Article(id=1149712413617992005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, issueId=1149712410799419683, articleNumber=1002-980X(2025)02-0130-14, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1002-980X.J24072410, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1721750400000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752042400030, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1740412800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752042400030, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752042400030, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752042400030, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149712410799419683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, year='2025', volume='44', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='164', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1752042399357, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758523722277, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1176897049510424840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, issueId=1149712410799419683, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1176897049510424841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, issueId=1149712410799419683, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=130, endPage=143, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149712413861261641, articleId=1149712413617992005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, language=EN, title=Govering Internal and External Simultaneously: The Governance Effect of Government Financial and Accounting Supervision on R&D Manipulation in Pharmaceutical Enterprises, columnId=1176895712160793356, journalTitle=Journal of Technology Economics, columnName=Original article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Based on the quasi-natural experiment of the Ministry of Finance's special inspection of the accounting information of pharmaceutical companies, the effect of government financial supervision on the research and development (R&D) manipulation of pharmaceutical companies was examined. It is found that government financial supervision can effectively curb the R&D manipulation of pharmaceutical companies. This governance effect mainly comes from two mechanisms of "internal and external improvement". First, as a supplementary mechanism of internal governance in pharmaceutical companies, it exerts a governance effect on R&D manipulation. It is found that when the internal control of pharmaceutical companies is weaker and the governance ability of independent directors is poorer, the governance effect of government financial supervision on R&D manipulation is more significant. Second, as a collaborative mechanism of external supervision, it exerts a collaborative governance effect on R&D manipulation. It is found that when external supervision such as media supervision or tax authority supervision is stronger, the governance effect of government financial supervision on R&D manipulation is more significant. Further research shows that the special financial supervision of pharmaceutical companies by the government also has an industry-wide warning effect. It is found that compared with other industries that have not been subject to financial supervision, the degree of R&D manipulation in the pharmaceutical industry that has been subject to government financial supervision is lower. Therefore, when conducting financial supervision, government financial departments should adopt targeted supervisory measures based on the internal governance status of companies and the strength of external supervision.
