Article(id=1148001302086410650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, issueId=1147991611725836402, articleNumber=1002-980X(2025)05-0121-16, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1002-980X.J24062702, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1719417600000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751634439249, onlineDateStr=2025-07-04, pubDate=1748102400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751634439249, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751634439249, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751634439249, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1147991611725836402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, year='2025', volume='44', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='136', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751632128877, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758090412483, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1175079616504021893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, issueId=1147991611725836402, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1175079616504021894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, issueId=1147991611725836402, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=121, endPage=136, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1148001302338068891, articleId=1148001302086410650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, language=EN, title=A Method for Determining the Amount of Electricity in Medium and Long-term Bilateral Contracts for Energy Storage Considering Multiple Constraints, columnId=1149284495636906656, journalTitle=Journal of Technology Economics, columnName=Technology Economics Evaluation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to deal with the challenges brought by the uncertainty of renewable energy supply to the medium and long-term contract performance of new energy power generation enterprises, a method was put forward to determine the medium and long-term contract electricity between new energy power generation enterprises and independent energy storage. Based on the opportunity constraints of new energy generation and the performance constraints of independent energy storage, a model for determining the medium and long-term contract capacity between new energy generation enterprises and independent energy storage is constructed with the goal of the common benefits of power generation enterprises and independent energy storage. By introducing conditional value at risk (CVaR) and alternative variables, the model is reformulated as a mixed integer programming (MIP) model for easy solution. An example is given to analyze the monthly contract power decomposition curve of new energy power generation enterprises, and the validity of the proposed method is verified. At the same time, considering the influence of new energy power generation enterprises' risk preference and energy storage charging state on common benefits, the research shows that the energy storage charging state is negatively correlated with common benefits, and improving the risk preference of new energy power generation enterprises can improve the expected benefits of the contract community.

, correspAuthors=Jing Yu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jihua Wang, Jianrong Gong, Songbo Qiao, Tingting Ruan, Jing Yu, Jianjun Wang), CN=ArticleExt(id=1148001307719361126, articleId=1148001302086410650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, language=CN, title=考虑多重约束的储能中长期双边合约电量确定方法, columnId=1148001301952192921, journalTitle=技术经济, columnName=技术经济评价, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为应对可再生能源的供给不确定性给新能源发电企业中长期合同履约带来的挑战,本文提出了新能源发电企业与独立储能中长期合约电量确定方法。综合新能源发电的机会约束和独立储能运行约束,以发电企业和独立储能共同效益为目标,构建新能源发电企业同独立储能签订中长期合约电量确定模型;通过引入条件风险价值(conditional value at risk, CVaR)和替换变量将模型重新表述为混合整数规划(mixed integer program,MIP)模型以便于求解。采用新能源发电企业月度合约电量分解曲线进行算例分析,验证了本文所提方法的有效性。同时考量新能源发电企业风险偏好、储能荷电状态等对共同效益的影响,研究表明储能荷电状态与共同收益负相关,而提高新能源发电企业风险偏好能够提高合约共同体预期收益。储能中长期双边合约电量确定方法的提出有助于促进新能源消纳和储能成本市场化疏导。

, correspAuthors=俞静, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
俞静(1984—),硕士,高级工程师,研究方向:电力市场、电力大数据分析;
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王激华(1972—),硕士,高级工程师,研究方向:电力市场、电力营销、综合能源技术分析等;

龚建荣(1975—),硕士,高级工程师,研究方向:电力市场与电力系统运行;

乔松博(1985—),博士,高级工程师,研究方向:电力市场、电力系统自动化;

阮婷婷(1984—),经济师,研究方向:电力市场与综合能源技术等;

王建军(1981—),博士,华北电力大学教授,博士研究生导师,研究方向:电力经济系统仿真建模,电力负荷预测。

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王激华(1972—),硕士,高级工程师,研究方向:电力市场、电力营销、综合能源技术分析等;

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王激华(1972—),硕士,高级工程师,研究方向:电力市场、电力营销、综合能源技术分析等;

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龚建荣(1975—),硕士,高级工程师,研究方向:电力市场与电力系统运行;

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龚建荣(1975—),硕士,高级工程师,研究方向:电力市场与电力系统运行;

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乔松博(1985—),博士,高级工程师,研究方向:电力市场、电力系统自动化;

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乔松博(1985—),博士,高级工程师,研究方向:电力市场、电力系统自动化;

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阮婷婷(1984—),经济师,研究方向:电力市场与综合能源技术等;

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阮婷婷(1984—),经济师,研究方向:电力市场与综合能源技术等;

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王建军(1981—),博士,华北电力大学教授,博士研究生导师,研究方向:电力经济系统仿真建模,电力负荷预测。

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王建军(1981—),博士,华北电力大学教授,博士研究生导师,研究方向:电力经济系统仿真建模,电力负荷预测。

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布尔变量 0 1
uin ${P}_{c}\le {z}_{in}+M$ ${P}_{c}\le {z}_{in}$
vin ${E}_{max}-E\left(t\right)\le {z}_{in}+M$ ${E}_{max}-E\left(t\right)\le {z}_{in}$
), ArticleFig(id=1175093015468192447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1148001302086410650, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

uinvin不同取值下的约束变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
布尔变量 0 1
uin ${P}_{c}\le {z}_{in}+M$ ${P}_{c}\le {z}_{in}$
vin ${E}_{max}-E\left(t\right)\le {z}_{in}+M$ ${E}_{max}-E\left(t\right)\le {z}_{in}$
), ArticleFig(id=1175093015526912704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1148001302086410650, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
利益共同体
收益(元)
利益共同体
收益(元)
工作日不与
独立储能交易
-40407.79 工作日与
独立储能交易
-39744.90
休息日不与
独立储能交易
22907.21 休息日与
独立储能交易
24349.36
), ArticleFig(id=1175093015585632961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1148001302086410650, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

光伏发电企业同独立储能交易收益对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
利益共同体
收益(元)
利益共同体
收益(元)
工作日不与
独立储能交易
-40407.79 工作日与
独立储能交易
-39744.90
休息日不与
独立储能交易
22907.21 休息日与
独立储能交易
24349.36
), ArticleFig(id=1175093015656936130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1148001302086410650, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
敏感性因素 参数调整
新能源发电企业风险偏好 0.1~0.9,以0.1为间隔
超发、少发电量结算价格 -30%~30%,以10%为间隔
独立储能容量 18~30兆瓦时,以3兆瓦时为间隔
独立储能初始荷电状态 20%~80%,以10%为间隔
), ArticleFig(id=1175093015711462083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1148001302086410650, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

