Article(id=1148001305081147987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, issueId=1147991611725836402, articleNumber=1002-980X(2025)05-0094-14, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1002-980X.j24041904, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1713456000000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751634439964, onlineDateStr=2025-07-04, pubDate=1748102400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751634439964, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751634439964, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751634439964, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1147991611725836402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, year='2025', volume='44', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='136', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751632128877, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758090412483, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1175079616504021893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, issueId=1147991611725836402, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1175079616504021894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, issueId=1147991611725836402, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=94, endPage=107, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1148001305303446108, articleId=1148001305081147987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, language=EN, title=Review and Prospect of Research on Employee Change Support Behavior Based on Integrated Framework, columnId=1149284495481717407, journalTitle=Journal of Technology Economics, columnName=Technology Economics Management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A bibliometric research method was employed to systematically analyze the research literature on employee change support behavior published between 1994 and 2024. First, the research development trends and the evolution of research hotspots in this field were described, and the main research progress was evaluated. Second, an integrated framework for research on employee change support behavior was constructed, with a focus on "research theoretical perspectives, connotation measurement, influencing factors, processes, and impact effects. "Relevant studies on employee change support behavior were summarized and analyzed, and key characteristics of employee change support behavior were extracted, further clarifying the conceptual connotation of employee change support behavior. Finally, four directions for future research were identified. In-depth exploration of the multidimensional definition and scale development of employee change support behavior was suggested. Further investigation into the formation mechanisms and boundary conditions of change support behavior was proposed, with an expansion of research on team-level change support behavior and a deepening of research on the consequences of employee change support behavior. The comprehensive use of advanced methods such as secondary data analysis, behavioral experiments, and simulation modeling was recommended, along with an extension of the time span of research data. The deepening of local research was emphasized, with greater attention paid to incorporating Chinese contextual elements to reveal the formation mechanisms and impact outcomes of employee change support behavior. It is considered beneficial for further advancing subsequent studies on employee change support behavior and providing guidance for future research paths.

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本文采用文献计量研究方法,对1994—2024年发表的关于员工变革支持行为的研究文献进行了系统性分析。首先,描述了该领域的研究发展态势、研究热点演进,评价了主要研究进展。其次,构建了一个以“研究理论视角、内涵测度、影响因素、作用过程和影响效应”为核心的员工变革支持行为研究整合框架。对员工变革支持行为的相关研究进行概括和分析,进一步提取了有关员工变革支持行为的关键特征,进一步明晰员工变革支持行为的概念内涵。最后,指出未来研究应关注的4个方向:针对员工变革支持行为的多维度定义和量表开发做深入挖掘;进一步探讨变革支持行为形成机理和边界条件,拓宽团队层次的变革支持行为研究,深化员工变革支持行为的后果研究;综合运用二手数据分析、行为实验与仿真模拟等前沿方法,增加研究数据时间跨度;深化本土研究,更加注重结合中国情境要素来揭示员工变革支持行为的形成机理及作用后果。研究结论有助于进一步深化员工变革支持行为的后续研究,并为其提供路径指引。

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张颂(1991—),电子科技大学经济与管理学院博士研究生,研究方向:组织变革、人力资源管理;

陈璐(1971—),电子科技大学经济与管理学院教授,博士研究生导师,组织与人力资源研究所所长,研究方向:领导理论、高层管理团队、组织创新和组织变革等。

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张颂(1991—),电子科技大学经济与管理学院博士研究生,研究方向:组织变革、人力资源管理;

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张颂(1991—),电子科技大学经济与管理学院博士研究生,研究方向:组织变革、人力资源管理;

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陈璐(1971—),电子科技大学经济与管理学院教授,博士研究生导师,组织与人力资源研究所所长,研究方向:领导理论、高层管理团队、组织创新和组织变革等。

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陈璐(1971—),电子科技大学经济与管理学院教授,博士研究生导师,组织与人力资源研究所所长,研究方向:领导理论、高层管理团队、组织创新和组织变革等。

