, and consumers' green consumption.

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“绿水青山就是金山银山”,绿色消费与可持续发展成为经济社会发展的重要议题,消费者如何践行绿色消费、如何对绿色产品形成绿色消费意愿是绿色消费研究的重点领域方向。为此,基于刻板印象内容模型,研究探讨品牌拟人化类型与绿色产品类型的交互效应对绿色消费意愿的影响及其反应机制。研究主要发现:①品牌拟人化与产品类型交互影响消费者的绿色消费意愿。对于实用型产品,能力型拟人(vs. 温暖型拟人)更能激发消费者的绿色消费意愿;对于享乐型产品,温暖型拟人(vs.能力型拟人)更能激发消费者的绿色消费意愿。②绿色感知质量、绿色感知价值中介品牌拟人化类型和产品类型的交互效应对消费者绿色消费意愿的影响。③消费动机(利己动机 vs. 利他动机)调节品牌拟人化类型与产品类型的交互效应对消费者绿色消费意愿的影响。基于以上结果,研究丰富了品牌拟人化的相关研究,为企业品牌拟人化类型的选择、绿色产品的宣传、消费者绿色消费意愿及行为等提供现实参考价值。

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聂元昆,博士,云南财经大学商学院教授,博士研究生导师,研究方向:市场营销、创新管理;

刘莉,云南财经大学硕士研究生,研究方向:品牌营销、绿色营销;

崔海浪,博士,云南财经大学副教授,研究方向:市场营销与品牌管理;

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聂元昆,博士,云南财经大学商学院教授,博士研究生导师,研究方向:市场营销、创新管理;

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刘莉,云南财经大学硕士研究生,研究方向:品牌营销、绿色营销;

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刘莉,云南财经大学硕士研究生,研究方向:品牌营销、绿色营销;

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崔海浪,博士,云南财经大学副教授,研究方向:市场营销与品牌管理;

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崔海浪,博士,云南财经大学副教授,研究方向:市场营销与品牌管理;

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Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science , 2015 . 25 ( 3 ): 232 - 245 ., articleTitle=Drivers of green product adoption: The role of green perceived value, green trust and perceived quality, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1156965351725555998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1156903808627462868, awardId=71662036, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金“负面信息对品牌资产的影响:品牌的国家身份调节效用机制”(71662036), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1156965346684002510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1156903808627462868, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1156965346692391119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1156903808627462868, companyId=1156965346684002510, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Business School Yunnan University of Finance and Economics Kunming 650221 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1156965346696585424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1156903808627462868, companyId=1156965346684002510, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=云南财经大学 商学院 昆明 650221)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1156965350463070480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1156903808627462868, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=6zDn9rhSXXK8X2zTL9bxSw==, figureFileBig=FHzmJpjfG2GfKUqCf8zrNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156965350534373649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1156903808627462868, language=CN, label=图1, caption=研究概念模型, figureFileSmall=6zDn9rhSXXK8X2zTL9bxSw==, figureFileBig=FHzmJpjfG2GfKUqCf8zrNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156965350609871122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1156903808627462868, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=LwJ2k27JVGrtwOme4/u5+A==, figureFileBig=1VIPn9VQSkV20qKyMYvtxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156965350702145811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1156903808627462868, language=CN, label=图2, caption=品牌拟人化与产品类型对绿色消费意愿的交互效应, figureFileSmall=LwJ2k27JVGrtwOme4/u5+A==, figureFileBig=1VIPn9VQSkV20qKyMYvtxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156965350790226196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1156903808627462868, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=QptX4PAwfxzKWvIyrKjWWA==, figureFileBig=aMlg6ZXHJXMhATN7exokyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156965350844752149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1156903808627462868, language=CN, label=图3, caption=品牌拟人化与产品类型对绿色消费意愿的交互效应, figureFileSmall=QptX4PAwfxzKWvIyrKjWWA==, figureFileBig=aMlg6ZXHJXMhATN7exokyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156965350907666710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1156903808627462868, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=++Hp31h29u8dVIa2ar1LAw==, figureFileBig=/dNCMZzQRFVP6V9GlPLWZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156965350974775575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1156903808627462868, language=CN, label=图4, caption=能力型拟人与实用品交互效应的中介路径

Indirect effect 为间接效应; Direct effect 为直接效应

, figureFileSmall=++Hp31h29u8dVIa2ar1LAw==, figureFileBig=/dNCMZzQRFVP6V9GlPLWZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156965351046078744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1156903808627462868, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=/idrveAfcBbR0iO90VBMBg==, figureFileBig=FG7TJh8le/phqIuDlXlbUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156965351108993305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1156903808627462868, language=CN, label=图5, caption=温暖型拟人与享乐品交互效应的中介路径, figureFileSmall=/idrveAfcBbR0iO90VBMBg==, figureFileBig=FG7TJh8le/phqIuDlXlbUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156965351163519258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1156903808627462868, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
产品 虚拟品牌 占比(%)
新能源汽车 绿嘉 42
爱途 34
塞弗 24
可降解环保塑料袋 净源 26
优袋 38
百分百 36
), ArticleFig(id=1156965351230628123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1156903808627462868, language=CN, label=表1, caption=备选虚拟品牌, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
产品 虚拟品牌 占比(%)
新能源汽车 绿嘉 42
爱途 34
塞弗 24
可降解环保塑料袋 净源 26
优袋 38
百分百 36
), ArticleFig(id=1156965351352262940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1156903808627462868, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源 III 类平方和 自由度 均方 $F$ $P$
修正模型 78.475 94 0.835 3.210 0.002
截距 1844.718 1 1844.718 7093.851 0.000
品牌拟人化类型 16.714 25 0.669 2.571 0.016
产品类型 18.219 31 0.588 2.260 0.027
品牌拟人化类型 × 产品类型 22.241 38 0.585 2.251 0.025
误差 5.461 21 0.260
总计 2817.641 116
修正后总计 83.936 115
), ArticleFig(id=1156965351515840797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1156903808627462868, language=CN, label=表2, caption=品牌拟人化类型与产品类型的交互对绿色消费意愿的影响, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源 III 类平方和 自由度 均方 $F$ $P$
修正模型 78.475 94 0.835 3.210 0.002
截距 1844.718 1 1844.718 7093.851 0.000
品牌拟人化类型 16.714 25 0.669 2.571 0.016
产品类型 18.219 31 0.588 2.260 0.027
品牌拟人化类型 × 产品类型 22.241 38 0.585 2.251 0.025
误差 5.461 21 0.260
总计 2817.641 116
修正后总计 83.936 115
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绿色消费意愿的反应机制——品牌拟人化和产品类型的匹配效应
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聂元昆 , 刘莉 , 崔海浪
技术经济 | 产业技术经济 2024,43(4): 88-99
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技术经济 | 产业技术经济 2024, 43(4): 88-99
绿色消费意愿的反应机制——品牌拟人化和产品类型的匹配效应
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聂元昆, 刘莉, 崔海浪
作者信息
  • 云南财经大学 商学院 昆明 650221
  • 聂元昆,博士,云南财经大学商学院教授,博士研究生导师,研究方向:市场营销、创新管理;

