Article(id=1155182079345283806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, issueId=1155182077457850654, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1002-980X.J23103106, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1698681600000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-31, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753346469961, onlineDateStr=2025-07-24, pubDate=1723219200000, pubDateStr=2024-08-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753346469961, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753346469961, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753346469961, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1155182077457850654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, year='2024', volume='43', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='126', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=0, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753346469511, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757554673617, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172832564806041821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, issueId=1155182077457850654, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172832564806041822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, issueId=1155182077457850654, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=114, endPage=126, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1155182079970235104, articleId=1155182079345283806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, language=EN, title=Investigating the Relationships between Fuzzy Front-end Entrepreneurial Bricolage Activities, Corporate Social Responsibility and Startups' New Product Development Performance: From a Resource-based View, columnId=1149284495636906656, journalTitle=Journal of Technology Economics, columnName=Technology Economics Evaluation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Fuzzy front-end (FFE) is the research frontier of management studies in both domestic and international academia. On the other hand, in the industrial ciecles, the CCP's 20th report also addresses the importance of manufacturing startups in determining China's future development. Therefore, how to utilize FFE innovation to increase manufacturing startups' performance becomes a crucial goal of both academic researches and industrial practices. The relationships between FFE entrepreneurial bricolage activities, corporate social responsibility (CSR) and NPD performance by adopting a resource based view was studied. It surveyed 357 manufacturing startups and the empirical results from the data sample of manufacturing startups show that FFE entrepreneurial bricolage activities have positive and significant impacts on NPD Performance. FFE entrepreneurial bricolage activities also have positive and significant impacts on startups' CSR engagement. CSR engagement has positive and significant impacts on startups' NPD performance. CSR also plays a mediating role between FFE entrepreneurial bricolage activities and NPD performance. The research results triggered the future direction of FFE innovation research and practice.

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制造业模糊前端创新是中西方学界关注的前沿领域。与此同时,在制造业创新的实践方面,党的二十大报告也将民营制造业企业的创新发展作为我国实现社会主义现代化的重要手段之一。因此,如何利用模糊前端创新提升制造业创业企业总体创新绩效就成了学界和产业界在今后一段时期內的重要目标。基于此,本文探求了模糊前端创业拼凑活动,企业社会责任和制造业创业企业新产品开发绩效在资源基础观视角下的影响关系。以357家制造业创业企业作为样本进行实证检验,研究发现:①模糊前端创业拼凑活动对新产品开发绩效具有显著正向影响;②模糊前端创业拼凑活动对企业社会责任具有显著正向影响;③企业社会责任对新产品开发绩效具有显著正向影响;④企业社会责任在模糊前端创业拼凑活动与新产品开发绩效的影响关系中具有中介作用。研究结论对于制造业创业企业的模糊前端创新以及未来发展方向具有指导意义。

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黄珈旭,西安理工大学经济与管理学院博士研究生,研究方向:创新与创业管理:

胡海青,博士,西安理工大学经济与管理学院教授,院长,博士研究生导师,研究方向:创新与创业管理:

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黄珈旭,西安理工大学经济与管理学院博士研究生,研究方向:创新与创业管理:

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黄珈旭,西安理工大学经济与管理学院博士研究生,研究方向:创新与创业管理:

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胡海青,博士,西安理工大学经济与管理学院教授,院长,博士研究生导师,研究方向:创新与创业管理:

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胡海青,博士,西安理工大学经济与管理学院教授,院长,博士研究生导师,研究方向:创新与创业管理:

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*** 表示在0.001水平上显著相关, ${}^{**}$ 表示在0.01水平上显著相关

, figureFileSmall=s7gSRLKBC3SBxgU5oz/RWw==, figureFileBig=WjY9gDEQ5DHWkydOLDd4wQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1155195712913662402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1155182079345283806, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征 分类 样本数 占比(%)
企业规模 1~50人 103 28.85
51~100人 233 65.27
100人以上 21 5.88
企业成立时间 1~3年 154 43.14
4~7年 196 54.90
8~10年 7 1.96
所属行业 机械装备制造业 78 21.85
生物医药制造业 82 22.97
电子装备制造业 54 15.13
日用品制造业 140 39.22
其他 3 0.84
), ArticleFig(id=1155195712963994051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1155182079345283806, language=CN, label=表1, caption=样本基本特征 $\left({n ={357}}\right)$, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征 分类 样本数 占比(%)
企业规模 1~50人 103 28.85
51~100人 233 65.27
100人以上 21 5.88
企业成立时间 1~3年 154 43.14
4~7年 196 54.90
8~10年 7 1.96
所属行业 机械装备制造业 78 21.85
生物医药制造业 82 22.97
电子装备制造业 54 15.13
日用品制造业 140 39.22
其他 3 0.84
), ArticleFig(id=1155195713031102916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1155182079345283806, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 题项 因子 载荷 ${CR}$ ${AVE}$ Cronbach’s $\alpha$
模糊前端新产品 机会识别 我们会经常性的在凑合利用的前提下, 在模糊 前端阶段从市场、政府和投资人处识别有关新 产品的机会 0.687 0.742 0.623 0.841
我们会经常性的在即兴而为的前提下, 在模糊 前端阶段从市场、政府和投资人处搜寻有关新 产品的想法 0.748
我们经常性的在知足决策的前提下, 在模糊前 端阶段思考有关新产品开发的新思路 0.765
模糊前端 新产品概念生成 我们在凑合利用的前提下, 在模糊前端阶段总 是认真考虑新产品的品牌吸引力 0.913 0.901 0.842 0.889
我们在即兴而为的前提下, 在模糊前端阶段总 是认真考虑新产品概念的新颖性 0.865
我们在知足决策的前提下, 在模糊前端阶段总 是认真考虑新产品概念的消费者接受程度 0.827
企业社会责任 企业的环保责任 0.811 0.847 0.665 0.702
企业的员工责任 0.803
企业的慈善责任 0.817
新产品开发绩效 新产品的市场占有率在过去两年有了明显增长 0.834 0.785 0.765 0.823
新产品带来的实际利润在过去两年有了明显 增长 0.876
), ArticleFig(id=1155195713094017477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1155182079345283806, language=CN, label=表2, caption=信效度检验结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 题项 因子 载荷 ${CR}$ ${AVE}$ Cronbach’s $\alpha$
模糊前端新产品 机会识别 我们会经常性的在凑合利用的前提下, 在模糊 前端阶段从市场、政府和投资人处识别有关新 产品的机会 0.687 0.742 0.623 0.841
我们会经常性的在即兴而为的前提下, 在模糊 前端阶段从市场、政府和投资人处搜寻有关新 产品的想法 0.748
我们经常性的在知足决策的前提下, 在模糊前 端阶段思考有关新产品开发的新思路 0.765
