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With the rapid development of information and communication technology, it has been widely used in employees' work and life, and its influence on employees' physical and mental health has been paid more and more attention by researchers. Based on the boundary theory, this the influence mechanism of the leisure use of information and communication technology on employees' work and family conflicts was explored, with the leisure crafting and leisure spillover as the intermediary mechanism. By analyzing the survey data of 300 employees, the results show that the leisure use of information and communication technology has a positive impact on employees' leisure crafting, leisure crafting has a positive impact on employees' leisure spillover, and leisure spillover has a negative impact on employees' work-family conflict, task conflict and relationship conflict. Leisure crafting plays an intermediary role between the leisure use of information and communication technology and leisure spillover. Leisure spillover plays an intermediary role between leisure crafting and work-family conflict, task conflict and relationship conflict. In addition, leisure crafting and leisure spillover play a chain intermediary effect between the leisure use of information and communication technology and work-family conflict. It provides some theoretical guidance for employees to deal with conflicts at home and at work.

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随着信息沟通技术的迅猛发展,信息沟通技术被广泛应用于员工的工作和生活之中,对员工的工作绩效与身心健康的影响日益受到研究者的重视。此次研究基于边界理论,以员工休闲重塑与休闲溢出为中介机制,探讨信息沟通技术的休闲使用对员工工作和家庭冲突的影响机制。通过对300名员工的调研数据分析,结果表明,信息沟通技术的休闲使用正向影响休闲重塑,休闲重塑正向影响员工休闲溢出,休闲溢出负向影响员工的工作-家庭冲突、任务冲突、关系冲突;休闲重塑在信息沟通技术的休闲使用和休闲溢出之间起中介作用;休闲溢出在休闲重塑与工作-家庭冲突、任务冲突、关系冲突之间起中介作用;此外,休闲重塑、休闲溢出在信息沟通技术的休闲使用和工作-家庭冲突之间起链式中介效应。本文对员工应对家庭和工作中的冲突提供一定理论指导。

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杨勇,博士,东北大学秦皇岛分校管理学院副教授,博士研究生导师,研究方向:员工与人工智能交互、组织行为与人力资源管理:

连星,东北大学秦皇岛分校管理学院硕士研究生,研究方向:人与人工智能交互:

李悦,东北大学秦皇岛分校管理学院硕士研究生,研究方向:人与人工智能交互:

张驰,东北大学秦皇岛分校管理学院硕士研究生,研究方向:领导行为、人与人工智能交互:

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杨勇,博士,东北大学秦皇岛分校管理学院副教授,博士研究生导师,研究方向:员工与人工智能交互、组织行为与人力资源管理:

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杨勇,博士,东北大学秦皇岛分校管理学院副教授,博士研究生导师,研究方向:员工与人工智能交互、组织行为与人力资源管理:

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张驰,东北大学秦皇岛分校管理学院硕士研究生,研究方向:领导行为、人与人工智能交互:

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模型 因子 ${\chi }^{2}/{df}$ RMSEA CFI GFI IFI TLI
六因子模型 $A, B, C, D, F, G$ 1.650 0.047 0.951 0.911 0.951 0.942
五因子模型 $A, B, C, D, F + G$ 1.974 0.057 0.901 0.848 0.902 0.890
四因子模型 $A, B, C + D, F + G$ 2.654 0.074 0.830 0.789 0.832 0.814
三因子模型 $A, B, C + D + F + G$ 3.484 0.091 0.742 0.734 0.744 0.720
二因子模型 $A + B, C + D + F + G$ 3.744 0.096 0.714 0.718 0.716 0.691
单因子模型 $A + B + C + D + F + G$ 5.353 0.121 0.545 0.568 0.548 0.510
), ArticleFig(id=1156606417541910886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1156538329836413917, language=CN, label=表1, caption=模型拟合结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型 因子 ${\chi }^{2}/{df}$ RMSEA CFI GFI IFI TLI
六因子模型 $A, B, C, D, F, G$ 1.650 0.047 0.951 0.911 0.951 0.942
五因子模型 $A, B, C, D, F + G$ 1.974 0.057 0.901 0.848 0.902 0.890
四因子模型 $A, B, C + D, F + G$ 2.654 0.074 0.830 0.789 0.832 0.814
三因子模型 $A, B, C + D + F + G$ 3.484 0.091 0.742 0.734 0.744 0.720
二因子模型 $A + B, C + D + F + G$ 3.744 0.096 0.714 0.718 0.716 0.691
单因子模型 $A + B + C + D + F + G$ 5.353 0.121 0.545 0.568 0.548 0.510
), ArticleFig(id=1156606417642574186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1156538329836413917, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 ICT 休闲使用 休闲重塑 休闲溢出 工作-家庭冲突 任务冲突 关系冲突
ICT 休闲使用
休闲重塑 0.344 **
休闲溢出 0.361 ** 0.622 **
工作-家庭冲突 $-{0.14}{0}^{*}$ -0.372** $-{0.354}^{**}$
任务冲突 -0.157** $-{0.239}^{**}$ -0.272** 0.508 **
关系冲突 $-{0.183}^{**}$ -0.094 $-{0.240}{}^{**}$ 0.330 ** 0.503 **
平均值 4.128 3.618 4.185 2.507 2.107 1.458
标准误差 0.563 0.700 0.454 0.948 0.711 0.621
), ArticleFig(id=1156606417718071660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1156538329836413917, language=CN, label=表2, caption=相关性分析, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 ICT 休闲使用 休闲重塑 休闲溢出 工作-家庭冲突 任务冲突 关系冲突
ICT 休闲使用
休闲重塑 0.344 **
休闲溢出 0.361 ** 0.622 **
工作-家庭冲突 $-{0.14}{0}^{*}$ -0.372** $-{0.354}^{**}$
任务冲突 -0.157** $-{0.239}^{**}$ -0.272** 0.508 **
关系冲突 $-{0.183}^{**}$ -0.094 $-{0.240}{}^{**}$ 0.330 ** 0.503 **
平均值 4.128 3.618 4.185 2.507 2.107 1.458
标准误差 0.563 0.700 0.454 0.948 0.711 0.621
), ArticleFig(id=1156606417801957745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1156538329836413917, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
自变量 中介变量 因变量 总效应 直接效应 间接效应 中介效应
信息沟通技术的 休闲使用 休闲重塑 休闲溢出 0.2965 ***$\left\lbrack {{0.1740},{0.4161}}\right\rbrack$ 0.1412 ***$\left\lbrack {{0.0341},{0.2416}}\right\rbrack$ $\left\lbrack {{0.1021},{0.2172}}\right\rbrack$ 显著
休闲重塑 休闲溢出 工作-家庭冲突 $-{0.4415}^{***}$[-0.5938 ,-0.2946] $-{0.2781}^{**}$[-0.4657,-0.0854] [-0.2902,-0.0564] 显著
休闲重塑 休闲溢出 任务冲突 -0.2142***[-0.3242 ,-0.1088] -0.0983 [-0.2449 ,0.0581] [-0.2318,-0.0128] 显著
休闲重塑 休闲溢出 关系冲突 -0.0723 $\left\lbrack {-{0.1697},{0.0175}}\right\rbrack$ 0.0778 [-0.0446,0.2106] [-0.2654,-0.0512] 显著
), ArticleFig(id=1156606417864872305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1156538329836413917, language=CN, label=表3, caption=中介效应检验结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
自变量 中介变量 因变量 总效应 直接效应 间接效应 中介效应
信息沟通技术的 休闲使用 休闲重塑 休闲溢出 0.2965 ***$\left\lbrack {{0.1740},{0.4161}}\right\rbrack$ 0.1412 ***$\left\lbrack {{0.0341},{0.2416}}\right\rbrack$ $\left\lbrack {{0.1021},{0.2172}}\right\rbrack$ 显著
休闲重塑 休闲溢出 工作-家庭冲突 $-{0.4415}^{***}$[-0.5938 ,-0.2946] $-{0.2781}^{**}$[-0.4657,-0.0854] [-0.2902,-0.0564] 显著
休闲重塑 休闲溢出 任务冲突 -0.2142***[-0.3242 ,-0.1088] -0.0983 [-0.2449 ,0.0581] [-0.2318,-0.0128] 显著
休闲重塑 休闲溢出 关系冲突 -0.0723 $\left\lbrack {-{0.1697},{0.0175}}\right\rbrack$ 0.0778 [-0.0446,0.2106] [-0.2654,-0.0512] 显著
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杨勇 1, 2 , 连星 1, 2 , 李悦 1, 2 , 张驰 1, 2
技术经济 | 技术经济管理 2024,43(6): 98-109
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技术经济 | 技术经济管理 2024, 43(6): 98-109
信息沟通技术(ICT)的休闲使用对员工工作冲突的影响:休闲溢出和重塑的中介作用
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杨勇1, 2, 连星1, 2, 李悦1, 2, 张驰1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 东北大学 工商管理学院 沈阳 110169
  • 2 东北大学秦皇岛分校 管理学院 秦皇岛 066004
  • 杨勇,博士,东北大学秦皇岛分校管理学院副教授,博士研究生导师,研究方向:员工与人工智能交互、组织行为与人力资源管理:

    连星,东北大学秦皇岛分校管理学院硕士研究生,研究方向:人与人工智能交互:

    李悦,东北大学秦皇岛分校管理学院硕士研究生,研究方向:人与人工智能交互:

    张驰,东北大学秦皇岛分校管理学院硕士研究生,研究方向:领导行为、人与人工智能交互:

The Mechanism of Leisure Use of ICT on Employees' Work Conflict : The Mediating Role of Leisure Spillover and Leisure Crafting
Yong Yang1, 2, Xing Lian1, 2, Yue Li1, 2, Chi Zhang1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Business Administration Northeastern University Shenyang 110169 China
  • 2 School of Management Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao Qinhuangdao 066004 China
出版时间: 2024-06-10 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1002-980X.J24010505
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随着信息沟通技术的迅猛发展,信息沟通技术被广泛应用于员工的工作和生活之中,对员工的工作绩效与身心健康的影响日益受到研究者的重视。此次研究基于边界理论,以员工休闲重塑与休闲溢出为中介机制,探讨信息沟通技术的休闲使用对员工工作和家庭冲突的影响机制。通过对300名员工的调研数据分析,结果表明,信息沟通技术的休闲使用正向影响休闲重塑,休闲重塑正向影响员工休闲溢出,休闲溢出负向影响员工的工作-家庭冲突、任务冲突、关系冲突;休闲重塑在信息沟通技术的休闲使用和休闲溢出之间起中介作用;休闲溢出在休闲重塑与工作-家庭冲突、任务冲突、关系冲突之间起中介作用;此外,休闲重塑、休闲溢出在信息沟通技术的休闲使用和工作-家庭冲突之间起链式中介效应。本文对员工应对家庭和工作中的冲突提供一定理论指导。