敏感性分析参数调整表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
敏感性因素 参数调整
新能源发电企业风险偏好 0.1~0.9,以0.1为间隔
超发、少发电量结算价格 -30%~30%,以10%为间隔
独立储能容量 18~30兆瓦时,以3兆瓦时为间隔
独立储能初始荷电状态 20%~80%,以10%为间隔
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考虑多重约束的储能中长期双边合约电量确定方法
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王激华 1 , 龚建荣 1 , 乔松博 1 , 阮婷婷 1 , 俞静 2 , 王建军 3
技术经济 | 技术经济评价 2025,44(5): 121-136
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技术经济 | 技术经济评价 2025, 44(5): 121-136
考虑多重约束的储能中长期双边合约电量确定方法
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王激华1, 龚建荣1, 乔松博1, 阮婷婷1, 俞静2, 王建军3
作者信息
  • 1 浙江电力交易中心有限公司, 杭州 310020
  • 2 浙江华云信息科技有限公司, 杭州 310051
  • 3 华北电力大学经济与管理学院, 北京 102206
  • 王激华(1972—),硕士,高级工程师,研究方向:电力市场、电力营销、综合能源技术分析等;

    龚建荣(1975—),硕士,高级工程师,研究方向:电力市场与电力系统运行;

    乔松博(1985—),博士,高级工程师,研究方向:电力市场、电力系统自动化;

    阮婷婷(1984—),经济师,研究方向:电力市场与综合能源技术等;

    王建军(1981—),博士,华北电力大学教授,博士研究生导师,研究方向:电力经济系统仿真建模,电力负荷预测。

通讯作者:

俞静(1984—),硕士,高级工程师,研究方向:电力市场、电力大数据分析;
A Method for Determining the Amount of Electricity in Medium and Long-term Bilateral Contracts for Energy Storage Considering Multiple Constraints
Jihua Wang1, Jianrong Gong1, Songbo Qiao1, Tingting Ruan1, Jing Yu2, Jianjun Wang3
Affiliations
  • 1 Zhejiang Electric Power Trading Center Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310020, China
  • 2 Zhejiang Huayun Information Technology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310051, China
  • 3 School of Economics and management, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
出版时间: 2025-05-25 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1002-980X.J24062702
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为应对可再生能源的供给不确定性给新能源发电企业中长期合同履约带来的挑战,本文提出了新能源发电企业与独立储能中长期合约电量确定方法。综合新能源发电的机会约束和独立储能运行约束,以发电企业和独立储能共同效益为目标,构建新能源发电企业同独立储能签订中长期合约电量确定模型;通过引入条件风险价值(conditional value at risk, CVaR)和替换变量将模型重新表述为混合整数规划(mixed integer program,MIP)模型以便于求解。采用新能源发电企业月度合约电量分解曲线进行算例分析,验证了本文所提方法的有效性。同时考量新能源发电企业风险偏好、储能荷电状态等对共同效益的影响,研究表明储能荷电状态与共同收益负相关,而提高新能源发电企业风险偏好能够提高合约共同体预期收益。储能中长期双边合约电量确定方法的提出有助于促进新能源消纳和储能成本市场化疏导。

独立储能  /  中长期交易  /  多重约束  /  混合整数线性规划

In order to deal with the challenges brought by the uncertainty of renewable energy supply to the medium and long-term contract performance of new energy power generation enterprises, a method was put forward to determine the medium and long-term contract electricity between new energy power generation enterprises and independent energy storage. Based on the opportunity constraints of new energy generation and the performance constraints of independent energy storage, a model for determining the medium and long-term contract capacity between new energy generation enterprises and independent energy storage is constructed with the goal of the common benefits of power generation enterprises and independent energy storage. By introducing conditional value at risk (CVaR) and alternative variables, the model is reformulated as a mixed integer programming (MIP) model for easy solution. An example is given to analyze the monthly contract power decomposition curve of new energy power generation enterprises, and the validity of the proposed method is verified. At the same time, considering the influence of new energy power generation enterprises' risk preference and energy storage charging state on common benefits, the research shows that the energy storage charging state is negatively correlated with common benefits, and improving the risk preference of new energy power generation enterprises can improve the expected benefits of the contract community.