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Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 2013, 22(8): 187-201., articleTitle=Resistance to organizational change: The role of cognitive and affective processes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1175092852469150148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1148001305081147987, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=39, issue=1, pageStart=110, pageEnd=135, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[48], rfOrder=47, authorNames=RAFFERTY A E, JIMMIESON N L, ARMENAKIS A A, journalName=Journal of Management, refType=null, unstructuredReference=RAFFERTY A E, JIMMIESON N L, ARMENAKIS A A. Change readiness: A multilevel review[J]. 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Journal of Applied Psychology, 2006, 93(2): 346-357., articleTitle=The effects of transformational leadership and change leadership on employee's commitment to a change: A multi-Level study, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1175092852670476743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1148001305081147987, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=194, issue=2, pageStart=433, pageEnd=453, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[51], rfOrder=50, authorNames=PAN P, PATEL C, journalName=.Journal of Business Ethics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=PAN P, PATEL C. 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研究文献所属领域 研究文献所属期刊(只列举了文献来源较多期刊)
经济管理领域期刊 Journal of ManagementJournal of ManagementCareer Development InternationalJournal of organizational change managementManagement DecisionHuman Resource ManagementLeadership & Organization Development JournalJournal of Organizational Change ManagementAcademy of Management JournalHuman Resource Management、《管理世界》《管理学报》《软科学》《商业经济与管理》《科技与经济》《技术经济与管理研究》
心理学领域期刊 Journal of Applied Behavioral ScienceJournal of Applied PsychologyJournal of Managerial PsychologyJournal of Business and PsychologyEuropean Journal of Work and Organizational PsychologyPersonnel PsychologyJournal of Social Psychology
), ArticleFig(id=1175092848027382163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1148001305081147987, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

期刊发表平台汇总表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究文献所属领域 研究文献所属期刊(只列举了文献来源较多期刊)
经济管理领域期刊 Journal of ManagementJournal of ManagementCareer Development InternationalJournal of organizational change managementManagement DecisionHuman Resource ManagementLeadership & Organization Development JournalJournal of Organizational Change ManagementAcademy of Management JournalHuman Resource Management、《管理世界》《管理学报》《软科学》《商业经济与管理》《科技与经济》《技术经济与管理研究》
心理学领域期刊 Journal of Applied Behavioral ScienceJournal of Applied PsychologyJournal of Managerial PsychologyJournal of Business and PsychologyEuropean Journal of Work and Organizational PsychologyPersonnel PsychologyJournal of Social Psychology
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基于整合框架的员工变革支持行为研究述评及展望
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张颂 , 陈璐
技术经济 | 技术经济管理 2025,44(5): 94-107
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技术经济 | 技术经济管理 2025, 44(5): 94-107
基于整合框架的员工变革支持行为研究述评及展望
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张颂, 陈璐
作者信息
  • 电子科技大学经济与管理学院, 成都 611731
  • 张颂(1991—),电子科技大学经济与管理学院博士研究生,研究方向:组织变革、人力资源管理;

    陈璐(1971—),电子科技大学经济与管理学院教授,博士研究生导师,组织与人力资源研究所所长,研究方向:领导理论、高层管理团队、组织创新和组织变革等。

Review and Prospect of Research on Employee Change Support Behavior Based on Integrated Framework
Song Zhang, Lu Chen
Affiliations
  • School of Economics and Management, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
出版时间: 2025-05-25 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1002-980X.j24041904
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本文采用文献计量研究方法,对1994—2024年发表的关于员工变革支持行为的研究文献进行了系统性分析。首先,描述了该领域的研究发展态势、研究热点演进,评价了主要研究进展。其次,构建了一个以“研究理论视角、内涵测度、影响因素、作用过程和影响效应”为核心的员工变革支持行为研究整合框架。对员工变革支持行为的相关研究进行概括和分析,进一步提取了有关员工变革支持行为的关键特征,进一步明晰员工变革支持行为的概念内涵。最后,指出未来研究应关注的4个方向:针对员工变革支持行为的多维度定义和量表开发做深入挖掘;进一步探讨变革支持行为形成机理和边界条件,拓宽团队层次的变革支持行为研究,深化员工变革支持行为的后果研究;综合运用二手数据分析、行为实验与仿真模拟等前沿方法,增加研究数据时间跨度;深化本土研究,更加注重结合中国情境要素来揭示员工变革支持行为的形成机理及作用后果。研究结论有助于进一步深化员工变革支持行为的后续研究,并为其提供路径指引。

员工变革支持行为  /  整合框架  /  研究述评与展望

A bibliometric research method was employed to systematically analyze the research literature on employee change support behavior published between 1994 and 2024. First, the research development trends and the evolution of research hotspots in this field were described, and the main research progress was evaluated. Second, an integrated framework for research on employee change support behavior was constructed, with a focus on "research theoretical perspectives, connotation measurement, influencing factors, processes, and impact effects. "Relevant studies on employee change support behavior were summarized and analyzed, and key characteristics of employee change support behavior were extracted, further clarifying the conceptual connotation of employee change support behavior. Finally, four directions for future research were identified. In-depth exploration of the multidimensional definition and scale development of employee change support behavior was suggested. Further investigation into the formation mechanisms and boundary conditions of change support behavior was proposed, with an expansion of research on team-level change support behavior and a deepening of research on the consequences of employee change support behavior. The comprehensive use of advanced methods such as secondary data analysis, behavioral experiments, and simulation modeling was recommended, along with an extension of the time span of research data. The deepening of local research was emphasized, with greater attention paid to incorporating Chinese contextual elements to reveal the formation mechanisms and impact outcomes of employee change support behavior. It is considered beneficial for further advancing subsequent studies on employee change support behavior and providing guidance for future research paths.