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基于财政部对医药企业会计信息专项检查这一准自然实验,检验政府财会监督对医药企业研发操纵的治理效果。研究发现,政府财会监督可以有效抑制医药企业研发操纵,这种治理效应主要来自“内外兼修”的两个作用机制:一是作为医药企业内部治理的补充机制,从而对医药企业的研发操纵产生治理效应,研究发现,在医药企业内部控制较弱、独立董事治理能力较差时,政府财会监督对医药企业研发操纵的治理效应更显著。二是,作为外部监督的协同机制,对医药企业的研发操纵产生协同治理效应,研究发现,当媒体监督或税收机关监督等外部监督越强时,政府财会监督对医药企业研发操纵的治理效应越显著。进一步研究表明,政府对医药企业的专项财会监督还具有行业警示效应,研究发现,与未接受财会监督的其他行业相比,接受政府财会监督的医药行业研发操纵程度更低。因此,政府财政部门在进行财会监督时,应根据企业内部治理的状况、外部监督的强弱,采取有针对性的监督措施。
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张兴亮(1976—),博士,南京审计大学会计学院教授,博士研究生导师,研究方向:会计信息与公司治理;
房明珠(2001—),南京审计大学会计学院硕士研究生,研究方向:公司治理与企业创新。
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张兴亮(1976—),博士,南京审计大学会计学院教授,博士研究生导师,研究方向:会计信息与公司治理;
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张兴亮(1976—),博士,南京审计大学会计学院教授,博士研究生导师,研究方向:会计信息与公司治理;
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房明珠(2001—),南京审计大学会计学院硕士研究生,研究方向:公司治理与企业创新。
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房明珠(2001—),南京审计大学会计学院硕士研究生,研究方向:公司治理与企业创新。
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| 变量名称 | 变量符号 | 变量说明 |
| 被解释变量 | 研发操纵 | Fabse | 计算公式如式(1)所示,该数值越大表明企业研发操纵现象越严重 |
| 解释变量 | 交乘项 | Treat×Post | 当该企业被财政部检查,且在检查年度及以后取1,否则取0 |
| 控制变量 | 企业资产负债率 | Lev | 总负债与总资产之比 |
| 现金持有 | Cash | 公司现金持有数占总资产的比例 |
| 盈利能力 | Roa | 公司净利润除以总资产 |
| 托宾Q | Q | 公司市值除以总资产 |
| 账面市值比 | BM | 账面价值除以市场价值 |
| 四大审计 | BIG4 | 当年由四大会计师事务所审计,取值为1,否则为0 |
| 股权制衡 | Balance | 第一大股东与第二到第五大股东的比例 |
| 管理层薪酬 | TMTPay | ln(管理层前三名薪酬) |
| 独立董事占比 | Indep | 独立董事人数除以管理层 |
| 第一大股东持股比例 | TOP1 | 公司第一大股东持股数占总股本比例 |
| 董事会规模 | Board | ln(董事会人数) |
| 两职合一 | Dual | 董事长与总经理为同一人则取1,反之取0 |
| 机构投资者持股比例 | INST | 机构投资者持股占总股本比例 |
), ArticleFig(id=1176895767164895266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1149712413617992005, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
变量符号与定义
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 变量名称 | 变量符号 | 变量说明 |
| 被解释变量 | 研发操纵 | Fabse | 计算公式如式(1)所示,该数值越大表明企业研发操纵现象越严重 |
| 解释变量 | 交乘项 | Treat×Post | 当该企业被财政部检查,且在检查年度及以后取1,否则取0 |
| 控制变量 | 企业资产负债率 | Lev | 总负债与总资产之比 |
| 现金持有 | Cash | 公司现金持有数占总资产的比例 |
| 盈利能力 | Roa | 公司净利润除以总资产 |
| 托宾Q | Q | 公司市值除以总资产 |
| 账面市值比 | BM | 账面价值除以市场价值 |
| 四大审计 | BIG4 | 当年由四大会计师事务所审计,取值为1,否则为0 |
| 股权制衡 | Balance | 第一大股东与第二到第五大股东的比例 |
| 管理层薪酬 | TMTPay | ln(管理层前三名薪酬) |
| 独立董事占比 | Indep | 独立董事人数除以管理层 |
| 第一大股东持股比例 | TOP1 | 公司第一大股东持股数占总股本比例 |
| 董事会规模 | Board | ln(董事会人数) |
| 两职合一 | Dual | 董事长与总经理为同一人则取1,反之取0 |
| 机构投资者持股比例 | INST | 机构投资者持股占总股本比例 |
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| 变量 | 样本量 | 均值 | 方差 | 最小值 | 最大值 |
| Fabse | 1002 | 2.957 | 3.228 | 0.001 | 22.050 |
| Treat | 1002 | 0.052 | 0.222 | 0 | 1 |
| Post | 1002 | 0.695 | 0.461 | 0 | 1 |
| Treat×Post | 1002 | 0.035 | 0.184 | 0 | 1 |
| Lev | 1002 | 0.242 | 0.135 | 0.036 | 0.646 |
| Cash | 1002 | 0.227 | 0.160 | 0.021 | 0.706 |
| Roa | 1002 | 0.072 | 0.088 | -0.220 | 0.423 |
| BM | 1002 | 0.498 | 0.194 | 0.085 | 0.878 |
| Q | 1002 | 2.561 | 1.746 | 1.139 | 11.720 |
| Balance | 1002 | 0.885 | 0.604 | 0.100 | 2.818 |