信息沟通技术的休闲使用  /  休闲重塑  /  休闲溢出  /  工作-家庭冲突

With the rapid development of information and communication technology, it has been widely used in employees' work and life, and its influence on employees' physical and mental health has been paid more and more attention by researchers. Based on the boundary theory, this the influence mechanism of the leisure use of information and communication technology on employees' work and family conflicts was explored, with the leisure crafting and leisure spillover as the intermediary mechanism. By analyzing the survey data of 300 employees, the results show that the leisure use of information and communication technology has a positive impact on employees' leisure crafting, leisure crafting has a positive impact on employees' leisure spillover, and leisure spillover has a negative impact on employees' work-family conflict, task conflict and relationship conflict. Leisure crafting plays an intermediary role between the leisure use of information and communication technology and leisure spillover. Leisure spillover plays an intermediary role between leisure crafting and work-family conflict, task conflict and relationship conflict. In addition, leisure crafting and leisure spillover play a chain intermediary effect between the leisure use of information and communication technology and work-family conflict. It provides some theoretical guidance for employees to deal with conflicts at home and at work.

the leisure use of information and communication technology  /  leisure crafting  /  leisure spillover  /  work-family conflict
杨勇, 连星, 李悦, 张驰. 信息沟通技术(ICT)的休闲使用对员工工作冲突的影响:休闲溢出和重塑的中介作用. 技术经济, 2024 , 43 (6) : 98 -109 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1002-980X.J24010505
Yong Yang, Xing Lian, Yue Li, Chi Zhang. The Mechanism of Leisure Use of ICT on Employees' Work Conflict : The Mediating Role of Leisure Spillover and Leisure Crafting[J]. Journal of Technology Economics, 2024 , 43 (6) : 98 -109 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1002-980X.J24010505
信息沟通技术的迅猛发展,被普遍用于组织与员工工作领域,对员工的工作方式、工作要求、工作关系等都产生了深刻的影响。信息沟通技术(information and communication technology, ICT)是指收集、存储或发送信息的电子设备或技术 [ 1 ] ,包括手机、平板电脑、办公自动化系统、电子邮件等 [ 2 ] 。企业使用信息沟通技术能够提升信息的处理效率,提高客户管理、知识提升等方面的能力,使组织运行更加有效 [ 3 ] ,推进企业创新 [ 4 ] ,促进企业转型升级与战略变革 [ 5 ] ,一些研究探讨信息沟通技术对员工工作绩效和身心健康的影响。 在工作绩效方面,信息沟通技术可以为员工工作提供信息支持、技术支持与快速的社会联系,突破时间与空间限制的特性使员工工作更为灵活,可以促进员工的任务绩效和生产力 [ 6 ] ,并提高员工的工作效率 [ 7 ] 等。 但信息沟通技术的使用也给员工带来了工作压力与技术压力 [ 8 ] ,员工需要不断适应技术更新,甚至产生信息过载并导致疲惫和倦怠等 [ 9 ] 。此外,信息沟通技术的使用也会使员工面临更多的心理负担和情绪疲惫 [ 10 ] ,影响员工消极沉思、消极情感、失眠 [ 11 ] ,甚至会影响员工认知偏差与自我效能感等 [ 12 ] ,对员工心理方面产生的消极影响。
