Article(id=1148001301939614225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, issueId=1147991611725836402, articleNumber=1002-980X(2025)05-0084-10, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1002-980X.J24031806, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1710691200000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751634439214, onlineDateStr=2025-07-04, pubDate=1748102400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751634439214, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751634439214, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751634439214, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1147991611725836402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, year='2025', volume='44', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='136', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751632128877, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758090412483, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1175079616504021893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, issueId=1147991611725836402, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1175079616504021894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, issueId=1147991611725836402, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=84, endPage=93, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1148001302166106642, articleId=1148001301939614225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, language=EN, title=Theoretical Construction and Empirical Test of U-shaped Relationships in Management Research, columnId=1149284495481717407, journalTitle=Journal of Technology Economics, columnName=Technology Economics Management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In recent years, management research has become increasingly sophisticated, transitioning from exploring simple linear relationships between variables to more complex nonlinear relationships. The U-shaped (or inverted U-shaped) relationship reveals the pattern of variables decreasing and then increasing (or vice versa), reflecting profound management concepts such as "extremes meet" and "too much is as bad as too little, " which hold significant theoretical and practical implications. Reviewing articles related to U-shaped relationships in representative Chinese management journals from 2015 to 2023, considerable room for improvement in the construction and testing of these relationships was revealed. As such, the progress of U-shaped relationship research in management, both domestically and internationally, is systematically elaborated on, which argues that identifying two distinct mechanisms through which the independent variable affects the dependent variable is critical to the construction of U-shaped relationships. Based on this, three methods for constructing the main effects of U-shaped relationships and their corresponding steps are summarized, along with a six-step process for testing the main effects and a three-step process for testing moderating effects. By integrating and summarizing the principles, procedures, and methods for constructing and testing U-shaped relationships, the shortcomings in methodology related to U-shaped relationships in domestic management research are addressed, contributing to the enhancement of research quality in the field of management.

, correspAuthors=Jiapeng Li, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Chi Ma, Jiapeng Li), CN=ArticleExt(id=1148001304691077703, articleId=1148001301939614225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, language=CN, title=管理学研究中U型关系的构建与检验, columnId=1149284495699821217, journalTitle=技术经济, columnName=技术经济管理, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

近年来管理学研究日趋精细,逐渐从探讨变量之间简单的线性关系向复杂的非线性关系转变。U型(或倒U型)关系揭示了变量之间先减后增(或先增后减)的变化规律,体现了“物极必反”“过犹不及”等深刻的管理思想,具有重要的理论和实践意义。本文对中文代表性管理学期刊2015—2023年U型关系相关的文章进行梳理,发现这些研究在U型关系构建和检验方面存在较多共性的改进空间。为此,本文在系统阐述国内外管理学U型关系研究进展基础上,提出识别自变量影响因变量的两种不同作用机制是U型关系构建的核心,并在此基础上归纳了U型关系主效应的三种构建方法和相应的构建步骤,总结了主效应检验六步骤和调节效应检验三步骤。本文整合归纳了U型关系构建和检验的原理、程序和方法,弥补了国内管理学研究在U型关系方法论方面的不足,有助于提高管理学研究质量。

, correspAuthors=李加鹏, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
李加鹏(1988—),博士,中央财经大学商学院讲师,研究方向:战略管理,创新创业。
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马驰(1993—),博士,中国人民公安大学公安管理学院讲师,研究方向:战略管理,国际商务;

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马驰(1993—),博士,中国人民公安大学公安管理学院讲师,研究方向:战略管理,国际商务;

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马驰(1993—),博士,中国人民公安大学公安管理学院讲师,研究方向:战略管理,国际商务;

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虚线表示横轴下方曲线关于横轴的镜像,阴影部分表示面积

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虚线表示横轴下方曲线关于横轴的镜像,阴影部分表示面积

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虚线表示横轴下方曲线关于横轴的镜像,阴影部分表示面积

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期刊 2015年 2016年 2017年 2018年 2019年 2020年 2021年 2022年 2023年 合计
管理科学学报 1 0 3 2 0 2 1 1 2 12
管理世界 2 1 1 1 0 4 4 1 0 14
南开管理评论 1 5 5 8 5 5 10 3 0 42
合计 4 6 9 11 5 11 15 5 2 68
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中文代表性管理学期刊U型关系发文数量(2015—2023年)

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期刊 2015年 2016年 2017年 2018年 2019年 2020年 2021年 2022年 2023年 合计
管理科学学报 1 0 3 2 0 2 1 1 2 12
管理世界 2 1 1 1 0 4 4 1 0 14
南开管理评论 1 5 5 8 5 5 10 3 0 42
合计 4 6 9 11 5 11 15 5 2 68
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类型 描述 占比(%)
分阶段拼凑机制 低自变量——机制A1 高自变量——机制B1 54
低自变量——机制A2 中自变量——机制B2 高自变量——机制C2
缺少构建过程 实证发现、文献综述代替逻辑推导 20
两种作用机制分析不严谨 未分析两种作用机制各自的类型、如何共同作用 11
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U型关系主效应构建常见问题