independent energy storage  /  medium term and long-term contract  /  multiple constraints  /  mixed integer programming
王激华, 龚建荣, 乔松博, 阮婷婷, 俞静, 王建军. 考虑多重约束的储能中长期双边合约电量确定方法. 技术经济, 2025 , 44 (5) : 121 -136 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1002-980X.J24062702
Jihua Wang, Jianrong Gong, Songbo Qiao, Tingting Ruan, Jing Yu, Jianjun Wang. A Method for Determining the Amount of Electricity in Medium and Long-term Bilateral Contracts for Energy Storage Considering Multiple Constraints[J]. Journal of Technology Economics, 2025 , 44 (5) : 121 -136 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1002-980X.J24062702
在“双碳”目标的引领下,我国电力装机结构优化调整动力充足,新能源装机容量占比逐年提高。2024年我国可再生能源装机容量突破18亿千瓦,达到18.89亿千瓦,占全国发电总装机的56%。在此背景下,新能源在电力市场交易中的参与度也逐年提升,2024年新能源参与电力市场交易比重已超过51%,以新能源为主体成为电力系统的发展方向[1-3]。然而,新能源发电机组在给电力用户提供绿色能源的同时,其出力的不确定性、随机性、波动性和间歇性给电力系统的稳定运行带来了巨大挑战。相较于传统的燃煤机组,新能源发电企业在与电力用户开展中长期交易时,面临更高的合同履约难度和相对不可控的履约风险。
当下,中长期市场与现货市场衔接成为了我国多省现货市场建设关注的重点,而中长期带曲线交易是实现电力中长期市场与现货市场衔接的有效途径。但由于难以预测未来数月甚至一年小时维度的新能源出力,故中长期带曲线交易需要将交易电量确定在小时维度的特点易造成实际执行与交易结果偏差增大的后果,从而降低新能源企业收益,增加电力系统运行风险。这也使得新能源企业面临更大的履约压力。
为应对新能源发电的波动性和不确定性,政府部门及发电企业均开始关注如何通过储能系统的调节作用,减少新能源企业偏差电量,降低新能源发电企业履约压力,实现对电力系统的稳定控制,避免因可再生能源发电波动引起的系统不稳定和安全问题[4-6]。现行政策下,独立储能参与市场运行有自申报、接受调度和联合运营三种模式。相比于自申报和接受调度两种模式,在联合运营模式下,独立储能与新能源发电企业协商交易的电量和价格,提前锁定收益,有助于降低新能源发电企业和独立储能的经营风险。
目前,针对如何降低新能源发电企业参与电力交易的履约风险问题,国内外的学者们从电力履约风险策略、电力交易风险防控、储能对新能源入市及规避风险的作用等方面进行了探索。
在电力履约风险策略方面,梁以恒等[7]提出了基于特征约束的多层感知机功率预测算法结合与储能双边交易来降低新能源发电商所受弃风损失和偏差惩罚。赵书强等[8]针对风光出力不确定性,提出考虑电量分解与检修计划相互影响的含风光水能源的电力系统合约电量分解模型。许彦平等[9]为保证合约可执行性,提出了一种计及交易优先级及电力平衡约束的新能源中长期交易电量优化分解方法。刘军等[10]为保证中长期合约的可执行性,构建了以发电成本、电量偏移和碳排放最小为目标函数的考虑风电不确定性的日前电量分解优化模型。
在电力交易风险防控方面,刘立文等[11]从多个维度构建了电力市场风险预警指标框架体系。成润婷等[12]对我国可再生能源消纳下的市场交易风险进行了分析。加鹤萍等[13]在考虑多种资源的出力偏差和风险控制后,提出了基于改进沙普利值法的虚拟电厂收益分配策略。任景等[14]分析了西北地区电力电量平衡的风险特性,提出了兼顾电力可靠供应和新能源高效消纳的西北电网电力电量平衡措施与建议。郑伟等[15]构建了交易中心和售电企业之间的主从博弈模型以满足售电企业对担保品的需求。谢敬东等[16]基于所构建的系统动力学和演化博弈的电力市场担保机制研究模型对售电公司的市场行为和交易中心的管控力度进行了分析。丁羽等[17]在对容量持留机组进行识别后,将容量持留风险防范和电力市场出清深度结合以防范容量持留风险。陈灏等[18]提出可再生能源聚合体可采用需求响应来应对电力生产的不确定性。
在储能对新能源入市及规避风险作用方面,时维帅等[19]构建了风氢联合系统参与现货市场的双层优化模型,验证了风电场配备电转氢(power to hydrogen,P2H)设备有助于提高风电利用率。关立等[20]提出独立储能以自调度模式参与现货市场的运行机制,验证了储能参与现货市场对提升电力供应保障能力具有重要作用。李宏仲等[21]构建了新能源发电商和储能商参与日前市场的双层博弈模型,验证了储能有助于降低因新能源出力不确定导致的新能源发电商所受损失。文旭等[22]在随机规划建模框架内构建了含储能的微电网随机调度市场风险管控模型。斯琴卓娅等[23]构建了考虑风光出力不确定性的含储能的电-气联合系统分布鲁棒优化运行模型。朱彤[24]认为我国现有灵活性资源难以匹配我国风电、光伏(photovoltaic, PV)比重的快速增加。
通过上述文献梳理可以发现,现有履约风险策略和风险防控方面研究较少构建新能源发电企业配置独立储能交易的模型,以此来满足发电企业的履约需求;而在储能和新能源发电企业合作方面,所建立模型多基于现货市场,而未考虑中长期交易。现货市场条件下,降低新能源参与电力交易的履约风险的重要因素之一是让新能源发电企业的中长期交易曲线贴近其出力曲线,因此本文拟将新能源发电企业出力机会约束引入独立储能与新能源发电企业的中长期合约分时段电量确定问题中,提出考虑多重约束的独立储能中长期合约电量确定方法,探究新能源发电企业风险偏好、超/少发电量结算价格、独立储能初始荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)对所签订中长期合约的影响,以在新能源发电企业面临较大违约风险和中长期市场与现货市场衔接的当下,为相关企业制定经营策略提供指导意见,也为学者们研究独立储能中长期交易提供理论参考。