    刘莉,云南财经大学硕士研究生,研究方向:品牌营销、绿色营销;

    崔海浪,博士,云南财经大学副教授,研究方向:市场营销与品牌管理;

Reaction Mechanism of Green Consumption Intention: Matching Effect between Brand Personification and Product Types
Yuankun Nie, Li Liu, Hailang Cui
Affiliations
  • Business School Yunnan University of Finance and Economics Kunming 650221 China
出版时间: 2024-04-10 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1002-980X.J23102307
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“绿水青山就是金山银山”,绿色消费与可持续发展成为经济社会发展的重要议题,消费者如何践行绿色消费、如何对绿色产品形成绿色消费意愿是绿色消费研究的重点领域方向。为此,基于刻板印象内容模型,研究探讨品牌拟人化类型与绿色产品类型的交互效应对绿色消费意愿的影响及其反应机制。研究主要发现:①品牌拟人化与产品类型交互影响消费者的绿色消费意愿。对于实用型产品,能力型拟人(vs. 温暖型拟人)更能激发消费者的绿色消费意愿;对于享乐型产品,温暖型拟人(vs.能力型拟人)更能激发消费者的绿色消费意愿。②绿色感知质量、绿色感知价值中介品牌拟人化类型和产品类型的交互效应对消费者绿色消费意愿的影响。③消费动机(利己动机 vs. 利他动机)调节品牌拟人化类型与产品类型的交互效应对消费者绿色消费意愿的影响。基于以上结果,研究丰富了品牌拟人化的相关研究,为企业品牌拟人化类型的选择、绿色产品的宣传、消费者绿色消费意愿及行为等提供现实参考价值。

品牌拟人化  /  绿色感知质量  /  绿色感知价值  /  消费动机  /  绿色消费意愿

"Lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets." Green consumption and sustainable development has become an important issue for economic and social development, how consumers practice green consumption and how to form green consumption willingness for green products is the key area direction of green consumption research. Therefore, a model on the response mechanism of green consumption intention was established based on the stereotype content model and the interactive effect of brand personification (competence personification vs. warm personification) and green product types. The main findings are as follows. Brand personification interacts with product types to influence consumers' green consumption intention. For practical products, compared to warm personification, competence personification is more likely to stimulate consumers' green consumption intention. For hedonic products, compared to competence personification, warm personification can more stimulate consumers' green consumption intention. Green perceived quality and green perceived value mediate the interactive effect of brand personification and product types on green consumption intention. Consumption motivation monitors the interaction between brand personification and product types on green consumption intention. Based on the above results, it enriches the related research on brand personification, providing practical reference value for the selection of enterprise brand personification, the promotion of green products, and consumers' green consumption.

