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In the context of globalization, stakeholders play an increasingly crucial role in the operation and development of enterprises, which in turn has a significant impact on leader's cognition and leadership style. Previous studies have focused on the impact of stakeholder orientation on corporate performance, while individual-level research is relatively scarce. Based on social learning theory, a matched sample of 63 executives and their 225 direct subordinates were used to explore how the stakeholder orientation of top-level managers affected the positive behavior of subordinates. The results indicate that the stakeholder orientation of superiors can stimulate the prosocial motivation of subordinate managers, thereby promoting their responsible leadership behavior and responsible innovation. And perceived authenticity regulates the relationship between stakeholder orientation and subordinate prosocial motivation, as well as the indirect impact of stakeholder orientation on subordinates' responsible leadership behavior and responsible innovation through subordinates' prosocial motivation.

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在全球化背景下,“可持续发展”理念日益普及,“双碳”目标、共同富裕等国策对企业经营提出新要求。利益相关者对企业经营和发展起到愈发关键的作用,继而对当下企业领导者们的认知和领导方式产生重要影响。过去研究关注利益相关者导向对企业绩效的影响机制,而对个体层面的机制研究相对匮乏。基于社会学习理论,以63名企业高层管理者与225名直接下级的匹配样本,探讨企业高管的利益相关者导向如何影响下属行为。研究结果表明:企业高管利益相关者导向能够通过激发下级管理者的亲社会动机,从而促使下属表现出责任型领导行为和责任式创新行为;感知领导真实性调节了利益相关者导向与下属亲社会动机的关系,以及利益相关者导向通过下属亲社会动机对下属责任型领导行为及责任式创新的间接影响。

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黄祎,博士,中国工商银行博士后科研工作站,研究方向:企业社会责任、战略领导力、人力资源管理。

, authorsList=黄祎)}, authors=[Author(id=1156965341889912975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1156903806547091666, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1156965342003159185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1156903806547091666, authorId=1156965341889912975, language=EN, stringName=Yi Huang, firstName=Yi, middleName=null, lastName=Huang, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=ICBC Postdoctoral Workstation Beijing 100140 China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1156965342057685138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1156903806547091666, authorId=1156965341889912975, language=CN, stringName=黄祎, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=中国工商银行博士后科研工作站 北京 100140, bio={"content":"

黄祎,博士,中国工商银行博士后科研工作站,研究方向:企业社会责任、战略领导力、人力资源管理。

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黄祎,博士,中国工商银行博士后科研工作站,研究方向:企业社会责任、战略领导力、人力资源管理。