为在新能源出力不确定性下,确定新能源发电企业与独立储能中长期合约电量以提高利益新能源发电企业-独立储能利益共同体收益、降低新能源违约风险,首先,本文利用新能源发电企业当地的历史天气数据,结合新能源出力模型,计算得到新能源的历史出力数据,进而得到各时刻历史出力均值和各时刻历史出力与均值的偏差。其次,基于所得新能源历史出力均值和偏差建立新能源出力机会约束。再次,构建以利益共同体收益最大化为目标函数,以新能源出力机会约束、独立储能运行约束为约束条件的独立储能中长期合约电量确定模型;然后在将机会约束转化为条件风险价值约束后,利用大M法将本文所提模型转化为混合整数规划模型(mixed Integer program,MIP)。最后,通过算例仿真、对比分析和敏感性分析对本文所提方法有效性进行验证。
针对新能源发电企业与独立储能在中长期交易中的电量确定问题,依据电力行业的相关政策法规,结合新能源发电企业和独立储能相关技术特性,本文提出了以下六点假设。
H1:虽然随着电力市场改革的进行,部分省份出台了新能源发电企业配置储能的政策,但新能源发电企业配置储能的意愿并不强烈,且本文聚焦于新能源发电企业与独立储能中长期合约电量确定方法的研究,故本文假设新能源发电企业没有配置储能。该假设确定了本文所提模型的适用范围。
H2:由于新能源出力存在波动性、间歇性、随机性,新能源发电企业无法得到各时段新能源机组出力精确的概率分布,但存在一些历史样本数据,并可通过历史数据构造经验分布。在独立储能中长期合约电量确定模型中,交易双方可依据该假设所得各时段新能源出力经验分布确定各时段交易电量,以降低新能源发电企业违约风险。
H3:假设新能源发电企业与独立储能均为厌恶风险者,双方希望在月度双边协商交易中实现新能源发电企业-独立储能利益共同体收益最大化。若新能源发电企业与独立储能均为风险爱好者,则新能源发电企业可不同独立储能进行月度双边协商交易,而是期待新能源具有足够出力使其能够履行所签中长期合约,以赚取更高利润;独立储能也可不同新能源发电企业进行月度双边协商交易,而是参与现货市场,期待通过“高抛低吸” 赚取更高利润。因此,新能源发电企业与独立储能均为厌恶风险者是双方进行交易的基础。同时,本文所构建的独立储能中长期合约电量确定模型主要用于新能源发电企业和独立储能达成中长期合约交易前,目的在于确认双方是否存在交易空间,以及若存在交易空间,双方可以交易的电量。基于纳什讨价还价理论,本文认为新能源发电企业和独立储能各自能从此交易中获取的利益取决于双方的市场力,这不在本文的研究范围内。本文所提出模型的计算结果可为后续交易双方的讨价还价提供电量基础,基于讨价还价的结果,交易双方可以选择是否同对方签订中长期合约。该假设确定了模型的使用范围,确定了新能源发电企业与独立储能交易的条件,也确定了模型的使用范围和目标函数。
H4:由于储能当下的荷电状态会影响其后续的充放电行为,故本文假设交易双方会约定每天某个时刻的独立储能荷电状态为一定的,并称其为独立储能初始荷电状态。该假设有助于保证模型所确定合约电量的可执行性。
H5:由于独立储能规模较小,且独立参与电能量市场具有一定的要求,故假设独立储能具备独立参与电能量市场的资格,且采用报量不报价的方式参与现货市场。该假设确保独立储能具有通过其他途径购售电的能力,且确定了独立储能参与现货市场的方式。
H6:由于不同的储能设施具有不同的技术特性,建模方式也存在差别,而锂电池具有能量密度高、使用寿命长、额定电压高、承载功率高、自放电率低等优点[25],故假设本文所提独立储能是以锂电池所构建的独立储能。该假设确定了本文所提模型的适用范围。
光伏发电的实际出力主要受到太阳辐射强度和环境温度的影响,同时,灰尘对光线遮挡、吸收、反射等作用也会影响光伏发电[26-28]。式(1)~式(5)为光伏出力模型。其中,式(1)~式(3)分别求取光伏的实时出力、电流和电压,式(4)求取温度矫正系数,式(5)求取光伏面板的实际温度。Amr等[26]通过实验验证了光伏出力模型的准确性。
PPV=NPVIPVUPV ${f}_{T}^{PV}{f}_{D}^{PV}$
IPV= ${I}_{sc}^{PV}$(rae/ ${r}_{rated}^{PV}$-1)+ ${I}_{pm}^{PV}$
UPV= ${U}_{pm}^{PV}$[1+0.0593lg(rae/ ${r}_{rated}^{PV}$)]
${f}_{T}^{PV}$=1-( ${T}_{real}^{PV}$- ${T}_{rated}^{PV}$)/200
${T}_{real}^{PV}$=Tae+30rae/800
其中:PPV为光伏出力;NPV为光伏面板的数量;IPV ${I}_{sc}^{PV}$ ${I}_{pm}^{PV}$分别为实时电流、短路电流和峰值电流;UPV ${U}_{pm}^{PV}$分别为实时电压和峰值电压; ${f}_{T}^{PV}$ ${f}_{D}^{PV}$分别为温度和灰尘校正系数,反映温度与灰尘对光伏出力的影响,本文灰尘校正系数为0.98[27]rae ${r}_{rated}^{PV}$分别为实时光强和额定光强;Tae为环境温度, ${T}_{real}^{PV}$ ${T}_{rated}^{PV}$分别为光伏面板的实际温度和额定温度。
新能源发电企业同独立储能签订中长期合约有助于新能源发电企业和独立储能降低风险、提高收益。新能源发电企业同独立储能签订中长期合约后,二者即可看作利益共同体,为达成合约关系下的利益最大化目标,可将利益共同体收益划分为三个部分。
一是每个时段内,在新能源发电企业满足电力用户分时段中长期合约电量之外的其余市场化电量收入,或是新能源发电企业未满足电力用户分时段中长期合约电量所受到的惩罚。
二是每个时段内,独立储能在满足新能源发电企业需求电量之外的市场化售电收入。
三是每个时段内,独立储能未满足新能源发电企业需求电量之外的市场化购电成本。
此外,在此模型中未考虑独立储能与新能源发电企业签订中长期合约时,新能源发电企业和独立储能的中长期合约收益。
基于上述考虑构建如式(6)~式(8)所示的目标函数。
maxR= $\sum _{t=1}^{T}$R'(t)+ $\sum _{t=1}^{T}$λout(t)xout(t)- $\sum _{t=1}^{T}$λin(t)xin(t)
R'(t)= $\left\{\begin{array}{l}-{p}_{d}f\left(t\right), f\left(t\right)0\\ -{p}_{s}f\left(t\right), f\left(t\right)\ge 0\end{array}\right.$
f(t)=Qh(t)-P(tt+yin(t)+yout(t)
