Article(id=1149642862310113665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, issueId=1149642860972130684, articleNumber=1002-980X(2025)04-0103-14, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1002-980X.J24041711, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1713283200000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752025817706, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1745510400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752025817706, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752025817706, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752025817706, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149642860972130684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, year='2025', volume='44', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='148', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1752025817384, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758098883950, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1175115148403552408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, issueId=1149642860972130684, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1175115148403552409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, issueId=1149642860972130684, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=103, endPage=116, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149642863648096651, articleId=1149642862310113665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, language=EN, title=Disruptive Digital Innovation in Enterprises: Research Review and Future Prospects, columnId=1149284495481717407, journalTitle=Journal of Technology Economics, columnName=Technology Economics Management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Disruptive digital innovation is a critical means for enterprises to achieve a competitive edge in the digital economy. It holds significant importance for addressing “technology choke points” and implementing digital innovation strategies in China. Existing research remains at the stage of phenomenological observation, empirical summary, and fragmented studies of individual influencing factors, necessitating a systematic theoretical organization. An overview of disruptive digital innovation in enterprises and the key concerns of existing research was presented. The conceptual connotations of disruptive digital innovation in enterprises were clarified and distinguished from disruptive innovation and digital innovation. The influencing factors and process mechanisms of disruptive digital innovation in enterprises were explored, and an integrated I-P-O research framework was constructed. The outcome effects of disruptive digital innovation on user experience, organizational performance, and social value are summarized. Future research directions are proposed in response to the gaps identified in current studies. These include exploring the multidimensional influencing factors and their interactions, expanding the complex process mechanisms and impact effects of disruptive digital innovation, and extending the mechanism verification and path design of disruptive digital innovation in China's digital context. These suggestions provide ideas and references for further research on disruptive digital innovation in enterprises.

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颠覆性数字创新是数字经济背景下企业取得核心竞争优势的重要抓手,也是新时期我国推进技术自主创新与自主可控、提升企业数字创新韧性的重要途,但现有文献主要停留在现象观察、经验梳理及个别化、碎片化的影响因素研究阶段,亟待从理论层面对其进行系统梳理。本文首先呈现了企业颠覆性数字创新研究的整体概况与现有研究关注点,提炼了企业颠覆性数字创新的概念内涵,并将其与颠覆性创新、数字创新进行概念辨析;其次,探讨了企业颠覆性数字创新的影响因素、过程机理,归纳了颠覆性数字创新在用户体验、组织绩效和社会价值方面的结果效应,并构建了企业颠覆性数字创新的I-P-O整合研究框架;最后,结合当前颠覆性数字创新研究中存在的空白,提出了未来应探索企业颠覆性数字创新的多维影响因素及其交互作用、扩展颠覆性数字创新的复杂过程机理及其影响效应、拓展中国数字化情境下颠覆性数字创新的机制检验与路径设计等未来研究方向,为后续开展企业颠覆性数字创新研究提供了思路和参考。

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易加斌(1978—),管理学博士,哈尔滨商业大学商务学院教授,硕士研究生导师,研究方向:数字经济与商业模式创新;
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王宇婷(1985—),中国社会科学院大学商学院博士研究生,中级经济师,研究方向:创新管理;

李士纪(2001—),哈尔滨商业大学商务学院硕士研究生,研究方向:数字创新。

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王宇婷(1985—),中国社会科学院大学商学院博士研究生,中级经济师,研究方向:创新管理;

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李士纪(2001—),哈尔滨商业大学商务学院硕士研究生,研究方向:数字创新。

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*表示未来值得进一步研究的方向与内容

, figureFileSmall=rSJIwLAkqi4LplnYBeubIw==, figureFileBig=GRgwyxBgB2LtxgsnY92KMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175111320245515218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1149642862310113665, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究主题 研究对象 研究方法 文献来源
企业敏捷性应对DDI 中小型企业(SME) 案例研究 Chan等[8]
DDI对单个行业的影响 新闻业 案例研究 Bakke和Barlang[14]
采用DDI的影响因素 医疗保健行业 因子分析和逻辑回归 Steinhauser[15]
DDI的影响效应 数字原住民(Z世代) 问卷调查 Chang和Chang[16]
DDI的理论框架 医疗保健行业 理论研究 Bamel等[17]
数字颠覆环境下的数字体验 房地产行业 问卷调查 Ullah等[18]
DDI对商业模式的影响 将DDI商业化的工业企业 半结构化访谈 Simmons等[19]
现有企业对DDI的回应 酒店业 案例研究 Högberg和Willermark[10]
企业敏捷性应对DDI 报业 实证研究 Karimi和Walter[9]
财务管理驱动下的DDI框架 不同背景下的创新企业 案例研究 Imam[2]
), ArticleFig(id=1175111320321012692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1149642862310113665, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

颠覆性数字创新主要相关研究

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究主题 研究对象 研究方法 文献来源
企业敏捷性应对DDI 中小型企业(SME) 案例研究 Chan等[8]
DDI对单个行业的影响 新闻业 案例研究 Bakke和Barlang[14]
采用DDI的影响因素 医疗保健行业 因子分析和逻辑回归 Steinhauser[15]
DDI的影响效应 数字原住民(Z世代) 问卷调查 Chang和Chang[16]
DDI的理论框架 医疗保健行业 理论研究 Bamel等[17]
数字颠覆环境下的数字体验 房地产行业 问卷调查 Ullah等[18]
DDI对商业模式的影响 将DDI商业化的工业企业 半结构化访谈 Simmons等[19]
现有企业对DDI的回应 酒店业 案例研究 Högberg和Willermark[10]
企业敏捷性应对DDI 报业 实证研究 Karimi和Walter[9]
财务管理驱动下的DDI框架 不同背景下的创新企业 案例研究 Imam[2]
), ArticleFig(id=1175111320392315862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1149642862310113665, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
视角 概念内涵 代表性文献
颠覆传统创新能力视角 在能力方面实现重大突破的科学发现和技术突破 Christensen和Rosenbloom[6]
数字技术驱动+数字应用视角 数字技术与产品、过程或商业模式结合形成企业颠覆性数字创新 Simmons等[19]
组织研发(R&D)成果并对现有竞争规则造成颠覆性冲击和变革的综合性创新 Lyytinen和Rose[20]
利用拆分和重组数字资源之间的联系,从根本上改变企业传统创造和获取可持续价值的逻辑 Skog等[7]
数字技术改变客户体验、业务流程和商业模式时发生的变化并改变生态系统中行为者共同创造价值的方式 Bolton等[21]
基于创新的技术应用和数字属性驱动组织运营范式的改变 Abayomi和Philipp[22]
数字化创新与颠覆性创新交互视角 通过支持新产品、服务、流程带来了更高程度的客户参与提高组织绩效、运营效率和价值创造 Rosenstand等[24]
张璐阳和戚聿东[25]
以其颠覆性的数字变革提供了集成化和开放性的数字平台,使企业价值创造更具包容性、可及性和有效性 Bolton等[21];Tasadduq[13]
), ArticleFig(id=1175111320472007639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1149642862310113665, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