模糊前端 新产品概念生成 我们在凑合利用的前提下, 在模糊前端阶段总 是认真考虑新产品的品牌吸引力 0.913 0.901 0.842 0.889
我们在即兴而为的前提下, 在模糊前端阶段总 是认真考虑新产品概念的新颖性 0.865
我们在知足决策的前提下, 在模糊前端阶段总 是认真考虑新产品概念的消费者接受程度 0.827
企业社会责任 企业的环保责任 0.811 0.847 0.665 0.702
企业的员工责任 0.803
企业的慈善责任 0.817
新产品开发绩效 新产品的市场占有率在过去两年有了明显增长 0.834 0.785 0.765 0.823
新产品带来的实际利润在过去两年有了明显 增长 0.876
), ArticleFig(id=1155195713169514950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1155182079345283806, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 1 2 3 4
1. 模糊前端新产品机会识别 1
2. 模糊前端新产品概念生成 0.370 ** 1
3. 企业社会责任 0.345 *** 0.287 ** 1
4. 新产品开发绩效 0.473 ** 0.323 ** 0.367 ** 1
均值 3.962 4.073 3.756 3.786
标准差 0.927 0.882 0.902 0.785
), ArticleFig(id=1155195713228235207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1155182079345283806, language=CN, label=表3, caption=相关性分析结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 1 2 3 4
1. 模糊前端新产品机会识别 1
2. 模糊前端新产品概念生成 0.370 ** 1
3. 企业社会责任 0.345 *** 0.287 ** 1
4. 新产品开发绩效 0.473 ** 0.323 ** 0.367 ** 1
均值 3.962 4.073 3.756 3.786
标准差 0.927 0.882 0.902 0.785
), ArticleFig(id=1155195713295344072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1155182079345283806, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类 ${\chi }^{2}$ ${\chi }^{2}/{df}$ CFI (比较拟合指数) GFI (拟合优度指数) NFI (规范拟合指数) IFI (增值拟合指数) RMSEA (近似误差均方根)
数值 47.258 1.231 0.946 0.979 0.989 0.996 0.037
标准值 >0 <3 >0.9 >0.9 >0.9 >0.9 <0.06
), ArticleFig(id=1155195713349870025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1155182079345283806, language=CN, label=表4, caption=拟合优度检验结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类 ${\chi }^{2}$ ${\chi }^{2}/{df}$ CFI (比较拟合指数) GFI (拟合优度指数) NFI (规范拟合指数) IFI (增值拟合指数) RMSEA (近似误差均方根)
数值 47.258 1.231 0.946 0.979 0.989 0.996 0.037
标准值 >0 <3 >0.9 >0.9 >0.9 >0.9 <0.06
), ArticleFig(id=1155195713433756106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1155182079345283806, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 系数 偏置修正后的95%置信区间 95%置信区间
下界 上界 下界 上界
总效应 0.420 ** 0.313 0.712 0.314 0.716
模糊前端新产品机会识别-企业社会责任- 新产品开发绩效
模糊前端新产品概念生成-企业社会责任- 新产品开发绩效 0.056 ${}^{**}$ 0.022 0.147 0.020 0.142
间接效应 0.323 ** 0.302 0.678 0.298 0.686
模糊前端新产品机会识别-企业社会责任- 新产品开发绩效
模糊前端新产品概念生成-企业社会责任- 新产品开发绩效 0.267 ** 0.145 0.149 0.146 0.151
直接效应 0.041 ${}^{**}$ 0.021 0.103 0.019 0.103
模糊前端新产品机会识别-企业社会责任- 新产品开发绩效
模糊前端新产品概念生成-企业社会责任- 新产品开发绩效 0.035 ** -0.032 0.167 -0.037 0.163
), ArticleFig(id=1155195713505059275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1155182079345283806, language=CN, label=表5, caption=中介效应模型的路径系数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 系数 偏置修正后的95%置信区间 95%置信区间
下界 上界 下界 上界
总效应 0.420 ** 0.313 0.712 0.314 0.716
模糊前端新产品机会识别-企业社会责任- 新产品开发绩效
模糊前端新产品概念生成-企业社会责任- 新产品开发绩效 0.056 ${}^{**}$ 0.022 0.147 0.020 0.142
间接效应 0.323 ** 0.302 0.678 0.298 0.686
模糊前端新产品机会识别-企业社会责任- 新产品开发绩效
模糊前端新产品概念生成-企业社会责任- 新产品开发绩效 0.267 ** 0.145 0.149 0.146 0.151
直接效应 0.041 ${}^{**}$ 0.021 0.103 0.019 0.103
模糊前端新产品机会识别-企业社会责任- 新产品开发绩效
模糊前端新产品概念生成-企业社会责任- 新产品开发绩效 0.035 ** -0.032 0.167 -0.037 0.163
), ArticleFig(id=1155195713572168140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1155182079345283806, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
调节效应 系数 ${CR}$ ${SE}$
企业社会责任对于假设 $\mathrm{H}1\mathrm{a}$ 的调节作用 0.327 4.102 0.043
企业社会责任对于假设 $\mathrm{H}1\mathrm{\;b}$ 的调节作用 0.158 2.002 0.086
), ArticleFig(id=1155195713626694093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1155182079345283806, language=CN, label=表6, caption=企业社会责任的调节作用, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
调节效应 系数 ${CR}$ ${SE}$
企业社会责任对于假设 $\mathrm{H}1\mathrm{a}$ 的调节作用 0.327 4.102 0.043
企业社会责任对于假设 $\mathrm{H}1\mathrm{\;b}$ 的调节作用 0.158 2.002 0.086
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模糊前端创业拼凑活动、企业社会责任与新产品开发绩效影响关系——基于资源基础观的视角
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黄珈旭 , 胡海青
技术经济 | 技术经济评价 2024,43(8): 114-126
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技术经济 | 技术经济评价 2024, 43(8): 114-126
模糊前端创业拼凑活动、企业社会责任与新产品开发绩效影响关系——基于资源基础观的视角
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黄珈旭, 胡海青
作者信息
  • 西安理工大学 经济与管理学院 西安 710054
  • 黄珈旭,西安理工大学经济与管理学院博士研究生,研究方向:创新与创业管理:

    胡海青,博士,西安理工大学经济与管理学院教授,院长,博士研究生导师,研究方向:创新与创业管理:

Investigating the Relationships between Fuzzy Front-end Entrepreneurial Bricolage Activities, Corporate Social Responsibility and Startups' New Product Development Performance: From a Resource-based View
Jiaxu Huang, Haiqing Hu
Affiliations
  • School of Economics and Management Xi'an University of Technology Xi'an 710054 China
出版时间: 2024-08-10 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1002-980X.J23103106
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制造业模糊前端创新是中西方学界关注的前沿领域。与此同时,在制造业创新的实践方面,党的二十大报告也将民营制造业企业的创新发展作为我国实现社会主义现代化的重要手段之一。因此,如何利用模糊前端创新提升制造业创业企业总体创新绩效就成了学界和产业界在今后一段时期內的重要目标。基于此,本文探求了模糊前端创业拼凑活动,企业社会责任和制造业创业企业新产品开发绩效在资源基础观视角下的影响关系。以357家制造业创业企业作为样本进行实证检验,研究发现:①模糊前端创业拼凑活动对新产品开发绩效具有显著正向影响;②模糊前端创业拼凑活动对企业社会责任具有显著正向影响;③企业社会责任对新产品开发绩效具有显著正向影响;④企业社会责任在模糊前端创业拼凑活动与新产品开发绩效的影响关系中具有中介作用。研究结论对于制造业创业企业的模糊前端创新以及未来发展方向具有指导意义。

模糊前端创业拼凑活动  /  企业社会责任  /  新产品开发绩效  /  资源基础观

Fuzzy front-end (FFE) is the research frontier of management studies in both domestic and international academia. On the other hand, in the industrial ciecles, the CCP's 20th report also addresses the importance of manufacturing startups in determining China's future development. Therefore, how to utilize FFE innovation to increase manufacturing startups' performance becomes a crucial goal of both academic researches and industrial practices. The relationships between FFE entrepreneurial bricolage activities, corporate social responsibility (CSR) and NPD performance by adopting a resource based view was studied. It surveyed 357 manufacturing startups and the empirical results from the data sample of manufacturing startups show that FFE entrepreneurial bricolage activities have positive and significant impacts on NPD Performance. FFE entrepreneurial bricolage activities also have positive and significant impacts on startups' CSR engagement. CSR engagement has positive and significant impacts on startups' NPD performance. CSR also plays a mediating role between FFE entrepreneurial bricolage activities and NPD performance. The research results triggered the future direction of FFE innovation research and practice.