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类型 描述 占比(%)
分阶段拼凑机制 低自变量——机制A1 高自变量——机制B1 54
低自变量——机制A2 中自变量——机制B2 高自变量——机制C2
缺少构建过程 实证发现、文献综述代替逻辑推导 20
两种作用机制分析不严谨 未分析两种作用机制各自的类型、如何共同作用 11
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两种机制之间的关系 表达式 形状
线性-非线性并联 y11=(α0+α1x)+(γ0-γ1x-γ2x2) (1.1) 倒U
y12=(α0-α1x)+(γ0+γ1x+γ2x2) (1.2) U
非线性-非线性并联 y21=(α0-α1x+α2x2)+(γ0-γ1x-γ2x2) (1.3) 倒U
y22=(α0+α1x-α2x2)+(γ0+γ1x+γ2x2) (1.4) U
线性-线性串联 y31=(α0+α1x)×(γ0-γ1x) (1.5) 倒U
y32=(α0+α1x)×(γ0+γ1x) (1.6) U
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U型关系主效应构建模型

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两种机制之间的关系 表达式 形状
线性-非线性并联 y11=(α0+α1x)+(γ0-γ1x-γ2x2) (1.1) 倒U
y12=(α0-α1x)+(γ0+γ1x+γ2x2) (1.2) U
非线性-非线性并联 y21=(α0-α1x+α2x2)+(γ0-γ1x-γ2x2) (1.3) 倒U
y22=(α0+α1x-α2x2)+(γ0+γ1x+γ2x2) (1.4) U
线性-线性串联 y31=(α0+α1x)×(γ0-γ1x) (1.5) 倒U
y32=(α0+α1x)×(γ0+γ1x) (1.6) U
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曲线类别 β5>0 β5<0
转折点
左侧点
U型
曲线
k2<k1<0
U型曲线变得更加陡峭
k1<k2<0
U型曲线变得更加平缓
倒U型
曲线
0<k2<k1
倒U型曲线变得更加平缓
0<k1<k2
倒U型曲线变得更加陡峭
转折点
右侧点
U型
曲线
0<k1<k2
U型曲线变得更加陡峭
0<k2<k1
U型曲线变得更加平缓
倒U型
曲线
k1<k2<0
倒U型曲线变得更加平缓
k2<k1<0
倒U型曲线变得更加陡峭
), ArticleFig(id=1175092848002220181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1148001301939614225, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

U型曲线陡峭程度变化情况

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曲线类别 β5>0 β5<0
转折点
左侧点
U型
曲线
k2<k1<0
U型曲线变得更加陡峭
k1<k2<0
U型曲线变得更加平缓
倒U型
曲线
0<k2<k1
倒U型曲线变得更加平缓
0<k1<k2
倒U型曲线变得更加陡峭
转折点
右侧点
U型
曲线
0<k1<k2
U型曲线变得更加陡峭
0<k2<k1
U型曲线变得更加平缓
倒U型
曲线
k1<k2<0
倒U型曲线变得更加平缓
k2<k1<0
倒U型曲线变得更加陡峭
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管理学研究中U型关系的构建与检验
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马驰 1 , 李加鹏 2
技术经济 | 技术经济管理 2025,44(5): 84-93
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技术经济 | 技术经济管理 2025, 44(5): 84-93
管理学研究中U型关系的构建与检验
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马驰1, 李加鹏2
作者信息
  • 1 中国人民公安大学公安管理学院, 北京 100038
  • 2 中央财经大学商学院, 北京 100081
  • 马驰(1993—),博士,中国人民公安大学公安管理学院讲师,研究方向:战略管理,国际商务;

通讯作者:

李加鹏(1988—),博士,中央财经大学商学院讲师,研究方向:战略管理,创新创业。
Theoretical Construction and Empirical Test of U-shaped Relationships in Management Research
Chi Ma1, Jiapeng Li2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Police Administration, People's Public Security University of China, Beijing 100038, China
  • 2 Business School, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing 100081, China
出版时间: 2025-05-25 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1002-980X.J24031806
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近年来管理学研究日趋精细,逐渐从探讨变量之间简单的线性关系向复杂的非线性关系转变。U型(或倒U型)关系揭示了变量之间先减后增(或先增后减)的变化规律,体现了“物极必反”“过犹不及”等深刻的管理思想,具有重要的理论和实践意义。本文对中文代表性管理学期刊2015—2023年U型关系相关的文章进行梳理,发现这些研究在U型关系构建和检验方面存在较多共性的改进空间。为此,本文在系统阐述国内外管理学U型关系研究进展基础上,提出识别自变量影响因变量的两种不同作用机制是U型关系构建的核心,并在此基础上归纳了U型关系主效应的三种构建方法和相应的构建步骤,总结了主效应检验六步骤和调节效应检验三步骤。本文整合归纳了U型关系构建和检验的原理、程序和方法,弥补了国内管理学研究在U型关系方法论方面的不足,有助于提高管理学研究质量。