颠覆性数字创新概念内涵

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
视角 概念内涵 代表性文献
颠覆传统创新能力视角 在能力方面实现重大突破的科学发现和技术突破 Christensen和Rosenbloom[6]
数字技术驱动+数字应用视角 数字技术与产品、过程或商业模式结合形成企业颠覆性数字创新 Simmons等[19]
组织研发(R&D)成果并对现有竞争规则造成颠覆性冲击和变革的综合性创新 Lyytinen和Rose[20]
利用拆分和重组数字资源之间的联系,从根本上改变企业传统创造和获取可持续价值的逻辑 Skog等[7]
数字技术改变客户体验、业务流程和商业模式时发生的变化并改变生态系统中行为者共同创造价值的方式 Bolton等[21]
基于创新的技术应用和数字属性驱动组织运营范式的改变 Abayomi和Philipp[22]
数字化创新与颠覆性创新交互视角 通过支持新产品、服务、流程带来了更高程度的客户参与提高组织绩效、运营效率和价值创造 Rosenstand等[24]
张璐阳和戚聿东[25]
以其颠覆性的数字变革提供了集成化和开放性的数字平台,使企业价值创造更具包容性、可及性和有效性 Bolton等[21];Tasadduq[13]
), ArticleFig(id=1175111320530727897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1149642862310113665, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
异同比较 比较维度 颠覆性数字创新 颠覆性创新
相似性 创新特点 突变性
变革效果 重塑市场格局,变革市场规则
商业实现 需要新的商业模式
影响规模 在各行各业中具有普遍影响
理论依据 部分遵循Christensen[31]理论 完全遵循Christensen[31]理论
差异性 颠覆视角 数字转型 侵蚀市场
颠覆侧重点 企业运营和价值创造 价值网络和市场份额
创新技术应用 数字技术 新兴技术
影响速度 传播速度更快、泛用性更强 逐步引起市场注意
), ArticleFig(id=1175111320602031067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1149642862310113665, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

颠覆性数字创新与颠覆性创新的异同比较

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异同比较 比较维度 颠覆性数字创新 颠覆性创新
相似性 创新特点 突变性
变革效果 重塑市场格局,变革市场规则
商业实现 需要新的商业模式
影响规模 在各行各业中具有普遍影响
理论依据 部分遵循Christensen[31]理论 完全遵循Christensen[31]理论
差异性 颠覆视角 数字转型 侵蚀市场
颠覆侧重点 企业运营和价值创造 价值网络和市场份额
创新技术应用 数字技术 新兴技术
影响速度 传播速度更快、泛用性更强 逐步引起市场注意
), ArticleFig(id=1175111320660751324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1149642862310113665, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
异同比较 比较维度 颠覆性数字创新 数字创新
相似性 能力性质 动态能力特性
资源基础 数字资源与知识资源相结合
预期效果 响应市场变化、维持竞争优势
差异性 价值网络 颠覆价值网络 依附原有价值网络
组织能力 超过环境条件 受环境、消费者影响
企业成熟度 具备承担风险能力 存在不稳定因素
创新效果 更完善、更彻底 存在路径依赖问题
), ArticleFig(id=1175111320732054494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1149642862310113665, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

颠覆性数字创新与数字创新的异同比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
异同比较 比较维度 颠覆性数字创新 数字创新
相似性 能力性质 动态能力特性
资源基础 数字资源与知识资源相结合
预期效果 响应市场变化、维持竞争优势
差异性 价值网络 颠覆价值网络 依附原有价值网络
组织能力 超过环境条件 受环境、消费者影响
企业成熟度 具备承担风险能力 存在不稳定因素
创新效果 更完善、更彻底 存在路径依赖问题
), ArticleFig(id=1175111320807551968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1149642862310113665, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
划分标准 类型 特点 代表文献
不同企业对待
颠覆的态度
在位企业回应型颠覆性数字创新 需抑制组织惰性 Steinhauser[15]
数字初创企业初始型颠覆性数字创新 开发敏捷和可扩展的数字运营 Tallon等[37];朱秀梅和杨姗[38]
企业类型 大型企业颠覆性数字创新 能力资源充足,但担心失去竞争优势 Street等[39];张玉利等[40]
中小型企业(SEM)颠覆性数字创新 结构精简,流程少,但存在资源限制 Neirotti等[41]
), ArticleFig(id=1175111320887243746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1149642862310113665, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

颠覆性数字创新的分类

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
划分标准 类型 特点 代表文献
不同企业对待
颠覆的态度
在位企业回应型颠覆性数字创新 需抑制组织惰性 Steinhauser[15]
数字初创企业初始型颠覆性数字创新 开发敏捷和可扩展的数字运营 Tallon等[37];朱秀梅和杨姗[38]
企业类型 大型企业颠覆性数字创新 能力资源充足,但担心失去竞争优势 Street等[39];张玉利等[40]
中小型企业(SEM)颠覆性数字创新 结构精简,流程少,但存在资源限制 Neirotti等[41]
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企业颠覆性数字创新: 研究述评与未来展望
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王宇婷 1 , 易加斌 2 , 李士纪 2
技术经济 | 技术经济管理 2025,44(4): 103-116
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技术经济 | 技术经济管理 2025, 44(4): 103-116
企业颠覆性数字创新: 研究述评与未来展望
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王宇婷1, 易加斌2, 李士纪2
作者信息
  • 1 中国社会科学院大学商学院, 北京 100836
  • 2 哈尔滨商业大学商务学院, 哈尔滨 150028
  • 王宇婷(1985—),中国社会科学院大学商学院博士研究生,中级经济师,研究方向:创新管理;

    李士纪(2001—),哈尔滨商业大学商务学院硕士研究生,研究方向:数字创新。

通讯作者:

易加斌(1978—),管理学博士,哈尔滨商业大学商务学院教授,硕士研究生导师,研究方向:数字经济与商业模式创新;
Disruptive Digital Innovation in Enterprises: Research Review and Future Prospects
Yuting Wang1, Jiabin Yi2, Shiji Li2
Affiliations
  • 1 Business School , University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing 100836, China
  • 2 Business School, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150028, China
出版时间: 2025-04-25 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1002-980X.J24041711
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颠覆性数字创新是数字经济背景下企业取得核心竞争优势的重要抓手,也是新时期我国推进技术自主创新与自主可控、提升企业数字创新韧性的重要途,但现有文献主要停留在现象观察、经验梳理及个别化、碎片化的影响因素研究阶段,亟待从理论层面对其进行系统梳理。本文首先呈现了企业颠覆性数字创新研究的整体概况与现有研究关注点,提炼了企业颠覆性数字创新的概念内涵,并将其与颠覆性创新、数字创新进行概念辨析;其次,探讨了企业颠覆性数字创新的影响因素、过程机理,归纳了颠覆性数字创新在用户体验、组织绩效和社会价值方面的结果效应,并构建了企业颠覆性数字创新的I-P-O整合研究框架;最后,结合当前颠覆性数字创新研究中存在的空白,提出了未来应探索企业颠覆性数字创新的多维影响因素及其交互作用、扩展颠覆性数字创新的复杂过程机理及其影响效应、拓展中国数字化情境下颠覆性数字创新的机制检验与路径设计等未来研究方向,为后续开展企业颠覆性数字创新研究提供了思路和参考。