brand personification  /  green perceived quality  /  green perceived value  /  consumption motivation  /  geen consumption intention
聂元昆, 刘莉, 崔海浪. 绿色消费意愿的反应机制——品牌拟人化和产品类型的匹配效应. 技术经济, 2024 , 43 (4) : 88 -99 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1002-980X.J23102307
Yuankun Nie, Li Liu, Hailang Cui. Reaction Mechanism of Green Consumption Intention: Matching Effect between Brand Personification and Product Types[J]. Journal of Technology Economics, 2024 , 43 (4) : 88 -99 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1002-980X.J23102307
“绿水青山就是金山银山”的理念深入贯彻发展,我国作出力争2030年二氧化碳排放达峰值、2060年实现碳中和的重大战略决策, 绿色消费与可持续发展成为经济社会发展的重要议题。聚焦到营销视角, 消费者如何践行绿色消费、如何对绿色产品形成绿色消费意愿是绿色消费研究的热点方向。
绿色产品在生产、使用及处置方面相比传统产品具有优越的环境性能,有利于实现资源节约、环境保护、生态发展的可持续 [ 1 ] ,基于产品类型分类标准,实用型绿色产品是满足消费者健康、安全、经济、质量等功能性利益诉求的绿色产品;享乐型绿色产品是满足消费者情感、体验等情感及社会性利益诉求的绿色产品 [ 2 ] 。已有研究指出,品牌拟人化与产品类型存在显著的交互效应 [ 3 ] ,能力型拟人、温暖型拟人与实用型产品、享乐型产品存在一致性匹配关系,能力型拟人与实用型产品相匹配,温暖型拟人与享乐型产品相匹配。 具体到绿色产品,品牌拟人化类型与绿色产品类型所呈现的功能、情感及社会价值会影响消费者的绿色消费意愿 [ 4 ] ,因此,品牌拟人化类型与绿色产品类型的交互作用对消费者的绿色消费意愿具积极效应。
绿色感知质量、绿色感知价值不仅可以促进消费者的认知、情感等积极反应,还能促进消费者的绿色购买意愿 [ 5 ] ,但较少有研究将品牌拟人化与绿色感知质量、绿色感知价值相匹配。综合上述分析,研究认为品牌拟人化类型与绿色产品类型的交互效应对绿色消费意愿存在心理解释机制, 即绿色感知质量与绿色感知价值。考虑到消费者作出消费决策的动机 [ 6 - 8 ] ,品牌拟人化类型与绿色产品类型的交互可能存在消费动机 (利己动机 ${vs}$ . 利他动机) 的调节效应。具体而言,研究主要探讨:①品牌拟人化与绿色产品类型对消费者绿色消费意愿的交互效应;②品牌拟人化与绿色产品类型交互效应的心理解释机制;③品牌拟人化与绿色产品类型交互效应可能存在的调节因素, 主要探讨消费动机的调节作用。研究丰富了品牌拟人化与绿色消费相关的理论基础与领域关联,拓展了消费者对绿色产品作出购买决策时的认知-情感-行为意愿路径,为企业品牌拟人化类型的选择、绿色产品的宣传、消费者绿色消费等提供现实参考价值。
拟人化是指将人类特征赋予非人类实体,促使客体融入“人”的鲜活特征 [ 9 - 11 ] 。品牌拟人化则是聚焦于品牌,将品牌视为类似人类特征的角色,并赋予其人类的特殊属性 [ 12 - 13 ] ,其本质是将不具有生命力的品牌视为人类实体, 通过类人类属性触发消费者感知 [ 14 ]。拟人化可以是人类的心理过程, 可以是人类对客体的行为倾向, 也可以是客体本身所具备的人的属性, 是特定条件下知觉主体感觉到非人客体具备某种人的特征 [ 15 ]
企业在考虑建设品牌拟人化形象时,面临的突出问题是思考品牌拟人化( ${vs}$ . 非拟人化) 形象对消费者感知、态度及行为意向的影响效果,目前关于品牌拟人化对消费者行为意图的影响大多围绕该问题进行基本研究, 尚未深入思考品牌拟人化不同类型对消费者行为意愿的影响。进一步, 学者将刻板印象内容模型引入品牌相关研究,认为品牌拟人化包括能力型拟人和温暖型拟人,能力型拟人是品牌通过拟人化方式塑造成具有突出能力或技能的类人类形象,可以有效实现消费者所需的功能利益;温暖型拟人是品牌通过拟人化方式塑造成具备温暖、热情、真诚的类人类形象,可以有效实现消费者所需的情感等其他社会利益 [ 16 - 19 ] 。 作为品牌拟人化的重要划分类型, 能力型拟人与温暖型拟人不断促使消费者产生更为积极的行为意愿 [ 19 - 20 ]
上述针对品牌拟人化的研究启发学者引入心理(中介)变量解释品牌拟人化对消费者行为意图的心理机制。相关研究表明,消费者感知自由程度中介品牌拟人化沟通与消费者的品牌态度 [ 20 ] ;品牌拟人化激发消费者的人际认知, 通过消费者的互动参与来促进消费者的价值共创意愿 [ 21 ] 。因而, 品牌拟人化会显著影响或通过相关心理变量的中介效应影响消费者的购买意愿 [ 18 ] 、品牌偏好 [ 22 ] 、品牌态度 [ 20 ] 等行为意图, 但少有研究深入探讨品牌拟人化与其他要素匹配所产生的消费者效应, 如产品类型 [ 3 ] 。为此, 基于刻板印象内容模型, 研究主要探讨能力型拟人和温暖型拟人两种品牌拟人化类型与产品类型交互对绿色消费意愿的影响机制。
产品最早依据消费者购物习惯和搜索产品时付出的努力程度将产品划分为便利品、选购品和特殊 [ 23 ] 。由于不同形态的产品属性会影响消费者的搜寻行为, Nelson [ 24 ] 根据产品属性划分为搜寻品和体验品。在营销领域,学者普遍遵循功能型产品与享乐型产品、实用性产品与享乐型产品的划分标准 [ 25 ] ,实用型产品突出产品的有用性、实用性等功能性价值;享乐型产品突出体验、娱乐等情感性价值 [ 3 , 26 ]
具体到绿色产品, 该类产品是绿色营销与可持续发展的重要议题。绿色产品在生产、使用及处置方面相比传统产品具有优越的环境性能,有利于实现资源节约、环境保护、生态发展的可持续 [ 1 ] 。基于产品类型分类标准,研究将绿色产品划分为实用型绿色产品与享乐型绿色产品。实用型绿色产品是满足消费者健康、安全、经济、质量等功能性利益的绿色产品;享乐型绿色产品是满足消费者情感、体验等社会性利益的绿色产品 [ 2 ] 。绿色产品也可以兼具实用型和享乐型两种属性,当消费者感知到产品的实用性大于享乐性,则认定该产品为实用型产品;当消费者感知到产品的享乐性大于实用性,则认定该产品为享乐型产品 [ 27 ] 。也有学者指出, 绿色消费利益诉求与广告信息交互影响消费者的绿色消费意愿, 消费者会出于对产品的功能利益或情感社会利益产生购买意图 [ 4 ]
综合文献梳理,并基于拟人化与产品类型的交互效应 [ 3 ] ,研究认为能力型拟人和温暖型拟人与实用型产品和享乐型产品存在一致性匹配关系,能力型拟人与实用型产品相匹配,温暖型拟人与享乐型产品相匹配,并予以探究品牌拟人化与产品类型交互效应对绿色消费意愿的影响机制。