U型关系  /  构建  /  检验  /  管理学

In recent years, management research has become increasingly sophisticated, transitioning from exploring simple linear relationships between variables to more complex nonlinear relationships. The U-shaped (or inverted U-shaped) relationship reveals the pattern of variables decreasing and then increasing (or vice versa), reflecting profound management concepts such as "extremes meet" and "too much is as bad as too little, " which hold significant theoretical and practical implications. Reviewing articles related to U-shaped relationships in representative Chinese management journals from 2015 to 2023, considerable room for improvement in the construction and testing of these relationships was revealed. As such, the progress of U-shaped relationship research in management, both domestically and internationally, is systematically elaborated on, which argues that identifying two distinct mechanisms through which the independent variable affects the dependent variable is critical to the construction of U-shaped relationships. Based on this, three methods for constructing the main effects of U-shaped relationships and their corresponding steps are summarized, along with a six-step process for testing the main effects and a three-step process for testing moderating effects. By integrating and summarizing the principles, procedures, and methods for constructing and testing U-shaped relationships, the shortcomings in methodology related to U-shaped relationships in domestic management research are addressed, contributing to the enhancement of research quality in the field of management.

U-shaped relationship  /  construction  /  test  /  management
马驰, 李加鹏. 管理学研究中U型关系的构建与检验. 技术经济, 2025 , 44 (5) : 84 -93 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1002-980X.J24031806
Chi Ma, Jiapeng Li. Theoretical Construction and Empirical Test of U-shaped Relationships in Management Research[J]. Journal of Technology Economics, 2025 , 44 (5) : 84 -93 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1002-980X.J24031806
管理学中不少线性关系会在特定区间出现反转,形成U型(含倒U,下同)关系,即产生Too-Much-of-a-Good-Thing Effect[1]。U型关系以儒家中庸学说及亚里士多德的均值观点为哲学基础[2-3],揭示了“过犹不及”“物极必反”等深层管理规律[4],有助于认识和指导复杂的管理现象,近年来在组织管理[5]、产业管理[6-7]、战略管理[8-9]、创新创业[10-11]等研究领域得到广泛应用。