employee change support behavior  /  integrated framework  /  research review and prospects
张颂, 陈璐. 基于整合框架的员工变革支持行为研究述评及展望. 技术经济, 2025 , 44 (5) : 94 -107 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1002-980X.j24041904
Song Zhang, Lu Chen. Review and Prospect of Research on Employee Change Support Behavior Based on Integrated Framework[J]. Journal of Technology Economics, 2025 , 44 (5) : 94 -107 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1002-980X.j24041904
为应对持续挑战,各组织都在尝试以灵活、持续、快速的方式协调自身业务组件和资源。在此背景下,员工对组织变革的支持行为引发学者广泛关注。Lysova等[1]认为员工变革支持行为是组织变革成功实施的重要因素之一。Kim等[2]将变革支持行为定义为员工积极参与、促进和推动有计划的变革的行为。这种行为发生在有计划的组织变革中,是一种对组织变革的正向反馈,它不仅有助于减少员工对变革的抗拒,提升员工的工作满意度、组织承诺、个人工作绩效[3],还有助于组织变革目标的实现[4]。正因为如此,员工变革支持行为引发了研究组织变革和员工变革行为的学者们的广泛关注。
当前,关于员工变革支持行为研究的成效主要体现在三个方面。第一,员工变革支持行为研究拓展了关于变革行为反应的研究视角。Oreg等[5]提出了变革的显式反应模型,从三个维度对变革行为反应进行刻画,变革支持行为的研究与这三个维度高度契合。第二,员工变革支持行为研究提供了研究组织变革和员工行为新的视角。员工对变革的反应有变革支持、变革抵制、变革中立等类型。变革支持行为提供了一个研究组织中员工行为的新视角[6],基于该视角,可以在更高的分析水平上看待主动的工作行为,以及员工在组织变革环境中实现个人主动目标的动机和行为表现。第三,员工变革支持行为研究丰富和启发了组织变革管理实践。Mehboob等[7]强调追求成功实施变革的组织应尊重员工对变革的看法,关注员工对变革的支持行为。Maheshwari和Vohra[8]指出,在文化、领导、跨职能整合、培训、沟通和技术等领域开展的人力资源实践,如果被引入到组织变革环境中并加以实施,将积极影响员工的感知,减少变革阻力和增加员工对变革的承诺,进而促进员工的变革支持行为。关于员工变革支持行为对组织变革的影响已经在实践中得以体现。例如,荷兰的某非营利性组织曾经发起了一次难度较大、内容较为敏感的组织变革,组织管理者在变革实施过程中尊重全部29名员工的看法,通过不断强化员工的职业和变革认同,获得了员工的变革支持,最终成功实现了“自下而上”的组织变革。由此可见,员工变革支持行为可以客观反应变革过程中实施的人力资源实践的有效性,并启发管理者进一步改进和优化组织变革管理实践。
目前,员工变革支持行为相关研究已经涵盖其定义、影响因素和作用边界,对影响其形成的内外因素均有相关研究。同时,员工变革支持行为基于不同组织类型和情境的应用研究也逐步深入,逐渐与更多的研究领域产生交叉融合。已有员工变革支持行为的代表性文献综述主要集中在以下两个方面:第一,变革支持行为的概念界定和变革支持行为的维度及测量,变革支持行为的影响因素和作用机制[9]。第二,员工变革支持行为与其他变革行为反应的联系和区别[10],员工变革支持行为与人力资源管理实践的关系梳理[8]。但从当前现状来看,针对员工变革支持行为的研究还存在概念内涵不明,前因后果研究较为零散等问题,亟须针对员工变革支持行为的发展脉络、概念内涵、影响因素和作用效果等建立整合研究框架,进行深入分析。本文对员工变革支持行为领域的研究现状进行了系统梳理,对国内外代表性文献进行了深入分析和讨论,基于文献计量学的分析方法,通过研究已有论文的共现关键词、文献共被引情况,总结出不同阶段的热点研究主题。并在此基础上构建了关于员工变革支持行为的整合研究框架,从理论视角、概念测度、影响因素、作用过程、影响效应5个维度对员工变革支持行为的相关研究进行概括和分析,进一步提取了有关员工变革支持行为的关键特征,明晰了员工变革支持行为的概念内涵。最后分析了员工变革支持行为研究领域值得关注的几大趋势并提出未来进一步深化中国情境下员工变革支持行为研究的相关建议。研究将有助于进一步深化员工变革支持行为后续研究,为后续研究提供路径指引。
为了从整体了解员工变革支持行为的研究发展脉络,本文大量查阅相关研究文献。同专著和研究报告等文献相比,期刊发表的学术论文对某领域的前沿和热点的把握相对更为深入。因此,将检索范围聚焦在国内外相关领域的学术期刊论文。就国外期刊数据检索而言,本文确定研究对象为Web of Science 核心合集已发表的员工变革支持行为学术论文。就国内期刊数据检索而言,考虑期刊的影响因子,确定研究对象为中国知网中已发表的中文社会科学引文索引来源期刊论文。
对于样本文献的搜集和筛选从以下步骤展开:第一,定位文献数据库的来源为Web of Science核心合集和中国知网。第二,选择1994—2024年作为文献选择的时间跨度。第三,基于Web of Science核心文集,以主题词“change-support* behavior”进行检索,共检索到文献338篇。第四,以“变革支持行为”为主题词在中国知网中进行检索,共检索到相关文献26篇。