其中:R为利益共同体总收益;R'(t)为新能源发电企业出售中长期合约分解电量以外的其余电量的收入或未完成中长期合约分解电量的惩罚;λout(t)、λin(t)分别为独立储能在t时刻的预计售电和购电价格,即独立储能对其他电力用户售电的最高价格和独立储能购买电的最低价格,本文分别用独立储能在t时刻历史售电价格均值和t时刻历史分时段价格均值代替;xout(t)、xin(t)分别为独立储能在t时刻对其他用户售出的电量和独立储能在t时刻购买的电量;pdps分别为新能源发电企业出售中长期合约分解电量以外的其余电量的价格和未完成中长期合约分解电量的惩罚价格,本文参考超发电量结算价格和少发电量结算价格;f(t)为新能源发电企业在t时刻出售中长期合约分解电量以外的其余的电量或未完成的中长期合约分解电量;Qh(t)为新能源发电企业已成交的中长期合约分解到t时刻的电量;P(t)为新能源发电企业在t时刻的出力,P(t)=PPV(t);Δt=1;yout(t)、yin(t)分别为新能源发电企业同独立储能在t时刻的售出和购买的电量。
本文所考虑的独立储能中长期合约电量确定模型的约束条件主要为新能源发电机组的出力机会约束及独立储能的运行约束。
(1)独立储能运行约束。锂电池在t+1时刻的电量E(t+1),主要取决于t时刻锂电池的电量、t时刻充放电量及锂电池充放电效率,表示如式(9)所示[29]
E(t+1)=E(t)+[yin(t)+xin(t)]×fin- $\frac{{y}_{out}(t)+{x}_{out}(t)}{{f}_{out}}$
锂电池同一时刻只能进行充电或者放电一种操作[30]
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{y}_{in}\left(t\right)\times {y}_{out}\left(t\right)=0\\ {x}_{in}\left(t\right)\times {x}_{out}\left(t\right)=0\\ {x}_{in}\left(t\right)\times {y}_{out}\left(t\right)=0\\ {y}_{in}\left(t\right)\times {x}_{out}\left(t\right)=0\end{array}\right.$
单位时间内锂电池充/放电量受到额定功率和电池电量的约束[31-32]
0≤yin(t)+xin(t)≤min{PcEmax-E(t)}
0≤yout(t)+xout(t)≤min{PcE(t)-Emin}
独立储能最大/最小储存容量约束表示为
Emax=E×fmaxEmin=E×fmin
yin(t), xin(t), yout(t), xout(t), P(t)≥0
其中:E(t)为t时刻锂电池的电量;finfout分别为锂电池的充放电效率;Pc为锂电池的额定功率;EmaxEmin分别为锂电池最大和最小储存容量;fmaxfmin分别为锂电池最大和最小储存容量系数,本文二者分别为0.9和0.1[33]
(2)新能源发电机会约束。机会约束是随机规划理论中的一种常用建模方法,其思想是保证约束至少以一定概率得到满足。用机会约束反映新能源发电机组实际出力的随机性,如式(15)所示。式(15)表示新能源发电企业t时刻出力P(t)低于等于其历史均值加上偏差的和的概率大于等于1-ε
P $\left\{P(t)\le \mu (t)+\sigma (t)\right\}$≥1-ε
其中:P{}为计算概率;μ(t)为新能源发电企业t时刻历史出力数据的均值;σ(t)为新能源发电企业t时刻历史出力数据与历史出力均值的偏差;ε为一个常数,且0≤ε≤1。ε用于衡量新能源发电企业的风险偏好程度,ε越大说明新能源发电企业越偏好风险,反之,则说明新能源发电企业越厌恶风险。ε可由新能源发电企业依据自身的财务状况、对未来天气的预期、风险承受能力等进行确定。
由于机会约束无法被现有优化算法直接求解,需将模型转化为可被线性规划算法求解的形式,故本文将会把机会约束转化为条件风险价值约束。
由文献[34]中定理10的基本最小化公式和文献[35]所提出的数据驱动的机会约束构建方法,以及机会约束转化为条件风险价值约束方法可知,由式(15)可以写出如式(16)所示的条件风险价值。
${{C}^{e}}_{VaR\epsilon }$[P(t)-μ(t)-σ(t)]= $\underset{\tau }{inf}${τ+EP[〈P(t)-μ(t)-σ(t)-τ+]}
其中:τ为引入的实数变量;EP[]为计算随机变量在真实分布P下的期望;$\langle$$\rangle$+为ReLU函数;;inf表示求最小值; ${{C}^{e}}_{VaR\epsilon }$[P(t)-μ(t)-σ(t)]表示[P(t)-μ(t)-σ(t)]的条件风险价值。
由于随机变量σ(t)的真实概率分布难以求得。为解决这一问题,可通过收集随机变量的历史值或者通过场景生成与削减技术进行模拟,构建随机变量的样本数据集[35]。本文采用随机变量的历史值来构建其样本数据集。先构建包含N个样本数据的样本集Φσt={,,…,,…,}。用经验分布δ()/N近似σ(t)的真实概率分布。δ()表示在处取值为1、其他处为0的狄拉克函数。用σ(t)的经验分布近似真实分布,则条件风险价值的近似值为式(17)。
${{C}^{e}}_{VaR\epsilon }$[h(t)]= $\underset{\tau }{inf}\left\{\tau +\sum _{n=1}^{N}[〈P(t)-\mu (t)-\sigma (t)-\tau {〉}^{+}]/(\epsilon N)\right\}$
其中:h(t)=P(t)-μ(t)-σ(t)。
式(15)所示机会约束可转化为式(18)所示条件风险价值约束。
${{C}^{e}}_{VaR\epsilon }$[P(t)-μ(t)-σ(t)]≤0
由式(17)和式(18)可得式(19)。
τ+ $\sum _{n=1}^{N}$[ $P(t)-\mu (t)-{\sigma }_{n}(t)-{\tau }^{+}$]/(εN)≤0
引入辅助变量hn(t),式(19)可转化为式(20)和式(21)。
τ+ $\sum _{n=1}^{N}$hn(t)/(εN)≤0
hn(t)≥P(t)-μ(t)-σn(t)-τhn≥0
非线性模型存在难以求解的问题。故本文将采取大M法将式(7)、式(11)和式(12)进行线性化处理。处理后的公式含义和式(7)、式(11)、式(12)相同。
针对作为分段函数的式(7),本文通过引入布尔变量g1(t)、g2(t)及任意大的正数M来对其进行线性化处理。处理结果如式(22)所示。当g1(t)=1,g2(t)=0时,f(t)≥0,R'(t)=-psf(t);当g1(t)=0,g2(t)=1时,f(t)≤0,R'(t)=-pdf(t)。故可通过控制g1(t)、g2(t)的值实现分段函数线性化。