| Board | 1002 | 2.079 | 0.206 | 1.609 | 2.773 |
| Dual | 1002 | 0.538 | 0.499 | 0 | 1 |
| INST | 1002 | 42.650 | 24.480 | 0.004 | 97.040 |
| TMTPay1 | 1002 | 14.840 | 0.748 | 13.260 | 17 |
| Indep | 1002 | 37.030 | 4.655 | 28.570 | 50 |
| TOP1 | 1002 | 34.740 | 12.310 | 11.110 | 67.830 |
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主要变量描述性统计
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| 变量 | 样本量 | 均值 | 方差 | 最小值 | 最大值 |
| Fabse | 1002 | 2.957 | 3.228 | 0.001 | 22.050 |
| Treat | 1002 | 0.052 | 0.222 | 0 | 1 |
| Post | 1002 | 0.695 | 0.461 | 0 | 1 |
| Treat×Post | 1002 | 0.035 | 0.184 | 0 | 1 |
| Lev | 1002 | 0.242 | 0.135 | 0.036 | 0.646 |
| Cash | 1002 | 0.227 | 0.160 | 0.021 | 0.706 |
| Roa | 1002 | 0.072 | 0.088 | -0.220 | 0.423 |
| BM | 1002 | 0.498 | 0.194 | 0.085 | 0.878 |
| Q | 1002 | 2.561 | 1.746 | 1.139 | 11.720 |
| Balance | 1002 | 0.885 | 0.604 | 0.100 | 2.818 |
| Board | 1002 | 2.079 | 0.206 | 1.609 | 2.773 |
| Dual | 1002 | 0.538 | 0.499 | 0 | 1 |
| INST | 1002 | 42.650 | 24.480 | 0.004 | 97.040 |
| TMTPay1 | 1002 | 14.840 | 0.748 | 13.260 | 17 |
| Indep | 1002 | 37.030 | 4.655 | 28.570 | 50 |
| TOP1 | 1002 | 34.740 | 12.310 | 11.110 | 67.830 |
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| 变量 | 医药企业 | 非医药企业 | t检验 |
| Fabse | 2.957 | 1.222 | -13.196*** |
| 样本量 | 1002 | 32200 |
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医药与非医药企业研发费用对比
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| 变量 | 医药企业 | 非医药企业 | t检验 |
| Fabse | 2.957 | 1.222 | -13.196*** |
| 样本量 | 1002 | 32200 |
), ArticleFig(id=1176895767554965543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1149712413617992005, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 变量 | (1)Treat´Post=0 | (2)Treat´Post=1 | t检验 | Wilcoxon 秩和检验 |
| 中位数 | 均值 | 中位数 | 均值 |
| Fabse | 2.099 | 2.997 | 1.499 | 1.620 | 2.491** | 3.398*** |
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单变量分析
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| 变量 | (1)Treat´Post=0 | (2)Treat´Post=1 | t检验 | Wilcoxon 秩和检验 |
| 中位数 | 均值 | 中位数 | 均值 |
| Fabse | 2.099 | 2.997 | 1.499 | 1.620 | 2.491** | 3.398*** |
), ArticleFig(id=1176895767718543401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1149712413617992005, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 变量 | 双向固定效应 | 高维固定效应 |
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
| Fabse |
| Treat×Post | -2.946***(0.782) | -2.833***(0.791) | -2.946***(0.782) | -2.833***(0.792) |
| Lev | | -1.266(1.257) | | -1.262(1.265) |
| Cash | | 0.639(0.930) | | 0.638(0.931) |
| Roa | | -0.911(2.017) | | -0.914(2.019) |
| BM | | 2.482**(1.213) | | 2.477**(1.223) |
| Q | | -0.048(0.121) | | -0.048(0.121) |
| Balance | | 1.310(0.800) | | 1.310(0.800) |
| Board | | -0.163(1.539) | | -0.163(1.539) |
| Dual | | 0.473(0.336) | | 0.473(0.336) |
| INST | | 0.016(0.015) | | 0.016(0.015) |
| TMTPay1 | | 0.634*(0.343) | | 0.634*(0.343) |
| Indep | | 0.032(0.045) | | 0.032(0.045) |
| TOP1 | | 0.010(0.045) | | 0.010(0.045) |
| 常数项 | 5.184***(1.473) | -9.347(7.250) | 3.003***(0.083) | -10.547(7.015) |
| 年份/企业 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 |
| 样本量 | 1002 | 1002 | 985 | 985 |
| R2 | 0.096 | 0.124 | 0.481 | 0.497 |
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基准回归结果
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| 变量 | 双向固定效应 | 高维固定效应 |