在初步检索结果中,通过阅读文献,对检索结果一一阅读排查,去除与变革支持行为相关程度较低的文献,最终确定本文的研究样本。针对外文文献,主要从两方面对数据进行处理、转换、清洗、精炼:①基于Web of Science的分类主题,剔除非经济、管理领域的相关文献,选择Business、Business finance、Economics、Management、Operations research management science等领域。②基于文献类型,剔除会议论文(proceedings paper)和书评(book review),只保留期刊论文(article)和综述(review),通过对文献的标题、摘要和正文进行人工核对,剔除不相关文献后,得到182篇外文文献作为本文的分析研究对象。针对中文文献,剔除非中文社会科学引文索引来源期刊文献,最终得相关文献12篇。中外文检索结果来源包括Organization ScienceMIS QuarterlyAcademy of Management Annals等管理学主流国际期刊和《管理世界》《中国人力资源开发》《管理学报》等国内管理学主流期刊。此外,在研究主题方面,现有文献主要围绕变革支持行为的内涵及影响因素展开探讨,涉及社会学、管理学、心理学等多个领域。
为确保文献研究的科学性、严谨性和准确性,本文使用Citespace软件对国外代表性文献进行知识图谱计量分析。在进行Citespace可视化分析时,首先,将数据导入Citespace软件并进行除重处理。其次,选择时间范围为1994—2024年,设置时间间隔(year per slice)的值为3,阈值选择Top50,按照时间发展顺序对文献进行逐年分析。最后,针对不同研究目的进行研究分析功能的选择,依次进行文献关键词共现分析和文献共被引分析,并进行可视化研究输出。因为国内研究文献样本比较少,在进行可视化分析时,本文主要选取国外文献为研究对象。本部分从论文发表趋势、期刊发表平台、关键学者与节点文献、研究关键词共现分析、突现关键词分析等方面,可视化地呈现员工变革支持行为研究概况,着力描绘员工变革支持行为研究领域的热点演进和前沿趋势。
通过对某一研究领域年度文献的发表数量进行分析,可以了解该领域的研究关注程度,整体判断员工变革支持行为研究的总体发展情况和趋势。关于员工变革支持行为的研究,近年来国外发表数量呈现逐渐上升的趋势,但国内的相关研究仍相对滞后。图1显示了Web of Science核心数据1994—2024年发表的文献数量变化,可以看出,员工变革支持行为领域发文量总体呈逐年上升趋势。2014年之前,关于员工变革支持行为研究文献数量相对较少,2014年以后(除2017年之外),每年发表的文献数量都在10篇以上,员工变革支持行为研究热度逐步提升,学科基础知识在逐步积累和丰富。
表1显示了国内外研究员工变革支持行为高影响力期刊,这些期刊对于员工变革支持行为主题的研究比较青睐。此外,包括Academy of Management Journal和《管理世界》这些顶级期刊中也有关于员工变革支持行为的相关研究,后续学者可以在从这些期刊中获取研究灵感。
图2是通过Citespace软件绘制的最近10年研究文献共被引图。可以看出,Oinas、Oreg、Rafferty等学者的研究被引用较多,学者们可以持续关注这些代表性学者的研究成果,与学科知识领袖展开学术对话。进一步分析发现,关于员工变革支持行为的研究文献具有局部集中,整体分散的特点,即已经有小规模的研究团队关注到员工变革支持行为这一主题,但不同团队间的学术联系还不够紧密,互引关系较弱。
关键词作为学科规范的系统用语,高度提炼概括了文献内容,是研究者之间进行学术交流的一个基本语言单位。本文通过Citespace软件进行可视化分析,分析对象选择为关键词,并进行相似关键词的合并,最终得到如图3所示的关键词共现图。其中,关键词出现的频次由对应的节点大小来表示,节点越大,代表关键词出现的频次越高。在当前研究中physical activity、intervention、behavior、impact、organization change等是出现频率较高的研究关键词,后续学者可以继续针对这些高频关键词,从不同的角度对员工变革支持行为展开研究。此外,关键词之间联系的紧密程度可以由节点之间的连线数量来衡量,图3中management、organizational change、behavior等词与其他关键词之间的连线数量较多,代表这些关键词在员工变革支持行为研究中受到高度关注。
为进一步探测学科知识领域的研究热点演进情况,更好地展现员工变革支持行为相关研究主题在时间序列的分布及相互关系,研究通过Citespace软件进行可视化分析,绘制出了如图4所示的突现关键词图,该图显示了在过去25年间关于员工变革支持行为研究热点的变化。关键词risk factors从2002年开始突现,影响周期为6年,可以看出,员工变革支持行为最初与社会学等研究领域密切相关。2010—2020年突现关键词数量上涨,员工变革支持行为研究逐渐深入具体。最近几年,management、performance、program等关键词成为新的研究前沿,后续学者可以从这些方面入手,进一步把握研究热点,开展更加深入的研究。
本部分构建基于“理论视角-内涵测度-影响因素-作用过程-影响效应”的员工变革支持行为整合研究框架,如图5所示。具体而言,现有员工变革支持行为的研究理论主要聚焦在计划行为理论、不确定性管理理论、工作重塑理论、依恋理论等方面。员工变革支持行为的影响因素包括组织层面、个体层面、社会情境层面。员工变革支持行为的作用机制包括认知、情感、感知等中介机制,组织层面、个体层面的调节机制,影响效应包括对个人和组织的影响。