fuzzy front-end entrepreneurial bricolage activities  /  corporate social responsibilities  /  NPD performance  /  resource based view
黄珈旭, 胡海青. 模糊前端创业拼凑活动、企业社会责任与新产品开发绩效影响关系——基于资源基础观的视角. 技术经济, 2024 , 43 (8) : 114 -126 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1002-980X.J23103106
Jiaxu Huang, Haiqing Hu. Investigating the Relationships between Fuzzy Front-end Entrepreneurial Bricolage Activities, Corporate Social Responsibility and Startups' New Product Development Performance: From a Resource-based View[J]. Journal of Technology Economics, 2024 , 43 (8) : 114 -126 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1002-980X.J23103106
党的二十大报告明确指出,要坚持把经济发展重点放在实体经济上,以推进新型工业化,实现高质量发展,加快建设制造业强国。党的二十大报告同样指出,创新是经济发展第一动力,要坚持创新驱动发展战略,开辟发展新领域新赛道,在支持和鼓励民营企业发展的同时,不断塑造发展新动能和新优势。因此,如何发扬“工匠精神”,使得制造业创业企业的新产品开发为经济创新发展注入重要创新动力就成了创新创业理论研究的重要领域。而作为制造业创业企业新产品开发的最初始阶段, 模糊前端 (fuzzy front-end) 的新产品创新活动将会决定制造业创业企业新产品开发的绩效 [ 1 - 3 ] 。因此,如何利用企业内部和外部的有限资源, 进行制造业企业上游的新产品模糊前端初始阶段的创业拼凑,就成为制造业创业企业维持自身发展,有效开拓下游市场的重中之重。
不确定性和模糊性是模糊前端创新的自然阶段属性 [ 4 ] ,本文通过梳理文献发现,现有的研究并未在模糊前端新产品创新活动的分类上达成共识, 也缺少在资源短缺情况下模糊前端新产品创新活动对于新产品开发绩效的影响路径研究。因此, 本文将立足于资源基础观的视角, 将模糊前端新产品创新活动在创业拼凑的理论框架下划分为两个维度:模糊前端新产品机会识别和模糊前端新产品概念生成,进而对模糊前端创业拼凑活动与新产品开发绩效进行影响路径研究。王兆群等 [ 5 ] 指出创业拼凑的逻辑是在资源约束和受限的情境下,如何将可获得及已有的创业资源进行整合与重组,从而使得创业企业更好的发展壮大的过程。 模糊前端新产品机会识别和模糊前端新产品概念生成就是在外部环境极度不确定和不可预测的情况下, 寻找、利用、组合现有资源,以产生新产品的最初概念,并进一步保障新产品市场化成功的创业拼凑方式。与此同时,党的二十大报告同样指出了要实现全体人民共同富裕,促进人与自然和谐共生,创造人类文明新形态, 推动构建人类命运共同体等。这说明在新时代背景下, 企业应该在追求盈利目的的同时, 兼顾对社会责任的承担和对社会共同福祉的贡献。由于模糊前端创业拼凑活动是制造业企业创业和新产品开发过程的开端和基础,所以在创新的起始阶段主动加入对于社会总体发展有可持续性益处的创新考量,有助于企业在长期意义上对于社会责任的承担和实施, 并最终有效推动新产品开发的市场成功率。鉴于此, 在制造业创业企业提升自身模糊前端创业拼凑活动创新程度的基础上, 创新成果不仅能推动企业在社会责任领域的参与和发展,为社会贡献企业的担当,还能进一步更好地为市场提供具有更加全面属性的新产品。
根据上述分析, 本文结合模糊前端阶段的不确定性以及外界商业环境的不确定性, 一方面, 从创业拼凑理论和资源基础观的视角,探索制造业创业企业模糊前端创业拼凑活动对于新产品开发绩效以及企业社会责任的直接影响。另一方面,本文还将探讨企业社会责任对新产品开发绩效的影响关系, 以及企业社会责任在模糊前端创业拼凑活动和新产品开发绩效路径关系中的中介效应。本文结合现有研究, 丰富了模糊前端创新活动研究和创业拼凑理论的商业维度,对于制造业创业企业的新产品开发具有实践意义。
资源基础观(resource based view) 认为,企业是各种内部和外部、有形与无形资源的结合体。而企业的比较优势正是来自企业所拥有的异质性资源 [ 6 - 7 ] 。每个企业所拥有的独特资源最终都会转化为企业独特的比较优势,最后形成企业长期竞争和可持续发展的力量源泉 [ 8 ] 。在我国创新占据主导地位的新时期经济发展模式下,如何使得制造业创业企业从模糊前端阶段就获取独一无二的资源竞争优势,从而提升企业的创新能力?不论从商业理论还是商业实践两方面进行探讨,都十分重要。根据 Oliveira 等 [ 9 ] 以及 Chrisitiansen 和 Gasparin [ 10 ] 对于模糊前端新产品创新的定义,模糊前端新产品创新活动的最终目的是为了利用所有企业内部和外部、与人相关和不与人相关的资源来生产出可供大规模量产的新产品原型, 从而使得产品可以在新产品开发的下一阶段投入大规模的生产。而创业拼凑的内涵是指在资源约束的条件下, 企业需要创造性地利用手头的可得以及可用的资源, 来应对新产品开发模糊前端阶段所面临的不确定性及挑战, 来获得更多的利润和市场占有率 [ 11 ] ;与此同时,在创业的初始导向阶段进行创新有助于创业拼凑更加有效的开 ${\mathbb{R}}^{\left\lbrack {12}\right\rbrack }$ 。因此,在资源基础观的视角下,为了使企业从新产品开发初始阶段到长期过程中建立一个优化的、市场可行的新产品开发方案,模糊前端的创业拼凑活动将会扮演决定性的作用。