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
| Fabse |
| Treat×Post | -2.946***(0.782) | -2.833***(0.791) | -2.946***(0.782) | -2.833***(0.792) |
| Lev | | -1.266(1.257) | | -1.262(1.265) |
| Cash | | 0.639(0.930) | | 0.638(0.931) |
| Roa | | -0.911(2.017) | | -0.914(2.019) |
| BM | | 2.482**(1.213) | | 2.477**(1.223) |
| Q | | -0.048(0.121) | | -0.048(0.121) |
| Balance | | 1.310(0.800) | | 1.310(0.800) |
| Board | | -0.163(1.539) | | -0.163(1.539) |
| Dual | | 0.473(0.336) | | 0.473(0.336) |
| INST | | 0.016(0.015) | | 0.016(0.015) |
| TMTPay1 | | 0.634*(0.343) | | 0.634*(0.343) |
| Indep | | 0.032(0.045) | | 0.032(0.045) |
| TOP1 | | 0.010(0.045) | | 0.010(0.045) |
| 常数项 | 5.184***(1.473) | -9.347(7.250) | 3.003***(0.083) | -10.547(7.015) |
| 年份/企业 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 |
| 样本量 | 1002 | 1002 | 985 | 985 |
| R2 | 0.096 | 0.124 | 0.481 | 0.497 |
), ArticleFig(id=1176895767911481387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1149712413617992005, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 变量 | Fabse |
| Treat×Post-3 | -0.595(0.797) |
| Treat×Post-2 | -0.517(0.619) |
| Treat×Post-1 | -0.439(0.564) |
| Treat×Post0 | -1.600***(0.617) |
| Treat×Post+1 | -1.211*(0.647) |
| Treat×Post+2 | -1.864***(0.677) |
| Treat×Post+3 | -2.297***(0.731) |
| Lev | -1.667(1.272) |
| Cash | 1.112(0.961) |
| Roa | -0.616(2.062) |
| BM | 3.299***(1.276) |
| Q | 0.028(0.124) |
| Balance | 1.505*(0.833) |
| Board | 0.539(1.561) |
| Dual | 0.385(0.343) |
| INST | 0.009(0.015) |
| TMTPay1 | 0.751**(0.345) |
| Indep | 0.050(0.046) |
| TOP1 | 0.032(0.046) |
| 常数项 | -14.256**(7.161) |
| 年份/企业 | 控制 |
| 样本量 | 1002 |
| R2 | 0.535 |
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平行趋势检验
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| 变量 | Fabse |
| Treat×Post-3 | -0.595(0.797) |
| Treat×Post-2 | -0.517(0.619) |
| Treat×Post-1 | -0.439(0.564) |
| Treat×Post0 | -1.600***(0.617) |
| Treat×Post+1 | -1.211*(0.647) |
| Treat×Post+2 | -1.864***(0.677) |
| Treat×Post+3 | -2.297***(0.731) |
| Lev | -1.667(1.272) |
| Cash | 1.112(0.961) |
| Roa | -0.616(2.062) |
| BM | 3.299***(1.276) |
| Q | 0.028(0.124) |
| Balance | 1.505*(0.833) |
| Board | 0.539(1.561) |
| Dual | 0.385(0.343) |
| INST | 0.009(0.015) |
| TMTPay1 | 0.751**(0.345) |
| Indep | 0.050(0.046) |
| TOP1 | 0.032(0.046) |
| 常数项 | -14.256**(7.161) |
| 年份/企业 | 控制 |
| 样本量 | 1002 |
| R2 | 0.535 |
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| 匹配变量 | 均值 | 处理组 | 对照组 | T检验 |
| 核匹配 | 卡尺匹配 | 核匹配 | 卡尺匹配 | 核匹配 | 卡尺匹配 |
| Lev | 匹配前 | 0.241 | 0.242 | -0.090 |
| 匹配后 | 0.231 | 0.233 | 0.26049 | 0.247 | -1.05 | -0.51 |
| Cash | 匹配前 | 0.14281 | 0.2317 | -3.940*** |
| 匹配后 | 0.177 | 0.173 | 0.197 | 0.201 | -0.650 | -0.880 |
| Roa | 匹配前 | 0.094 | 0.071 | 1.88* |
| 匹配后 | 0.079 | 0.080 | 0.094 | 0.090 | -0.620 | -0.530 |
| BM | 匹配前 | 0.503 | 0.450 | 0.170 |
| 匹配后 | 0.515 | 0.510 | 0.508 | 0.519 | 0.100 | -0.150 |
| Q | 匹配前 | 2.727 | 2.552 | 0.710 |
| 匹配后 | 2.407 | 2.563 | 2.655 | 2.451 | -0.550 | 0.260 |
| Balance | 匹配前 | 0.475 | 0.908 | -5.080*** |
| 匹配后 | 0.603 | 0.586 | 0.540 | 0.480 | 0.720 | 1.280 |
| Board | 匹配前 | 2.165 | 2.075 | 3.100*** |
| 匹配后 | 2.023 | 2.054 | 1.970 | 2.020 | 1.240 | 0.700 |
| Dual | 匹配前 | 0.500 | 0.540 | -0.560 |