关于员工变革支持行为的研究理论主要基于以下几种。第一,计划行为理论。该理论强调人类行为是态度、主观规范和感知行为控制的结果[11]。采用该研究理论视角的学者认为,变革支持行为是变革主观意愿的外在行为表现。第二,不确定性管理理论。该理论认为,个人不确定感源于个体自身的不确定,从而会影响个体认知、情感、行为和自我意识等[12]。Katsaros和Vohra[13]的实证研究表明,组织变革过程中的不确定性会影响到员工的变革态度和变革支持行为。具体来说,员工在变革中获得的利益,有助于减少他们对变革不确定性的感知,从而促进和提升他们的变革支持行为。第三,工作重塑理论。基于该理论的学者认为员工的变革支持行为可归属到工作重塑范畴。何国华等[14]从工作重塑的视角研究了变革型领导、促进性工作重塑、防御性工作重塑及变革支持行为之间的关系。第四,依恋理论。韩雪亮[15]基于依恋理论研究了管理者情感依恋对变革支持行为的影响,王雁飞等[16]采用追踪配对和多来源方法收集数据,基于认知—情感整合视角展开了相关研究。
Coyle[17]提出员工变革支持行为是员工参与组织变革的行为,但并未对这一行为进行详细的描述刻画。Herscovitch和Meyer[18]给出了员工变革支持行为的广义定义,将员工变革支持行为界定为包含主动抵制、被动抵制、服从、合作、争先的连续行为过程。Holt和Armenakis[19]从狭义层面提出了员工变革支持行为概念,认为员工变革支持行为仅仅是指员工接受和参与变革的行为。Kim等[2]在前人研究的基础上,重新定义了员工变革支持行为,认为变革支持行为是员工积极参与、促进和推动有计划的变革的行为,争先是变革支持行为的典型表现,这一定义在后续研究中的接受度较高。Lysova等[1]将员工变革支持行为界定为组织变革的拥护者和支持者支持变革活动的行为。在此后研究中,关于概念的界定大多沿用Kim等[2]给出的界定。回顾员工变革支持行为概念内涵的各种界定,本文总结出员工变革支持行为的三个特征:第一,具有现实可感性。与关于变革的态度和信念不同,变革支持行为是员工对组织变革的一种现实行为表现,这一表现能够在日常工作中得以体现。第二,积极主动的参与。员工变革支持行为与其他员工变革行为反应最大的区别就是积极主动的参与。第三,具有正向有益的作用。员工这一行为最终是促进和推动有计划的组织变革。基于上述认知,本文将员工变革支持行为定义为:为促进和推动有计划的组织变革,员工在组织变革中展现出的积极主动的参与和拥护变革的行为。
因为对员工变革支持行为的概念界定的多样性,关于员工变革支持行为测量的维度也呈现出多样化。当前员工变革支持行为的测量方式主要有以下四种:第一种是Coyle[17]在关于全面质量管理的研究中的Likert 5点量表,采用的是单维度单题项测量方式。测量题项是“你参与变革的程度如何”,该量表是最早对员工变革支持行为进行测量的量表,但测量题项设置过于简单,信度和效度不高。第二种是Herscovitch和Meyer[18]使用的101分计分测量方式。该研究将变革支持行为概念化为主动抵抗、被动抵抗、服从、合作和支持的连续体,使用101分连续尺度上的语义锚点来测量员工变革支持程度,每一个连续行为间的间隔分值为20分。其中,0~20分为主动抵抗,21~40分为被动抵抗,41~60分为服从,61~80分为合作,81~100分为支持。该计分方式从另外一个视角提供了变革支持行为的测量方式,但关于不同区间的划分的依据和标准,研究者没有给出足够的证据。第三种是Herscovitch和Meyer[18]提出的三维度多题项测量方式。研究将变革支持行为划分为服从、合作、争先三个维度,采用Likert 5点量表进行测量。其中,服从是对变革的被动接受,仅仅满足变革的最低要求。合作是员工接受变革并借助外界的帮助来推进变革。争先则是积极努力主动地参与和推进变革,是高水平的变革支持行为。在具体测量中,服从维度题项,如我遵守组织有关变革的指示。合作维度测量题项,如我尽可能地获取变革相关信息。争先维度测量题项,如我会积极地向其他人推介变革。该量表首次采用多维度的形式对员工变革支持行为进行测量,但量表的信效度较低。此外,服从、合作、争先这三个维度划分的依据不充分,缺乏相关实证研究验证。第四种是Kim等[2]编制的单维度三题项量表,采用Likert 5点计分法。测量题项如我在讨论中提出了组织变革相关的建议等,该量表具有很好的信度和效度,在后续研究中得到广泛地应用。
综上,可以看出关于员工变革支持行为的定义一直处于动态发展中,且尚未形成统一的概念界定。从现有关于变革支持行为的测量方式来看,虽然Kim等[2]最先正式提出了变革支持行为的构念,并进行了量表开发,但其结构维度划分和测量方法并未被后续研究者完全采纳。尤其是在多维度量表开发方面,尚未有一个比较成熟可靠的量表,当前的多维度量表所划分的维度并不能全面立体的概括员工变革支持行为的相关特征,关于多维度的员工变革支持行为量表的开发研究还有待进一步深入。
国内外学者针对员工变革支持的前因进行了大量研究,从当前研究来看,关于员工变革支持行为影响因素可以划分为组织、个人和社会情境3个层面。
组织对员工变革支持行为的影响研究,主要是从组织变革经历、组织变革管理、组织心理资本方面展开。关于组织变革经历。Devos等[20]认为组织所经历过的高度成功的变革历史,会影响员工对组织变革的开放程度,进而促进员工的变革支持行为。关于组织变革管理。Kurian[21]研究表明组织内的非正式指导能够增强员工的乐观主义、韧性、自我效能和信任,并促进个人的变革准备,从而改变他们的变革支持行为。Maheshwari等[8]认为通过强化组织变革过程的管理,优化组织在文化、领导、跨职能整合、培训、沟通和技术等领域的人力资源管理实践,可以改变员工对变革的感知,进而增加员工对变革的承诺和支持行为。Shin 等[22]认为组织激励和组织诱导等组织管理能够影响员工变革情感承诺和变革规范承诺进而影响员工变革支持行为。Alfes等[23]研究表明高质量的组织变革人力资源管理可以激励员工对组织变革做出积极的行为反应。关于组织心理资本。李硕[24]认为团队自信、团队韧性、团队乐观、团队希望等可以通过变革开放性来影响员工变革支持行为。