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}R\text{'}\left(t\right)=-{p}_{s}f\left(t\right){g}_{1}\left(t\right)-{p}_{d}f\left(t\right){g}_{2}\left(t\right)\\ {g}_{1}\left(t\right)+{g}_{2}\left(t\right)=1\\ f\left(t\right)\ge -M{g}_{2}\left(t\right)\\ f\left(t\right)\le M{g}_{1}\left(t\right)\\ {g}_{1}\left(t\right),{g}_{2}\left(t\right)\in \left\{\mathrm{0,1}\right\}\end{array}\right.$
针对作为min函数的式(11)和式(12),本文通过引入中间变量zinzout,布尔变量uinvinuoutvout及任意大的正数M来对其进行线性化处理。中间变量zinPcEmax-E(t)的较小值,中间变量zout表示PcE(t)-Emin的较小值。处理结果如式(23)~式(26)所示。以式(23)、式(24)为例,如表1所示,当PcEmax-E(t)时,uin=1,vin=0即可满足约束;当PcEmax-E(t)时,uin=0,vin=1即可满足约束。故可通过控制uinvin的值实现在PcEmax-E(t)中取小的目的。式(25)、式(26)同理。
zin=min{PcEmax-E(t)}
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{z}_{in}\le {P}_{c}\\ {z}_{in}\le {E}_{max}-E\left(t\right)\\ {P}_{c}\le {z}_{in}+M(1-{u}_{in})\\ {E}_{max}-E\left(t\right)\le {z}_{in}+M(1-{v}_{in})\\ {u}_{in}+{v}_{in}\ge 1\\ {u}_{in},{v}_{in}\in \left\{\mathrm{0,1}\right\}\end{array}\right.$
zout=min{PcE(t)-Emin}
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{z}_{out}\le {P}_{c}\\ {z}_{out}\le E\left(t\right)-{E}_{min}\\ {P}_{c}\le {z}_{out}+M(1-{u}_{out})\\ E\left(t\right)-{E}_{min}\le {z}_{out}+M(1-{v}_{out})\\ {u}_{out}+{v}_{out}\ge 1\\ {u}_{out},{v}_{out}\in \left\{\mathrm{0,1}\right\}\end{array}\right.$
为了更好地理解本文方法,用图1展示其建模过程。
为验证所提模型的有效性,本文选取浙江某地具有1000块光伏面板的光伏发电企业和某独立储能电站各1个在Matlab2022b-Yalmip编译环境下调用Gurobi求解器进行仿真与分析。该独立储能额定容量为24兆瓦时,额定充电功率为9兆瓦,额定放电功率为9兆瓦,功率因数为0.9。
本算例首先,假设光伏发电企业与独立储能进行月度双边协商交易,且双方均厌恶风险,双方希望在月度双边协商交易中实现光伏发电企业-独立储能利益共同体收益最大化。其次,假设发电侧超发电量惩罚系数为0.9,发电侧少发电量惩罚系数为1.1[36],月度集中竞价交易最低成交价为340元/兆瓦时,月度集中竞价交易最高成交价为400元/兆瓦时,故超发电量结算价格和少发电量结算价格分别为306元/兆瓦时和440元/兆瓦时,独立储能各个时刻得预计购售电价格如图2所示。
参照该地过去两年4月天气数据,利用式(1)~式(5),可得该发电企业在每天0时~5时,18时~23时出力均为0兆瓦,且由于用户负荷在工作日和休息日存在一定的差别,故假设该发电企业的自定义分解曲线如图3所示。同时,为保证合约的可执行性,假设约定每日0时的独立储能荷电状态为50%。此外,本文假设光伏发电企业所签订的年度中长期合约电量为297509.83兆瓦时(由天气数据所得去年发电量的70%),所签订的4月月度中长期合约电量为9208.64兆瓦时(由天气数据所得去年发电量的26%折算到月)。
参照该地2021年、2022年两年4月天气数据,通过式(1)~式(5)可以求得光伏发电企业历史出力数据,进而可以求得光伏发电企业历史平均出力和出力偏差,以6时为例,其历史平均出力和出力偏差如图4所示。
基于上述一系列假设条件,本文探讨了独立储能和光伏发电企业之间的购售电行为和经济效益。在ε为0.1,独立储能初始SOC为50%的情况展开分析下。通过本文提出的优化模型对算例进行求解,得到了独立储能在不同时间段的购售电量,结果如图5所示。其中,光伏发电企业同独立储能的买卖电量即为二者中长期合约电量。由图5(a)可知,在工作日,独立储能受限于不能同时进行充电和放电行为的技术限制,其将在电价较低时段(3时、4时、5时、12时、21时等)对外购电并进行储存。在电价较高时段(10时、14时、15时、16时、17时等)将所存电力出售给光伏发电企业,以减少光伏发电企业惩罚,提升光伏发电企业-独立储能利益共同体经济效益,发挥削峰填谷,平衡供需,减少电力市场波动的作用。将图5(b)图5(a)进行对比可知,无论是工作日还是休息日,独立储能在3时、4时、5时具有相同的与光伏发电企业交易的行为。但相比于工作日,光伏发电企业在休息日多了售电给独立储能的交易行为,独立储能多了通过其他途径售电的交易行为。这一区别的原因由图3可知——相比于工作日,休息日的电力需求较低。同时可以发现,相比于工作日,独立储能在休息日的6时、7时、8时会交易更多的电量以让光伏发电企业在这一时段超发,进而为后续9时、11时等从光伏发电企业购电提供充电空间。还可以发现,由于独立储能在11时、12时、13时、14时购买了大量来自光伏发电企业的电,故其不需要在21时从其他途径购电以满足独立储能初始SOC的约束。
为验证所提方法的有效性,本文将基于前文的参数设置对比光伏发电企业与独立储能是否签订月度双边合约时光伏发电企业的偏差电量以及利益共同体的收益。图6展示了光伏发电企业同独立储能多交易情况下的偏差电量,表2展示了多交易情况下利益共同体的收益。
图6可知,无论是工作日还是休息日,光伏发电企业同独立储能进行月度双边交易后的光伏发电企业实际出力和中长期合约分解电量(含光伏发电企业同独立储能的月度双边交易)之间的差距均低于光伏发电企业未同独立储能进行月度双边交易时的差距。故本文所提模型有助于降低光伏发电企业实际出力和中长期合约分解电量(含光伏发电企业同独立储能的月度双边交易)之间的差距。由表2可知,光伏发电企业同独立储能进行月度双边交易,可在工作日提高利益共同体总收益662.89元,在休息日提高利益共同体总收益1442.15元。