科学研究的核心工作之一是理论构建和检验[12]。尽管已有学者从不同角度探讨U型关系,但是本文通过梳理近年来中文代表性管理学期刊上发表的U型关系相关研究,发现多数文章未能清晰展示U型关系的构建过程,并且在检验U型关系时程序缺失较多。尽管本土管理学者呼吁补齐方法论的短板[13-14],然而国内系统构建和检验U型关系的研究不足,学者不得不一边探索检验方法一边开展相关研究[11]
本文在系统综述既有研究基础上,提出相对完善的U型关系构建和检验方法。第一,U型关系主效应构建步骤:①论证自变量通过两种不同的作用机制(以下简称“两种机制”)影响因变量,且这两种机制贯穿始终;②辨析两种机制各自的类型(线性还是非线性);③辨析两种机制之间的关系(并联还是串联)。第二,U型关系调节效应构建步骤:①分析调节变量对于两种机制各自的影响;②分析两种机制被调节后的叠加效应;③分析调节变量对U型关系整体的影响。第三,U型关系主效应检验步骤:①曲线形态检验;②曲线转折点检验;③曲线转折点连续性检验;④曲线样本分布检验;⑤曲线端点斜率检验;⑥间断回归检验。第四,U型关系调节效应检验步骤:①交互项系数显著性检验;②U型曲线转折点变化检验;③U型曲线陡峭程度变化检验。本文不仅有助于丰富管理学研究方法,提高管理学研究质量,也有助于理解“过犹不及”“物极必反”等深层管理思想,认识和指导复杂的管理现象。
自变量x对因变量y的影响包括两个重要维度:y随着x的变化而变化的方向和速率。根据速率是否恒定,xy之间的关系可以分为线性(一次曲线)和非线性(高次曲线)。U型曲线关系是指随着x的增大,y逐渐减小,但y减小的速率也在减小;当y减小的速率到达最小值0时,y到达最小值ymin,此时所对应的x值称为“转折点”;随着x继续增大,y开始增大,且y增大的速率也在增加。与此相反,若y随着x的增加呈现出先增后减的趋势,则为倒U型关系。为简化,本文仅以非线性关系中的U型关系展开讨论。
为了全面了解中文管理学期刊中U型关系的研究现状,本文选取《管理世界》《管理科学学报》《南开管理评论》三本代表性期刊作为数据来源[15],检索2015—2023年发表的U型关系文章。通过对主题、摘要、关键词和篇名中含有U型、倒U型文章进行检索,共获取68篇符合要求的文章,共有U型关系相关假设171个,其中主效应假设93个(U型21个,倒U型72个),调节效应假设78个(表1)。
U型关系研究的第一步是构建因变量随自变量增大而先减后增的主效应过程机制。如表2所示,68篇样本文献中,54%的研究通过分阶段拼凑机制来构建U型关系,这种方法具有较强的主观性,难以展现自变量影响因变量的全过程。20%的研究没有提及U型关系构建过程,只是用实证结果或文献综述进行代替。另有11%的研究虽然提出自变量通过两种贯穿始终的作用机制影响因变量,但对于两种机制各自是什么、如何共同作用未做深入探讨。仅有15%的研究进行了相对规范的U型关系主效应构建。
U型关系的数学表达式如式(1)所示。
$\begin{array}{c}y={\beta }_{0}+{\beta }_{1}x+{\beta }_{2}{x}^{2}\end{array}$
其中:y为因变量;x为自变量;β0为常数项;β1为一次项系数;β2为二次项系数。为简化,假设所有系数均为正数,下同。公式忽略其他控制变量和残差项。
在不考虑高次曲线情况下,U型曲线可以由两个曲线相加(至少一个是二次曲线,如表3表达式1.1~1.4)或两个一次曲线相乘得到(如表3表达式1.5和表达式1.6)。每个曲线可以视为一个自变量影响因变量的独立机制,其中相加的两个曲线之间是并联关系,因变量体现的是两个机制的并集,本文称这种构成机制为并联机制,又可进一步细分为线性-非线性并联和非线性-非线性并联。相乘的两个曲线之间是串联关系,因变量体现的是两个线性机制的交集,本文称这种构成机制为串联机制,如表3所示。
理论上,并联机制中可以包括完整的二次曲线,但是为了简化模型,当前的研究在涉及并联机制中的二次曲线时,仅考虑了曲线在对称轴单侧的一部分,以此保证因变量随着自变量的变化而变化的方向是不变的。此外,有些学者指出构成U型关系的两种机制是对立的(countervailing)[16-17],以体现自变量影响因变量的两种完全不同的过程机制。
(1)线性-非线性并联:自变量x通过A、B两种机制影响因变量y,其中A是线性机制,B是非线性机制(图1)。这种构成机制较为普遍,其中当机制A为增函数、机制B为减函数时,二者并联构成倒U型,关系如图1(a)所示。例如,Hoisl等[18]在探索研发团队成员经验多样性与团队绩效之间关系时,发现团队成员经验多样性可以提供异质性知识,由于知识的边际价值是相似的,团队成员经验多样性可以线性提升绩效。此外,团队成员经验多样性也会带来沟通成本,在一个m人、n种经验的团队中,每增加1种经验,经验组合数增加m(n+1),从而非线性提高团队沟通成本,使得团队成员经验多样性与绩效之间呈倒U型关系。同类研究还包括学术界科学家的业界评价与同行评价之间呈现倒U型关系[19],投资组合中的合作伙伴类型多样性与公司创新绩效之间呈现倒U型关系[20],制度改善速度与个体机会型创业之间呈现倒U型关系[21]。相反,当机制A为减函数、机制B为增函数时,二者并联构成U型关系,如图1(b)所示。