相对于组织层面影响因素的研究,更多的学者将研究焦点聚集在个体影响层面,主要是从领导者风格、员工变革预期、员工特质、员工变革感知等方面展开研究。关于领导者风格。首先,领导的变革愿景、沟通、参与、支持和对员工变革参与利益的关注可以正向影响员工对变革的认知评价和员工变革情绪,进而影响员工的变革支持意图和行为[4]。其次,以设想、激励和推动变革为特点的行政领导沟通,能够积极影响员工的变革开放性和员工对组织的信任进而催生员工变革支持行为[25-26]。最后,仁慈领导能够增强员工差错氛围感知、自我效能感和关系认同进而影响员工变革支持行为[15,27-28]。反之,独裁主义、民主主义、自由放任主义等领导风格会削弱员工变革准备进而抑制员工变革支持行为[29]。关于员工变革预期。与变革相关的预期利益会引发员工对变革的积极反应,由于上级的支持,这些反应得以持续保持积极[30]。Kim等[2]认为员工对于变革的预期利益,是影响员工变革支持行为的关键变量。具体来说,员工在变革中获得的好处促进了员工的变革支持行为[13]。关于员工特质。不同的学者从不同的角度出发研究了员工特质对变革支持行为的影响。Oreg和Shaul[3]认为自我效能,控制源、神经质和自尊,个性和背景是影响员工变革支持行为不可忽略的因素。Judge等[31]指出,自尊、积极情感、经验开放性、容忍模糊性和风险厌恶等个人特征会对员工变革支持行为产生正向影响。Fasbender和Gerpott[32]研究表明,员工的工作自主性会对员工的变革支持行为支持产生积极影响。关于员工变革感知。现有研究表明,员工的变革需求感知、变革动力、创新性、沟通能力、价值观念,都会对员工的变革支持行为产生影响[10]。积极主动的职业行为、利他导向的工作价值和职业认同也都会正向影响员工变革支持行为[1]。Liu等[33]研究表明员工的绩效目标定向与变革支持行为呈正相关,员工的业绩回避目标定向与变革支持行为呈负相关。Ahmad等[34]认为员工对组织变革文化的感知正向影响员工变革支持行为。Mehboob等[7]的研究表明与变革相关的挑战和威胁评价会对员工变革支持行为产生影响。郎艺等[35]基于对57名团队领导者及其314名团队成员的问卷调查研究,指出员工中庸思维通过员工的学习目标导向与员工数字化变革支持有显著的正向关系。
除组织和个体层面的研究之外,也有学者从更为广阔的视野,探讨了组织和个体所依赖的社会情境对员工变革支持行为的影响。研究表明,员工所处的社会环境与变革相抵触的程度[3,36],社会关于变革的主动性惯例[37],组织所处的社会技术环境[38]等社会情境都会影响到员工的变革意愿[39],进而影响员工的变革支持行为。
从现有研究看,三种视角从不同维度分析了员工变革支持行为的成因,展示了组织层面、个体层面和社会情境三个层面的驱动因素对员工变革支持行为的影响,为深入理解员工变革支持行为的发生提供了指引。但关于变革支持行为形成机制的研究还有待进一步深入,除当前已经研究的前因之外,还有很多可能影响变革支持行为的变量值得进一步探讨。从员工变革支持行为产生的现实动机看,组织变革科学的制度设计、员工个人的职业追求,甚至工作同僚的变革行为反应都会导致员工变革支持行为的发生,因此,员工变革支持行为是由多因素共同作用的社会现象。从时间维度看,同一个体在职业发展的不同时期,其变革支持行为产生的动因也不尽相同。然而,大多数研究都是从单一视角出发来研究员工变革支持行为的影响因素,同时综合个人、组织和情境因素来探讨员工变革支持行为的多视角研究还比较欠缺。这就呼吁后续研究能够突破现有的因果单项性的研究范式,以组态思路和方法针对员工变革支持行为的成因展开研究。
当前研究中,组织层面、个体层面和社会情境层面的影响因素主要通过认知、感知和情感等中介因素对员工变革支持行为产生影响。一是认知中介。研究表明,关于变革的认知信念[40]、变革的认知准备,对变革的认同[41],都是员工变革支持行为研究中的重要中介。二是感知中介。Fuchs[42]认为员工感知到的组织分配正义,感知到的组织程序正义,感知到的组织互动正义都在员工变革支持行为的产生过程中发挥中介作用。还有学者研究了员工的变革自我效能感,员工角色、广度自我效能感,变革责任感[13,43-44],员工的态度,主观规范和感知行为控制[45-46],组织支持感知对员工变革支持行为的中介作用[28]。三是情感中介。研究表明,非理性的想法和情绪[47],积极变革情绪[48],员工对组织变革的认知和情绪[36],心理安全感和变革开放性[16,33],团队心理安全感[15]都是情感方面重要的中介变量。四是其他中介。何国华等[14]基于对286位团队领导和858位下属的配对样本的研究结果表明,促进型和防御型工作重塑在变革型领导影响员工变革支持行为过程中起中介作用。
当前,涉及员工变革支持行为相关研究的调节机制主要包括组织调节层面和个体调节层面。在组织调节层面。李硕[24]认为组织支持感能够调节团队的心理资本对员工变革支持行为的影响。韩雪亮[15]认为组织正式化在领导者变革行为对员工变革支持行为的影响中充当调节作用。Kim等[2]认为时间变量调节了变革预期利益和雇佣关系质量与员工变革支持行为的关系。郎艺等[35]认为环境动态性和团队变革氛围正向调节员工中庸思维和数字化变革支持之间的关系。具体而言,环境动态性越高或团队变革氛围越强,中庸思维通过学习目标导向对员工数字化变革支持的促进作用越强。在个体调节层面。孙柯意和张博坚[28]认为员工特质正念能够显著增强悖论式领导通过员工关系认同对员工变革支持行为的间接影响。王雁飞等[16]认为领导心理资本分别正向调节下属心理资本与心理安全感和变革开放性之间的关系,进而对员工的变革支持行为产生影响。Fuchs[42]认为员工对领导的认同调节了员工感知到的组织分配正义,感知到的组织程序正义,感知到的组织互动正义和员工变革支持行为的关系。Liu等[33]研究表明员工的学习目标对员工绩效目标定向和变革支持行为关系有调节作用。