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The Leadership Quarterly , 2014 . 25 ( 1 ): 83 - 104 ., articleTitle=Followership theory: A review and research agenda, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1156965337502670925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1156903806547091666, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1156965337511059534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1156903806547091666, companyId=1156965337502670925, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=ICBC Postdoctoral Workstation Beijing 100140 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1156965341826998413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1156903806547091666, companyId=1156965337502670925, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国工商银行博士后科研工作站 北京 100140)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1156965343768961179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1156903806547091666, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=LwdTKywNuU+li/oAv+EkFw==, figureFileBig=cbDLHi6IzXlnMbTkaxdOxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156965343823487132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1156903806547091666, language=CN, label=图1, caption=研究理论模型图, figureFileSmall=LwdTKywNuU+li/oAv+EkFw==, figureFileBig=cbDLHi6IzXlnMbTkaxdOxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156965343890595997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1156903806547091666, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=IBOp0+m7a9bLsAXTgnbiZA==, figureFileBig=7+VWSgZO7suiaEdYHzF7nA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156965343932539038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1156903806547091666, language=CN, label=图2, caption=领导真实性的调节作用, figureFileSmall=IBOp0+m7a9bLsAXTgnbiZA==, figureFileBig=7+VWSgZO7suiaEdYHzF7nA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156965343982870687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1156903806547091666, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
背景信息 类别 样本数 占比(%)
高管 下属 高管 下属
性别 40 121 63.5 53.8
23 104 36.5 46.2
年龄 30岁及以下 4 69 6.3 30.4
31~40岁 17 110 27.0 49.1
41~50岁 36 42 54.2 19.1
51~60岁 6 4 9.5 1.8
任职时间 1年及以下 9 21 14.3 8.9
1~5年 24 124 38.1 55.4
6~10年 16 60 25.4 26.7
10年以上 14 20 22.2 8.9
教育程度 大专及以下 1 16 1.6 7.1
本科 18 118 28.6 52.4
硕士及以上 44 91 69.8 40.4
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背景信息 类别 样本数 占比(%)
高管 下属 高管 下属
性别 40 121 63.5 53.8
23 104 36.5 46.2
年龄 30岁及以下 4 69 6.3 30.4
31~40岁 17 110 27.0 49.1
41~50岁 36 42 54.2 19.1
51~60岁 6 4 9.5 1.8
任职时间 1年及以下 9 21 14.3 8.9
1~5年 24 124 38.1 55.4
6~10年 16 60 25.4 26.7
10年以上 14 20 22.2 8.9
教育程度 大专及以下 1 16 1.6 7.1
本科 18 118 28.6 52.4
硕士及以上 44 91 69.8 40.4
), ArticleFig(id=1156965344108699811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1156903806547091666, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量名称 测量条目 标准化因子载荷 CITC Cronbach’$\alpha$ ${CR}$ ${AVE}$
利益相关者导向 RL01 0.86 0.62 0.89 0.87 0.58
RL02 0.86 0.57
${RLO3}$ 0.72 0.58
RL04 0.57 0.45
RL05 0.76 0.59
领导真实性 ${AUTH1}$ 0.92 0.53 0.94 0.91 0.74
AUTH2 0.96 0.49
AUTH3 0.69 0.60
${AUTH4}$ 0.85 0.51
下属亲社会动机 P01 0.63 0.74 0.91 0.84 0.57
P02 0.85 0.71
P03 0.85 0.73
P04 0.69 0.73
下属责任型领导行为 ${RL1}$ 0.70 0.81 0.85 0.83 0.51
${RL2}$ 0.55 0.74
${RL3}$ 0.54 0.68