消费者对企业产品或品牌形象的感知是影响消费者品牌评价、购买意愿等行为意图的重要因素。依据刻板印象内容模型,研究将品牌拟人化划分为能力型拟人和温暖型拟人,能力型拟人以其能力、技术等功能性利益向消费者传递能力感知,温暖型拟人以其温暖、热情等情感社会性利益向消费者传递温暖感知 [ 16 , 19 ] 。 因此, 品牌拟人化所传达的 “感知能力—感知温暖” 两个维度对消费者购买意愿具积极效应。另一方面, 消费者感知产品属性及价值主张也是影响消费者作出购买决策的重要驱动因素 [ 18 ] 。Diamantopoulos 等 [ 28 ] 指出,当感知品牌来源国的能力属性,品牌的功能性突显;当感知品牌来源国的温暖属性,品牌的温度凸显。 基于意义迁移理论,品牌来源国的刻板印象可以迁移到品牌拟人化与绿色产品类型的交互效应。当消费者感知该品牌是能力型拟人化形象,实用型绿色产品传达的健康、安全、经济、质量等功能性利益更符合消费者诉求;当消费者感知该品牌是温暖型拟人化形象,享乐型绿色产品传达的消费者情感、体验等社会性利益更符合消费者诉求 [ 2 , 17 ] 。基于上述分析,研究认为品牌拟人化(能力型拟人 vs. 温暖型拟人)与产品类型(实用型产品 ${vs}$ . 享乐型产品)存在一致性匹配效应。能力型品牌拟人化向消费者传递品牌的能力信号,这与消费者所要求实用型产品的功能性利益相匹配, 即当能力型拟人与实用型产品匹配时, 会促进消费者的绿色消费意愿;温暖型品牌拟人化向消费者传达品牌的温暖信号,这与消费者所要求享乐型产品的情感及社会利益相匹配, 即当温暖型拟人与享乐型产品匹配时, 会促进消费者的绿色消费意愿。
基于此, 本文提出假设:
品牌拟人化与绿色产品类型交互影响消费者的绿色消费意愿(H1);
当产品是实用型绿色产品时,能力型拟人(vs. 温暖型拟人)更易促进消费者的绿色消费意愿(H1a);
当产品时享乐型绿色产品时,温暖型拟人(vs. 能力型拟人)更易促进消费者的绿色消费意愿(H1b)。
感知质量是消费者对企业所提供的产品及服务质量或其他优越性的总体感知与判断 [ 29 - 30 ] ,企业为消费者提供差异化的产品和服务,以此同竞争对手区别开来,从而提高消费者的产品质量感知。绿色感知质量大多针对绿色产品而言,是消费者对产品或品牌整体环境感知优越性的总体性判断。目前大量文献表明, 绿色感知质量不仅可以促进消费者的认知、情感等积极反应,还能促进消费者的绿色购买意愿 [ 31 ] 。基于刻板印象内容模型,品牌拟人化分为能力型拟人和温暖型拟人,能力型拟人是品牌所塑造的具备突出能力或技能的类人类形象可以有效实现消费者所需的功能利益;温暖型拟人是品牌所塑造的具备温暖、热情、真诚的类人类形象,可以有效实现消费者所需的情感等其他社会利益 [ 17 - 18 ] 。由此可以认为,能力型拟人向消费者传达高质量的产品及服务、功能性产品形象,温暖型拟人向消费者传达温暖、热情和友好合作,能力型拟人( ${vs}$ .温暖型拟人) 更易有效激发消费者高绿色感知质量。另一方面,能力型拟人与实用型产品存在一致性匹配关系,实用型产品与产品的功能性价值相关 [ 3 , 25 - 26 ] 。故当产品为实用型产品时,能力型拟人 ( ${vs}$ . 温暖型拟人)更易让消费者产生更高的绿色感知质量,从而促进消费者的绿色消费意愿。
基于此, 本文提出假设:
绿色感知质量中介品牌拟人化类型和产品类型的交互效应对消费者绿色消费意愿的影响(H2)。
绿色感知价值是指在作出绿色产品的购买决策过程中消费者对产品价值的感知属性, 本质是利得与利失间的利弊权衡 [ 32 ] ,绿色感知价值越高,消费者的购买意愿越强烈。学者往往遵循不同的逻辑从多个维度对绿色感知价值进行划分。Sheth 等。最早指出消费者的选择行为是多维价值的综合函数,涵盖社会价值情感价值、功能价值、认知价值和情境价值五个维度。Confente 等。 价值、环境价值。研究所指的绿色感知价值主要是其中的一个新维度, 即绿色价值。绿色价值是消费者感知到所购买的绿色产品具备减少环境污染、生态破坏、彰显环境保护意识等积极效用 [ 34 ] ,当消费者感知到的绿色价值越高,消费者更愿意产生绿色购买意愿。此外,享乐型绿色产品是满足消费者情感、体验等社会性利益的绿色产品 [ 2 ] ,与温暖型拟人呈现一致性的匹配关系,旨在向消费者传达温暖、热情、环保意识体现等情感价值。当产品为享乐型产品时,温暖型拟人(vs. 能力型拟人)更易让消费者产生更高的绿色感知价值。 基于上述分析, 当享乐型产品与温暖型拟人匹配, 这能够让消费者产生更高的绿色感知价值, 从而促进消费者的绿色消费意愿。
基于此, 本文提出假设:
绿色感知价值中介品牌拟人化类型和产品类型的交互效应对消费者绿色消费意愿的影响(H3)。
消费动机是消费者产生绿色消费意愿、亲环境行为的重要驱动力 [ 6 ] 。基于双重关注理论,该理论假设帮助他人的动机来自帮助他人获得相宜的自我利益和帮助他人不考虑自身得失两个方面 [ 7 ] ,即从消费者角度,消费者作出购买决策往往受消费动机(利己主义 ${vs}$ . 利他主义) 驱动。利己主义动机由个人利益驱动,以自我为目标导向,个体依据个人利益最大化的原则作出行为决策;利他主义动机由同理心触发, 以他人及社会福祉为目标导向,个体依据社会福祉最大化的原则作出行为决策 [ 8 ] 。能力型拟人强调功能性利益,消费者更容易受到利己动机驱动作出符合自身利益的购买行为;温暖型拟人强调情感及社会性利益,消费者更容易受到利他动机驱动产生更强烈的亲环境行为。具体而言, 利己主义动机注重个人的利得与利失, 能力型拟人所传达的能力特征、实用型产品所传达的功能利益与利己动机匹配一致;利他主义动机注重他人及社会的利益,温暖型拟人所传达的温暖特征、享乐型产品所传达的情感及社会利益与利己动机匹配一致。 再者,利他主义具备亲环境特征即亲环境行为 [ 35 ] ,对于促进绿色产品的消费意愿、购买意愿等具备积极效应 [ 6 ]
基于此, 本文提出假设:
消费动机调节了品牌拟人化类型与产品类型对消费者绿色消费意愿的交互效应(H4);
对于利己主义动机消费者,当实用型产品与能力型拟人匹配一致时,更易促进消费者的绿色消费意愿 (H4a);
对于利他主义动机消费者,当温暖型产品与享乐型拟人匹配一致时,更易促进消费者的绿色消费意愿 (H4b)。
综合上述推导,提出研究的基本框架,研究模型如 图1 所示。
预实验的目的主要是确定正式实验的刺激物。依据天猫绿色家电、绿色食品、节水商品、新能源汽车四大品类, 新能源汽车作为绿色消费的“热点产品”成为实验一选择的重要刺激物。同时, 依据3名市场营销领域的专家学者及9名硕士研究生的意见,选择新能源汽车、有机纯牛奶、原始黄金骆驼奶粉、可降解塑料环保袋、变频空调、洗衣机等6种绿色产品作为实验的刺激物。研究通过在线发放问卷的形式调查消费者对绿色产品的准确判断和熟悉度, 共计78名被试, 其中, 预实验采用 “我认为这款产品是环境友好的”“我认为这款产品属于绿色产品” 两个题项对绿色产品进行判断 [ 36 ] ,被试均认为该6种产品是绿色产品。对产品的熟悉度排序依次为 ${M}_{\text{新能源汽车 }}={6.417},{M}_{\text{可降解塑料环保袋 }}={5.983},{M}_{\text{有机纯牛奶 }}={5.933},{M}_{\text{变频空调 }}=$ 5.7, ${M}_{\text{洗衣机}}={5.567}$ , ${M}_{\text{原始黄金骆驼奶粉}}={5.383}$ 。因此,实验刺激物选取新能源汽车和可降解塑料环保袋,并用于后续的正式实验。