(2)非线性-非线性并联:自变量x通过A、B两种非线性机制影响因变量y(图2)。其中当机制A为增函数、机制B为减函数时,二者并联构成倒U型关系,如图2(a)所示;相反,当机制A为减函数、机制B为增函数时,二者并联构成U型关系,如图2(b)所示。例如,Chen等[22]提出研发补贴向投资者传达两种信息,即政府认可企业创新和企业具有高不确定性,二者都会影响利益相关者对企业的估值即首次公开募股(IPO)绩效。一方面,研发补贴对IPO绩效虽有积极影响,但速率逐渐减小——研发补贴的分配易受重复动力的影响,即如果一家企业之前获得过研发补贴,那么其未来获得补贴的几率增大,外部投资者不太可能将研发补贴增长归因于企业创新能力的增加。另一方面,研发补贴对IPO绩效有消极影响,且影响速率逐渐增大——当补贴达到一定的程度后,足以引发投资者对企业高不确定性所导致的市场失灵的担忧。研发补贴带来的积极和消极影响叠加,与IPO绩效之间呈倒U型关系。同类研究还包括东道国政府任期与跨国公司进入之间呈现倒U型关系[23],跨国公司研发活动区域化程度与研发绩效之间呈现倒U型关系[24]
(3)线性-线性串联:自变量x通过A和B两种线性机制影响因变量y,因变量是两种机制的交集(图3)。其中当机制A为增函数、机制B为减函数时,二者串联构成倒U型关系,如图3(a)所示。这种机制组合最典型例子是组织的动机和能力共同影响组织行为。例如,Ang[25]探索公司的竞争强度与对外合作之间的关系时,发现一是处于低竞争强度的公司往往具有独特资源,这会吸引很多潜在的合作伙伴,提高公司的合作能力;二是公司对外合作的重要目的是降低竞争,然而既有的低强度竞争降低了公司的合作动机。公司间合作不仅取决于其合作动机,还取决于合作能力,因此竞争强度与对外合作之间呈现倒U型关系。Wang等[26]探索中国企业行政等级距离对企业环境友好行为的影响,发现一是高级别政府要求低级别政府实施中央制定的环保计划,这些压力随着行政等级距离的增加而增加,提高了企业采取环境友好行为的动机;二是锦标赛机制下,地方官员倾向于将经济增长置于环保之上,中央对地方政府严格执行其意图的监督能力变得越来越弱。最终,层级压力和自治权的交集,使得行政等级距离与企业环境友好行为之间呈现倒U型关系。类似研究还包括明星球员的短暂缺席与组织绩效之间呈现倒U型关系[27],众包模式下问题寻求者的知识距离与开放式创新绩效之间呈现倒U型关系[28],在线评分与移动应用程序(APP)绩效之间呈现倒U型关系[29]。当机制A为增函数、机制B也为增函数,二者串联构成U型关系,如图3(b)所示。管理学研究中较少比较两种串联的线性机制的增速,因此这种组合比较少见。
综上,不论哪种类型的U型关系,自变量影响因变量的双重作用机制都是U型关系构建的核心。相应地,本文给出U型关系构建的步骤为:①论证自变量通过两种不同的机制影响因变量,且这两种机制贯穿始终;②在理论上辨析两种作用机制各自的类型(线性还是非线性);③辨析两种作用机制之间的关系(并联还是串联)。为直观展现构建步骤,本文绘制了U型关系主效应构建的逻辑流程图,如图4所示。
调节作用能够揭示理论的适用边界,深化对理论的认识[30-31]。调节作用的原理是当调节变量取不同值时,自变量影响因变量的强度甚至方向都会有所不同。因此,调节作用分析,应聚焦于主效应中自变量影响因变量的过程机制。如前论证,U型关系存在的前提是存在自变量影响因变量的两种作用机制,且这两种机制贯穿始终。因此,在论证U型关系的调节效应时,需要考虑调节变量对于两种作用机制各自的影响,再考虑两个机制被调节后的叠加作用。然而,68篇样本文献中87%的调节效应没有考虑调节变量对两个作用机制各自的影响,而是直接分析了调节变量对U型曲线整体的影响。
调节变量可以是针对U型关系两种机制的调节(two-mechanism-moderation),也可以是针对其中一种机制的调节(one-mechanism-moderation)[16]。因此,U型关系调节效应的理论构建,应在主效应构成机制的基础上:①分析调节变量对于两种作用机制各自的影响;②分析两种作用机制被调节后的叠加效应,得出调节变量对U型曲线整体的影响,包括U型陡峭程度、转折点位置等。
当前检验U型关系常用的方法,是构造自变量x平方项并检验其系数是否显著。这种检验方法不够严谨,因其无法排除以下非U型关系。①非连续曲线:曲线在潜在转折点处不连续,即存在跳跃式断点。②高次曲线:焦点方程是高次曲线一部分,如三次曲线S型的上、下半段。③J型曲线:焦点方程是U型曲线的一部分。④V型曲线:焦点方程是连续但非平滑的V型曲线。
68篇样本文献中,80%的研究没有汇报U型曲线转折点信息,导致读者无法判断转折点是否位于自变量的合理区间内。全部没有进行曲线转折点个数和转折点连续性检验。83%的研究没有进行U型曲线的端点斜率检验,以排除J型曲线的情况。
本文结合数学推导和文献综述,从曲线形态、曲线转折点个数、曲线转折点连续性、U型曲线样本分布、U型曲线端点斜率和U型曲线间断回归6个方面,探讨U形曲线主效应的检验方法。