综上分析,既有文献从组织层面、个体层面和社会情境层面对员工变革支持行为作用机制已经做了探讨,为本文更加深入理解员工变革支持行为,及其与前因变量和后果变量之间的作用方式提供了有益指导。但当前研究大多是基于单项线性关系和因果对称视角,并不能完全揭示机制变量之间相互依赖和作用的复杂关系,未来研究应该考虑到不同机制变量之间的相互作用关系,揭示员工变革支持行为的多重并发机制,深入探究员工变革支持行为作用机制和路径的“黑箱”。
当前对员工变革支持行为的影响研究主要体现在个体层面和组织层面。个体层面,研究结果表明,员工变革支持行为对个体的影响有外在和内在两个方面。一方面,外在影响包括工作水平和工作稳定,晋升机会。另一方面,内在影响包括组织承诺、工作满意度、主观成就感和职业目标实现满意度等[3,31,49]。也有研究表明,变革支持行为会引发员工的组织公民行为,并提高员工的生活品质[18,50]。组织层面,现有研究表明,员工变革支持行为在组织层面能正向影响公司绩效[29],公司变革效能[2],组织的产出[1]及组织创新[22]
相比于变革支持行为的前因研究,关于变革支持行为的后果研究在深度和广度上都略逊一筹。从现有关于员工变革支持行为的后果研究来看,学者们大多聚焦于员工变革支持行为对组织,以及员工自身的影响,有关员工变革支持行为对员工工作相关者、组织利益相关者的影响及其作用机制的研究较少。对于同处一个组织的员工,员工关于变革的态度和行为会对彼此的态度和行为产生影响。此外,员工的变革支持行为不仅会影响对所属组织的变革绩效,也会影响到组织外的利益相关方对本组织的战略、资源和政策上的调整。因此,在现有研究基础上,从员工工作相关者,变革组织利益相关者角度出发,全面研究员工变革支持行为对多元主体的影响,有助于全面把握员工变革支持行为可能产生的影响,同时为组织管理者合理制订变革激励政策提供依据。
员工变革支持行为的研究虽然取得了一定成果,但还有待进一步深化。一是当前对变革支持行为的定义和测量方式还没有完全达成一致。正是由于其概念化理论基础不同,其维度结构、测量工具还存在争议,尤其是在员工变革支持行为的多维度定义和量表开发方面,尚未有一个比较权威的结果。二是关于员工变革支持行为的前因后果及作用机制等变量研究有待进一步丰富,尤其是关于员工变革支持行为的后果研究的深度和广度都有待进一步扩展。此前的研究大多是从员工个体角度来研究变革支持行为,很少涉及到团队层面的变革支持行为研究。三是研究方法还比较单一。绝大部分的实证研究都是采用问卷调查方式进行,在方法运用方面的创新性还不够。四是关于变革支持行为的研究与中国化情境的结合还不够紧密。虽然国内学者已经关注到员工变革支持行为,并从不同的角度开展探索,但大多都是借鉴国外的理论和视角,和中国化的具体情境结合还不够,对中国独特文化和制度情境的嵌入对员工变革支持行为影响的研究还不够。
鉴于此,本文从员工变革支持行为相关的概念内涵、研究内容、研究方法和研究情境等维度提出下步研究建议(图6)。首先,在内涵研究方面,可以针对员工变革支持行为的多维度定义和量表开发做深入挖掘。其次,在研究内容层面,可以进一步探讨变革支持行为形成机理和边界条件,拓宽团队层次的变革支持行为研究,从个体、组织、社会情境等层面开展比较研究,进一步深化员工变革支持行为的后果研究。再次,在研究方法方面,可以综合运用二手数据分析、行为实验与仿真模拟等前沿方法,增加研究数据时间跨度。最后,在研究情境层面,可以进一步深化本土研究,更加注重结合中国情境要素来揭示员工变革支持行为的形成机理及作用后果。
以扎根理论研究为基础,深化员工变革支持行为内涵研究,探索开发信效度高的多维度量表。从组织变革实践出发,通过定性研究方法,对变革支持行为的概念内涵和结构维度进行深入探讨,并遵循严谨、科学的量表设计开发步骤,开发出更具普适性的测量工具。另外,在量表开发方面,也亟需开发出适合中国情境的员工变革支持行为测量量表。
一是进一步探讨变革支持行为形成机理和边界条件。充分考虑不同机制变量之间的相互作用关系,揭示员工变革支持行为的多重并发机制,如变革情境方面的变革任务、变革过程中的参与模式,以及多变量交互效应对变革支持行为的影响等。二是从个体、组织、社会情境等层面开展比较研究。关注变革带来的社会规范、情感认同等方面的变化,加强对这些因素在变革支持中地位和作用的研究,以提升变革支持理论对中国变革管理实践问题的解释力。三是开展团队变革支持行为的研究。团队介于个人与组织之间,其变革支持既不能仅从员工视角出发视为对变革的一种反应,如信念、态度、意图,也不能仅从宏观组织层面出发看作是一种变革策略、行动及其结果。从跨层次研究的角度看,一方面,个体会受到团队标准化倾向、团队压力及从众压力等因素影响,员工个体对团队变革支持不同行为的解读会影响他们对变革支持的认知,从而产生不同的变革心理导向和变革行为。另一方面,团队中的领导者或个性突出的员工也会在变革过程中对整个团队的变革支持产生一定影响,但两者间的作用机制尚未厘清,值得深入探讨。此外,团队变革支持行为是不是个体变革支持行为的延伸与聚合?能不能用个体变革支持行为的累加进行表征?团队与个体的变革支持行为有何不同?同样的变革策略对不同层次的变革支持行为是否存在区别?这些都是未来研究的方向。四是进一步深化员工变革支持行为的后果研究。从员工工作相关者、变革组织利益相关者角度出发,全面研究员工变革支持行为对多元主体的影响,全面把握员工变革支持行为可能产生的影响。