颠覆性数字创新  /  文献综述  /  影响因素  /  整合框架  /  研究展望

Disruptive digital innovation is a critical means for enterprises to achieve a competitive edge in the digital economy. It holds significant importance for addressing “technology choke points” and implementing digital innovation strategies in China. Existing research remains at the stage of phenomenological observation, empirical summary, and fragmented studies of individual influencing factors, necessitating a systematic theoretical organization. An overview of disruptive digital innovation in enterprises and the key concerns of existing research was presented. The conceptual connotations of disruptive digital innovation in enterprises were clarified and distinguished from disruptive innovation and digital innovation. The influencing factors and process mechanisms of disruptive digital innovation in enterprises were explored, and an integrated I-P-O research framework was constructed. The outcome effects of disruptive digital innovation on user experience, organizational performance, and social value are summarized. Future research directions are proposed in response to the gaps identified in current studies. These include exploring the multidimensional influencing factors and their interactions, expanding the complex process mechanisms and impact effects of disruptive digital innovation, and extending the mechanism verification and path design of disruptive digital innovation in China's digital context. These suggestions provide ideas and references for further research on disruptive digital innovation in enterprises.

disruptive digital innovation  /  literature review  /  influence factors  /  integration framework  /  research prospect
王宇婷, 易加斌, 李士纪. 企业颠覆性数字创新: 研究述评与未来展望. 技术经济, 2025 , 44 (4) : 103 -116 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1002-980X.J24041711
Yuting Wang, Jiabin Yi, Shiji Li. Disruptive Digital Innovation in Enterprises: Research Review and Future Prospects[J]. Journal of Technology Economics, 2025 , 44 (4) : 103 -116 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1002-980X.J24041711
以大数据、云计算、人工智能、区块链、大语言模型(LLM)、生成式人工智能(AIGC)等信息技术革命的“指数级”增长驱动人类经济进入数字经济新时代。党的二十大报告指出要“加快发展数字经济,促进数字经济和实体经济深度融合,打造具有国际竞争力的数字产业集群”。在数字经济快速发展和纵深渗透的背景下,企业创新环境和创新模式都发生了根本性变化,并形成了一种区别于传统线性扩散下渐进式创新的全新创新模式——颠覆性数字创新(disruptive digital innovation,DDI)。颠覆性数字创新将数字技术赋能的颠覆性技术创新和数字产品创新、数字服务创新、数字流程创新、数字商业模式创新、数字化市场、数字化治理创新等数字创新有机结合,在已有的创新模式基础上构筑了新的创新范式和惯例[1-2],为企业通过响应颠覆性数字创新以实现商业模式重构[3]、竞合网络生态再造[1]等带来了新的机遇与挑战,也将成为新时期我国推进技术自主创新与自主可控、提升企业数字创新韧性的重要途径[4-5]
鉴于颠覆性数字创新的重要性和识别颠覆性创新内在机理以便更好驱动实现颠覆性数字创新的紧迫性,学者们从颠覆性数字创新的内涵界定[6-8]、颠覆性数字创新与颠覆性创新和数字创新的异同比较[1,9]、不同标准下颠覆性数字创新的要素与类型[8-10]、颠覆性数字创新的前因及其在不同行业与企业的影响效应[11-13]等方面展开了初步研究,为了解认知颠覆性数字创新的含义、过程和结果提供了不同层面的结构性视角和研究成果。但目前对颠覆性数字创新的研究刚刚起步,正处于方兴未艾的成果涌现阶段,现有文献主要停留在现象观察、实践总结、经验梳理及个别化、碎片化的影响因素研究阶段,亟待从理论层面对其进行系统梳理,从而呈现和提炼出颠覆性数字创新的整体框架。同时,面对中国蓬勃发展的数字经济和以华为、百度、阿里云等为代表的数字企业打破行业、产业边界,与众多在位数字企业、初创数字企业及传统制造业企业通过颠覆性数字创新驱动新产品、新模式、新消费场景层出不穷的背景下,如何基于中国市场情景构建企业颠覆性数字创新的研究框架,寻找新的理论体系和细分变量,也成为数字中国建设背景下企业创新研究领域急需突破的重要议题之一。