为避免真实品牌所造成的产品熟悉度、产品美誉度等干扰,正式实验全程采用虚拟品牌。为有效设置虚拟品牌名称,研究依据产品选择确定的专家小组进行头脑风暴,并组织30名被试为每一刺激物选择一个适宜的品牌名称,研究以消费者选择度最高作为虚拟品牌名称, 具体如 表1 所示:新能源汽车的虚拟品牌命名为 “绿嘉”,可降解环保塑料袋的虚拟品牌命名为“优袋”。
实验一的目的是通过情境实验来验证品牌拟人化与产品类型如何共同影响消费者的绿色消费意愿, 采用2(能力型拟人 vs. 温暖型拟人) $\times 2$ (实用型产品 vs. 享乐型产品) 组间因子设计,验证假设H1、H1a、H1b。 实验共有150名在校大学生参与,有效样本116份(能力型拟人实用品组28份,能力型拟人享乐品组37份, 温暖型拟人实用品有16份,温暖型拟人享乐品组35份),男性60名(51.7%),女性56名(48.3%),年龄主要集中在21~30岁,受教育程度均在本科及以上。
实验一的刺激物是新能源汽车,通过互联网搜集与新能源汽车相关的产品信息,形成四个实验情境的刺激材料。新能源汽车的实用型产品表现为通行自由、电动经济;享乐型产品表现为随心驾驶、绿行天下、 环保意识。具体而言,能力型拟人-实用型产品的刺激材料为:“绿嘉,我是新能源汽车倡导者,我致力于技术升级、科技创新,电量持久,最长可以续航301千米哦”。温暖型拟人-实用型产品的刺激材料为:“绿嘉,我是新能源汽车倡导者,低碳新生活,合加新能源,低碳无污染”。能力型拟人-享乐型产品的刺激材料为:“绿嘉,我是新能源汽车倡导者,让您拥有更好的驾驶体验,一路有我相伴,出行请放心”。温暖型拟人-享乐型产品的刺激材料为:“绿嘉,我是新能源汽车倡导者,低碳出行,我们一起让地球更蓝、蓝天更蓝吧”。
首先,实验被试会随机阅读到与新能源汽车相关的某一情境刺激材料。阅读后,被试者回答有关绿色消费意愿的量表,该量表参考劳可夫 [ 37 ] 的绿色购买意愿量表,包括 “我愿意收集和学习绿嘉的更多信息”“我愿意推荐给我的亲戚朋友购买绿嘉”“我愿意把绿嘉介绍和推荐给我的家人”“如果需要购买我会购买绿嘉新能源汽车”等。之后,对品牌拟人化和产品类型进行操纵检验。针对品牌拟人化消费者需要回答“我是自信的”“我是有能力的”“我是有效率的”“我是聪明的”“我是技能熟练的” 等能力题项和 “我是可信的”“我是友好的”“我是热情的”“我是温暖的”“我是真诚的”等温暖题项 [ 16 ] ,借助第一人称表达产品的拟人化 [ 9 ] 。针对产品类型消费者需要回答“该产品是有效的”“该产品是有用的”“该产品是具功能性的”“该产品是必需的”“该产品是实用的”等实用型产品题项和“该产品是享乐的”“该产品是令人激动的”“该产品是令人愉快的”“该产品是令人兴奋的”“该产品是使人快乐的” 等享乐型题项 [ 38 ] 。实验的量表均采用李克特七级量表 (1分代表完全不认同,7分代表完全认同)。最后,回答性别、年龄、受教育程度等人口统计学变量的相关信息。
操纵检验。通过单因素方差分析,即 $F$ 检验: $F$ 值用来衡量整个拟合方程的显著, $F$ 值越大,拟合程度越好; $P$ 值用来衡量两组差异大小的指标, $P <{0.05}$ ,表明两组存在显著差异。结果显示,实用型产品的的实用性显著大于享乐型产品的实用性 $\left\lbrack {{M}_{\text{实用 }}={4.51}, S{D}_{\text{标准差 }}={0.53};{M}_{\text{学乐 }}={4.29}, S{D}_{\text{标准差 }}={0.53}, F\left({1,{114}}\right)=}\right.$ ${148.944}, P ={0.000}<{0.05}\rbrack$ ,享乐型产品的享乐性显著大于实用性产品的享乐性 $\left\lbrack {{M}_{\text{实用 }}={5.66},{SD}={0.46}}\right.$${M}_{\text{孪乐 }}={5.7},{SD}={0.53}, F\left({1,{114}}\right)={193.051},{0.000}<{0.05}\rbrack$ ,对产品类型的操纵检验成功。对于实用型产品, 能力型拟人比温暖型拟人表现更高的能力 $\left\lbrack {{M}_{\text{能力 }}={4.90},{SD}={0.42};{M}_{\text{温暖 }}={4.81},{SD}={0.39}, F\left({1,{42}}\right)=}\right.$ 23. ${204}, P ={0.000}<{0.05}$ ],温暖型拟人比能力型拟人表现更高的温暖 $\left\lbrack {{M}_{\text{能力 }}={4.28},{SD}={0.39};{M}_{\text{温暖 }}={4.35}}\right.$ , ${SD}={0.37}, F\left({1,{42}}\right)={14.882}, P ={0.000}<{0.05}\rbrack$ ;对于享乐型产品,能力型拟人比温暖型拟人表现更高的能力 $\left\lbrack {{M}_{\text{能力 }}={5.46},{SD}={0.42};{M}_{\text{温暖 }}={5.32},{SD}={0.38}, F\left({1,{70}}\right)={24.297}, P ={0.000}<{0.05}}\right\rbrack$ ,温暖型拟人比能力型拟人表现更高的温暖 $\left\lbrack {{M}_{\text{能力 }}={5.93},{SD}={0.37};{M}_{\text{温暖 }}={6.01},{SD}={0.31}, F\left({1,{70}}\right)={68.893}, P ={0.000}<{0.05}}\right.$ 。因此,对品牌拟人化的实验操纵符合预期。