基于上述分析可以知道光伏发电企业同独立储能签订中长期合约有助于实现利益共同体收益最大化。但基于本文所提方法确定的光伏发电企业-独立储能中长期合约双边交易分时电量受到多种因素的影响,本节将从新能源发电企业风险偏好、超发、少发电量结算价格、独立储能容量、独立储能初始荷电状态4个维度进行敏感性分析以探究它们的影响。上述三种影响的调整情况如表3所示,其余参数设置与前文相同。
随着光伏发电企业对于未来发电量的估计的不同,光伏发电企业同独立储能签订的中长期合约会发生变化。中长期合约的变化直接影响了光伏发电企业的多余电量和少发电量,同时也影响了独立储能在其他途径购售电的策略。因此,利益共同体的整体收益会因这些因素而有所不同。
图7可以发现,随着ε从0.1增加到0.9,光伏发电企业预计发电量逐渐增长,工作日利益共同体收益从-39744.90元增加到55540.88元,休息日利益共同体收益也从24349.36元增加到109757.76元。利益共同体收益的增长趋势不仅与光伏发电企业预计发电量的增加有关,还与独立储能购售电策略的变化相关。以休息日的ε为0.1和0.2为例,独立储能购售电策略分别如图5(b)图8所示。
ε从0.1增加0.2时,若不改变光伏发电企业和独立储能的购售电策略,则利益共同体收益由24349.36元增长到51183.60元,但低于光伏发电企业和独立储能的调整购售电策略后的52548.76元。由图5(b)图8对比可知,随着光伏发电企业对于未来发电量估计的提高,独立储能的购售电情况有所变化。独立储能在3时减少了0.3365兆瓦时的通过其他途径所购电量,在5时减少了0.9兆瓦时的通过其他途径所购电量,在6时、7时、8时分别减少向光伏发电企业售电2.4852兆瓦时、7.6173兆瓦时、0.7763兆瓦时,并在8时增加9兆瓦时通过其他途径所售电量,在9时增加0.7145兆瓦时从光伏发电企业所购电量,在10时增加1.6638兆瓦时通过其他途径所售电量,在16时、17时分别减少向光伏发电企业售电2.2242兆瓦时、1.6713兆瓦时,并在16时增加3.8955兆瓦时通过其他途径所售电量。由上述对比可知,独立储能从光伏发电企业购得的电量有所增长,通过其他途径购得的电量略有下降。但是,独立储能出售给光伏发电企业的电量有较大程度的下降,通过其他途径所售电量增长较大,即利益共同体从其他途径购得的电量有所下降(成本下降),从其他途径售出的电量有所增长(收入增加),且增长的从其他途径售电均是在价格较高时段(≥392.99元/兆瓦时),而这正是利益共同体收益增长的原因之一。但ε从0.1增加到0.2带来的光伏发电企业预计发电量的增长使得新能源发电企业欠发电量减少,超发电量增加是利益共同体收益增长的最主要原因。
随着超发、少发电量结算价格的变化,光伏发电企业同独立储能签订的中长期合约会发生变化,独立储能在其他途径购售电策略也会发生变化。因此,利益共同体的整体收益会随着超发、少发电量结算价格的变化而有所不同。本文将探索在工作日时,ε为0.1的情况下,超发电量结算价格和少发电量结算价格对于利益共同体收益和中长期合约电量的影响。
(1)超发电量结算价格。由图9可以发现,当光伏发电企业不与独立储能签订月度双边合约时,利益共同体损失随着超发电量结算价格的增加没有变化,均保持在40660.4元。当光伏发电企业与独立储能签订月度双边合约时,利益共同体收益随着超发电量结算价格的增加无较大幅度地变化,只在超发电量结算价格从增加30%变成增加20%时,利益共同体损失从39674.19元增加到39744.90元。这是由于在ε为0.1的情况下,光伏发电企业的预计出力难以满足中长期合约分解电量的需求,即使其与独立储能签订月度双边合约仍难以满足需求,只是在与独立储能签订月度双边合约的情况下可以降低其损失。
超发电量结算价格的变化对于光伏发电企业同独立储能签订的月度双边合约分时段电量也存在影响,本文将以超发电量结算价格增加20%和30%两种情况下的独立储能购售电情况为例进行分析。
当超发电量结算价格由增加20%变为增加30%时,若不改变光伏发电企业和独立储能的购售电策略,则利益共同体收益没有变化,为-39744.90元,但光伏发电企业和独立储能若调整购售电策略,则利益共同体收益为-39674.19元。通过对比图10(a)图10(b)可以发现,当超发电量结算价格从增加20%变为增加30%时,独立储能在2时向光伏发电企业增加售电7.56兆瓦时,在3时增加通过其他途径所购电量7兆瓦时,在5时增加通过其他途径所购电量2.1兆瓦时,在6时增加通过其他途径所购电量0.21兆瓦时,在8时向光伏发电企业增加售电5.0691兆瓦时,在9时向光伏发电企业增加售电6.2730兆瓦时,在10时向光伏发电企业减少售电7.2433兆瓦时,在15时向光伏发电企业减少售电6.1912兆瓦时,在16时向光伏发电企业增加售电9兆瓦时,在17时向光伏发电企业减少售电6.9265兆瓦时。由上述变化可知,当超发电量结算价格增加时,利益共同体通过增加独立储能向新能源发电企业的电量输出,增加独立储能通过其他途径购电的行为来提高利益共同体总收益。
(2)少发电量结算价格。由图9可以知道,当光伏发电企业不与独立储能签订月度双边合约时,利益共同体收益随着少发电量结算价格的增加而减少,从少发电量结算价格降低30%时的-28462.3元到少发电量结算价格增加30%时的-52858.5元。当光伏发电企业与独立储能签订月度双边合约时,利益共同体收益随着少发电量结算价格的增加而减少,从少发电量结算价格降低30%时的-27927.8元到少发电量结算价格增加30%时的-46111.8元。故无论光伏发电企业是否与独立储能签订月度双边合约,利益共同体收益都随着少发电量结算价格的增加而减少。但光伏发电企业同独立储能签订月度双边合约比光伏发电企业同独立储能不签订月度双边合约的损失小。这同样也是由于在ε为0.1的情况下,光伏发电企业的预计出力难以满足中长期合约分解电量的需求,即使其与独立储能签订月度双边合约仍难以满足需求,只是在与独立储能签订月度双边合约的情况下可以降低其损失。
少发电量结算价格的变化对于光伏发电企业同独立储能签订的月度双边合约分时段电量也存在影响,本文将以少发电量结算价格增加20%和10%两种情况下的独立储能购售电情况为例进行分析。