| 匹配后 | 0.770 | 0.714 | 0.737 | 0.714 | 0.270 | 0.870 |
| INST | 匹配前 | 67.403 | 41.295 | 7.700*** |
| 匹配后 | 58.354 | 59.881 | 59.014 | 57.719 | -0.100 | 0.340 |
| TMTPay1 | 匹配前 | 14.845 | 14.841 | 0.030 |
| 匹配后 | 14.684 | 14.750 | 14.797 | 14.724 | -0.780 | 0.160 |
| Indep | 匹配前 | 37.499 | 37.006 | 0.74 |
| 匹配后 | 39.928 | 39.456 | 41.006 | 40.412 | -0.940 | -0.810 |
| TOP1 | 匹配前 | 51.309 | 33.829 | 10.500*** |
| 匹配后 | 47.342 | 47.451 | 48.106 | 49.204 | -0.25 | -0.60 |
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PSM有效性检验
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| 匹配变量 | 均值 | 处理组 | 对照组 | T检验 |
| 核匹配 | 卡尺匹配 | 核匹配 | 卡尺匹配 | 核匹配 | 卡尺匹配 |
| Lev | 匹配前 | 0.241 | 0.242 | -0.090 |
| 匹配后 | 0.231 | 0.233 | 0.26049 | 0.247 | -1.05 | -0.51 |
| Cash | 匹配前 | 0.14281 | 0.2317 | -3.940*** |
| 匹配后 | 0.177 | 0.173 | 0.197 | 0.201 | -0.650 | -0.880 |
| Roa | 匹配前 | 0.094 | 0.071 | 1.88* |
| 匹配后 | 0.079 | 0.080 | 0.094 | 0.090 | -0.620 | -0.530 |
| BM | 匹配前 | 0.503 | 0.450 | 0.170 |
| 匹配后 | 0.515 | 0.510 | 0.508 | 0.519 | 0.100 | -0.150 |
| Q | 匹配前 | 2.727 | 2.552 | 0.710 |
| 匹配后 | 2.407 | 2.563 | 2.655 | 2.451 | -0.550 | 0.260 |
| Balance | 匹配前 | 0.475 | 0.908 | -5.080*** |
| 匹配后 | 0.603 | 0.586 | 0.540 | 0.480 | 0.720 | 1.280 |
| Board | 匹配前 | 2.165 | 2.075 | 3.100*** |
| 匹配后 | 2.023 | 2.054 | 1.970 | 2.020 | 1.240 | 0.700 |
| Dual | 匹配前 | 0.500 | 0.540 | -0.560 |
| 匹配后 | 0.770 | 0.714 | 0.737 | 0.714 | 0.270 | 0.870 |
| INST | 匹配前 | 67.403 | 41.295 | 7.700*** |
| 匹配后 | 58.354 | 59.881 | 59.014 | 57.719 | -0.100 | 0.340 |
| TMTPay1 | 匹配前 | 14.845 | 14.841 | 0.030 |
| 匹配后 | 14.684 | 14.750 | 14.797 | 14.724 | -0.780 | 0.160 |
| Indep | 匹配前 | 37.499 | 37.006 | 0.74 |
| 匹配后 | 39.928 | 39.456 | 41.006 | 40.412 | -0.940 | -0.810 |
| TOP1 | 匹配前 | 51.309 | 33.829 | 10.500*** |
| 匹配后 | 47.342 | 47.451 | 48.106 | 49.204 | -0.25 | -0.60 |
), ArticleFig(id=1176895768263802927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1149712413617992005, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 变量 | 核匹配 | 卡尺近邻匹配 | 变量 | 核匹配 | 卡尺近邻匹配 |
| Treat×Post | -4.722*** (1.426) | -4.333*** (1.331) | INST | 0.089** (0.035) | 0.045** (0.022) |
| Lev | -1.848 (3.247) | -0.864 (1.897) | TMTPay1 | 1.887** (0.813) | 0.371 (0.498) |
| Cash | -4.915 (3.190) | -1.981 (1.741) | Indep | 0.203 (0.137) | 0.081 (0.069) |
| Roa | 7.423 (4.939) | 0.770 (2.769) | TOP1 | 0.190 (0.130) | 0.015 (0.084) |
| BM | 1.797 (2.437) | 2.420 (1.618) | 常数项 | -53.820** (22.099) | -7.075 (11.504) |
| Q | -0.013 (0.259) | -0.170 (0.160) | 年份/企业 | 控制 | 控制 |
| Balance | 6.006*** (2.209) | 2.806** (1.252) | 样本量 | 309 | 548 |
| Board | 2.118 (5.507) | -1.330 (2.700) | R2 | 0.290 | 0.178 |
| Dual | 1.574** (0.720) | 0.864 (0.548) | | | |
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采用 PSM-DID方法的检验结果
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| 变量 | 核匹配 | 卡尺近邻匹配 | 变量 | 核匹配 | 卡尺近邻匹配 |
| Treat×Post | -4.722*** (1.426) | -4.333*** (1.331) | INST | 0.089** (0.035) | 0.045** (0.022) |
| Lev | -1.848 (3.247) | -0.864 (1.897) | TMTPay1 | 1.887** (0.813) | 0.371 (0.498) |
| Cash | -4.915 (3.190) | -1.981 (1.741) | Indep | 0.203 (0.137) | 0.081 (0.069) |
| Roa | 7.423 (4.939) | 0.770 (2.769) | TOP1 | 0.190 (0.130) | 0.015 (0.084) |
| BM | 1.797 (2.437) | 2.420 (1.618) | 常数项 | -53.820** (22.099) | -7.075 (11.504) |