通过对上述文献的梳理,发现目前信息沟通技术对员工绩效和身心健康影响存在如下不足,需要进一步改进。第一, 已有文献主要探讨用于工作目的的信息沟通技术使用对员工绩效和身心健康的影响。然而,随着信息沟通技术使用研究的发展, Ali-Hassan 等 [ 13 ] 证实信息沟通技术的使用除了用于工作目的外,员工使用信息沟通技术用于休闲目的也是一个重要的维度, 其休闲目的是指员工将信息沟通技术用于娱乐、 打发时间和放松心情。然而用于休闲目的信息沟通技术对员工的绩效和身心健康产生何种影响还未得到研究者重视。第二,在影响员工的结果方面,已有文献主要关注员工绩效、身心健康的影响。而员工在处理与工作相关事务时所面临的冲突, 是员工难以回避的现象。例如由于信息沟通技术的使用模糊了员工工作与家庭领域之间的界限 [ 14 - 15 ] ,很可能导致员工工作-家庭冲突。工作-家庭冲突是员工面临的角色冲突之一, 是指工作的总体要求、时间投入以及紧绷压力对员工履行家庭责任义务的干扰 [ 16 ] 。信息沟通技术的普遍使用,也容易导致员工信息过载 [ 17 ] ,产生较高的工作压力 [ 18 ] ,导致任务冲突。任务冲突是指由于员工对工作任务理解的不一致带来的认知冲突 [ 19 ] ,是员工工作领域面临的重要冲突之一。信息沟通技术工具的使用, 促使员工与同事、领导之间更多进行线上沟通,缺乏面对面沟通的积极情绪的传达,可能造成严重的人际关系冲突等 [ 20 ] 。关系冲突是员工在团队工作中不可避免的现象,是指员工面临的情感上的摩擦和紧张、人际关系上的不和谐 [ 19 ] 。于是,探讨信息沟通技术的休闲使用对员工在工作之中遇到的冲突产生何种影响,将富有理论和实际意义。
此外,边界理论认为尽管员工不同角色领域 (如工作角色领域和休闲角色领域) 之间存在边界,仍存在边界渗透与模糊,即“边界渗透性”[ 21 ]。按照这一理论观点,员工将信息沟通技术用于休闲用途的程度越高,这一新颖的信息技术越有助于员工重塑自己的休闲方式,即产生休闲重塑。休闲重塑是指员工主动利用休闲活动促进个人学习、人际关系等 [ 22 ] 。进而,员工主动运用休闲活动促进与同事或领导之间的关系,更有利于达成工作目标, 即产生休闲溢出效应, 让员工从休闲角色领域获得的积极情感体验和社交资源可以弥补工作领域的资源损耗。因而从边界理论视角解释信息沟通技术的休闲使用与员工工作冲突的关系,增加了信息沟通技术使用与员工结果之间的理论视角。
综上所述,本文以边界理论为理论基础,从休闲重塑与休闲溢出为中介机制的视角,探讨信息沟通技术的休闲使用对于员工工作冲突的影响。具体而言,本文以信息沟通技术的休闲使用为自变量,休闲重塑与休闲溢出为中介变量,工作-家庭冲突、任务冲突、关系冲突为结果变量,验证信息沟通技术的休闲使用是否通过链式中介抑制员工工作冲突。本文研究丰富信息沟通技术使用影响的员工结果, 并为企业和员工使用信息沟通技术的管理提供一定理论指导。本文的理论模型如 图1 所示。
信息沟通技术的休闲使用是指使用信息沟通技术来娱乐、消磨时间、放松和逃避,是个人满足自己休闲需求,如对愉悦和情感体验的情感需求的行为 [ 13 ] 。随着企业应用信息沟通技术日益普遍,员工使用信息沟通技术会积累信息技术相关技能,拓宽信息传递渠道,提高信息共享效率 [ 23 ] ,可以给员工带来更加丰富的信息内容 [ 24 ] ,增加信息多样性来源,拓展知识层面 [ 25 ] 。此外,随着员工信息沟通技术的技能增加,员工也会依托信息沟通技术,从娱乐平台上消磨时间、休闲娱乐,满足自我愉悦的情感需求,丰富自己的休闲生活 [ 26 ] ,即员工会增加信息沟通技术休闲使用的频率和程度。例如,员工可以通过信息沟通技术提供的社交平台,与朋友沟通、倾诉、联络等,增加人际联系、拓展自己的关系网络,扩大自己的交友范围。Petrou 和 Bakker [ 22 ] 将员工主动在休闲活动中发展个人关系和完成工作目标的行为定义为休闲重塑。信息沟通技术使员工参与以社交和丰富学习为重点的休闲活动更为便利。
由此, 提出假设1:
信息沟通技术的休闲使用正向影响员工休闲重塑(H1)。
溢出效应是工作-家庭联系的重要体现,即由于工作和家庭之间存在着相互的、动态的关系,使员工对一个生活领域的满意影响其他生活领域的满意 [ 27 ] 。运用这一理论观点,本文认为员工休闲活动同样对员工的工作和家庭产生重要的影响, 员工在休闲领域的满意影响工作和家庭领域的满意。休闲重塑作为个体在闲暇时间从事主观能动性强的、对个人发展有益的休闲活动 [ 28 ] ,会使员工在休闲活动中获得知识、技能和积极情感,提高机会识别,促进员工工作繁荣等 [ 29 ] 。而根据边界理论的溢出效应,积极的休闲活动可以通过溢出进而激励员工,影响工作和工作之外的行为模式。也就是说,休闲重塑产生的影响不仅会影响到休闲领域,还会因边界的渗透效应传播到工作领域。员工在休闲活动中进行自我放松与调整,如身体的健康、压力的调节、自我满足与成长的愉悦感等会延续到工作领域,促进工作的顺利进行,为员工工作领域带来积极的影响,提升员工幸福感与绩效 [ 30 ] 。员工在休闲生活中学到的办公技巧、沟通方式等会提升员工的工作能力,拓展的社交网络也有可能促进员工绩效的前期潜力积累 [ 31 ] 。工作领域和休闲领域存在互补关系,休闲生活中的积极情感、成长等都会促进工作领域产生正向的影响,提升员工的工作投入 [ 32 ]
由此, 提出假设2:
休闲重塑正向影响休闲溢出 (H2)。