检验U型关系之前,先需要确定自变量x和因变量y之间的关系为非线性、连续(排除存在跳跃式断点)、平滑(排除V型)曲线。最直观的方式为画图检测二者分布中是否存在潜在的转折点,但是在不确定参数的情况下,需要采用局部加权回归方法(locally weighted regression,LWR)确定xy之间的关系。这种非参数型学习算法不会事先指定模型,而是训练数据决定其参数。核加权多项式回归(kernel-weighted local polynomial regression)同样也是在不清楚是否存在潜在转折点情况下应用的回归方法[32]。如果利用上述两种方法,可以画图标识出一些可能的异常值(即潜在转折点),判断U型曲线存在的可能性。
确定非线性曲线的可能性之后,需要计算曲线转折点的个数。只有曲线有且仅有一个转折点,且该曲线转折点位于自变量x的合理取值范围内,才可以提出U型关系存在的可能。
U型曲线的斜率表示因变量随着自变量的变化而变化的速率,当斜率为零时,曲线到达最低点,此时对应的自变量取值即为U型曲线转折点,所对应的数学方法为对曲线方程求一阶导数,导数为零的点就是曲线的转折点 ${x}^{*}=-{\beta }_{1}$/2β2,见式(1),但是这类推导的前提是曲线二次项存在。Hansen[33]提出可以通过条件最小二乘估计相关联的残差平方和(sum of the squared residuals,SSR)的取值最小化,获得转折点的位置,其公式为
y=γ1x1(xminx1<x*)+δ1x2(x*x2<xmax)+βz+ε
SSR= ${y-{\gamma }_{1}{x}_{1}({x}_{min}\le {x}_{1}{x}^{*})-{\delta }_{1}{x}_{2}({x}^{*}\le {x}_{2}{x}_{max})-\beta z{}}^{2}$
其中:y为因变量;γ1δ1为自变量在转折点前后的系数;x1为自变量在转折点前的取值;x2为自变量在转折点后的取值, 为控制变量系数;z为控制变量;ε为残差项。通过此种方式,可以计算得出曲线存在一个或者多个潜在转折点。当有且仅有一个转折点时,可以进一步确定潜在U型关系的存在。Qian等[34]在文章中首次提出需排除S型关系的可能性,采取的方法是加入x三次方项及将数据拆分,排除子样本平方项β2显著。后来学者在验证U型关系时均沿用了此类方法[16,35-36]。此种方法虽然排除了S型曲线的可能,但是无法排除方程存在其他高次项的可能。所以通过最小化SSR判定转折点个数最为准确。
确定有且仅有一个转折点之后,还需要检测转折点处是否存在跳跃,即不连续性。可以通过核加权局部多项式回归(kernel-weighted local polynomial regression)来确定转折点附近的曲线平滑性[32]。此种方法可以排除转折点不连续的可能,进一步确定U型关系的存在。
Arin等[32]提出应该使用机器学习方法计算xy之间的关系,但是也承认机器学习所需要的庞大数据集不适合管理学相关研究。同时本文更多地是分析曲线的变化趋势(即曲线先降后升或者先升后降),可以在确定曲线有且仅有一个转折点、曲线在转折点处连续之后引入自变量的二次项,使得模型简化,适用于管理学的研究。
确定有且仅有一个转折点,且曲线在转折点连续平滑之后,进一步开展样本分布检验。U型曲线的表达式如式(1)所示。其中,β1β2共同决定了U型转折点在横轴的位置,β2用于判断曲线的方向(U/倒U),β2显著不为0时可以确定为二次曲线。依据Cohen等[37],验证U型关系先需保证自变量x平方项的系数β2显著。β2大于0,说明自变量x和因变量y之间可能是U型关系;β2小于0,说明自变量x和因变量y之间可能是倒U型关系。
检验U型曲线时要汇报曲线转折点x=x*的位置和自变量的取值范围,转折点要在自变量取值范围内(xmin<x*<xmax),否则只能说明曲线是单调凸/凹函数(如对数/指数函数形式),而非U型曲线,如图5所示。
为了使结果更加严谨,需要进一步检验转折点是否偏向自变量x的取值边界,以避免估计的极值点过于接近数据区间而导致误导性分析[38]。Hirschberg和Lye[39]提出应用Delta、Fieller、一阶导数估计、Bootstrapping、贝叶斯和似然比等方法,估计二次函数极值点的置信区间,并对每一种应用方法的优劣进行对比。现阶段被广泛应用的是用Fieller方法检验转折点的95%置信区间是否落在自变量取值范围内[38]。此种方法的潜在假设是U型曲线存在(回归方程包含自变量二次项)。认证U型关系最直观的做法就是用图像形式呈现检验结果,直观展现自变量取值范围及U型曲线概况。
即使曲线的二次项系数显著且高次项系数不显著,也无法保证曲线为U型,因为J型曲线同样满足条件。验证U型关系,要保证曲线在自变量两端的斜率(一阶导数,β1+2β2xminβ1+2β2xmax)足够陡峭即必须显著[38]。如果是倒U型曲线,β1+2β2xmin显著为正,β1+2β2xmax显著为负。如果是U型曲线,β1+2β2xmin显著为负,β1+2β2xmax显著为正。如果仅有一侧的斜率显著,表明曲线是单调的凸/凹函数,而非U/倒U型。