因此,本文采用文献计量和内容分析法,梳理有关企业颠覆性数字创新的研究主题,明晰企业颠覆性数字创新的概念、类型,总结企业颠覆性数字创新的影响因素、过程机制和结果效应,呈现出企业颠覆性数字创新研究的全貌。通过厘清企业颠覆性数字创新领域的研究现状、脉络、热点并提炼新的机制框架,明确了当前企业颠覆性数字创新研究存在的缺口,从而为未来的研究尤其是中国情境下企业颠覆性数字创新研究提供了思路参考。
本文通过系统的检索文献,在CiteSpace分析软件中进行关键词聚类来展现颠覆性数字创新的关键词聚类分析。为确保文献质量,本文的外文研究样本文献来自WOS(Web of Science)核心合集数据库(包含SCI-Expanded和SSCI),国内文献来自中国知网(CNKI)数据库中的高水平期刊(① 其中包括:北京大学《中文核心期刊总览》来源期刊;中文社会科学引文索引(Chinese Social Sciences Citation Index,CSSCI);中国科学引文数据库(Chinese Science Citation Database,CSCD)。)。由于目前缺乏关于颠覆性数字创新的概念与实证研究,本文借鉴Thakur等[11]的文献梳理方法,增添数字颠覆作为关键词进行文献审查,数字颠覆作为更早被研究者与企业关注到的企业创新行为,同样以颠覆性创新理论为指导[6],具有颠覆性、持续性的特征。虽然不能将其等同于颠覆性数字创新,但是其关联研究对颠覆性数字创新具有明显的参考与指导意义。因此在外文文献中,本文以检索式TS=(“Disrupt* digit* innovat*”OR “digit* disrupt*”)进行核心合集的主题检索,年限为所有年份,数据收集时间为 2024年5月24日,文献类型设为“article”和“review article”,Web of Science Categories 选择“Business” or “Management” or “Communication” or “Information Science Library Science or Economics”。在中国知网(CNKI)数据库中,以“数字颠覆”“颠覆性数字创新”为篇名、关键词及主题进行检索,发文年代不限,文献类型设为期刊文献。经过数据筛选共得到225篇外文文献和68篇中文文献(颠覆性数字创新主题文献29篇;数字颠覆篇名文献2篇,关键词文献1篇,主题文献39篇但包含了篇名文献和关键词文献)。剔除低相关度的文献,剔除不同主题检索出的重复文献,最终得到134篇英文文献和49篇中文文献用于分析。
为了从整体上把握国内外颠覆性数字创新研究领域发展情况和趋势,本文对国内外颠覆性数字创新文献进行时序数量对比,结果如图1所示。
首先,从总体上来看,以“颠覆性数字创新”“数字颠覆”为主题的文献发表数量虽个别年份波动幅度较大,但呈现逐年上涨的趋势,说明国内外学者愈发注重对颠覆性数字创新的研究。其中,外文文献发文量增长幅度快但波动幅度大,中文文献增长幅度慢但波动幅度小。针对颠覆性数字创新的研究最早可以追溯到2008年,在2008—2018年的发展历程中,每年发表的相关文献数量不超过10篇。但进入2019年该研究主题文献数量得到跳跃式增长,超过10篇,此后呈现出快速增长趋势,2023年全年中外文文献发表数量超过了30篇。这足以说明学者们对该领域的研究愈发重视,颠覆性数字创新领域存在未被发掘的理论缺口,拥有重要的研究潜力,逐渐成为创新领域的研究热点。
其次,采用CiteSpace文献计量软件进行文献关键词频分析。由于“颠覆性数字创新”相关文献数量限制,本文通过阅读具体文献内容并挖掘其内涵,中外文文献关键词统一翻译为中文关键词处理。例如,将“digital transformation”和“数字化转型”均归为数字化转型关键词;“digital disruption”和数字颠覆均归为数字颠覆关键词。将某一类关键词进行合并统计,如“数字化转型”“数字经济”“数字创新产业”等关键词归为数字化类。同时,为了避免一个关键词关联到两个属类以出现重复统计的情况,本文将“技术创新”“数字化创新”统一归到创新类,作为创新类型进行关键词统计。
通过关键词及其归类统计分析,本文发现“颠覆性数字创新”相关主题研究主要涉及四大方面:一是创新类研究,主要探究颠覆性数字创新的创新机制及影响因素;二是数字化研究,分析数字时代智能化发展对颠覆性数字创新的推动效果;三是能力方面的研究,主要研究企业开展颠覆性数字创新所需具备的能力;四是技术方面的研究,即探索促进颠覆性数字创新演化与实现的数字技术。除此以外,颠覆性数字创新所涉及的企业绩效、竞争关系等议题也受到关注。在研究对象上,主要集中于新闻业、酒店业、医疗保健行业、房地产行业等传统企业的颠覆性数字创新,虽然也涵盖了数字原住民(Z世代)等新型企业的颠覆性数字创新,但缺乏对高新技术企业和行业领先者的研究。在研究方法上主要停留在现象观察、实践总结、经验梳理及个别化、碎片化的影响因素研究阶段(表1)。因此,整体来看,颠覆性数字创新研究仍然处于起步阶段,呈现出理论内涵丰富、但实证检验相对缺乏并且将“颠覆性数字创新”放置于文章篇名的文献还较少的显著特点。
企业颠覆性数字创新概念的诞生,是建立在数字技术的广泛应用驱动的颠覆性技术创新并与商业模式、组织运营、营销与服务及消费者消费数字化的充分融合形成数字化创新基础上。突破性的技术创新与革命化的数字产品、数字企业、数字服务、数字生活融合形成了更广泛意义的创新,由此形成了企业颠覆性数字创新这一概念。一方面,所有的企业颠覆性数字创新都可以追溯到某种形式的数字技术带来的突破性技术创新及其商业应用[6]。随着信息革命不断延展出新的数字技术,这些数字技术与产品、过程或商业模式结合起来发展成为企业颠覆性数字创新[19]。Lyytinen和Rose[20]认为,企业颠覆性数字创新是组织利用研发成果(R&D)对现有竞争规则造成颠覆性冲击和变革的综合性创新。Skog等[7]将企业颠覆性数字创新定义为“利用拆分和重组数字资源之间的联系或产生新联系的方法,通过一个迅速展开的过程从根本上改变企业传统创造和获取可持续价值的逻辑”。Bolton等[21]将企业颠覆性数字创新定义为“当新的数字技术改变客户体验、业务流程和商业模式时发生的变化,这种变化改变了生态系统中的行为者共同创造价值的方式”。Abayomi和Philipp[22]认为企业颠覆性数字创新是基于创新的技术应用和数字属性导致组织运营范式的改变。