品牌拟人化与产品类型的交互效应。品牌拟人化、产品类型、绿色消费意愿量表信度 Cronbach’s alpha 依次为0.805、0.878、0.821。研究采用单因素 $F$ 检验,以消费者的绿色消费意愿为因变量,品牌拟人化类型与产品类型为固定因子检验其交互效应。结果显示,品牌拟人化类型与产品类型对绿色消费意愿的交互效应显著 (调整后 ${R}^{2}={0.644}, P <{0.05}$ ),具体如 表2 所示。通过双因素方差分析,结果显示,当新能源汽车表现为实用型产品,相比温暖型拟人,能力型拟人更能激发消费者的绿色消费意愿 $\left\lbrack {{M}_{\text{能力 }}={4.68},{SD}={0.51}}\right.$ ; ${M}_{\text{温暖}}={4.64},{SD}={0.44}, F\left({1,{42}}\right)={0.09}, P <{0.05}\rbrack$ ; 当新能源汽车表现为享乐型产品,相比能力型拟人,温暖型拟人更能激发消费者的绿色消费意愿 $\left\lbrack {{M}_{\text{能力 }}={5.66},{SD}={0.49};{M}_{\text{温暖 }}={5.69},{SD}={0.46}, F\left({1,{70}}\right)={3.614}, P}\right.$ <0.05],具体如 图2 所示。由此,验证假设H1、H1a、H1b。
实验一验证了品牌拟人化与产品类型对绿色消费意愿的交互效应。当新能源汽车产品表现为实用型, 相比温暖型拟人,能力型拟人更能激发消费者的绿色消费意愿;当新能源汽车产品表现为享乐型, 相比能力型拟人, 温暖型拟人更能激发消费者的绿色消费意愿。实验二更换刺激物, 进一步验证二者的交互效应, 同时解释品牌拟人化与产品类型的交互效应对绿色消费意愿的心理解释机制,并检验消费动机(利己 ${vs}$ . 利他)在品牌拟人化与产品类型对消费者绿色消费意愿之间的调节效应。
实验二的主要目的包括再次验证实验一(H1、H1a、H1b);检验当产品为实用型时,绿色感知质量在品牌拟人化与绿色消费意愿间的中介效应(H2);检验当产品为享乐型时,绿色感知价值在品牌拟人化与绿色消费意愿间的中介效应(H3);检验消费动机在品牌拟人化类型与产品类型交互效应之间的调节作用(H4、 H4a、H4b)。实验2采用2(能力型拟人 ${vs}$ . 温暖型拟人) $\times 2$ (实用型产品 ${vs}$ . 享乐型产品) $\times 2$ (消费动机: 利己 vs. 利他)组间因子设计,实验问卷共有370人在线填写,有效样本数量355份,男性183名(51.5%),女性172名 (48.5%),年龄主要集中在21~30岁 (81.7%),受教育程度均在本科及以上。
实验二的刺激物是可降解环保塑料袋, 通过互联网搜集与可降解环保塑料袋相关的产品信息, 形成4个实验情境的刺激材料。可降解塑料袋的实用型产品表现为方便快捷、质量优质;享乐型产品表现为可降解、 环保美观。具体而言,能力型拟人-实用型产品的刺激材料为:“我是优袋,全降解材质、防漏水、承重质量好, EBP 环境可降解塑料”。温暖型拟人-实用型产品的刺激材料为:“我是优袋,多一份用心、多一份可降解,超大容量, EBP 环境可降解塑料”。能力型拟人-享乐型产品的刺激材料为:“我是优袋,在自然条件下可降解循环,保护环境,从我做起”。温暖型拟人-享乐型产品的刺激材料为:“我是优袋,少一个袋子,多留一份洁净,让白色污染远离地球,为子孙后代留住绿水青山”。
实验开始,被试会思考“您往往出于什么动机购买绿色产品”,并回答有关绿色消费动机的量表题项,包括“我认为自己是注重自身利益的购物者”“为了确保自身利益,我会仔细选择绿色产品”“在做出决定时,我仍然会考虑产品的功能价值”利己动机题项 [ 39 - 40 ] 和“购买这个绿色品牌对我来说具有道德吸引力,因为商品是以环保方式制造的”“该品牌的可持续发展符合我的道德价值观”“为了生存,人类必须与自然建立健康和谐的关系”“当我购买产品时,我会寻找一些环保的信息” 利他动机题项 [ 41 - 43 ]
在完成对消费动机的测量后,实验被试会随机阅读到可降解环保塑料袋相关某一情境的刺激材料,回答绿色购买意愿量表并对品牌拟人化和产品类型进行操纵检验,与实验一相同。随后,回答有关绿色感知质量和绿色感知价值的量表。其中,绿色感知质量参考 Hashish 等 [ 44 ] 的量表题项,包括 “在环境问题方面, 该产品的质量被认为是最好的基准”“该产品在环境要求方面是可靠的”“该产品在环保性能方面是持久的”“该产品拥有良好的环境形象”“在环境声誉方面, 该产品具有专业的品质”等题项。绿色感知价值参考杨晓燕和周懿瑾[ 34 ]的量表题项,包括 “使用该产品有助于改善生态环境”“使用该产品会减少对环境的污染”“使用该产品对社会发展有好处”“使用该产品有助于提高环保意识”等题项。最后, 回答性别、年龄、受教育程度等人口统计学变量的相关信息,向实验被试发放5元的报酬奖励,告知实验目的,对被试表示感谢,实验结束。
操纵检验。首先,检验对消费动机的操纵是否成功。结果显示,消费者的利己动机与利他动机存在显著差异,利己动机比利他动机更具利己性 $\left\lbrack {{M}_{\text{利己 }}={4.86},{SD}={1.18};{M}_{\text{利他 }}={3.50},{SD}={1.23}, F\left({1,{354}}\right)=}\right.$ 457.679, $P ={0.000}<{0.05}$ ,利他动机比利己动机更具利他性 $\left\lbrack {{M}_{\text{利己 }}={2.46},{SD}={0.93};{M}_{\text{利他 }}={5.47},{SD}={1.04}}\right.$ , $F\left({1,{354}}\right)={267.851}, P ={0.000}<{0.05}\rbrack$ 。通过单因素方差分析,结果显示实用型产品的的实用性显著大于享乐型产品的实用性 $\left\lbrack {{M}_{\text{实用 }}={4.78},{SD}={0.94};{M}_{\text{享乐 }}={3.99},{SD}={1.19}, F\left({1,{354}}\right)={361.3}, P ={0.000}<{0.05}}\right\rbrack$ ,享乐型产品的享乐性显著大于实用性产品的享乐型 $\left\lbrack {{M}_{\text{实用 }}={2.79},{SD}={1.03};{M}_{\text{学乐 }}={4.61},{SD}={1.65}, F\left({1,{354}}\right)=}\right.$ ${15.859}, P ={0.000}<{0.05}\rbrack$ 。因此,产品类型操纵成功。对于实用品而言,能力型拟人比温暖型拟人表现更高的能力 $\left\lbrack {{M}_{\text{能力 }}={5.16},{SD}={0.76};{M}_{\text{温暖 }}={4.39},{SD}={1.35}, F\left({1,{171}}\right)={306.292}, P ={0.000}<{0.05}}\right\rbrack$ ,温暖型拟人比能力型拟人表现更高的温暖 $\left\lbrack {{M}_{\text{能力 }}={3.05},{SD}={0.82};{M}_{\text{温暖 }}={3.56},{SD}={1.33}, F\left({1,{171}}\right)={16.629}, P ={0.000}<}\right.$ 0.05];对于享乐品而言,能力型拟人比温暖型拟人表现更高的能力 $\left\lbrack {{M}_{\text{能力 }}={3.87},{SD}={1.23};{M}_{\text{温顺 }}={3.20}}\right.$ , ${SD}={0.897}, F\left({1,{182}}\right)={72.017}, P ={0.000}<{0.05}\rbrack$ ,温暖型拟人比能力型拟人表现更高的温暖 $\left\lbrack {{M}_{\text{能力 }}={2.51}}\right.$ , ${SD}={0.93};{M}_{\text{温暖 }}={5.63},{SD}={0.76}, F\left({1,{182}}\right)={385.126}, P ={0.000}<{0.05}\rbrack$ 。因此,品牌拟人化类型实验操纵符合预期。