尽管样本分布检验有助于发现U型曲线转折点是否位于自变量x的合理取值范围内,然而在某些情况下,转折点一侧的样本数量可能远低于另一侧。尽管转折点两侧因变量随着自变量变化的速率不一致,但无法确定方向是否相反,这导致U型关系的可信度较低。为解决这一问题,Simonsohn[40]提出了间断回归(interrupted-regression)检验方法,其思路是:根据罗宾汉算法(Robin Hood algorithm),设置断点将数据一分为二,通过在较弱统计强度的数据段中增加更多的观测值,减少其标准误,从而增加两条线中较弱一条线的统计强度,最终保证双线测试均显著。若双线测试均显著且方向相反,则可以确认U型关系的存在,如图6(a)所示;若双线测试均显著但方向相同,只是斜率不同,则不存在U型关系,如图6(b)所示。
以U型曲线为例,含调节效应的U型曲线表达式如式(4)所示。
$\begin{array}{c}y={\beta }_{0}+{\beta }_{1}x+{\beta }_{2}{x}^{2}+{\beta }_{3}z+{\beta }_{4}zx+{\beta }_{5}z{x}^{2}\end{array}$
其中:β3为调节变量系数;β4为调节变量和自变量交乘项的系数;β5为调节变量和自变量二次项交乘项的系数,公式忽略其他控制变量和误差项。加入调节变量之后,U型曲线的陡峭程度、转折点位置都可能发生相应的变化。68篇样本文献中,87%的研究没有汇报U型曲线转折点的移动方向,29%没有汇报U型曲线陡峭程度的变化。这导致读者难以全面判断调节变量的作用,无法从实证方面对文章的假设提供支持。本文从U型曲线转折点变化和陡峭程度变化两个方面,讨论其调节效应的检验。
根据表达式(4),加入调节变量后U型曲线的转折点为
$\begin{array}{c}{x}^{*}=\frac{-{\beta }_{1}-{\beta }_{4}z}{2({\beta }_{2}+{\beta }_{5}z)}\end{array}$
取其对于z的一阶导数
$\begin{array}{c}\frac{\partial {x}^{*}}{\partial z}=\frac{{\beta }_{1}{\beta }_{5}-{\beta }_{2}{\beta }_{4}}{2({\beta }_{2}+{\beta }_{5}{z)}^{2}}\end{array}$
首先,需要判断式(6)是否显著不为0,如果为0,表示调节变量z不会导致U型曲线转折点发生变化[16]。其次,当表达式(6)显著不为0时,需要进一步判断转折点的移动方向。当β1β5-β2β4>0时,调节变量z的增加会导致U型曲线转折点右移,反之左移;当β1β5-β2β4<0时,z的增加会导致转折点左移,反之右移。最后,完成上述判断后,再结合具体情境分析调节作用。
对于U型曲线的陡峭程度变化,如果是简单的U型曲线关系模型,即式(4)展现的方程类型,那么通过判定式(4)中β5显著,就可以认定U型曲线的斜率发生了变化。对于倒U型曲线,β5为正,则曲线斜率变平缓;β5为负,则曲线斜率变陡峭。对于U型曲线,β5为正,则曲线斜率变陡峭;β5为负,则曲线斜率变平缓。但是对于较复杂的U型关系,如Logit或Poisson等模型,还需要进一步比较曲线斜率大小,判定U型曲线陡峭程度变化[16]。具体做法为:在完成模型估计后,选取调节变量有意义的任意两个数值z1z2(默认z2>z1),对于调节变量的不同取值,转折点x*右侧a个单位的点的斜率差为
$\begin{array}{c}{k}_{2}-{k}_{1}=2a{\beta }_{5}({z}_{2}-{z}_{1})\end{array}$
由于a>0,z2>z1。对于U型曲线,如果β5>0,则0<k1<k2(因为在U型曲线右侧斜率为正),U型曲线变得更加陡峭(斜率绝对值);如果β5<0,则0<k2<k1,U型曲线变得更加平缓。对于倒U型曲线,如果β5>0,则k1<k2<0(因为在倒U型曲线右侧斜率为负),倒U型曲线变得更加平缓(斜率绝对值);如果β5<0,则k2<k1<0,倒U型曲线变得更加陡峭。同理,如果取转折点左侧的点进行比较,同样可以得到斜率差为
$\begin{array}{c}{k}_{2}-{k}_{1}=-2a{\beta }_{5}({z}_{2}-{z}_{1})\end{array}$
由于a>0,z2>z1。对于U型曲线,如果β5>0,则k2<k1<0(因为在U型曲线左侧斜率为负),U型曲线变得更加陡峭;如果β5<0,则k1<k2<0,U型曲线变得更加平缓。对于倒U型曲线,如果β5>0,则0<k2<k1(因为在倒U型曲线左侧斜率为正),倒U型曲线变得更加平缓;如果β5<0,则0<k1<k2,倒U型曲线变得更加陡峭。
在检验U型关系的调节作用时,对于调节变量与自变量二次项乘积的系数β5是否一定要显著,目前的研究还存在争议。本文综述的文章,绝大多数都检验了β5的显著性,并在此基础上汇报了曲线斜率的变化和转折点移动方向。但Oriani和Sobrero[41]的研究是个特例——仅假设加入调节变量后,曲线的转折点会发生变化,即曲线的斜率不会发生变化。本文认为,β5显著与否取决于U型曲线的构成机制:在线性机制A和非线性机制B构成的U型曲线中,且在调节变量仅调节线性机制A的情况下,调节后曲线斜率没有发生变化,仅转折点发生移动,这种情况下β5不显著,其他情况下β5需要显著。在判断存在调节效应后,无论采用语言描述还是图形呈现的方式,还需要进一步评估调节效应的大小[16]