除了从技术+数字应用层面来界定颠覆性数字创新的概念之外,学者们还从数字化创新(digital innovation)与颠覆性创新(disruptive innovation)交互视角对其内涵进行界定。其中,数字创新聚焦在企业创造价值的能力上,而不是其破坏价值的程度和倾向上,可以被定义为“通过使用大数据、云计算、人工智能、区块链、虚拟/增强现实、3D打印、物联网和ChatGPT大语言模型等数字技术创造并改变企业市场供应(包括产品和服务)、业务流程和业务模式形成数字化的过程”[23]。这一过程是建立将过去完全或主要是物理或模拟的过程、内容或对象转换为完全或主要是数字过程、内容或对象的数字化基础之上。因此综合而言,企业颠覆性数字创新是在数字创新的基础上,涉及以更新颖的方式使用数字技术的创新,它直接促进了各种商业模式和行业,以及企业重大业务模型的改进和转型。颠覆性数字创新通过支持新产品、服务、流程带来了更高程度的客户参与,通过快速创新提高组织绩效、运营效率、创业转型和价值创造[24-25]。颠覆性数字创新以其颠覆性的数字技术变革提供了一个集成化和开放性的数字平台,使企业价值创造更具包容性、可及性和有效性[13,26]
综合学者们的研究成果(表2),本文认为,企业颠覆性数字创新是在数字经济纵深发展的背景下,综合运用大数据、云计算、人工智能、物联网、区块链、大语言模型(LLM)、生成式人工智能(AIGC)及多模态数据分析等数字信息技术进行技术革命、创新并嵌入到组织生产、营销、服务等组织运营,驱动传统业务模式转化为数字化发展,从中创造资源之间新的联系并在企业数字化转型过程中构造新的价值创造逻辑,以及颠覆市场竞争格局的动态过程。
颠覆性数字创新与颠覆性创新的概念密切相关,但又有所不同(表3)。从创新特点和影响规模来看,颠覆性数字创新和颠覆式创新都是一个持续的过程,具有突变性,会给传统的商业模式和价值创造方式造成巨大的影响[28],带来重塑市场格局的革命性影响。从创新的结果而言,颠覆性数字创新和颠覆式创新都对原有的价值主张、价值传递方式和价值实现带来冲击,从而驱动商业模式的变革[29-30]。在理论依据方面,只有部分颠覆性数字创新遵循Christensen提出的理论[31-32]。尽管数字技术和颠覆性创新有一些共同点,但其对于颠覆性创新的发生既不充分也不必要[33]。在颠覆侧重点、创新技术应用、影响速度等方面二者也存在一定的异质性。颠覆性数字创新主要从数字的视角出发,更加注重企业对数字技术的掌握,持续过程更类似于数字化转型,涉及颠覆的部分主要包括企业运营和价值创造。并且其产生的颠覆性数字技术、产品或服务传播速度更快、应用范围更广、影响力更强。
数字创新可以被视为一个过程和该过程的结果,并且发生在各种知识和技能来源的交叉点上,从而促进了数字专业能力与其他领域的结合[34-35]。由于数字技术具有延展性、可编辑性及高度的可生成性,使得数字创新变得越来越迅速,并且难以预测和控制,这些特征导致现有研究将数字创新描述为不连续性的创新。相比颠覆性数字创新,数字创新不一定具有颠覆性。为了实现从数字创新到颠覆性数字创新的跃升,企业需要将数字技术转化为数字创新,再设法提升为颠覆性数字创新。但另外,并非所有数字创新最终都会转化为颠覆性数字创新。例如,对新型颠覆性数字创新的广泛投资可能会受到股东的抵制,因为这种创新被认为具有高风险,并且收益不确定。许多企业特别是大型和成熟的企业通常依赖于组织惯性而变得僵化,不愿意采用新的颠覆性技术,而是坚持使用成熟的技术和创新[36]。因此,数字创新是形成颠覆性数字创新的前提,颠覆性数字创新则是在数字创新的基础上形成的颠覆性结果,相互之间存在一定的关联性,但在价值网络、组织能力、创新效果等方面又存在一定的差异性(表4)。
对企业颠覆性数字创新类型的划分,目前学者们主要从在位企业回应性和数字初创企业开创性视角、大型企业和中小企业的规模视角进行了分类研究(表5)。
按照对待颠覆性数字创新的态度不同,可将颠覆性数字创新划分为在位企业回应型颠覆性数字创新和数字初创企业初始型颠覆性数字创新。Steinhauserr[15]指出,在位者企业拥有创新的动力和能力,可以利用极高的灵活性、学习能力和快速适应的能力来回应并克服障碍,推进潜在的颠覆性数字创新。Högberg和Willermark[10]认为酒店业在位企业需要基于新的数字商业环境,将战略转化为实践,重新讨论企业价值三方面来回应和推进颠覆性数字创新活动。相较于在位企业的颠覆性数字创新,数字初创企业可以通过改变客户体验、发现、探索、购买和参与产品和服务的方式,开发数字平台功能以实现敏捷和可扩展的数字运营,并围绕数字化支持的客户体验进行商业模式创新,在基于业务网络的价值实现中共同创造价值,以应对数字颠覆的威胁[16,42-43]。Tallon等[37]指出,相比于传统在位企业而言,数字初创企业的颠覆性数字创新更有优势,数字初创企业可以通过构建或嵌入数字平台寻求机会,建立关键能力以实现战略敏捷性,基于新产品创意和商业模式创新更好地吸引顾客,并动态性地调节和平衡数字平台与业务绩效之间的关系来实现颠覆性数字创新[38]
按照企业的类型大小,可将颠覆性数字创新划分为大型企业颠覆性数字创新和中小企业颠覆性数字创新。大型企业具有颠覆性数字创新的规模基础、技术底蕴[40],但颠覆性数字创新又是双刃剑,很多大型成熟企业往往不愿意采用新兴的颠覆性数字创新。因为他们担心失去现有竞争优势的基础,往往延迟创新导致失去市场竞争力[31]。相较于大型企业,中小型企业(SME)通常比大型成熟企业更灵活,更能快速地推进颠覆性数字创新[44]。Neirotti和Raguseo[41]的研究发现,与大型企业相比,成功实现颠覆性数字创新的中小企业能够实现更高的利润率,这是因为中小企业重组其运营模式的成本较低,结构更精简,需要改变的流程更少。但同时,中小企业也经常受到资源、条件等限制而在一定程度上阻碍其颠覆性数字创新的能力和范围[39]。与大型企业相比,由于规模有限且业务集中,大多数中小企业没有大量闲置资源(如财务和人力资源)或适当的能力来推进颠覆性数字创新[8,45]
基于创新扩散理论,影响企业颠覆性数字创新的因素包括环境因素、组织因素、技术因素等多层次和各层次下的多维变量。但由于企业颠覆性数字创新的研究刚刚起步,目前学者们的研究还较为零散,现有研究成果主要是围绕组织内部视角来刻画颠覆性数字创新的前因变量,包括感知有用性、内部动机、决策框架、组织能力等[8,10,12,46-47]。仅有少数学者从综合角度研究了颠覆性数字创新的影响因素[11]
感知有用性是企业决定是否采用数字技术推进颠覆性数字创新的重要前提。在创新质量、创新效率提升等方面感知到的有用性会改变企业对颠覆性数字创新风险的再评估,提升颠覆性数字创新的积极性和能动性[12]。现有文献研究表明,感知有用性对企业推进颠覆性数字创新具有积极影响,因为对工作绩效收益的预期将以有益的方式改变企业对颠覆性数字创新的态度。如果企业管理层认为采用和使用数字技术将使他能够在其实践中实现更高的效率,他们很可能对创新持积极态度,并被激励采用和使用数字技术驱动颠覆性数字创新[8]