品牌拟人化与产品类型的交互效应。绿色消费意愿量表信度 Cronbach’s alpha $={0.873}$ 。结果显示,能力型拟人 $\times$ 实用型产品、温暖型拟人 ×享乐型产品、能力型拟人 × 享乐型产品、温暖型拟人 $\times$ 实用型产品的交互效应显著 $\lbrack F\left({3,{351}}\right)={20.328}$ , $P ={0.000}<{0.05}\rbrack$ 。当可降解塑料袋产品表现为实用型,相比温暖型拟人,能力型拟人更能激发消费者的绿色消费意愿 $\left\lbrack {M}_{\text{能力}}\right.$ $={4.14},{SD}={1.32};{M}_{\text{温暖 }}={3.99},{SD}={1.40}, F\left({1,{171}}\right)={1.396}$ , $P <{0.05}\rbrack$ ;当可降解塑料袋产品表现为享乐型,相比能力型拟人,温暖型拟人更能激发消费者的绿色消费意愿 $\left\lbrack {{M}_{\text{能力 }}={3.03}}\right.$ , ${SD}={1.24};{M}_{\text{温暖 }}={4.70},{SD}={1.44}, F\left({1,{182}}\right)={1.383}, P <{0.05}\rbrack$ ,具体如 图3 所示。由此,再次验证假设H1、H1a、H1b。
绿色感知质量与绿色感知价值的中介效应。绿色感知质量量表信度 Cronbach’s $\alpha ={0.902}$ ,绿色感知价值量表信度 Cronbach’s $\alpha ={0.880}$ 。当可降解塑料袋产品表现为实用型,相比温暖型拟人,能力型拟人更能激发消费者的绿色感知质量 $\left\lbrack {{F}_{\text{能力 }}\left({1,{171}}\right)={1.834}, P <{0.05};{F}_{\text{温暖 }}\left({1,{171}}\right)={1.175}, P >{0.05}}\right\rbrack$ ; 当降解塑料袋产品表现为享乐型,相比能力型拟人,温暖型拟人更能激发消费者的绿色感知价值 $\left\lbrack {{F}_{\text{能力 }}\left({1,{182}}\right)={1.345}, P >}\right.$ ${0.05}{f}_{\text{温暖}}\left({1,{182}}\right)={2.062}, P <{0.05}\rbrack$ 。为了验证绿色感知质量与绿色感知价值的中介效应,设置 PROCESS 模型 Model 8,样本量5000,置信区间95%,置信区间的最低值(LLCL)和最高值(ULCL)之间不包含0,则存在中介效应。数据结果显示,绿色感知质量的中介效应显著( $\beta ={0.1382},{LLCI}={0.076},{ULCI}={0.205}$ ),绿色感知价值的中介效应显著 $\left({\beta ={0.096},{LLCI}={0.04},{ULCI}={0.15}}\right)$ 。通过回归分析执行样本量5000的 Bootstrap 抽样,绿色感知质量在能力型拟人与实用型产品对绿色消费意愿的交互影响中的中介效应显著 $(\beta =$ -0.112, ${LLCI}=-{0.1675},{ULCI}=-{0.0622}$ ,不包括0)。绿色感知价值在温暖型拟人和享乐型产品对绿色消费意愿的交互影响中的中介效应显著 $\left({\beta ={0.0875},{LLCI}={0.0336},{ULCI}={0.1463}\text{,不包括0),具体如 图45 所}}\right)$ 示。同时,线性回归结果显示,能力型拟人和实用型产品对绿色感知质量具有显著影响 $\lbrack F\left({2,{354}}\right)={29.5}, P$ $={0.000}\rbrack$ ; 温暖型拟人和享乐型产品对绿色感知价值具有显著影响 $\left\lbrack {F\left({2,{354}}\right)={35.316}, P ={0.000}}\right\rbrack$ 。即验证假设H2、假设H3。
消费动机的调节效应。研究以品牌拟人化类型、产品类型、消费动机为固定因子, 以绿色消费意愿为因变量进行方差分析。结果显示,以上三个固定因子对消费者绿色消费意愿的交互作用显著 $\lbrack F\left({1,{355}}\right)=$ 16.102, $P <{0.05}\rbrack$ ,则消费动机 (利己 ${vs}$ . 利他) 在品牌拟人化与产品类型对消费者绿色消费意愿的交互效应中具有调节作用。在利己主义动机下, 对于实用型产品, 品牌采用能力型拟人比温暖型拟人更能激发消费者的绿色消费意愿 $\left\lbrack {{M}_{\text{能力 }}={5.11},{SD}={0.72};{M}_{\text{温暖 }}={4.56},{SD}={1.27}, F\left({1,{119}}\right)={190.794}, P <{0.05}}\right.$ ]。在利他主义动机下,对于享乐型产品,品牌采用温暖型拟人比能力型拟人更能激发消费者的绿色消费意愿 $\left\lbrack {M}_{\text{能力 }}\right.={2.53}$ , ${SD}={0.96};{M}_{\text{温暖 }}={5.5},{SD}={0.95}, F\left({1,{133}}\right)={85.903}, P <{0.05}\rbrack$ ,即验证假设H4、H4a、H4b。为进一步验证消费动机的调节效应,研究使用 PROCESS 程序的 Model8 , 样本量5000 , 95%的置信区间。结果显示,在利己主义动机下,实用型产品与能力型拟人的一致性匹配(能力型拟人×实用型产品×利己动机)更能激发消费者的绿色消费意愿 ( $\beta ={0.153}$ , ${LLCI}={0.06}$ , ${ULCI}={0.24}$ );在利他主义动机下,享乐型产品与温暖型拟人的一致性匹配 (温暖型拟人 $\times$ 享乐型产品 $\times$ 利他动机) 更能激发消费者的绿色消费意愿 $(\beta ={0.18},{LLCI}={0.097},{ULCI}=$ 0.2255),即再次验证假设H4、H4a、H4b。