信息沟通技术的休闲使用使员工跨越时空的界限,随时随地取得联系并获取各类充足信息,模糊了工作与家庭领域的界限 [ 33 ] ,影响到员工的工作、社会关系等各个方面 [ 25 ] ,作为一种跨领域的现象,不仅对工作结果, 也对非工作结果产生重要的影响 [ 14 ]。信息沟通技术提供边界渗透性的手段, 是沟通员工休闲生活、工作与家庭领域的重要工具, 员工通过利用信息沟通技术满足自己的休闲需求, 获得感与满足感不仅对员工的家庭领域产生影响,还会在工作领域有所体现。员工通过信息沟通技术的休闲使用,提高技能获取的灵活性,并转化为资源溢出到工作领域,产生深刻影响 [ 34 ] 。根据边界理论观点,员工积极参与休闲活动会带来更舒适的休闲生活,满足员工的休闲需求 [ 26 ] ,这种休闲的积极体验会向外溢出,并进一步影响到员工的工作领域。员工通过利用信息沟通技术提升自己的休闲生活质量 [ 35 ] ,可以增加员工工作领域与生活领域的满意程度、加强人与工作的匹配程度、促进工作家庭领域的积极发展 [ 36 ]
由此, 提出假设3:
休闲重塑在信息沟通技术的休闲使用和休闲溢出之间起中介作用(H3)。
员工工作-家庭冲突是员工面临的角色冲突之一,指由工作产生的总体需求、时间投入以及紧绷压力对个体履行家庭责任义务的干扰 [ 16 ] 。Drummond 等 [ 37 ] 认识到在工作活动中经历和发展的情绪和行为可以溢出到家庭环境, 从而超越工作场所和家庭领域的物理和时间边界, 这种溢出效应解释了积极或消极的经历如何从一种生活角色转移到另一种生活角色上。员工休闲领域的活动也可以通过溢出效应进一步影响到员工的工作领域。溢出效应是一个领域(如工作)中的积极体验会在另一个领域(如休闲)中重复。员工休闲领域中获得的技能、信息、情感感受, 甚至于员工获得的满足与成长、家庭成员的支持与鼓励等, 都属于员工休闲领域的干预,会溢出到员工的工作领域,产生积极的影响 [ 30 ] 。休闲领域与工作领域的高度连接,使员工领域间的状态更为趋同,领域之间的冲突问题可以更快得到解决 [ 15 ] ,减少工作与家庭角色间的相互冲突。
由此,提出假设 $4\mathrm{a}$ :
休闲溢出负向影响员工的工作-家庭冲突 (H4a)。
员工任务冲突指由于员工对工作任务理解上的不一致带来的认知性冲突 [ 19 ] ,是员工工作领域面临的重要冲突之一。边界理论将个人制定的各种角色分隔开来, 尽管存在角色边界,“边界渗透性” 仍支持个人可以通过生理、心理或行为手段同时担任多个角色 [ 21 ] ,可渗透边界的概念与溢出效应支持员工休闲领域对工作领域的影响 [ 38 ] ,会影响到员工对其工作的认同感和满意度,影响到员工对工作的态度。个体从一种角色中所获得的积极体验有助于提高其在另一种角色中的绩效表现 [ 30 ] 。休闲溢出在考虑了情感溢出机制的同时还考虑了其他的溢出方式, 如技能溢出、消息溢出、价值观溢出等。溢出效应有效解释了员工领域间的平衡 [ 39 ] ,员工休闲领域中获得的技巧、知识、经验,和不断学习、不断挑战、实现自我发展等积极情绪溢出到工作领域,实现个人的成长与进步,减少因为工作任务认知差异产生的争执与冲突。
由此, 提出假设4b:
休闲溢出负向影响员工的任务冲突(H4b)。
关系冲突是员工日常生活和工作中,特别是团队工作中常见且不可避免的现象,指员工面临的情感上的摩擦和紧张、人际关系上的不和谐 [ 19 ] 。员工的积极体验可以直接影响到另一方,并使另一方产生相似的体验 [ 30 ] ,甚至在亲密的个体间交叉效应更明显,这是员工体验的外溢过程,即员工情感、价值观等溢出,也会对与员工联系的个体产生影响。而休闲领域的社交关系的维系与维持, 如与同事分享消息、加强联系, 促进同事之间的和睦关系,可以增强相互了解与配合,缓和性格、理念、经历上的差异与不同 [ 31 ] 。休闲领域外构建良好的同事关系会减少个人情绪上的摩擦,避免产生偏见、愤怒、紧张、敌意等情绪,减少人际关系上的不和谐,也会溢出到员工工作领域,促进团队成员之间的协调配合。
由此,提出假设 $4\mathrm{c}$ :
休闲溢出负向影响员工的关系冲突 (H4c)。
Han 和 Hwang [ 40 ] 指出休闲重塑涉及的休闲活动是积极、有意义的,是员工个人学习新事物、挑战自我、 提高自己的熟练程度,从而获得个人成长的过程,还包括员工开展人际关系并通过人际关系实现职业发展。 而工作-家庭冲突体现了个体在工作和家庭领域不同角色间的相互竞争性关系。根据边界理论中边界可渗透性的特性,证实休闲领域需求的满足与消遣会渗透到工作领域,对工作与家庭关系产生影响,影响工作领域的发展 [ 41 ] ,这与溢出效应相似,休闲领域的影响溢出到其他领域,休闲生活中的感受会在另一领域中得到体现,产生休闲溢出。休闲溢出可作为休闲领域到工作领域的沟通桥梁,促进员工正确处理领域间的时间分配与空间划分 [ 39 ] ,为员工休闲领域积极体验的传播提供便利渠道 [ 42 ] 。休闲活动促进员工发展人际关系、 获得心理支持、提高个人技能与自我效能感,降低员工工作-家庭冲突 [ 32 ] 。员工塑造的有效行为模式,可以通过溢出效应实现两个领域间的积极溢出与补偿,满足不同的角色预期,从而应对由于角色压力互不相容而产生的心理状态。
由此,提出假设 $5\mathrm{a}$ :
休闲溢出在休闲重塑与工作-家庭冲突之间起中介作用(H5a)。
员工通过体验良好的休闲活动,积极主动系统地规划自己的休闲时间 [ 43 ] ,丰富个人工作和非工作领域的资源 [ 44 ] 促进个人自我实现 利用生活经验和社会网络 实现职业发展 产生积极影响和意义,通过在优闲领域的放松与成长,在有限的休闲时间内缓解情绪疲惫、恢复精力水平 [ 45 ] ,缓解个人工作压力和技术压力,提升工作绩效 [ 38 ] ,满足个人的成长需求活动,在学习中挑战自我获得发展,增强成就感,增强自己的专业能力、工作能力和其他方面的能力。根据边界理论与溢出效应,休闲领域的积极体验会在工作领域重复。 员工通过休闲重塑获得的自我满足感等积极情感会通过溢出效应影响到工作领域,给工作领域带来正向、 积极的体验,员工获得的成长与发展、开拓出的个人潜力也可以减少工作领域的冲突,促进员工在工作中成长、实现自我发展并丰富工作生活 [ 40 ] 。溢出效应使得休闲领域的发展可以延伸到工作领域,为休闲与工作领域的沟通搭建了桥梁,减少员工在工作领域关于工作内容和工作目标的冲突。