内部动机并非是一种具体的影响因素,而是多种影响因素的集合,学者们认为制度环境、同行压力、获取竞争优势等均是影响企业颠覆性数字创新的内部动机因素[48-49]。内部动机对颠覆性数字创新的影响效果与组织资源密不可分。例如,Steinhauser[15]从组织资源的视角研究了内部动机对企业颠覆性数字创新的影响,结果表明组织内部动机会影响企业是否采取颠覆性数字创新,而组织资源的丰沛性会帮助管理者有信心应对颠覆性数字创新的高度不确定性风险,从而强化通过颠覆性创新提升竞争力的内部动机。除此之外,内部动机还可以作为中介因素影响其他变量作用于颠覆性数字创新的效果。Kraus等[50]评估了采用不同合作创新网络(即垂直、水平和平台)的合作创新轨迹通过强化内部动机的中介机制对颠覆性数字创新的影响,发现共同创新、国家创新体系的制度条件、公司特定资源、数字技术平台和基础设施等企业回应数字颠覆的重要条件。这些条件的充足或缺失对企业颠覆性创新的动机起到强化或弱化的影响,从而驱动形成或者放弃颠覆性数字创新。
Fraser和Ansarl[47]指出,企业在分析并决定是否推进颠覆性数字创新时,可以使用多个非二元框架维度,如在颠覆的类型、颠覆的紧迫性和公司的能力等形成多方面的观点,而不是简单地将颠覆归类为威胁或机会。如果颠覆性数字创新对企业业务造成挑战,就可以把它视为威胁,如对销售额构成高度紧迫的挑战。如果颠覆性数字创新对经营带来机遇,就可以把它视为机会,如提供了一个创新企业产品与服务的时间窗口期。在此过程中,无论是威胁分析,还是机遇评估,企业颠覆性数字创新的决策都是一个综合分析、动态平衡和再决策的过程。同时,当组织内部对颠覆性数字创新存在不同看法引发决策争议的情况下,可以采用更加开放和包容的决策框架,确保能够对颠覆性数字创新所带来的挑战的性质形成不同的理解[10]
无论是传统的技术创新研究,还是近年来的数字创新、颠覆式创新、突破式创新研究,组织能力对创新的重要影响都得到了学术界的广泛认同。大量的实证研究结果也揭示了组织能力对创新绩效的正向促进作用[51-52]。沿着这一思路,学者们先从静态角度研究技术能力对企业颠覆性数字创新的影响,认为技术能力尤其是基于信息技术的数字化能力会通过企业中组织和个人能力的传导对颠覆性数字创新的实践活动产生重要影响[8,36]。同时,基于颠覆性数字创新面临的高度不确定性的动态环境,动态能力对颠覆性数字创新具有重要的影响机制[53]。Tasadduq[13]对动态能力与颠覆性数字创新关系的研究发现,动态能力与构建数字平台能力之间存在直接关联,以及构建数字平台上限能力与数字非核心产品数量之间存在直接关联。在生产数字非核心产品时,动态能力对颠覆性数字创新的大部分影响是通过构建数字平台能力来间接实现的。
创新扩散理论认为,组织技术创新与采纳是一个问题/机会确认、资料收集、概念形成、创新计划拟定、创新准备与明确化、创新活动与成果应用、创新扩散与价值获取的系统性过程[54]。刘海兵等[35]对数字技术驱动高端颠覆性创新的过程机理研究表明,高端颠覆性创新过程包括模糊前端、开发和商业化三个阶段,并经历机会识别、产品概念、设计牵引技术、仿真实验、数字化监测、迭代升级、技术的突破性、商业的突破性及数字连同、数字化生态嵌入、数字化开放式创新和数字化协同的演进机制。对企业颠覆性数字创新而言,既包含了技术创新与采纳的过程,又要与商业化、市场化紧密协同。因此,企业颠覆性数字创新是一个应用数字技术、整合数字资源、创新数字化产品与服务、重构数字化商业模式、创造数字化新市场的动态过程,遵循发现颠覆性机会、开发新产品与新模式、迭代进入新市场、全方面应用扩散创新成果、获取价值实现结果的内在演化机制和动态过程。其中,发现颠覆性机会是企业颠覆性数字创新的源头和起点,企业可以利用数字技术、大数据分析发现市场中的消费痛点或未被满足的需求点,形成颠覆性数字创新的机会点。开发新产品与新模式、迭代进入新市场可以归纳为推进颠覆性创新的行动过程,企业通过开发新产品、创新数字商业模式并针对新的目标客户进行精准定位、完成小范围的市场推广[55]。在此基础上,通过“小步快跑”和“加速迭代”的交互试错和动态响应,推动颠覆性数字创新的快速扩散,抢占市场先机,形成具有“护城河”效应的竞争优势。最后,通过市场与技术的协同和企业与消费者的价值共创,完成颠覆性数字创新的价值获取,推动创新成果的价值实现和企业的可持续发展[35]
基于上述企业颠覆性数字创新的动态机制,围绕技术、产品与市场协同共生的颠覆性数字创新多重内涵,企业颠覆性数字创新的核心创新要素和途径主要包括基于产品的颠覆性数字创新、基于服务的颠覆性数字创新、基于商业模式的颠覆性数字创新和基于市场的颠覆性数字创新。
基于产品的颠覆性数字创新是指企业利用数字技术,通过数字连接和数字融合等方式孵化和生产出全新的数字化产品[20,56]。例如,华为通过和赛力斯的开放式协同合作创新,打造出高度自驾和自动化、数字化的问界M5、M7、M9的系列新能源汽车。在驱动赛利斯从传统汽车制造企业升级为现代化的数字智能汽车企业的同时,通过颠覆性的数字产品创新助力中国汽车产业实现从“弯道超车”到“换道超车”的突破。企业针对产品进行颠覆性数字创新,可通过员工培训、整合专家知识及利用可靠性、准确性和灵活性的数字技术来实现。在此过程中,还要扫清数据相关问题(隐私、速度和安全)、组织变革与管理不善、生态系统缺乏开放性、战略导向不明细,以及资源、基础设施限制等方面的障碍[57]
基于服务的颠覆性数字创新是指企业在服务主导逻辑下,通过传感器+物联网+大数据分析(BDA)等多维数字技术与数据分析手段,生成新的服务模式和服务要素[58],从而更好地满足消费者对数字美好生活的向往。为了更好地推进基于服务的企业颠覆性数字创新,学者们从促进因素和面临的挑战两方面展开了研究。其中,颠覆性数字服务创新的促成因素包括伙伴关系[59]、员工参与、工作流程重组和供应商支持、知识管理和以用户为中心的生产、服务提供商培训等[60]。企业颠覆性数字服务创新面临的挑战则包括:与数据相关的信息访问壁垒、隐私、安全和速度,与用户相关的感知财务成本和风险,与组织相关的工作进度不匹配、缺乏共同承诺、服务缺乏定制、组织和提供商惰性[61],以及与资源基础设施相关的技术功能有限、技术限制等[62]