鉴于先前学者的研究,模糊前端新产品开发活动通常包括了模糊前端机会识别、模糊前端概念生成、模糊前端外部参与、模糊前端商业战略规划、模糊前端原型开发、模糊前端管理层审查 [ 3 , 13 - 14 ] 。本文借鉴王兆群等 [ 5 ] 及李晓翔和霍国庆 [ 15 ] 对于创业拼凑(entrepreneurial bricolage)的定义,将创业拼凑的要素分为凑合利用、即兴而为和知足决策三类。对照模糊前端新产品创新活动,只有模糊前端机会识别和模糊前端概念生成符合在资源基础观视角下创业拼凑要素的内核要求, 原因如下: ①相较于模糊前端机会识别和模糊前端概念生成, 其他的模糊前端新产品创新活动都是在新产品概念已经形成的基础上所做的完善和改进活动。换句话说, 这些模糊前端新产品创新活动需要的资源, 已经在模糊前端创业拼凑阶段通过对外部机会的识别以及内部新产品概念的筛选、评估过程中被获得并且被进行了确认重构。而模糊前端机会识别是在资源短缺的情况下, 利用资源搜寻, 对企业外部市场机会进行凑合利用, 从而得到用于模糊前端概念生成所需要凑合利用的市场机会原材料 [ 16 ] 。创业拼凑的凑合利用要素不仅仅指对于手头资源的充分应用,同时也包括在进行模糊前端概念生成活动时,对于已识别市场机会的重新整合与建构,用以形成最初的新产品概念。②模糊前端产品创新要求企业具备非常高的创新以及创意能力,以应对纷繁复杂且快速变化的市场需求。创业拼凑的即兴而为要素可以通过模糊前端机会识别活动来实现,因为创业拼凑的即兴而为要素能促使企业快速的把握住市场中转瞬即逝的资源。而快速的针对市场机会进行搜寻和识别可以很大程度上缩短新产品开发所要的时间,从而更好地提升企业在行业内的自身比较优势。在模糊前端概念生成活动中,通过即兴而为所重组和强化的创造性概念又可以增强新产品的新颖度和吸引力。③ 创业拼凑的知足决策要素要求企业不能只考虑将企业的资源最大化的搜寻利用,而更要考虑资源本身的价值和成本。正如我国现今对于制造业“专精特新”的提倡,创业企业受制于资源和财务的约束,应当更多地考虑如何将已经得到的市场机会和产品概念进行最合理的拼凑,深化产品的独特内涵,充分兑现资源的商业价值。
彼得·德鲁克指出商业管理的理论和实践不应该仅仅只关注于公司治理,如何在管理科学的实践中统一并且发扬人类的普世价值同样有着非常重要的作用 [ 17 ] 。因此,本文认为制造业创业企业的新产品管理不应当只着眼当下产品的生产效率和利润, 而更应该放眼于如何使公司更好地参与企业社会责任的建设, 从而更好地为新时代的可持续发展贡献更多、更好的社会价值。根据联合国工业发展组织 [ 18 ] 对于企业社会责任的最新定义, 企业社会责任应该是结合了所有企业利益相关者的诉求, 在商业运作的过程中加入对社会和责任的关心和行动,来更好地推动企业的发展和成长。本文认为,在模糊前端创业拼凑过程中,企业应该在执行创业拼凑活动的同时,将环保、慈善和员工利益纳入模糊前端商业考量的范围内,来达到和企业所有的利益相关者价值观同步,进而增进身份认同和增加企业社会资本。更进一步,本文认为在模糊前端创新阶段践行企业社会责任的要求能让企业避免在产品商业化的过程中, 出现不可预料的社会信任危机, 从而增强企业的新产品开发绩效。然而通过对现有文献进行梳理发现, 目前的模糊前端创新相关研究鲜有将企业社会责任纳入模糊前端创业拼凑活动范畴之内的。据此,本文认为在资源基础观的视角下,企业社会责任能够为公司带来更多的社会信任和好感, 从而提升企业的无形资源。将企业社会责任嵌入在制造业创业企业的模糊前端创业拼凑活动之中,能够提升企业新产品的市场接受度和新产品的合法性,因而减少新产品开发和新产品市场化的不确定性。
根据王兆群等 [ 5 ] 的研究,创业拼凑活动是企业在资源匮乏的情况下所做出的逼不得已的选择。在当前外部市场环境极度不确定的情况下, 创业拼凑就必然成为制造业创业企业开展模糊前端活动的必经之路。 依据本文之前对于模糊前端创业拼凑活动的分类和定义, 本文认为模糊前端新产品机会识别和模糊前端新产品概念生成就是在创业拼凑内核框架之下进行的,对于创业资源快速的获得,同时对已获得资源进行重塑、组合和拼凑,从而形成非冗余性资源组合 [ 19 ] ,以实现制造业创业企业新产品价值跃升的过程。
模糊前端新产品机会识别被认为是提升企业总体创业绩效的有效方式, 因为在模糊前段识别的机会越多,后期新产品市场化可以供选择的商业化方式就会越多 [ 20 - 21 ] 。在众多外部不确定因素的影响下,制造业创业企业更加需要在模糊前端阶段充分开发市场资源,努力保证寻找到市场上一切有利用价值的创业资源来进行快速的模糊前端的创业拼凑,以应对变幻莫测的市场需求。制造业创业企业的模糊前端团队应该拥有充分的自由度和敏捷性来进行模糊前端新产品的机会识别活动, 因为不受限制的大量识别机会能够提供更强的创新拼凑中的即兴而为的能力,从而夯实制造业创业企业模糊前端创新的创造性团队合作的基础, 并且提升团队合作的敏捷性 [ 14 , 22 ] 。再者, Kuckertz 等 [ 1 ] 展示了机会识别通常包含着高强度的知识和资源搜寻, 因此市场上的资源会通过模糊前端新产品机会识别的方式被转化成企业内部的有用资源并储存起来, 从而让新产品概念的素材库更加多样, 也避免了让看起来不像是机会的资源被错误的丢弃的可能性 [ 23 ] 。因此,根据 Ardichvili 和 Carozo [ 24 ] 的观点,不同于有目的性的进行机会资源的搜寻,机会识别是一个不断发掘新知识和新资源的过程。在这个过程中, 所有被发现的新资源都是有价值的, 都可以被创业拼凑框架下的凑合利用准则加以开发并使用。大量被识别的市场机会能够提供在模糊前端新产品概念生成活动中更多的选择范围,从而加强企业的凑合利用维度。模糊前端新产品机会识别能够刺激企业将不同的、新颖的新获得资源充分的链接起来,打通新产品卖点的内在逻辑,讲好新产品的创新故事。这些在模糊前端阶段建立起来的新产品创新概念会为企业在后期新产品的市场商业化阶段提供备选的创新营销资源。由此认为, 高水平的模糊前端新产品机会识别不仅会对新产品的创新产生正面影响 [ 25 ] ,同时也会对制造业创业企业的新产品创新频率、企业创新运营频率和组织创新频率产生正向的影响 [ 26 ] 。此外,大规模并且高质量的模糊前端新产品机会识别活动还能够在创业生态系统里创造知识溢出效应, 惠及同行业甚至是跨行业的创业企业,形成更加紧凑并且有分享精神的创新产业生态系统,从而更好地激发创新,推动构建共同向前的企业资源互惠共赢模式。因此, 本文认为, 模糊前端新产品机会识别能卓有成效的提升制造业创业企业的新产品开发绩效。