由此,提出假设 $5\mathrm{\;b}$ :
休闲溢出在休闲重塑与任务冲突之间起中介作用(H5b)。
员工的休闲体验包括保持社会联系,通过休闲活动,员工可以构建良好的社会关系与人际关系 [ 29 ] ,营造良好的社会环境, 增加与同事的联系, 获得情感支持, 满足个体对人际关系的需求, 从而提高生活质量及员工幸福感 [ 30 , 46 ] 。溢出效应作为沟通渠道与桥梁,使员工个人资源和能力的提升从休闲领域溢出到工作领域, 休闲领域伙伴关系与人际关系的发展影响到员工的工作领域。人际关系的联系与拓展会降低员工与同事的关系冲突。
由此,提出假设 $5\mathrm{c}$ :
休闲溢出在休闲重塑与关系冲突之间起中介作用(H5c)。
信息沟通技术的休闲使用可以塑造员工休闲生活,实现自我满足 [ 26 ] ,通过边界理论与溢出效应,休闲领域的积极体验影响到员工的工作领域,进而对员工工作领域普遍存在的工作冲突产生影响。
信息沟通技术的使用突破时间与空间的限制, 为工作领域与家庭的连接提供了渠道。信息沟通技术的休闲使用支撑员工进行娱乐与放松,在休闲活动中丰富个人生活,满足自己的愉悦情感需求。新颖的信息沟通技术工具用于休闲,可以改变员工原有的休闲方式,使员工基于信息沟通技术进行的休闲活动转化为具象化的正向效果, 如获得知识、技能、人际关系等。通过休闲溢出, 将休闲中获得的积极情绪通过溢出效应影响到员工的工作领域,如员工创造力、感知工作能力、工作满意度等 [ 36 , 46 - 49 ] ,积极情绪的传导增进了领域间的连接与沟通,使信息沟通技术的休闲使用可以降低家庭与工作之间的冲突 [ 41 ]
由此, 提出假设6a :
休闲重塑、休闲溢出在信息沟通技术的休闲使用和工作-家庭冲突之间起链式中介效应(H6a)。
信息沟通技术的休闲使用可以改变人们休闲活动的方式, 带来丰富的发展机会与更多的信息 [ 50 ] , 员工可以在这一过程中拓展自己的知识层面,实现自己的成长与发展 [ 25 ] 。而员工成长、发展出的技巧等都会通过边界渗透到工作领域, 对工作领域产生正向的影响。信息沟通技术的休闲使用提升员工信息交互, 带来更多的心理和情感资源,促进员工积极联系,充分发挥能力解决问题,可以提升员工的工作投入 [ 51 ] ,减少员工工作任务冲突。
由此,提出假设 $6\mathrm{\;b}$ :
休闲重塑、休闲溢出在信息沟通技术的休闲使用和任务冲突之间起链式中介效应(H6b)。
信息沟通技术的休闲使用可以增加员工间沟通,员工利用信息沟通技术在休闲活动中满足个人的社会需求 [ 26 ] ,维护员工个人的职场社会关系,更好满足员工人际联系的休闲需求,对个人的发展产生正向积极的影响。休闲领域与工作领域边界的渗透性与溢出效应支撑员工发展出的人际关系溢出到其他领域, 如休闲生活中家人伙伴的支持,与同事的积极沟通等,都会正向影响员工的社会关系 [ 31 ] ,减少员工与同事之间的情绪摩擦。
由此,提出假设 $6\mathrm{c}$ :
休闲重塑、休闲溢出在信息沟通技术的休闲使用和关系冲突之间起链式中介效应(H6c)。
本文采用问卷调查的方式在 Credamo 平台上收集数据, 调查对象为中国员工, 共发放问卷353份, 回收300份,回收率为85%。在回收的有效样本数据中,男性占比51.3%,女性占比48.7%,男女比例较为均衡; 年龄以21~30岁和31~40岁为主,分别占比63.7% 和31.3%;以已婚员工为主,占比65.3%。工作形式为全职的员工占93.7%;每周工作时间为40~49小时的员工最多,占比70.7%;工作年限0~5年与6~20年的员工分别占66%和29%。职级方面,50.7%是非管理人员,49.3%为管理人员。员工所在企业部门主要集中于运营部、信息技术部、研发部,分别占比30.7%、22.3%、18.3%。
本文的变量均借鉴国内外成熟量表,采取翻译-回译方法将英文的量表翻译成中文, 并对量表进行最终审查。各变量采用 Likert5点计分,其中“1”为非常不同意,“5”为非常同意。
信息沟通技术的休闲使用量表借鉴 Ali-Hassan 等 [ 13 ] 的测量题项,共包含4个题项,如“我利用信息沟通技术来享受自己的休闲时间”。休闲重塑量表借鉴 Petrou 和 Bakker [ 22 ] 的成熟量表,该量表共包括9个题项, 如“我试图通过一些休闲活动来提高技能”。休闲溢出量表借鉴 Sumer 等 [ 52 ] 的成熟量表,该量表总共包括5个题项,加“休闲生活中发展出来的技能可以应用于我的工作中”,工作,家庭冲容量表借鉴Netemever 第[ 16 ] 的成熟量表,该量表总共包括5个题项,如 “我的工作会干扰我的家庭和家庭生活”。任务冲突、关系冲突量表借鉴赵可汗等 [ 19 ] 的成熟量表,量表分别有3个题项,如 “我和同事之间就工作任务存在分歧”“我与团队成员的关系紧张”。沿用以往研究的做法, 将人口和职业统计变量 (性别、年龄、婚姻状况、工作年限、工作形式、职业级别、每周工作时间、目前所在职业部门)作为控制变量。
信度检验。本研究使用软件 SPSS 26.0对问卷量表进行可靠性检验,信息沟通技术的休闲使用 $\alpha$ 系数为0.643,休闲重塑的 $\alpha$ 系数为0.901,休闲溢出的 $\alpha$ 系数为0.683,工作-家庭冲突的 $\alpha$ 系数为0.898,任务冲突的 $\alpha$ 系数为0.761,关系冲突的 $\alpha$ 系数为0.813,各变量的 Cronbach’s $\alpha$ 系数都在0.6以上,表明题项的信度可以接受 [ 53 ] ,所有变量均通过信度检验。