| Q | -0.013 (0.259) | -0.170 (0.160) | 年份/企业 | 控制 | 控制 |
| Balance | 6.006*** (2.209) | 2.806** (1.252) | 样本量 | 309 | 548 |
| Board | 2.118 (5.507) | -1.330 (2.700) | R2 | 0.290 | 0.178 |
| Dual | 1.574** (0.720) | 0.864 (0.548) | | | |
), ArticleFig(id=1176895768439963697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1149712413617992005, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 变量 | (1) | (2) | (3) | 变量 | (1) | (2) | (3) |
| 执法力度 | 反向因果 | 重新衡量 因变量 | 执法力度 | 反向因果 | 重新衡量 因变量 |
| Treat×Post×Power | -9.558*** (1.754) | | | Dual | 0.412 (0.332) | -0.698** (0.301) | 0.001 (0.001) |
| Treat×Post | | -1.554** (0.770) | -0.006* (0.003) | INST | 0.017 (0.015) | 0.022* (0.013) | -0.000 (0.000) |
| Lev | -1.229 (1.244) | -3.971*** (1.170) | 0.003 (0.005) | TMTPay1 | 0.485 (0.341) | 0.065 (0.324) | 0.002 (0.002) |
| Cash | 0.473 (0.919) | 0.232 (0.961) | -0.004 (0.004) | Indep | 0.036 (0.045) | -0.011 (0.041) | 0.000 (0.000) |
| Roa | -0.662 (1.994) | -2.624 (1.916) | 0.050*** (0.009) | TOP1 | 0.023 (0.044) | 0.010 (0.041) | -0.000 (0.000) |
| BM | 2.357* (1.201) | -0.020 (1.183) | 0.001 (0.005) | 常数项 | -7.720 (7.185) | 11.813* (6.733) | -0.048 (0.031) |
| Q | -0.086 (0.119) | -0.087 (0.107) | -0.000 (0.000) | 年份/企业 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 |
| Balance | 1.465* (0.792) | 1.779** (0.726) | 0.002 (0.003) | 样本量 | 1002 | 545 | 772 |
| Board | -0.251 (1.523) | -4.213*** (1.484) | 0.011* (0.007) | R2 | 0.141 | 0.227 | 0.104 |
), ArticleFig(id=1176895768523849778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1149712413617992005, language=CN, label=表9, caption=
执法力度、反向因果与替换因变量衡量方式
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| 变量 | (1) | (2) | (3) | 变量 | (1) | (2) | (3) |
| 执法力度 | 反向因果 | 重新衡量 因变量 | 执法力度 | 反向因果 | 重新衡量 因变量 |
| Treat×Post×Power | -9.558*** (1.754) | | | Dual | 0.412 (0.332) | -0.698** (0.301) | 0.001 (0.001) |
| Treat×Post | | -1.554** (0.770) | -0.006* (0.003) | INST | 0.017 (0.015) | 0.022* (0.013) | -0.000 (0.000) |
| Lev | -1.229 (1.244) | -3.971*** (1.170) | 0.003 (0.005) | TMTPay1 | 0.485 (0.341) | 0.065 (0.324) | 0.002 (0.002) |
| Cash | 0.473 (0.919) | 0.232 (0.961) | -0.004 (0.004) | Indep | 0.036 (0.045) | -0.011 (0.041) | 0.000 (0.000) |
| Roa | -0.662 (1.994) | -2.624 (1.916) | 0.050*** (0.009) | TOP1 | 0.023 (0.044) | 0.010 (0.041) | -0.000 (0.000) |
| BM | 2.357* (1.201) | -0.020 (1.183) | 0.001 (0.005) | 常数项 | -7.720 (7.185) | 11.813* (6.733) | -0.048 (0.031) |
| Q | -0.086 (0.119) | -0.087 (0.107) | -0.000 (0.000) | 年份/企业 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 |
| Balance | 1.465* (0.792) | 1.779** (0.726) | 0.002 (0.003) | 样本量 | 1002 | 545 | 772 |
| Board | -0.251 (1.523) | -4.213*** (1.484) | 0.011* (0.007) | R2 | 0.141 | 0.227 | 0.104 |
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| 变量 | 内部控制质量 | 独立董事治理作用 | 变量 | 内部控制质量 | 独立董事治理作用 |
| (1)质量差 | (2)质量好 | (3)作用小 | (4)作用大 | (1)质量差 | (2)质量好 | (3)作用小 | (4)作用大 |
| Treat×Post | -5.897*** (1.025) | 0.487 (2.294) | -7.988*** (1.367) | 0.630 (2.331) | INST | 0.480 (0.361) | -0.284 (1.526) | 0.219 (0.462) | 0.990 (0.613) |
| Lev | -2.484* (1.343) | 2.607 (6.431) | -2.249 (1.729) | 0.336 (2.075) | TMTPay | 0.022 (0.048) | 0.053 (0.234) | 0.059 (0.063) | 0.032 (0.080) |
| Cash | 0.885 (0.970) | -2.796 (4.719) | -2.202* (1.233) | 2.454 (1.605) | Indep | 0.044 (0.049) | 0.082 (0.189) | 0.091 (0.059) | -0.100 (0.083) |