借助二手数据分析、行为实验与仿真模拟等前沿方法,进一步丰富员工变革支持行为研究。一般说来,论文研究方法有问卷研究、二手数据研究、案例研究、实验研究、仿真模拟研究等类型。从当前关于变革支持行为的研究现状来看,实证研究多是采用问卷调查的方法,大多是横截面数据或者从时间轴的纵向维度来看存续时间较短的数据样本,并且样本量还不够大。在未来的员工变革支持行为研究中,可以借鉴其他社会科学学科的研究方法,增加时间纵向维度跨度较大的数据或者二手数据的分析。采用行为实验与仿真模拟等多种研究方法,提高研究结论的信度和效度。
进一步关注中国独特文化与制度情境的嵌入对变革支持行为研究的影响。对于支持的认识,中西方存在差异。中国古代就有“同类相从、同声相应,固天理也”的说法,可见中国传统文化中对合作和支持的形成哲理已经有足够认知。与西方文化不同的是,人际关系在中国崇尚集体主义的氛围中具有特殊意义,个人通过判断互动关系给自身所带来的价值,进而对自身行为作出选择,这一认知过程也存在于变革支持行为形成过程中。就变革支持内容而言,与西方公民相比,中国公民的从众心理更为突出,更容易受到到团体舆论、大众思维等社会规范的影响[51]。此外,中国情境下关系型资源的复杂性,以及中国儒家文化影响之下形成的下属对领导的服从与尊重,对权威的尊崇都会对中国情境下员工的变革支持行为产生显著影响[52]。因此,对于变革支持行为形成的心理机制和情感机制,需以更为开阔的视野和更加贴近中国管理实践的策略予以关注,需将源于西方的变革支持研究成果应用于中国情境,并针对管理原型反映出中国社会与组织管理的独有特征。只有这样,才能更好推进中国情境下员工变革支持问题研究,更好推动员工变革行为反应研究的发展,进一步激发员工参与和支持变革的热情,为企业提供更多的新质生产力。
本文系统梳理了1994—2024年员工变革支持行为的研究文献,通过文献计量研研究,客观反映了员工变革支持行为在过去30年的进展。基于员工变革支持行为的整合研究框架,对员工变革支持行为的研究脉络进行了梳理,提出了后续进一步深化员工变革支持行为研究的相关建议。本文认为此前的员工变革支持行为研究有以下三个特点:一是研究系统性不断加强。员工变革支持行为经过不同阶段的发展,研究内容逐渐丰富,从最开始零星的主题探索已经发展到丰富、系统的体系研究。二是研究视角不断丰富。关于员工变革支持行为的前因和后果的研究视角,已经逐渐在个人层面上升到组织和社会等不同层面,但在研究方法的运用、研究内容的丰富上还有进一步提升的空间。三是中国情境下的员工变革支持行为研究还有待深化。由于中西方文化的差异,中国情境下员工变革支持行为存在较大的独特性,未来研究需要充分考虑中国的制度情境、经济情境及独特的文化情境对变革支持行为的影响,进一步丰富和拓展主流理论。
本文的创新之处主要体现在两个方面:一是在研究方法的运用方面,将可视化的文献分析方法运用到员工变革支持行为文献的整理,使得相关文献得以更直观的呈现。二是在研究内容方面,以整合框架的形式从不同的维度对前期研究成果进行了总结提炼,对下步研究给出了相关建议。主要贡献体现在以下三个方面:第一,对变革支持行为发展历程进行了系统的梳理和分析,全面回顾了变革支持行为的历史脉络,充实了前期基础工作,有助于学者的后续深入研究。第二,本文建立了基于“理论视角-内涵测度-影响因素-作用过程-影响效应”的员工变革支持行为的整合研究框架,丰富了员工变革支持行为的研究视角。第三,系统梳理总结了当前研究中存在的不足,并提出了后续深化研究的建议,有助于给后续研究者提供思路上的启发。此外,结合中国情境、制度和文化特征提出了相关建议,有助于推动员工变革支持行为的本土化研究。
本文还存在一些不足,可以在后续研究中加以改进:第一,本文虽然关注了近30年Web of Science数据库和中国知网中关于员工变革支持行为的发文趋势,但没有针对综合性期刊和组织变革等专业类期刊中所关注的主题作深入的比较分析。第二,研究虽然应用了定量数据分析,运用Citespace软件作了关键词共现和文献共被引分析,但没有就研究中的数据做深层次的挖掘,研究分析有一定的片面性。第三,员工变革支持行为的研究涉及多学科和多领域,本文在跨学科、跨领域研究方面还存在不足。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目“促进还是防御?紧缩性管理背景下知识型员工变革重塑的概念重构、前因及后果研究”(72072019)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1002-980X.j24041904
  • 接收时间:2024-04-19
  • 首发时间:2025-07-04
  • 出版时间:2025-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-19
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目“促进还是防御?紧缩性管理背景下知识型员工变革重塑的概念重构、前因及后果研究”(72072019)
作者信息
    电子科技大学经济与管理学院, 成都 611731
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jsyjj/CN/10.12404/j.issn.1002-980X.j24041904
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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