收敛效度检验。当某一变量题项的因子载荷都大于0.5时,表明该变量通过收敛效度检验 [ 54 ] 。信息沟通技术的休闲使用因子载荷为0.438~0.684,休闲重塑的因子载荷为0.649~0.752。休闲溢出的因子载荷为0.477~0.756。工作-家庭冲突的因子载荷为0.756~0.850。任务冲突的因子载荷为0.707~0.736。关系冲突的因子载荷为0.732~0.823。研究中所涉及的变量除信息沟通技术的休闲使用中一个题项、休闲溢出中两个题项的因子载荷均接近0.5 ,其余因子载荷基本大于0.5 ,表明通过收敛效度检验。
区分效度检验。本文所采取的量表均为成熟量表, 为了检验本文所涉及的构念之间的区别效度, 因此决定采用软件 AMOS 24.0对问卷进行验证因子分析。结果如 表1 模型拟合效果的验证性因子分析所示,绝对拟合指标 ${\chi }^{2}/{df}={1.650}< 3$ ,相对拟合指标 ${CFI}\text{、}{GFI}\text{、}{IFI}\text{、}{TLI}$ 均大于0.9, ${RMSEA}={0.047}<{0.1}$ 可以看出,六因子模型与数据的拟合效果最佳,且与单因子模型的差异比较明显,具备良好的区分效度。
由于共同方法偏差可能会对研究结果的可靠性造成影响并对结论有潜在的误导, 因此需要采取一定方法对其进行控制, 根据周浩和龙立荣 [ 55 ] 的建议, 本文数据的收集通过匿名填写、中英文回译、强调数据仅供学术之用等措施进行了事前的程序控制。为进一步提高研究的严谨性, 决定再采用 Harman 单因素方法对收集到的数据进行事后检验,将所有测量指标进行未旋转的因子分析,提取出特征根大于1的因子共6个, 解释总变异量为60.634%,最大因子能够解释的变异量为28.179%(<40%),故并不存在共同方法偏差问题, 可进行后续研究。
研究各个主要变量之间的相关程度可以为后续分析奠定基础,为假设提供初步支持。本文运用 SPSS 26.0软件的 Pearson 相关分析功能, 进行描述性统计和相关性分析, 各变量的相关性、平均值以及标准差如 表2 所示。
在进行假设检验前,需要确认因子间是否存在多重共线性,本文进行了 VIF 检验。结果发现,各自变量的方差膨胀因子 VIF 均小于5, 说明不存在多重线性问题。
为了检验所做出的假设, 运用 AMOS 24.0软件进行路径检验, 检验结果如 图2 所示。信息沟通技术的休闲使用对休闲重塑有显著的正向影响 $\left({\beta ={0.464}, p <{0.001}}\right)$ ,休闲重塑对休闲溢出有正向影响 $(\beta ={0.779}$ , $p <{0.001})$ 。休闲溢出对工作-家庭冲突 $\left({\beta =-{0.553}, p <{0.001}}\right)$ 、任务冲突 $\left({\beta =-{0.492}, p <{0.001}}\right)$ 、关系冲突 $(\beta =$ $-{0.340}, p <{0.001})$ 有显著的负向影响。因此, $\mathrm{H}1\text{、}\mathrm{H}2\text{、}\mathrm{H}4\mathrm{a}\text{、}\mathrm{H}4\mathrm{b}\text{、}\mathrm{H}4\mathrm{c}$ 通过验证。
本文依据温忠麟和叶宝娟 [ 56 ] 提出的中介效应检验法,通过 Bootstrap5000次抽样,采用极大似然方法运算,检验信息沟通技术的休闲使用、休闲重塑、休闲溢出、工作-家庭冲突、任务冲突、关系冲突间的中介效应。
信息沟通技术的休闲使用通过休闲重塑影响休闲溢出的间接效应显著,95%的置信区间为[0.102, 0.217], 不包含0, 因此假设 H3通过检验。休闲重塑通过休闲溢出影响工作-家庭冲突的间接效应显著,95%的置信区间为[-0.290},-0.056],不包含0,因此假设H5a通过检验。休闲重塑通过休闲溢出影响任务冲突的间接效应显著,95%的置信区间为[-0.232,-0.013],不包含0,因此假设H5b通过检验。休闲重塑通过休闲溢出影响关系冲突的间接效应显著,95%的置信区间为[-0.265,-0.051],不包含0,因此假设H5c通过检验。综上, 休闲重塑在信息沟通技术的休闲使用和休闲溢出间的中介作用, 休闲溢出在休闲重塑与工作-家庭冲突、任务冲突、关系冲突间的中介作用均通过检验。
本文选择 Bootstrap 方法对休闲重塑、休闲溢出进行链式中介效应检验。具体而言,据方杰等 [ 57 ] 的研究, 决定采用偏差校正百分位 Bootstrap 法重复抽样5000次并构建95%的无偏差校正置信区间。
休闲重塑与休闲溢出在信息沟通技术的休闲使用与工作-家庭冲突的链式中介效应95% 的置信区间为 [-0.123,-0.021], 不包含0, 链式中介效应显著, 假设 H6a 成立。休闲重塑与休闲溢出在信息沟通技术的休闲使用与任务冲突的链式中介效应95% 的置信区间为 $\left\lbrack {-{0.093},-{0.002}}\right\rbrack$ ,不包含0,链式中介效应显著, 假设 $\mathrm{H}6\mathrm{\;b}$ 成立。休闲重塑与休闲溢出在信息沟通技术的休闲使用与关系冲突的链式中介效应95% 的置信区间为 $\left\lbrack {-{0.101},-{0.013}}\right\rbrack$ ,不包含0,链式中介效应显著,假设 $\mathrm{H}6\mathrm{c}$ 成立。
本文基于边界理论视角,以员工休闲重塑与休闲溢出为中介,从信息沟通技术的休闲使用对员工工作冲突的影响结果进行阐述, 证明了员工信息沟通技术的休闲使用对员工休闲重塑存在显著正向影响, 员工休闲重塑对休闲溢出存在显著正向影响,员工休闲溢出对工作-家庭冲突、任务冲突、关系冲突存在显著负向影响; 休闲重塑在信息沟通技术的休闲使用和休闲溢出之间起中介作用, 休闲溢出在休闲重塑与工作-家庭冲突、任务冲突、关系冲突之间起中介作用,同时证实休闲重塑、休闲溢出在信息沟通技术的休闲使用和工作-家庭冲突、任务冲突、关系冲突间起链式中介作用。