| Roa | -1.309 (2.064) | 0.810 (11.667) | 1.366 (2.374) | -0.817 (3.822) | TOP1 | -6.750 (7.790) | 2.329 (28.320) | -11.500 (10.459) | -11.031 (12.310) |
| BM | 3.623*** (1.400) | 5.592 (4.823) | 2.263 (1.644) | 3.830* (2.139) | 常数项 | -5.897*** (1.025) | 0.487 (2.294) | -7.988*** (1.367) | 0.630 (2.331) |
| Q | 0.131 (0.166) | 0.106 (0.250) | -0.107 (0.166) | -0.121 (0.248) | 年份/企业 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 |
| Balance | -0.886 (1.717) | -3.076 (5.278) | 1.795 (2.257) | -1.512 (2.603) | 样本量 | 878 | 124 | 522 | 480 |
| Board | 0.369 (0.356) | -0.014 (1.949) | 0.453 (0.453) | 0.827 (0.608) | R2 | 0.169 | 0.116 | 0.204 | 0.143 |
| Dual | -0.002 (0.016) | 0.082 (0.095) | 0.007 (0.022) | 0.053** (0.026) | | | | | |
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作为内部治理的补充机制检验结果
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| 变量 | 内部控制质量 | 独立董事治理作用 | 变量 | 内部控制质量 | 独立董事治理作用 |
| (1)质量差 | (2)质量好 | (3)作用小 | (4)作用大 | (1)质量差 | (2)质量好 | (3)作用小 | (4)作用大 |
| Treat×Post | -5.897*** (1.025) | 0.487 (2.294) | -7.988*** (1.367) | 0.630 (2.331) | INST | 0.480 (0.361) | -0.284 (1.526) | 0.219 (0.462) | 0.990 (0.613) |
| Lev | -2.484* (1.343) | 2.607 (6.431) | -2.249 (1.729) | 0.336 (2.075) | TMTPay | 0.022 (0.048) | 0.053 (0.234) | 0.059 (0.063) | 0.032 (0.080) |
| Cash | 0.885 (0.970) | -2.796 (4.719) | -2.202* (1.233) | 2.454 (1.605) | Indep | 0.044 (0.049) | 0.082 (0.189) | 0.091 (0.059) | -0.100 (0.083) |
| Roa | -1.309 (2.064) | 0.810 (11.667) | 1.366 (2.374) | -0.817 (3.822) | TOP1 | -6.750 (7.790) | 2.329 (28.320) | -11.500 (10.459) | -11.031 (12.310) |
| BM | 3.623*** (1.400) | 5.592 (4.823) | 2.263 (1.644) | 3.830* (2.139) | 常数项 | -5.897*** (1.025) | 0.487 (2.294) | -7.988*** (1.367) | 0.630 (2.331) |
| Q | 0.131 (0.166) | 0.106 (0.250) | -0.107 (0.166) | -0.121 (0.248) | 年份/企业 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 |
| Balance | -0.886 (1.717) | -3.076 (5.278) | 1.795 (2.257) | -1.512 (2.603) | 样本量 | 878 | 124 | 522 | 480 |
| Board | 0.369 (0.356) | -0.014 (1.949) | 0.453 (0.453) | 0.827 (0.608) | R2 | 0.169 | 0.116 | 0.204 | 0.143 |
| Dual | -0.002 (0.016) | 0.082 (0.095) | 0.007 (0.022) | 0.053** (0.026) | | | | | |
), ArticleFig(id=1176895768758730805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1149712413617992005, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 变量 | 媒体监督 | 税务机关监督 | 变量 | 媒体监督 | 税务机关监督 |
| (1)监督强 | (2)监督弱 | (3)监督强 | (4)监督弱 | (1)监督强 | (2)监督弱 | (3)监督强 | (4)监督弱 |
| Treat×Post | -4.617*** (1.811) | 0.025 (0.767) | -4.303*** (1.248) | 2.788 (2.114) | INST | 0.050 (0.033) | -0.002 (0.013) | -0.177 (0.975) | 0.804* (0.456) |
| Lev | 0.610 (2.408) | 0.178 (1.258) | 3.662 (3.270) | -1.064 (1.588) | TMTPay | 1.421** (0.626) | -0.658* (0.352) | 0.180 (0.115) | 0.036 (0.054) |
| Cash | 2.099 (1.915) | 0.789 (0.928) | -1.720 (1.984) | 2.216 (1.456) | Indep | 0.018 (0.093) | 0.053 (0.042) | -0.008 (0.098) | -0.039 (0.067) |
| Roa | -1.688 (3.760) | -0.559 (2.496) | 1.724 (8.404) | -0.514 (4.736) | TOP1 | -0.010 (0.086) | 0.041 (0.041) | -14.805 (18.727) | -4.483 (8.649) |
| BM | 2.778 (2.396) | 2.220* (1.172) | 3.352 (2.730) | 2.678* (1.547) | 常数项 | -26.709* (13.813) | 8.988 (7.124) | -4.303*** (1.248) | 2.788 (2.114) |