模糊前端新产品概念生成是在利用企业自身已有资源的基础上, 不断地消化和拼接由模糊前端新产品机会识别所带来的新市场资源, 从而消除企业内部和外部商业不确定性, 用以提升企业经济效益的活动 [ 27 - 28 ] 。因此,本文认为模糊前端新产品概念生成应该与模糊前端新产品机会识别同时进行,以达到不断优化的模糊前端创业拼凑模式。本文同时认为, 模糊前端新产品概念生成主要由概念筛选和概念评估构成。由模糊前端新产品机会识别所带来的新的市场资源将会在模糊前端新产品概念生成的过程中被概念筛选和概念评估进行中被有效地重塑和组合,以达到创业资源利用条件下的知足决策。概念筛选是模糊前端新产品概念生成活动的第一步, 新产品的最初成熟概念应该从模糊前端新产品机会识别活动所带来的大批量的市场机会中仔细并精确地选择, 直到最终确立出生产方式可控并且在成本和技术上可行的概念来进行模糊前端新产品概念生成活动的第二步:概念评估。由于模糊前端新产品概念生成包含两个步骤,所以 Sandberg [ 29 ] 确认模糊前端新产品概念生成活动是所有模糊前端创新活动里最耗费时间和精力的,同时也是极为重要的模糊前段创新活动。因此,本文认为高效率的模糊前端新产品概念生成活动将会决定模糊前端新产品创业拼凑的最终效果。综合 Eling 等 [ 30 ] 以及 Andriopoulos [ 31 ] 的观点,本文认为对于制造业创业企业来说,最高效率的执行模糊前端新产品概念生成的模式是:① 在概念筛选阶段更多地运用感性直觉,快速地将大量被识别的和企业自身的机会资源缩减为可行的产品方案资源库;②在概念评估阶段更多地运用理性思维, 认真仔细地从产品方案资源库里决定最终的模糊前端产品概念。一个谨慎的模糊前端新产品概念生成过程可以从最大程度上减小合理的新产品创新概念被拒绝的概率。与此同时, 精心策划的模糊前端新产品概念生成活动还能够有效地减少新产品在后期生产过程中的生产成本, 从而为顾客带来更多的消费福利。据此,本文认为模糊前端新产品概念生成活动能够通过对于概念感性和理性的反复筛选与评估,最终创造出最合适的新产品概念,从而为企业的新产品长远规划奠定坚实基础。因此,模糊前端新产品概念生成越精准,模糊前端创新过程的整体绩效也就越高 [ 9 ] ,由此带来的新产品开发绩效也会显著提升。
所以, 提出如下假设:
模糊前端新产品机会识别活动对制造业创业企业新产品开发绩效具有显著正向影响(H1a);
模糊前端新产品概念生成活动对制造业创业企业新产品开发绩效具有显著正向影响(H1b)。
当前, 世界百年未有之大变局加速演进, 全球经济复苏进程的不确定性增加。制造业创业企业除了要加固企业自身的产品增长优势之外, 还要将保障制造业回馈社会并且能够维持可持续发展作为一项重大的战略任务。制造业创业企业应当担负起人民所赋予的企业社会责任,把制造产业由“全”向“强”加速推进。 作为制造业创业企业的新产品创新最初阶段, 在模糊前端创业拼凑活动也必定会对制造业创业企业的企业社会责任相关的战略措施设定重要的原始基调 [ 32 ] 。虽然 Hassi 和 Wever [ 33 ] 首次将企业社会责任纳入了模糊前端创新的研究范畴,但是有关模糊前端创业拼凑活动如何具体影响企业社会责任战略措施的理论仍显不足。本文认为, 在资源基础观的视角下, 模糊前端新产品创业拼凑活动不单是突破资源束缚的经济创新行为,同时也是积攒、利用、重组社会资本,以创造普世价值和普遍社会福祉,提升产品合法性,为全社会承担起具体责任的过程 [ 32 , 34 ]
一方面,由于模糊前端新产品机会识别的有效资源全部来自市场,而新产品的最终受益者是消费者,所以消费者也是模糊前端新产品机会识别活动最重要的机会源头。根据 Lee 和 Yoon [ 35 ] 的观点,企业的企业社会责任倡议会直接影响到消费者对于企业形象的正面认知, 从而最终提升新产品的市场成功率和盈利效果。从另一方面来讲, 企业在追求盈利目的的同时, 还需要考虑到利益相关者的诉求。除了消费者之外, 企业在市场上的利益相关者还包括政府、行业友商及行业协会等。而通过承担企业社会责任来满足这些利益相关者的诉求并不会直接带来经济收益。但是, 包括消费者在内的所有的利益相关者都会在规则制定以及政策发布上,要求企业坚定执行企业社会责任相关的环保、员工利益和慈善等要求。企业通过在模糊前端机会识别过程中识别不同利益相关者的诉求(员工责任、慈善责任和环保责任),能够使得新产品从开发过程的一开始就具有合理性, 进而从长远意义上提升对社会的承诺程度, 并最终收获利益相关者的满意度。 因此, 制造业创业企业在模糊前端阶段的机会识别活动势必会搜寻到与企业增长利益不相关的企业社会责任有关信息和资源, 而这些信息和资源将会反过来正向影响企业的社会责任的规划和执行力度, 进而为制造业创业企业的长远发展奠定坚实的基础。
另一方面,制造业创业企业在模糊前端创新阶段生成的新产品概念也将会塑造新产品在进入市场商业化以后的有关企业社会责任的形象。联合国2013年的可持续发展圆桌会议指出, 有超过50%的消费者会选择将对于社会责任有积极贡献的产品品牌推荐给他人,而消费者也更加相信这些品牌旗下的产品。此外, 只有不到17%的消费者会购买那些在企业社会责任的推广上做得不好的品牌所生产的产品。所以消费者不再只是关注于产品的价格和质量, 而是更加关注品牌产品对于社会福利所做出的贡献。作为产品品牌塑造的最核心因素,好的产品概念不仅会增加品牌的影响力,而且会大大加深品牌的企业社会责任措施的执行力度和市场影响力;与此同时,当其他的利益相关者 (如政府、行业友商及行业协会等) 了解到企业的新产品概念具有对于社会责任的普遍考量之后,也会更加易于与企业进行合作,而合作本身就会使得企业自身承担更加深厚的企业社会责任,进而推动企业利益共同体生态位的跃迁,并最终优化企业与利益相关者的紧密联系 [ 32 ] 。因此,本文认为,制造业创业企业在模糊前端新产品概念生成活动中,在打造新奇和具有创意的品牌概念之外,应该加大对于品牌社会福祉相关概念的筛选和评估力度,进而巩固产品品牌在利益相关者眼中的地位, 从而更好地推动企业社会责任的建设。为此, 本研究提出以下假设:
模糊前端新产品机会识别活动对制造业创业企业的企业社会责任具有显著正向影响( $\mathrm{H{2a}}$ );
模糊前端新产品概念生成活动对制造业创业企业的企业社会责任具有显著正向影响(H2b)。
已有研究表明,企业在社会责任方面的创建和完善有助于巩固企业的核心竞争力 [ 36 - 37 ] 。而在党的二十大之后新时代的实体经济发展精神的指导下,企业的核心竞争力构建不能够只考虑眼前,更要往远处着眼, 为“第二个一百年”的强国目标而踔厉奋发。因此,企业社会责任所带来的可持续发展理念的创建就显得更加弥足珍贵。本文认为, 在不确定因素带来的制造业全球供应链危机的影响下, 制造业创业企业不仅需要在短期内争取到足够的利润以支撑过这段艰难时期,更应在站在长远的角度,加快建立企业的良好口碑和社会影响力, 为危机之后的健康发展做准备。与此同时, 企业社会责任措施的实施不单能够提升企业抵御风险的可持续韧性,还能够使消费者和其他公司内外的利益相关者提升他们对于制造业创业企业的认知度和接受度, 从而在深远意义上真正提升新产品开发绩效。
企业对于企业社会责任建设的参与不仅仅具有理论上的意义, 在制造业产业圈内, 企业社会责任对于新产品开发过程的积极作用也已经在中小制造业创业企业之间达成了共识 [ 38 ] 。因为企业社会责任的参与对于创业生态系统内的各个相关方面的介入者都有积极的贡献。从企业微观层面来讲, Zhang 等 [ 39 ] 指出创业企业的企业社会责任构建措施能够帮助企业员工更积极开展创新活动,同时,消费者也会更有兴趣与企业共建更加完满的企业价值观,从而共同推动企业的创新往可持续发展的方向不断跃进。从宏观角度来论述, 因为企业对于企业社会责任的践行能够使得行业的商业规则得到保护和强化, 整个社会的营商环境将会得到改善,因此行业协会和政府也会在企业开展企业社会责任建设的基础上,提供给企业更加优惠的政策支持和更有效率的专项补贴。另外, 优秀的制造业创业企业的企业社会责任举措还能够在行业内部树立示范带头作用,对于行业内其他竞争者都有可持续发展方面的促进作用。
立足于资源基础观的角度来分析, 制造业创业企业社会责任措施在实施之后所带来的异质性资源更能够使企业在商业活动中脱颖而出,从而散发出独特的比较优势。Hur 等 [ 40 ] 指出,消费者对于企业的评价通常会将企业的社会责任声誉和企业的产品可靠性放在同等重要的位置。所以,企业的商业资源和企业的社会责任资源应当被企业放在同等重要的地位。除此之外, Naseem 等 。(21)的研究还发现,企业的社会责任相关活动还能够显著的提高企业的财务绩效,而在企业日常正常运营的过程中,忽视企业社会责任举措的企业将会逐渐地丧失原创性竞争力 [ 42 - 43 ]
据此, 本文提出如下假设:
企业社会责任对制造业企业的新产品开发绩效具有显著正向影响(H3)。
新时代制造业创业企业从0到1的新产品开发过程不仅是商业上的从0到1, 更要在其中融入产品可持续发展的理念。王兆群等一指出, 由于新产品合法性与新产品的商业价值同等重要, 创业拼凑不一定带来满意的结果。因此, 本文认为, 在模糊前端创业拼凑活动进行的过程中, 通过加入企业社会责任的措施的要求, 必定能更好地增加新产品的合法性, 进而推进新产品开发更能适应市场的需求。从资源基础观的视角来看,模糊前端创业拼凑活动能够有效地吸收来自各个企业利益相关者的社会责任诉求,并融合自身的社会资本, 通过构建互利互惠的企业社会责任网络, 来增强与消费者和其他市场主体的交流和互信, 以达到构筑更强的可持续性新产品开发过程。因此, 在新产品开发活动的前期就嵌入企业社会责任的相关措施不仅能够最大程度地抵消在后期产品商业化过程中由不确定性带来的不可预估的后果。而且, 由于模糊前端创业拼凑活动是为后期商业化奠定概念基础的过程, 在此阶段推行企业社会责任措施也会更加节省成本和时间 [ 33 , 45 ] 。相对应的,本文认为在制造业创业企业模糊前端创业拼凑活动中嵌入企业社会责任的实施措施就不再只是一种选择,更是一种义务。
在科技向善、碳中和及共同富裕等国家政策的引导下,制造业创业企业参与企业社会责任建设就显得更为紧迫。制造业创业企业对于企业社会责任活动的积极参与能够统一企业内部和外部各个利益相关者的价值观,进而对于新产品开发过程增加一个可持续的维度,进而从新产品初始模糊前端规划上确保新产品的开发最终效果。已有研究表明,企业对于企业社会责任建设措施的投资能够加深与各利益相关者的关系,进而增强新产品开发的产品创新和过程创新 [ 46 - 47 ] 。通过企业社会责任相关活动和措施的改进,模糊前端新产品机会识别活动和模糊前端新产品概念生成活动能够更充分的考虑市场需求, 从而开发出更具有市场认知合法性的产品 [ 44 ] ,进而推进构建一个可持续发展的新产品开发过程。
因此, 本文提出以下假设:
企业社会责任在模糊前端新产品机会识别活动与新产品开发绩效的关系中具有中介作用(H4a);
企业社会责任在模糊前端新产品概念生成活动与新产品开发绩效的关系中具有中介作用(H4b)。
综上所述, 基于理论推导, 本文构建假设模型, 如 图1 所示。
本文针对模糊前端创业拼凑活动、企业社会责任和新产品开发绩效,向陕西、河南、四川、山东和重庆的高新产业园区和孵化器内的制造业创业企业的模糊前端团队负责人发放了问卷进行调研,调研时间为2022年4-6月。本文将模糊前端团队负责人定义为从模糊前端阶段开始到新产品的商业化阶段的新产品开发过程中的最高负责人。为了保证回收数据样本的可靠性、客观性和全面性, 首先发放了30份问卷来进行预调研, 随后在修改问卷内容和题项的基础上, 通过电子邮件形式, 发放了432份问卷, 回收问卷373份, 剔除无效问卷后得到357份有效问卷, 数据样本的描述性统计结果如 表1 所示。为了满足问卷调研结果真实可靠性, 同时与本文的理论推导和研究对象相符, 发放问卷的对象满足了以下条件: ①根据 Cockayne [ 48 ] 对于创业企业的定义, 仔细按照企业成立时间低于10年和企业组织架构相对扁平化的定义划分了作为调研对象的制造业创业企业,并通过电话和电子邮件的方式确认了企业的属性,最后向这类创业企业发放了问卷。②根据 Markham [ 2 ] 的研究,只针对建立了完善而正式的模糊前端创新阶段的企业进行问卷发放, 同样在发放问卷之前通过电话和电子邮件确认了被调研企业具有正式的模糊前端过程。