首先,本文率先提出信息沟通技术的休闲使用这一概念,丰富员工信息沟通技术使用的理论成果。目前信息沟通技术的使用研究主要考虑用于工作目的。而如今企业之中, 员工利用信息沟通技术工具提升工作效率和绩效的同时,也积极使用信息沟通技术进行休息与放松,信息沟通技术承载的娱乐功能不断加强, 成为员工一项重要的娱乐方式。更有学者在研究中发现休闲用途有不同于其他两个维度的特性 [ 48 ] ,休闲活动具有抑制消极事件的潜力, 并帮助个人弥补其他生活领域的不良状态, 不仅促进员工放松, 而且可以减少工作压力、促进工作角色的脱离 [ 58 ] ,对于增强陪伴、脱离压力和促进积极情绪有重要作用,证实了信息沟通技术休闲使用的巨大潜力,但对于信息沟通技术的休闲使用缺乏进一步的深入了解。
其次, 证实信息沟通技术的休闲使用会降低员工所面临的工作冲突, 拓展信息沟通技术使用的结果变量研究。目前关于信息沟通技术的休闲使用对员工影响结果的研究,主要集中于员工绩效与员工心理两个方面。员工工作冲突作为员工信息沟通技术的重要使用结果和员工工作情景中广泛存在又难以回避的现象却未被考虑在内。信息沟通技术对员工工作冲突产生重要影响, 信息沟通技术跨越时空限制, 允许员工随时随地工作的特性,会模糊家庭与工作领域的边界 [ 36 ] ,也会对员工认知需求方面产生不同影响 [ 59 ] ,如线上情感传递的不足等 [ 60 ] ,使员工面对的工作-家庭冲突、任务冲突、关系冲突日益增多,如 Giuseppe 等 [ 61 ] 指出信息沟通技术的使用给员工带来工作压力与技术压力, Ma 等 [ 62 ] 的研究指出信息沟通技术的使用会降低员工工作-家庭平衡等。但目前研究缺乏对信息沟通技术的休闲使用对员工工作冲突抑制作用的探讨。本文从信息沟通技术的休闲使用出发,验证对员工面临的工作-家庭冲突、任务冲突、关系冲突的影响,产生了不同的研究结果, 丰富信息沟通技术研究的理论成果。
最后,本文依托边界理论与溢出效应,引入 “休闲重塑-休闲溢出” 链式中介变量,解释了员工利用信息沟通技术进行休闲活动对员工工作冲突的中介机制。研究从休闲重塑与休闲溢出视角考虑信息沟通技术的休闲使用对员工工作冲突的影响,阐释了员工通过信息沟通技术的休闲使用,推进员工休闲重塑并通过休闲溢出影响到工作领域,进而降低员工所面临的工作-家庭冲突、任务冲突、关系冲突的过程,为解释员工使用信息沟通技术的休闲使用对工作冲突的中介机制提供了新视角,增加信息沟通技术的休闲使用对员工影响过程的研究。
第一, 明确信息沟通技术的休闲使用对员工工作冲突的影响过程与结果, 从企业角度考虑, 管理者可以结合企业管理实践,允许甚至鼓励员工在工作间隙中利用信息沟通技术获得休息与放松,缓解工作压力。 此外,随着信息技术的发展与工作压力的增加,员工在组织中利用信息沟通技术进行休闲与放松的现象越来越普遍, 企业管理者应认识到信息沟通技术的休闲使用的积极作用, 可以营造较为轻松愉悦的工作氛围、 设计休闲区和互动游戏等,使员工能够得以缓冲,以更好的状态处理工作。
第二, 企业管理者也要预防信息沟通技术的休闲使用可能带来的不利影响, 管理者给员工适当的休闲与放松空间, 使员工可以在工作压力中恢复的同时, 也要保证工作效率、工作绩效, 把握好信息沟通技术休闲使用的界限。
第三,员工应该正确认识到信息沟通技术休闲使用的积极作用,可以在工作之余利用信息沟通技术放松与休息, 但员工要对自己的休息时间进行合理的安排, 不影响工作计划的推进与任务的完成。
首先,在数据收集上还有改善空间,以后可以采用多阶段调研收集数据,尽可能有效减少共同方法偏差;其次,本文主要基于信息沟通技术的休闲使用对员工的影响及影响过程进行研究,未来的研究可以对理论模型进行拓展,了解信息沟通技术的其他功能对员工的影响;最后,在控制变量方面,只考虑了个人的影响因素(如员工性别、年龄、职业级别、工作形式等),没有考虑社会环境调节因素方面(如工作需求、组织文化、社会规范等),以后的理论模型可以考虑在内。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目“员工算法规避行为的内涵结构、量表开发及多层次影响机制
  • 基于大数据研究方法整合视角”(72372021)
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目““中西合璧,理论视角下悖论认知框架的本土结构、形成机理及其效应研究”(71972033)
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2024年第43卷第6期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1002-980X.J24010505
  • 接收时间:2024-01-05
  • 首发时间:2025-07-28
  • 出版时间:2024-06-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-05
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国家自然科学基金面上项目“员工算法规避行为的内涵结构、量表开发及多层次影响机制
基于大数据研究方法整合视角”(72372021)
国家自然科学基金面上项目““中西合璧,理论视角下悖论认知框架的本土结构、形成机理及其效应研究”(71972033)
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    1 东北大学 工商管理学院 沈阳 110169
    2 东北大学秦皇岛分校 管理学院 秦皇岛 066004
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