基于商业模式的颠覆性数字创新是指企业通过数字化手段形成全新的价值主张、价值传递方式、价值获取机制,从而在颠覆传统商业模式的基础上,构建全新的数字化商业模式。数字经济的开放性、融合性、无边界性和数字技术对产业链、价值链的链接,形成了颠覆性商业模式创新的新环境,新业态、新消费场景为颠覆性商业模式创新提供了需求基础[63]。现有的研究成果明确了数字化商业模式创新的促成因素,包括对客户价值定位、客户需求和客户获取等商业模式创新要素的重新理解、对技术推动商业模式创新及其关键资源的利用程度及战略合作伙伴和服务专家的参与程度等。与此同时,学者们也提出了诸多阻碍着数字商业模式创新的挑战和壁垒,主要包括数据安全和信任缺失、缺乏流程标准、资源和技术的错位与不对称、数据质量和顾客隐私等[62]
灵活利用颠覆性数字创新的企业可以创造一个全新的利基市场,在竞争激烈的市场中扩大自己的立足点。例如,Airbnb是一家资源有限的初创公司,在线下市场的基础上,利用在线平台提供服务,在颠覆和重组传统酒店行业的同时,通过数字链接开创了在线数字新市场[64]。早期通过颠覆性数字创新驱动新市场的形成,主要是通过互联网形成线上市场并与线下结合形成O2O(online to offline)闭环体系和基于人场货的新零售市场。近年来,随着现实增强技术、元宇宙、大语言模型、虚拟数字人等数字技术正在虚拟环境中触发新的商业模式,并形成了从物理世界(传统现实世界产品与服务市场)到虚拟世界(超越互联网的虚拟产品与服务市场)的全新数字化市场,给基于市场的颠覆性数字创新提供了重要机遇。对此,Ilaria等[65]认为元宇宙正在定义一种全新的经济形态,并对古驰、三星、现代和耐克四家跨行业企业如何从现实物理世界向元宇宙虚拟世界的全新数字化市场迭代与创新进行了研究。通过观察“物理数字”转型(即旨在连接物理世界和数字世界的转型)和塑造公司内部流程,以及与客户关系的完全虚拟沉浸,提供了一个如何在元宇宙虚拟市场环境中实现商业运营的框架体系。
企业颠覆性数字创新的结果效应,从价值层面回答了企业颠覆性数字创新给消费者、企业及社会带来的体验提升[66]、组织发展[67]、社会福祉[46],对应形成了用户体验[68]、组织绩效[69]、社会价值[70]三方面的影响效应。
基于人工智能云服务、物联网和ChatGPT等先进数字技术驱动的颠覆性数字创新,通过线上、线下、虚拟等多元化途径增加了用户的便利性,同时通过大数据的小数据分析,为用户带来更具个性化的体验,从而以增加便利性或情绪价值等方式更好地满足了客户需求[66]。例如,在互联网搭建并增强具备传感、处理和网络交互功能的智慧产品或数字化消费对象(如高阶自动驾驶汽车),通过智能助手与客户进行更多互动,帮助用户提供便捷、高效、智慧和更具个性化的产品使用过程,提升了用户体验度,从而帮助企业扩大市场份额,增强核心竞争力。最近的研究已经表明,新的数字技术应用改变了用户体验、业务流程和商业模式,颠覆性数字创新能够显著提升用户体验,增加用户黏性和满意度[68,71]
通过数字技术进步带来的颠覆性数字创新,使得企业更有能力找到新的方式来改善其业务运行流程,实现更加方便快捷的业务处理方式,并通过规模效应降低边际成本从而降本增效,提升组织绩效[67,69]。诸多研究结果都表明,颠覆性数字创新对组织绩效具有显著的正向影响[8,13,72]。Thakur等[11]将企业颠覆性数字创新绩效定义为通过数字颠覆性运营的有效性和效率改进,形成了包括财务(盈利能力和销售)和非财务(新客户和客户忠诚度)两方面的测量指标。颠覆性数字创新能够鼓励员工高效使用技术来降低运营成本,以使组织实现利润最大化。在此基础上,进一步提升老客户的满意度和忠诚度并通过口碑效应吸引更多的新客户[69]
企业颠覆性数字创新除了影响用户体验和组织绩效之外,还能够通过技术的外溢效应等途径产生更广泛的社会价值[46]。在促进行业技术进步上,一方面,颠覆性数字创新是技术进步和数字技术应用的产物;另一方面,企业通过搭数字技术平台和开放式创新生态系统形成技术价值共创联盟,又在一定程度上驱动了行业的技术进步。在产业升级和促进区域经济发展上,通过颠覆性数字创新带来的新产品、新业态、新模式,对产业升级起到了巨大的推动作用,提升了在高端产业链上的价值和竞争力,从而促进了区域经济的高质量发展[70]。除此之外,颠覆性数字创新带来的数字创业活动,又通过鼓励创新、解决就业问题、改善社区生活质量等多维方式,在形成更多“社会财富”的基础上,活跃创新创业活动,提升社会活力[40,73]
综上对企业颠覆性数字创新内涵界定和概念辨析、颠覆性数字创新的分类及颠覆性数字创新前因、过程和影响效应的文献梳理与分析,基于输入(input)-过程(process)-输出(output)的分析框架,本文从“企业颠覆性数字创新影响前因(I)-颠覆性数字创新机制与过程(P)-颠覆性数字创新结果(O)”视角,构建了企业颠覆性数字创新研究的整合框架,并采用逻辑线条将未来可行的研究开展方式进行了标记,为后续学者开展研究提供思路,如图2所示。
本文对企业颠覆性数字创新领域研究进行回顾和系统性文献梳理,明晰了企业颠覆性数字创新概念内涵,厘清了企业颠覆性数字创新与颠覆性创新、数字创新之间在内涵和特征上的异同。并围绕“颠覆性数字创新影响前因——颠覆性数字创新机制与过程——颠覆性数字创新结果(影响效应)”的I-P-O逻辑构建了企业颠覆性数字创新整合研究框架。
第一,在研究视角上,企业颠覆性数字创新通过延伸颠覆性创新和数字创新并将二者有机结合,正成为数字经济蓬勃发展和数字技术快速迭代应用背景下新的研究热点。虽然颠覆性创新和数字创新都并不是一个全新的话题,但将颠覆性创新与数字创新相结合所形成的颠覆性数字创新却是一个新兴的研究领域。企业颠覆性数字创新扩展了颠覆性创新的内容范畴,又进一步延伸了数字创新的指向,符合当下信息技术革命驱动的数字经济蓬勃发展带来的技术突破性、创新无边界性、开放性、融合性、广泛性和包容性的数字创新发展趋势。但目前对企业颠覆性数字创新的研究才刚刚起步,成果较为分散,还没有形成完整、系统的研究架构。
第二,在研究内容上,现有研究初步揭示了企业颠覆性数字创新的内涵,明晰了企业颠覆性数字创新组织层面的影响因素和基于不同创新视角的过程机理和影响结果。但还不够全面和深入,未来仍有很大发展空间。一方面,现有的研究结果明晰了颠覆性数字创新的可能促进因素和影响结果,组织、从业者和政策制定者可以利用这种理解来支持颠覆性数字创新的成果,并克服可能的障碍和挑战。另一方面,现有的研究还不够全面和深入,需要进一步拓展和丰富。一是,作为一个开放式创新体系,企业颠覆性数字创新的影响因素更为广泛、复杂,包括政府政策、行业生态及决策者个体等宏观、中观和微观因素,这些因素相互之间还存在交集。二是,如何基于技术扩散+数字化运营的双维交互驱动形成颠覆性数字创新的内在机理?其不同创新主体下的协同演化机制是什么?目前的研究还没有做出回答,其过程机理的“黑箱”还有待进一步打开。