RL4 0.89 0.80
${RL5}$ 0.84 0.76
下属责任式创新 INNO1 0.60 0.76 0.88 0.80 0.63
INNO2 0.92 0.76
INN03 0.74 0.72
INNO4 0.64 0.70
), ArticleFig(id=1156965344171614374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1156903806547091666, language=CN, label=表2, caption=信度与效度分析结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量名称 测量条目 标准化因子载荷 CITC Cronbach’$\alpha$ ${CR}$ ${AVE}$
利益相关者导向 RL01 0.86 0.62 0.89 0.87 0.58
RL02 0.86 0.57
${RLO3}$ 0.72 0.58
RL04 0.57 0.45
RL05 0.76 0.59
领导真实性 ${AUTH1}$ 0.92 0.53 0.94 0.91 0.74
AUTH2 0.96 0.49
AUTH3 0.69 0.60
${AUTH4}$ 0.85 0.51
下属亲社会动机 P01 0.63 0.74 0.91 0.84 0.57
P02 0.85 0.71
P03 0.85 0.73
P04 0.69 0.73
下属责任型领导行为 ${RL1}$ 0.70 0.81 0.85 0.83 0.51
${RL2}$ 0.55 0.74
${RL3}$ 0.54 0.68
RL4 0.89 0.80
${RL5}$ 0.84 0.76
下属责任式创新 INNO1 0.60 0.76 0.88 0.80 0.63
INNO2 0.92 0.76
INN03 0.74 0.72
INNO4 0.64 0.70
), ArticleFig(id=1156965344255500455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1156903806547091666, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型 因子 ${\chi }^{2}$ ${df}$ ${\chi }^{2}/{df}$ CFI TLI RMSEA SRMR
五因子模型 每个变量对应一个因子 391.55 199.00 1.96 0.92 0.90 0.08 0.06
四因子模型 a 下属亲社会动机与下属责任 式创新合并 453.14 203.00 2.23 0.89 0.87 0.10 0.07
四因子模型 b 下属责任型领导行为与责任 式创新合并 478.42 203.00 2.35 0.88 0.86 0.12 0.07
四因子模型 c 下属亲社会动机与下属责任 型领导行为合并 546.65 203.00 2.69 0.85 0.83 0.14 0.07
三因子模型 下属责任型领导行为与责任 式创新合并;领导真实性与下 属亲社会动机合并 650.19 206.00 3.15 0.80 0.78 0.16 0.08
), ArticleFig(id=1156965344318415016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1156903806547091666, language=CN, label=表3, caption=验证性因子结果分析 $\left({N ={225}}\right)$, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型 因子 ${\chi }^{2}$ ${df}$ ${\chi }^{2}/{df}$ CFI TLI RMSEA SRMR
五因子模型 每个变量对应一个因子 391.55 199.00 1.96 0.92 0.90 0.08 0.06
四因子模型 a 下属亲社会动机与下属责任 式创新合并 453.14 203.00 2.23 0.89 0.87 0.10 0.07
四因子模型 b 下属责任型领导行为与责任 式创新合并 478.42 203.00 2.35 0.88 0.86 0.12 0.07
四因子模型 c 下属亲社会动机与下属责任 型领导行为合并 546.65 203.00 2.69 0.85 0.83 0.14 0.07
三因子模型 下属责任型领导行为与责任 式创新合并;领导真实性与下 属亲社会动机合并 650.19 206.00 3.15 0.80 0.78 0.16 0.08
), ArticleFig(id=1156965344389718185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1156903806547091666, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量名称 均值 标准差 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1. 下属年龄 32.70 7.81
2. 下属性别 0.54 0.50 0.19 *
3. 下属受教育程度 3.34 0.61 0.09 -0.03
4. 下属任期 4.92 4.27 0.22 ${}^{**}$ 0.23 ** $-{0.14}{}^{*}$
5. 高管利益相关者导向 5.53 0.91 0.01 -0.03 0.13 0.08 (0.89)
6. 领导真实性 6.21 0.96 -0.01 0.10 0.07 -0.05 0.06 (0.94)
7. 下属亲社会动机 6.30 0.93 0.07 0.06 0.16* -0.01 0.22 ${}^{**}$ 0.52 ${}^{**}$ (0.91)
8. 下属责任型领导行为 5.63 1.01 0.17 * 0.04 0.19 ** -0.04 0.14 * 0.34 ${}^{**}$ 0.41 ${}^{**}$ (0.85)
9. 下属责任式创新 5.59 1.22 0.12 0.16* 0.18 ${}^{**}$ 0.03 0.35 ** 0.33 ${}^{**}$ 0.49 ${}^{**}$ 0.43 ** (0.88)
), ArticleFig(id=1156965344461021354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1156903806547091666, language=CN, label=表4, caption=描述性统计与相关系数矩阵, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量名称 均值 标准差 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1. 下属年龄 32.70 7.81
2. 下属性别 0.54 0.50 0.19 *
3. 下属受教育程度 3.34 0.61 0.09 -0.03
4. 下属任期 4.92 4.27 0.22 ${}^{**}$ 0.23 ** $-{0.14}{}^{*}$
5. 高管利益相关者导向 5.53 0.91 0.01 -0.03 0.13 0.08 (0.89)
6. 领导真实性 6.21 0.96 -0.01 0.10 0.07 -0.05 0.06 (0.94)
7. 下属亲社会动机 6.30 0.93 0.07 0.06 0.16* -0.01 0.22 ${}^{**}$ 0.52 ${}^{**}$ (0.91)