本文通过系统梳理中文代表性管理学期刊2015—2023年U型关系相关的研究,发现即便是代表性期刊发表的相对高质量的文章,在构建和检验U型关系时也存在较多的共性不足之处。为此,本文致力于为管理学研究中U型关系构建和检验提供更加严谨和规范的方法,在系统阐述国内外管理学U型关系研究进展基础上,提出自变量影响因变量的两种不同作用机制是U型关系构建的核心。并在此基础上归纳了U型关系主效应的三种构建方法和相应的构建步骤,从曲线形态、转折点个数及连续性、样本分布、端点斜率和间断回归5个方面给出了U型关系主效应检验方法,并从曲线转折点和陡峭程度方面给出了调节效应检验方法。
本文对于提高中国管理学研究质量具有重要意义。现有U型关系相关的研究大多未能清楚解释U型关系的构建机制,对于U型关系的检验标准也不够严格,导致研究结论的可信度不足。为此学者不得不一边构建研究方法一边开展U型相关的研究[11],方法论不足严重影响中国管理学研究质量和研究效率的提升。本文通过系统梳理中文代表性管理学期刊U型关系研究的共性问题,结合国内外U型关系研究前沿进展,整合归纳了更为完整、前沿的U型关系构建和检验原理、程序和方法。本文所提供的方法论不仅有助于排除各类伪U型关系,从而提高管理学研究质量;还有助于为学者提供整套U型关系研究方法,从而提高管理学研究效率。
本文对于中国企业管理实践也具有重要意义。第一,深入探索企业管理过程中的U型关系,有助于提高企业管理质量。儒家文化是中国传统文化的根基,也是非线性关系的重要哲学基础[1]。儒家文化对中国乃至全球企业的管理实践都产生了深远的影响[3,42-43],中庸之道成为企业管理的金牌准则[44]。探索企业管理过程中的U型关系,有助于深刻认识“物极必反”“过犹不及”等管理规律,提高管理质量。第二,深入探索企业管理实践中的U型关系,对于中国企业的国际化进程也有较大帮助。东西方文化的差异成为中国企业国际化进程中的重要障碍之一[45],如何在国际化过程中“求同”是中国企业面临的重要问题。孔子和亚里士多德两位先贤所留下的中庸管理哲学具有极高的一致性[1,44],并且已经在中外企业管理过程中得到了充分的体现。因此,深入了解企业管理过程中的U型关系,对中国企业的国际化进程具有较大帮助。
尽管力争严谨,但是由于U型关系的复杂性,本文仍有不足。第一,样本选择方面,本文参照既有研究[15],选取了具有代表性的中文管理学期刊2015—2023年发表的文章作为样本,未来的研究可以扩展期刊范围和时间跨度。第二,本文涉及较多的数理推导,目的是为了保证方法论的严谨,但数学上的U型曲线和管理中的U型关系可能具有一定差异,因此本文更多地是分析曲线的变化趋势。第三,本文对于U型关系的分析限定于两种作用机制的基础上,不可否认的是,有些U型关系的“黑箱”是多重机制叠加,之后的研究可探索更复杂的过程机制。此外,由于篇幅限制,本文仅讨论了三种U型关系构成机制。管理实践中,还存在其他非典型U型构成机制,如V型机制、或者两种不同的阶梯式直线(L型)的叠加情况,学者应尽量避免用“U”型关系的称谓一以概之,以免造成理论分析的偏差。
  • 中国人民公安大学基本科研业务费新任教师科研启动基金项目“全媒体时代突发公共安全事件舆情管理研究”(2023JKF02SK23)
  • 国家自然科学基金“制度创新驱动创业的研究”(72302251)
  • 国家自然科学基金“数字技术对企业绿色创新纵向过程的影响机制研究”(72402248)
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2025年第44卷第5期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1002-980X.J24031806
  • 接收时间:2024-03-18
  • 首发时间:2025-07-04
  • 出版时间:2025-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-18
基金
中国人民公安大学基本科研业务费新任教师科研启动基金项目“全媒体时代突发公共安全事件舆情管理研究”(2023JKF02SK23)
国家自然科学基金“制度创新驱动创业的研究”(72302251)
国家自然科学基金“数字技术对企业绿色创新纵向过程的影响机制研究”(72402248)
作者信息
    1 中国人民公安大学公安管理学院, 北京 100038
    2 中央财经大学商学院, 北京 100081

通讯作者:

李加鹏(1988—),博士,中央财经大学商学院讲师,研究方向:战略管理,创新创业。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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