| Q | -0.110 (0.230) | 0.023 (0.117) | -0.075 (0.213) | 0.008 (0.166) | 年份/企业 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 |
| Balance | 1.552 (1.680) | 1.413** (0.667) | 4.529 (3.683) | -1.458 (1.898) | 样本量 | 486 | 471 | 332 | 329 |
| Board | 1.581 (2.669) | -0.352 (1.857) | 1.315 (0.995) | 0.084 (0.429) | R2 | 0.135 | 0.237 | 0.166 | 0.262 |
| Dual | 0.935 (0.635) | -0.276 (0.314) | 0.018 (0.040) | -0.018 (0.022) | | | | | |
), ArticleFig(id=1176895768851005494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1149712413617992005, language=CN, label=表11, caption=
作为外部监督协同机制的检验
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| 变量 | 媒体监督 | 税务机关监督 | 变量 | 媒体监督 | 税务机关监督 |
| (1)监督强 | (2)监督弱 | (3)监督强 | (4)监督弱 | (1)监督强 | (2)监督弱 | (3)监督强 | (4)监督弱 |
| Treat×Post | -4.617*** (1.811) | 0.025 (0.767) | -4.303*** (1.248) | 2.788 (2.114) | INST | 0.050 (0.033) | -0.002 (0.013) | -0.177 (0.975) | 0.804* (0.456) |
| Lev | 0.610 (2.408) | 0.178 (1.258) | 3.662 (3.270) | -1.064 (1.588) | TMTPay | 1.421** (0.626) | -0.658* (0.352) | 0.180 (0.115) | 0.036 (0.054) |
| Cash | 2.099 (1.915) | 0.789 (0.928) | -1.720 (1.984) | 2.216 (1.456) | Indep | 0.018 (0.093) | 0.053 (0.042) | -0.008 (0.098) | -0.039 (0.067) |
| Roa | -1.688 (3.760) | -0.559 (2.496) | 1.724 (8.404) | -0.514 (4.736) | TOP1 | -0.010 (0.086) | 0.041 (0.041) | -14.805 (18.727) | -4.483 (8.649) |
| BM | 2.778 (2.396) | 2.220* (1.172) | 3.352 (2.730) | 2.678* (1.547) | 常数项 | -26.709* (13.813) | 8.988 (7.124) | -4.303*** (1.248) | 2.788 (2.114) |
| Q | -0.110 (0.230) | 0.023 (0.117) | -0.075 (0.213) | 0.008 (0.166) | 年份/企业 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 |
| Balance | 1.552 (1.680) | 1.413** (0.667) | 4.529 (3.683) | -1.458 (1.898) | 样本量 | 486 | 471 | 332 | 329 |
| Board | 1.581 (2.669) | -0.352 (1.857) | 1.315 (0.995) | 0.084 (0.429) | R2 | 0.135 | 0.237 | 0.166 | 0.262 |
| Dual | 0.935 (0.635) | -0.276 (0.314) | 0.018 (0.040) | -0.018 (0.022) | | | | | |
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| 变量 | (1)Fabse | (2)Fabse |
| Medical×Post | -0.258***(0.097) | -0.197**(0.098) |
| Lev | | 0.291***(0.070) |
| Cash | | 0.682***(0.074) |
| Roa | | 1.064***(0.128) |
| BM | | 0.347***(0.070) |
| Q | | 0.012(0.011) |
| Balance | | 0.090***(0.030) |
| Board | | 0.179**(0.075) |
| Dual | | 0.029(0.022) |
| INST | | 0.004***(0.001) |
| TMTPay1 | | -0.017(0.020) |
| Indep | | 0.000(0.002) |
| TOP1 | | -0.001(0.002) |
| 常数项 | 2.677***(0.036) | 1.683***(0.359) |
| 年份/企业 | 控制 | 控制 |
| 样本量 | 32195 | 31693 |
| R2 | 0.114 | 0.125 |
), ArticleFig(id=1176895769014583352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1149712413617992005, language=CN, label=表12, caption=
行业警戒效应
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| 变量 | (1)Fabse | (2)Fabse |
| Medical×Post | -0.258***(0.097) | -0.197**(0.098) |
| Lev | | 0.291***(0.070) |
| Cash | | 0.682***(0.074) |
| Roa | | 1.064***(0.128) |
| BM | | 0.347***(0.070) |
| Q | | 0.012(0.011) |
| Balance | | 0.090***(0.030) |
| Board | | 0.179**(0.075) |
| Dual | | 0.029(0.022) |
| INST | | 0.004***(0.001) |
| TMTPay1 | | -0.017(0.020) |
| Indep | | 0.000(0.002) |
| TOP1 | | -0.001(0.002) |
| 常数项 | 2.677***(0.036) | 1.683***(0.359) |
| 年份/企业 | 控制 | 控制 |
| 样本量 | 32195 | 31693 |
| R2 | 0.114 | 0.125 |
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