本文除了控制变量之外,其余变量的题项均采用了李克特五点量表进行问卷发放。“1”表示非常不同意,“5”表示非常同意。
(1)模糊前端创业拼凑活动。本文将模糊前端创业拼凑活动分为两个变量:模糊前端新产品机会识别和模糊前端新产品概念生成。在预调研过程中,经过对制造业创业企业模糊前端负责人的访谈,确认了模糊前端新产品机会识别活动的机会来源全部来自市场,主要分布于同行市场,政策制定机构和投资人。基于此,本文借鉴了胡海青等 [ 16 ] 、O’Brien [ 26 ] 及 Guo 等 [ 49 ] 开发的关于机会识别的量表,将模糊前端机会识别活动的度量分为三个维度, 分别对应模糊前端新产品机会识别对于市场创业资源的识别。针对模糊前端新产品概念生成活动的度量也设计了三个题项。模糊前端新产品概念生成的题项借鉴了 $\mathrm{{Li}}$ [ 50 ] 和Seboni [ 51 ] 等的研究,同时通过预调研期间对制造业企业模糊前端团队负责人的访谈,将模糊前端新产品概念生成的维度划分为品牌的新引力,产品概念的新颖性以及产品概念的消费者接受程度。
(2)企业社会责任。在企业社会责任的量表度量上,借鉴了国内外学者的研究 [ 52 - 53 ] ,用以更好地反映企业社会责任在价值观上的统一。同时,在企业社会责任量表的设计上,也在预调研中咨询了企业模糊前端负责人,根据中国企业的社会责任普遍规范最终将企业社会责任的题项分为了三个维度:环境责任、员工责任和慈善责任。
(3)新产品开发绩效。根据之前学者对于新产品开发绩效的所开发的量表和研究 [ 2 , 4 ] ,本文认为制造业创业企业对于新产品开发绩效的度量应该基于过去两年新产品的市场表现。因此, 本文确定了新产品的市场占有率和新产品的实际利润作为新产品开发绩效的两个题项。
(4)控制变量。本文采用企业规模和企业成立时间作为控制变量。
本文运用 SPSS 23.0软件对样本数据进行信效度分析。 表2 展示了样本数据的信效度结果。根据数据分析显示,所有变量的 Cronbach’s $\alpha$ 值都大于0.70,所有变量的临界比值(CR)都大于0.70,所有变量的平均提取方差值(AVE)也均大于0.5,展示了量表较好的信度。同时, Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin 值 $\left({KMO}\right)={0.897}$ ,大于0.7,而 Bartlett 球形度检验的近似卡方为6732.412,概率 $\left( P\right)={0.000}$ ,所有的题项都能根据理论预测落位到4个变量之上, 并且每个题项的因子载荷都显著且大于0.5 , 显示了量表具有良好的效度。最后, 运用了 Harman 单因子检测法检验了样本的共同方法偏差, 结果显示未旋转时第一个主成分荷载量为21.074%, 说明共同方法偏差在样本数据中并不存在问题。
因为结构方程模型被认为是检验有中介效应的理论模型的最合适的方法 [ 54 ] ,因此,在假设检验部分,本文通过构建结构方程模型的方法来验证所提出的假设。
首先,本文检验了数据样本的描述性统计与相关性分析,如 表3 所示。检验结果表明两两变量之间相关系数均未超过0.50 , 表明并不存在多重共线性问题。而后, 运用软件 Amos 23.0验证了样本数据的拟合优度, 如 表4 所示, 结果表明本文构建的模型具有良好的拟合优度。
运用软件 Amos 23.0来验证根据假设构建的结构方程模型, 如 图2 所示。结构方程模型分析结果显示模糊前端新产品机会识别对于新产品开发绩效有显著的正向影响 $\left({b ={0.314}, P <{0.01}}\right)$ ,因此假设 $\mathrm{H}1\mathrm{a}$ 成立。 与此同时,分析结果同样显示模糊前端新产品概念生成对于新产品开发绩效同样有正向显著的影响关系 $\left({b ={0.245}, P <{0.01}}\right)$ ,假设 $\mathrm{H}1\mathrm{\;b}$ 也得到了支持。而后分别检验了模糊前端创业拼凑活动与企业社会责任以及企业社会责任与新产品开发绩效之间的关系。分析结果显示,模糊前端新产品机会识别正向显著影响企业社会责任 $\left({b ={0.052}, P <{0.01}}\right)$ ,因此假设 $\mathrm{H}2\mathrm{a}$ 成立。同样的,模糊前端概念生成正向显著影响企业社会责任( $b ={0.541}, P <{0.001}$ ),证明假设 $\mathrm{H}2\mathrm{\;b}$ 成立。最后,分析了企业社会责任对于新产品开发绩效的影响关系, 分析结果显示企业社会责任同样正向显著影响新产品开发绩效 $\left({b ={0.723}, P <{0.001}}\right)$ ,为此假设 $\mathrm{H}3$ 也得到了验证。
接下来运用软件 Amos 23.0对企业社会责任的中介效应进行了检验,如 表5 所示。因为模糊前端创业拼凑活动包含两个变量(模糊前端新产品机会识别和模糊前端新产品概念生成),所以分别检验了企业社会责任对于模糊前端新产品机会识别和新产品开发绩效的中介效应以及对于模糊前端新产品概念生成和新产品开发绩效的中介效应。分析结果显示,由于在间接效应95% 的置信区间和直接效应95% 的置信区间上均不包含0,所以企业社会责任分别对于模糊前端新产品机会识别对于新产品开发绩效具有部分中介效应, 因此假设 $\mathrm{H}4\mathrm{a}$ 成立。而针对企业社会责任对于模糊前端新产品概念生成和新产品开发绩效的中介作用,分析结果显示,在间接效应95% 的置信区间上不包括0,但是在直接效应95% 的置信区间上包括0,因此,本文认为企业社会责任对于模糊前端新产品概念生成和新产品开发绩效之间的关系具有完全中介效应, 于是假设 $\mathrm{H}4\mathrm{\;b}$ 成立。
为了确保企业社会责任在本文的理论模型中只作为中介变量存在, 本文对企业社会责任对于模糊前端创业拼凑活动和新产品开发绩效的调节效应进行了检验( 表6 )。检验结果显示,企业社会责任无论对于模糊前端新产品机会识别和新产品开发绩效的关系,还是对于模糊前端新产品概念生成与新产品开发绩效的关系都不存在显著的调节作用。因此, 认为本文的理论模型是完备和有效的。