8. 下属责任型领导行为 5.63 1.01 0.17 * 0.04 0.19 ** -0.04 0.14 * 0.34 ${}^{**}$ 0.41 ${}^{**}$ (0.85)
9. 下属责任式创新 5.59 1.22 0.12 0.16* 0.18 ${}^{**}$ 0.03 0.35 ** 0.33 ${}^{**}$ 0.49 ${}^{**}$ 0.43 ** (0.88)
), ArticleFig(id=1156965344515547307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1156903806547091666, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量名称 亲社会动机 下属责任型领导行为 下属责任式创新
模型1 模型2 模型3 模型4 模型5 模型6
个体层次
年龄 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01
性别 0.09 -0.07 0.01 0.25 *
受教育程度 0.17 0.13 0.15 0.13
任期 0.06 0.06 -0.02 -0.01
下属亲社会动机(组均值中心化) 0.21 ${}^{**}$ 0.26 **
领导真实性(组均值中心化) 0.51 ${}^{**}$
团队层次
高管利益相关者导向 0.19* 0.17 * 0.12 0.05 0.33 ${}^{**}$ 0.27 *
下属亲社会动机(组均值) 0.38 ${}^{**}$ 0.49 **
领导真实性(组均值) 0.44 **
高管利益相关者导向 $\times$ 领导真实性 (组均值) 0.05
跨层次
高管利益相关者导向 $\times$ 领导真实性 (组均值中心化) 0.15 *
总决定系数 $\left({R}^{2}\right)$ 0.07 0.34 0.08 0.22 0.13 0.30
), ArticleFig(id=1156965344582656172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1156903806547091666, language=CN, label=表5, caption=多层次回归分析结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量名称 亲社会动机 下属责任型领导行为 下属责任式创新
模型1 模型2 模型3 模型4 模型5 模型6
个体层次
年龄 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01
性别 0.09 -0.07 0.01 0.25 *
受教育程度 0.17 0.13 0.15 0.13
任期 0.06 0.06 -0.02 -0.01
下属亲社会动机(组均值中心化) 0.21 ${}^{**}$ 0.26 **
领导真实性(组均值中心化) 0.51 ${}^{**}$
团队层次
高管利益相关者导向 0.19* 0.17 * 0.12 0.05 0.33 ${}^{**}$ 0.27 *
下属亲社会动机(组均值) 0.38 ${}^{**}$ 0.49 **
领导真实性(组均值) 0.44 **
高管利益相关者导向 $\times$ 领导真实性 (组均值) 0.05
跨层次
高管利益相关者导向 $\times$ 领导真实性 (组均值中心化) 0.15 *
总决定系数 $\left({R}^{2}\right)$ 0.07 0.34 0.08 0.22 0.13 0.30
), ArticleFig(id=1156965344645570733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1156903806547091666, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结果变量 调节变量取值 间接效应 标准误差 95%置信区间
下属责任型领导行为 高领导真实性 (均值+1个标准差) 0.11 0.05 $\left\lbrack {{0.03},{0.22}}\right\rbrack$
低领导真实性 (均值-1个标准差) 0.03 0.4 $\left\lbrack {-{0.05},{0.10}}\right\rbrack$
被调节的中介效应 0.08 0.03 $\left\lbrack {{0.02},{0.13}}\right\rbrack$
下属责任式创新 高领导真实性 (均值+1个标准差) 0.14 0.06 $\left\lbrack {{0.04},{0.28}}\right\rbrack$
低领导真实性 (均值-1个标准差) 0.03 0.05 $\left\lbrack {-{0.06},{0.16}}\right\rbrack$
被调节的中介效应 0.09 0.04 $\left\lbrack {{0.01},{0.18}}\right\rbrack$
), ArticleFig(id=1156965344708485294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, articleId=1156903806547091666, language=CN, label=表6, caption=间接效应分析结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结果变量 调节变量取值 间接效应 标准误差 95%置信区间
下属责任型领导行为 高领导真实性 (均值+1个标准差) 0.11 0.05 $\left\lbrack {{0.03},{0.22}}\right\rbrack$
低领导真实性 (均值-1个标准差) 0.03 0.4 $\left\lbrack {-{0.05},{0.10}}\right\rbrack$
被调节的中介效应 0.08 0.03 $\left\lbrack {{0.02},{0.13}}\right\rbrack$
下属责任式创新 高领导真实性 (均值+1个标准差) 0.14 0.06 $\left\lbrack {{0.04},{0.28}}\right\rbrack$
低领导真实性 (均值-1个标准差) 0.03 0.05 $\left\lbrack {-{0.06},{0.16}}\right\rbrack$
被调节的中介效应 0.09 0.04 $\left\lbrack {{0.01},{0.18}}\right\rbrack$
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高管利益相关者导向与下属行为之间关系的实证分析
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黄祎
技术经济 | 技术经济管理 2024,43(4): 118-131
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技术经济 | 技术经济管理 2024, 43(4): 118-131
高管利益相关者导向与下属行为之间关系的实证分析
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黄祎
作者信息
  • 中国工商银行博士后科研工作站 北京 100140
  • 黄祎,博士,中国工商银行博士后科研工作站,研究方向:企业社会责任、战略领导力、人力资源管理。