第三,在研究情景上,主要以发达国家和地区的趋同性研究为主,但对发展中国家、新型经济体尤其是基于中国式现代化背景下的颠覆性创新研究,还较为缺乏。当前关于颠覆性数字创新的现有文献在趋同性和生成性两个情景上达成了一致[74]。其中,趋同性意味着信息技术架构和物理实体能够在生态系统的不同参与者之间共享信息、技术和知识,从而推动技术导向的颠覆性数字创新。生成性指的是使现有信息技术和物品生成新产品、新服务、新商业模式的能力。基于趋同性和生成性的颠覆性数字创新研究揭示了颠覆性创新的普适性规律,为后续的研究提供了前期文献基础。然而,目前学者们对颠覆性数字创新的情景嵌入和经验数据来源主要侧重于发达国家,这是因为这些国家率先实施了颠覆性数字创新。但是还有许多其他发展中国家、新型经济体国家如印度、巴西等正在以可观的速度实施颠覆性数字创新,因此迫切需要研究这些发展中国家颠覆性数字创新独特的挑战、机遇和不同文化背景下的差异性。尤其是当下中国正在大力发展数字经济构建数字中国,通过颠覆性数字创新推动经济高质量发展以实现中国式现代化,这也是解决“卡脖子”关键核心技术的重要举措之一。更需要更多的学者聚焦中国情景,研究如何针对中国企业与西方发达国家企业相比的特殊性,研究不同区域、不同规模、不同属性企业在颠覆性数字创新中的驱动型和差异性,从而为中国企业的颠覆性数字创新提供更多的经验证据和理论指导。
基于文献综述分析和研究发现,本文在构建现有整合研究框架的基础上,针对现有研究不足和缺失,进一步提出未来研究方向如下。
第一,通过组态研究探索企业颠覆性数字创新的多维影响因素及其交互作用。按照技术-组织-环境(TOE)分析框架,企业颠覆性数字创新的影响因素包括宏观环境层面的政府政策、经济环境、数字经济与开放式创新平台治理等制度设计;组织层面的组织学习、组织数字化战略、组织惯性、组织能力及组织决策者和参与者特质与经历等个体要素,对于感知有用性、内部动机、决策框架、组织能力等因素也可将其作为一种组态因素研究,丰富现有研究框架;技术层面的数字技术应用程度、数字化程度、技术伦理、数据资产等“软硬”结合体。同时,基于创新生态系统理论,颠覆性数字创新是一个通过消费者/客户的数字化需求驱动的企业创新和产业升级最后形成国家创新的创新生态体系,包含了消费者/顾客、企业、产业、政府等多主体的利益诉求和影响。上述多维影响因素除了直接作用于颠覆性数字创新之外,相互之间还存在交互作用,形成了复杂影响因素,在研究方法上更加适用于组态研究。因此,为了更好地揭示颠覆性数字创新多维影响因素的交互作用及其与颠覆性数字创新的复杂因果关系,系统揭示多因素联动匹配驱动下颠覆性数字创新的“殊途同归”问题[75],未来可以基于TOE分析框架和创新生态系统理论,并利用模糊集定性比较分析(fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis,fsQCA)等方法对颠覆性数字创新的多维影响因素及其交互作用展开组态研究。
第二,深入扩展企业颠覆性数字创新的复杂过程机理及其影响效应研究。在企业颠覆性数字创新的复杂过程机理上,一方面,要在企业颠覆性数字创新前因组态研究的基础上,深入剖析颠覆性数字创新多维前因驱动颠覆性数字创新的过程机理,明确环境、组织、技术、个体等多维影响要素及其颠覆性创新的不同路径机制。另一方面,要以技术扩散理论为基础,针对企业颠覆性数字创新以技术驱动的创新扩散过程,结合开放式创新生态系统下核心企业、追随企业、政府、科研机构、高校等创新主体间的竞合关系,将数字革命与颠覆性创新深度结合,探讨核心企业与政府部门、科研院所、资源互补者之间的相互作用,揭示企业颠覆性数字创新多维主体的协同演化机制和内在演化机理,以推动在一个稳定和谐生态系统中的价值共创。可借鉴颠覆性创新已经形成的成熟研究框架[28,76],采用多案例分析、扎根理论等方法对在位企业、后发企业的颠覆性创新路径进行探索性研究。在企业颠覆性数字创新的影响效应上,要拓展目前颠覆性数字创新以组织绩效等微观层面的影响研究,围绕企业颠覆性数字创新对个体数字化适应程度、平台与创新网络、产业或区域数字创新生态系统、国家经济高质量发展等方面的影响展开研究。从微观、中观、宏观层面明晰颠覆性数字创新的影响效应,最终实现“前因组态—复杂过程机理—多层次影响效应”的影响机理、路径机制与实现结果的全面系统性研究,打开企业颠覆性数字创新研究的“黑箱”。
第三,拓展中国数字化情境下企业颠覆性数字创新的机制检验与路径设计。作为全球主要的新型经济体,中国拥有庞大的数字产业应用领域、多元化的数字消费场景和全球最大规模的数字消费市场。这为中国企业的颠覆性数字创新决策和实践提供了现实基础。但现有研究成果还缺乏对中国企业如何推进颠覆性数字创新的系统性研究,较少的文献主要从数字创业驱动的数字创新展开研究,未能基于企业颠覆式数字创新的前因、过程与结果进行体系性研究。为此,未来可以围绕数字经济赋能企业颠覆性数字创新的机理、中国企业数智化转型驱动的颠覆性数字创新涌现、基于中国数字情景的企业颠覆性创新独特性等展开研究,尤其是基于企业在颠覆性数字创新中的核心地位和作用,要进一步研究不同产业类型企业、传统企业与数字平台企业、发达地区如中东部地区和欠发达地区如西部地区企业等不同属性企业颠覆性数字创新中的普适性和异质性,以解释中国数字化情境下企业颠覆性数字创新的内在机制。并由此设计推动颠覆性数字创新持续涌现的时空路径,更好地指导中国企业的颠覆性数字创新活动。除此之外以企业颠覆性数字创新赋能新质生产力,形成企业颠覆性数字创新新的科学内涵与实现路径,也将成为当下中国经济社会发展需要和国家需求指引下新的前沿基础理论研究方向。
  • 黑龙江省社会科学基金规划项目“黑龙江省高端装备制造企业数智化转型赋能新质生产力的发展机制与对策研究”(24GLB014)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1002-980X.J24041711
  • 接收时间:2024-04-17
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-17
基金
黑龙江省社会科学基金规划项目“黑龙江省高端装备制造企业数智化转型赋能新质生产力的发展机制与对策研究”(24GLB014)
作者信息
    1 中国社会科学院大学商学院, 北京 100836
    2 哈尔滨商业大学商务学院, 哈尔滨 150028

通讯作者:

易加斌(1978—),管理学博士,哈尔滨商业大学商务学院教授,硕士研究生导师,研究方向:数字经济与商业模式创新;
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jsyjj/CN/10.12404/j.issn.1002-980X.J24041711
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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