当少发电量结算价格由增加20%变为增加10%时,若不改变光伏发电企业和独立储能的购售电策略,则利益共同体收益从-44171.29变为-42230.79元,但低于光伏发电企业和独立储能的调整购售电策略后的-42133.22元。通过对比图11(a)图11(b)可以发现,当少发电量结算价格从增加20%变为增加10%时,独立储能在6时向光伏发电企业减少售电0.7543兆瓦时,在8时向光伏发电企业减少售电9兆瓦时,在9时向光伏发电企业增加售电9兆瓦时,并减少通过其他途径所购电量7.1407兆瓦时,在14时向光伏发电企业减少售电2.1082兆瓦时,在15时向光伏发电企业增加售电1.0835兆瓦时,并减少通过其他途径所购电量4.2650兆瓦时。由上述变化可知,随着少发电量结算价格的降低,即少发对利益共同体收益影响的变小,利益共同体减少了独立储能向光伏发电企业的电量输出,同时降低了独立储能通过其他途径的购电行为,以此来提高利益共同体收益。
独立储能容量的大小将对利益共同体收益产生影响。本文将以3兆瓦时为间隔,探究在工作日时,ε为0.1的情况下,独立储能容量对于光伏发电企业-独立储能利益共同体收益和中长期合约电量的影响。图12展示了利益共同体收益、独立储能出售给光伏发电企业的电量的变化。
由于在上述5种独立储能容量下,光伏发电企业售电给独立储能、独立储能通过其他途径所售电量均为0兆瓦时。因此,此时独立储能从其他途径购得的电量与独立储能出售给光伏发电企业的电量具有线性相关性(独立储能从其他途径购得的电量-充放电损耗=独立储能出售给光伏发电企业的电量),故图12只展示独立储能出售给光伏发电企业的电量。由图12可以发现,在工作日和ε为0.1的情况下,随着独立储能容量从18兆瓦时增加到30兆瓦时,独立储能出售给光伏发电企业的电量从20.24兆瓦时增加到26.72兆瓦时,即光伏发电企业的少发电量减少了,因此,利益共同体的损失从39880.53元减少到39615.69元。
除了独立储能容量的影响,独立储能的充放电策略还需考虑其初始荷电状态,初始SOC越大,则一开始能充的电就越少,能放的电就越多。本文将以10%为间隔,探究在工作日时,ε为0.1的情况下,储能初始SOC变化对于光伏发电企业-独立储能利益共同体收益和中长期合约电量的影响。
图13可以发现,在工作日和ε为0.1的情况下,随着独立储能初始SOC从20%增长到80%,利益共同体的损失也从39441.3元增长到40080.9元。这一现象主要是由于光伏发电企业和独立储能的购售电策略会随着独立储能初始SOC的变化而调整,导致最终的经济收益产生不同的结果。为进一步探讨这一过程,本文将以独立储能初始SOC为20%和30%为例,深入分析其对充放电策略和利益共同体收益的影响。
当独立储能初始SOC从20%变为30%时,若不改变光伏发电企业和独立储能的购售电策略,则独立储能无法完成其同光伏发电企业所签订的月度双边合约。若改变光伏发电企业和独立储能的购售电策略,则利益共同体总收益从-39441.30元减少为-39541.71元。由图14可以知道,当独立储能初始SOC从20%变为30%时,独立储能充放电策略的主要变化为3时减少通过其他途径所购电量2.2兆瓦时和21时增加通过其他途径所购电量2.4兆瓦时。这是由于独立储能初始SOC为30%时,相比于独立储能初始SOC为20%,其在3时少购电就可以达到独立储能最大容量。而在21时,独立储能需要多购电以使得0时SOC达到30%。而3时独立储能购电价格(313.33元/兆瓦时)低于21时独立储能购电价格(355.61元/兆瓦时),故独立储能初始SOC从20%变为30%时,利益共同体损失增加。
本文针对新能源发电企业与独立储能中长期交易分时段电量如何确定的问题,提出了一种基于数据驱动的新能源出力机会约束和新能源发电企业同独立储能签订中长期合约分时段电量确定模型,并将机会约束转化为可被求解的条件风险价值约束,且将模型转化为混合整数规划模型,本文进一步在算例仿真、对比分析和敏感性分析验证了本文所提方法的有效性,得到以下结论:
(1)本文提出的方法能够有效提高新能源发电企业和独立储能所组成的利益共同体的整体收益。通过合理的中长期合约电量分配,新能源发电企业可以更好地利用独立储能进行电量调度和管理,从而降低其履约风险。本文的方法在一定程度上以市场化方式解决了新能源发电企业配置储能的问题。
(2)具有不同风险偏好的新能源发电企业可以通过调整ε大小来同独立储能进行中长期交易,以实现出力不确定性下的利益共同体收益最大化。
(3)不同的超发电量结算价格和少发电量结算价格对于中长期交易分时段电量策略存在影响。新能源发电企业和独立储能需要依据月度集中竞价交易的价格信号来制定合理的中长期交易分时段电量策略。
(4)在未考虑独立储能折旧的情况下,新能源发电企业与更大容量的独立储能签订中长期双边合约有助于提高利益共同体收益。
(5)不同的独立储能初始SOC对于中长期交易分时段电量策略存在影响。在新能源发电企业出力难以满足中长期合约分解电量需求时,较低的独立储能初始SOC能够提供更多的电量储备,从而在高峰期释放更多的电力,减少利益共同体的损失。合理设定储能系统的初始SOC,有助于优化电量调度策略,提高利益共同体的收益。
本文为不确定性环境下,新能源发电企业与独立储能如何确定中长期双边合约的分时段电量提供了一种创新的解决方案,且验证了在月度双边交易中的可行性。然而,本文所构建基于数据驱动的独立储能中长期合约电量确定模型暂不适用于新能源发电企业配储时,新能源发电企业和独立储能签订中长期合约的情景。此外,本文未基于鲁宾斯坦模型和泽森模型等探索新能源发电企业和独立储能进行中长期交易的定价方法。因此,下一步需要对新能源发电企业配储下的源储双边中长期合约签订方法、新能源发电企业和独立储能中长期交易定价方法等进行研究。
  • 国家自然科学基金“居民智慧用电行为影响机理及有序引导管理机制仿真研究”(72071077)
  • 国网浙江省电力有限公司科技项目“适应以新能源为主体的灵活性电力中长期交易体系及关键技术研究”(2023FD06)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1002-980X.J24062702
  • 接收时间:2024-06-27
  • 首发时间:2025-07-04
  • 出版时间:2025-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-27
基金
国家自然科学基金“居民智慧用电行为影响机理及有序引导管理机制仿真研究”(72071077)
国网浙江省电力有限公司科技项目“适应以新能源为主体的灵活性电力中长期交易体系及关键技术研究”(2023FD06)
作者信息
    1 浙江电力交易中心有限公司, 杭州 310020
    2 浙江华云信息科技有限公司, 杭州 310051
    3 华北电力大学经济与管理学院, 北京 102206

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俞静(1984—),硕士,高级工程师,研究方向:电力市场、电力大数据分析;
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