模糊前端创新在制造业相关研究领域内通常被认为过于模糊,难以进行深入研究。然而,本文基于资源基础观的视角,将创业拼凑理论嵌入模糊前端新产品创新,同时引入了企业社会责任的中介变量,探讨了模糊前端创业拼凑活动,企业社会责任和新产品开发绩效的影响关系。
首先,将资源基础观视角融入了模糊前端创新活动的理论分析,指出了模糊前端的新产品机会识别活动和概念生成活动是基于企业对于内部和外部资源的挖掘以及利用, 进而用于新产品的前期创新, 证明了模糊前端创新并非是不可捉摸的存在。通过理论推导和实证研究证明, 模糊前端机会识别活动和概念生成活动都是通过对于企业内部和外部不同资源的获取以及利用来进行新产品开发的最初创新的, 而模糊前端的创新成果将会对新产品开发的最终绩效产生决定性的正向影响。这一理论论证补充了新产品开发前期阶段的理论不足,丰富了制造业模糊前端创新活动对企业绩效影响的理论和实证的空白。
其次, 通过对于模糊前端创业拼凑活动的理论建设和推导, 创新性的将模糊前端新产品机会识别和模糊前端新产品概念生成归类为模糊前端创业拼凑活动。同时,在模糊前端创业拼凑活动的框架下,验证了模糊前端新产品机会识别和模糊前端新产品概念生成均正向显著影响新产品开发绩效;经过对于新时代制造业创业企业创新型可持续发展的理论推导,实证结果显示模糊前端新产品机会识别活动和模糊前端新产品概念生成活动也同时正向显著影响企业社会责任。这一结论的理论贡献在于将创业拼凑的概念前置,运用到制造业创业企业的模糊前段创新过程之中,在模糊前段创新的框架下创造性的探讨了模糊前端创业拼凑活动对于企业社会责任和制造业创业企业新产品开发绩效的正向影响关系。
最后,在“绿水青山就是金山银山”“共同富裕” 的指导思想的推动下,经过理论推导和问卷调研的分析, 本文实证结果显示企业社会责任对新产品开发绩效具有显著正向影响,证实了企业社会责任对于模糊前端创业拼凑活动和新产品开发绩效的关系具有中介作用。深入的将制造业创业企业的盈利和价值观创造融入了整个制造业创业企业的价值生态链,为企业的价值创造和利润创造之间的鸿沟建起了一座桥梁。这一研究结论显示企业对社会责任的承担不仅能提升利益相关者的满意度, 也能从长远意义上提升企业的总体绩效。
由于制造业生产的重点集中在工厂大规模量产,所以模糊前端创新在制造业领域的实践中通常不被重视。然而, 本文通过理论和实证分析, 证明了制造业创业企业的模糊前端创新对新产品的市场化具有重要意义。
首先,基于制造业创业企业的创业企业属性,创业企业的组织结构相对较小并相对扁平化,相较成熟企业,制造业创业企业的创新活力更足。然而,组织结构的相对轻盈也会导致创新资源不足的困窘,不免在新产品的开发上掣肘创新能力。因此, 在资源基础观的视角下, 一切有利用价值的资源都可以称为模糊前端阶段的进行凑合利用、即兴而为和知足决策的灵感源泉,进而提升制造业创业企业的新产品开发绩效。而又因为模糊前端创新阶段式制造业创业企业新产品开发最基础和最重要的阶段, 因此在此阶段内对于资源的搜寻和利用能从新产品开发过程的一开始就疏通整个新产品价值链, 为后续的新产品开发过程打下坚实的基础。
其次, 由于模糊前端的模糊性和不确定性, 通过对于创业拼凑理论的分析和运用, 将模糊前端新产品机会识别和模糊前端新产品概念生成归纳为模糊前端创业拼凑活动,指明了模糊前端新产品机会识别和模糊前端新产品概念生成是在凑合利用、即兴而为和知足决策三要素的架构下展开,拓展了创业拼凑理论的边界, 为模糊前端创新和创业拼凑理论搭建起了理论桥梁。对于制造业创业企业来说, 后疫情时代的创新发展机遇和外部环境的不确定性同时存在, 因此, 利用创业拼凑理论来进行模糊前端的新产品创新活动能够卓有成效的在资源缺乏的情况下利用有效资源, 同时节省创新成本, 以达到提升新产品创新效率的目标。
最后,本文将企业社会责任融入研究探索,探讨了企业社会责任扮演的中介作用。因为企业社会责任所肩负起的环境、员工以及慈善的作用,企业社会责任对于制造业创业企业的长期可持续发展具有关键实践意义。本文的研究成果揭示了制造业创业企业必须在新产品开发的过程中主动承担实施企业社会责任相关措施, 同时与利益相关者保持良好的信任与合作的关系, 才能在长期意义上保持企业的整体经济绩效。 通过对于企业社会责任的承担和实施, 模糊前端创业拼凑活动才能够更好地触达新产品开发的后期阶段, 提升新产品市场化的效率和成功率。
本文选取制造业创业企业作为研究对象,目的是为了探究制造业创业企业模糊前端创业拼凑活动,企业社会责任和新产品开发绩效之间的影响关系。然而, 模糊前端创新阶段不仅存在于制造业, 也同时存在于服务业创业企业。因此, 有关服务业创业企业模糊前端创新的研究值得进一步挖掘。另外, 由于学者们并未对模糊前端创新活动的分类达成一致, 模糊前端阶段还存在其他创新活动, 对于这些活动的研究也值得进一步深究。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目“创业孵化链支持下创业企业生态位提升机理、跃迁条件及路径研究”(72072144)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1002-980X.J23103106
  • 接收时间:2023-10-31
  • 首发时间:2025-07-24
  • 出版时间:2024-08-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-31
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国家自然科学基金面上项目“创业孵化链支持下创业企业生态位提升机理、跃迁条件及路径研究”(72072144)
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    西安理工大学 经济与管理学院 西安 710054
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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