实验二再次验证了品牌拟人化与产品类型对绿色消费意愿的交互效应, 此外, 也验证了绿色感知质量和绿色感知价值的中介效应。当可降解塑料袋产品表现为实用型, 相比温暖型拟人, 能力型拟人更能激发消费者的绿色感知质量,从而促进消费者的绿色消费意愿;当降解塑料袋产品表现为享乐型,相比能力型拟人,温暖型拟人更能激发消费者的绿色感知价值,从而促进消费者的绿色消费意愿。同样,验证了消费动机的调节效应,在利己主义动机下,对于实用型产品,能力型拟人更能激发消费者的绿色消费意愿;在利他主义动机下, 对于享乐型产品, 温暖型拟人更能激发消费者的绿色消费意愿。
基于刻板印象内容模型,研究探讨品牌拟人化类型(能力型拟人 vs. 温暖型拟人)与绿色产品类型(实用型产品 ${vs}$ . 享乐型产品) 的交互效应对绿色消费意愿的影响及其反应机制。通过一个预实验和两个正式实验进一步验证假设并得出结论:第一,品牌拟人化与产品类型对绿色消费意愿存在显著的交互效应。对于实用型绿色产品,能力型拟人比温暖型拟人更能激发消费者的绿色消费意愿;对于享乐型绿色产品,温暖型拟人比能力型拟人更能激发消费者的绿色消费意愿。第二,绿色感知质量和绿色感知价值在品牌拟人化和产品类型与绿色消费意愿之间起显著的中介效应。对于实用型绿色产品,能力型拟人比温暖型拟人更能激发消费者的绿色感知质量,从而促进消费者的绿色消费意愿;对于享乐型绿色产品,温暖型拟人比能力型拟人更能激发消费者的绿色感知价值, 从而促进消费者的绿色消费意愿。第三, 消费动机在品牌拟人化和产品类型与绿色消费意愿之间起显著的调节效应。在利己主义动机下, 对于实用型产品, 能力型拟人更能激发消费者的绿色消费意愿; 在利他主义动机下, 对于享乐型产品, 温暖型拟人更能激发消费者的绿色消费意愿。
研究拓展了品牌拟人化的相关文献, 绝大多数研究集中在品牌拟人化对消费者购买意愿、品牌态度等行为意图的影响, 尚未深入思考品牌拟人化不同类型对消费者行为意愿的影响。也有学者考虑到不同的品课拟人化与产品类型存在一致性的匹配关系, 如产品类型[ 3 ]。同时, 少有文献将品牌拟人化与消费者的绿色消费意愿、绿色消费意愿挂钩,研究将品牌拟人化类型划分为能力型拟人和温暖型拟人,探究品牌拟人化类型与产品类型对消费者绿色消费意愿的影响, 丰富了品牌拟人化与绿色消费的相关研究。
大量研究集中在消费者绿色感知质量、绿色感知价值对绿色产品 [ 29 , 32 , 45 ] 、绿色购买意愿 [ 31 ] 的影响,研究拓展了品牌拟人化与绿色感知质量、绿色感知价值的相关研究。感知质量是消费者对企业所提供的产品及服务质量或其他优越性的总体感知与判断 [ 29 - 30 ] ,绿色感知质量大多针对绿色产品而言,是消费者对产品或品牌整体环境感知优越性的总体性判断;绿色感知价值是指在作出绿色产品的购买决策过程中消费者对产品价值的感知属性,本质是利得与利失间的利弊权衡 [ 32 ] ,是消费者感知到所购买的绿色产品具备减少环境污染、生态破坏、彰显环境保护意识等积极效用 [ 34 ] 。研究将品牌拟人化、绿色产品类型作为绿色感知质量、 绿色感知价值的前因变量,将消费者的绿色消费意愿作为绿色感知质量、绿色感知价值的结果变量,拓展了消费者绿色感知质量与绿色感知价值的认知-情感-行为意愿路径。
其一, 研究为企业的广告设计及拟人化策略选择提供思考, 针对不同的产品类型或类型表现选择匹配性的广告策略。当企业向社会公众传递产品的实用属性, 可以考虑能力型的拟人化策略让消费者感受到企业能力、产品质量,从而产生积极的消费意愿;当企业向社会公众传递产品的享乐属性,可以考虑温暖型的拟人化策略让消费者感受到企业温暖、产品价值,从而产生积极的消费意愿。因此,企业可以基于产品属性向社会公众传递能力信号、温暖信号。在提倡绿色消费、低碳出行的新时代,新能源汽车在保障基本的安全、可靠、实用等性能基础上,可以向消费者传递安全时尚、低碳绿色等信号,满足消费者对享乐、绿色环保的情感诉求。
其二, 企业还需充分考虑到消费者的绿色感知质量与绿色感知价值。在企业的营销活动中, 一方面, 企业需要向消费者展示自身产品高质量的功能性效用;另一方面,企业还需要向消费者展示自身企业主动承担社会责任、注重社会环保利益的情感及社会性效用。
其三,企业需要注重消费者购买绿色产品的消费动机。处于利己诉求动机的消费者更关注产品带给自身的功能性利益;处于利他诉求动机的消费者不仅关注功能利益,更关注购买该产品带来的社会性利益。 针对不同购买动机的消费者,企业在进行销售或广告信息传递的过程中,可以采用不同的宣传方式,当消费者想购买物美价廉、性价比高的实用性产品时,需要着重传递该产品带给消费者的功能性利益。
实验的刺激物及刺激材料主要选择新能源汽车、可降解塑料袋,实验品的范围可以进一步扩大到其他绿色产品, 促进社会公众对诸多绿色产品的认知与消费。例如, 实验缺乏田野调查, 实验刺激物尚未考虑牙膏、背包等消费者日常用品,需要用现实品牌支撑实验刺激的虚拟品牌。对于实验被试,实验样本主要局限于校园学生群体,缺乏更广泛群体的调查支撑。同时,需要进行多次实验验证品牌拟人化与产品类型之间的交互效应,思考其他中介变量、调节变量对绿色消费意愿的影响,排除其他潜在变量的替代解释。未来研究可以进一步探讨品牌拟人化(能力型拟人 ${vs}$ . 温暖型拟人)与产品类型(实用型产品 ${vs}$ . 享乐型产品)对消费者绿色消费意愿的边界条件,如权力距离、自我建构、品牌来源国等的中介或调节作用。同时,考虑到品牌犯错、负面信息等变量给品牌拟人化、产品、消费者绿色消费意愿带来的负面效应。
  • 国家自然科学基金“负面信息对品牌资产的影响:品牌的国家身份调节效用机制”(71662036)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1002-980X.J23102307
  • 接收时间:2023-10-23
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2024-04-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-23
基金
国家自然科学基金“负面信息对品牌资产的影响:品牌的国家身份调节效用机制”(71662036)
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    云南财经大学 商学院 昆明 650221
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jsyjj/CN/10.12404/j.issn.1002-980X.J23102307
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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