An Empirical Study on the Mechanism of How Executives' Stakeholder Orientation Influences Subordinates' Behaviors
Yi Huang
Affiliations
  • ICBC Postdoctoral Workstation Beijing 100140 China
出版时间: 2024-04-10 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1002-980X.J23100802
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在全球化背景下,“可持续发展”理念日益普及,“双碳”目标、共同富裕等国策对企业经营提出新要求。利益相关者对企业经营和发展起到愈发关键的作用,继而对当下企业领导者们的认知和领导方式产生重要影响。过去研究关注利益相关者导向对企业绩效的影响机制,而对个体层面的机制研究相对匮乏。基于社会学习理论,以63名企业高层管理者与225名直接下级的匹配样本,探讨企业高管的利益相关者导向如何影响下属行为。研究结果表明:企业高管利益相关者导向能够通过激发下级管理者的亲社会动机,从而促使下属表现出责任型领导行为和责任式创新行为;感知领导真实性调节了利益相关者导向与下属亲社会动机的关系,以及利益相关者导向通过下属亲社会动机对下属责任型领导行为及责任式创新的间接影响。

利益相关者导向  /  责任型领导  /  责任式创新  /  社会学习理论

In the context of globalization, stakeholders play an increasingly crucial role in the operation and development of enterprises, which in turn has a significant impact on leader's cognition and leadership style. Previous studies have focused on the impact of stakeholder orientation on corporate performance, while individual-level research is relatively scarce. Based on social learning theory, a matched sample of 63 executives and their 225 direct subordinates were used to explore how the stakeholder orientation of top-level managers affected the positive behavior of subordinates. The results indicate that the stakeholder orientation of superiors can stimulate the prosocial motivation of subordinate managers, thereby promoting their responsible leadership behavior and responsible innovation. And perceived authenticity regulates the relationship between stakeholder orientation and subordinate prosocial motivation, as well as the indirect impact of stakeholder orientation on subordinates' responsible leadership behavior and responsible innovation through subordinates' prosocial motivation.

stakeholder orientation  /  responsible leadership behavior  /  responsible innovation  /  social learning theory
黄祎. 高管利益相关者导向与下属行为之间关系的实证分析. 技术经济, 2024 , 43 (4) : 118 -131 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1002-980X.J23100802
Yi Huang. An Empirical Study on the Mechanism of How Executives' Stakeholder Orientation Influences Subordinates' Behaviors[J]. Journal of Technology Economics, 2024 , 43 (4) : 118 -131 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1002-980X.J23100802
利益相关者被界定为 “能够影响一个组织目标的实现, 或者受到一个组织实现其目标过程影响的人” [ 1 ] 。随着“可持续发展”观念日益普及,企业与社会之间相互影响不断加深,利益相关者在企业领导者决策中的重要性逐渐增长, Tsui [ 2 ] 提出做负责任领导力研究的重要价值。同时,随着社会形势变化,商业环境的不确定性增加, 积极履行社会责任、构建良好的利益相关者关系的企业, 在危机和变革环境中表现出更高的适应性, 对企业的经营状况带来现实改善。最后, 伴随着数字经济、平台经济等新业态的演进, 商业透明程度不断加深、社会影响力愈发增强,企业违背利益相关者期望的风险水平不断提高。2019年8月,包括苹果公司、亚马逊公司等181家美国顶级公司的首席执行官共同签署《公司宗旨宣言书》并声明:“股东利益已不再是一个公司最重要的目标,公司的首要任务是创造一个更美好的社会”[ 3 ]。在我国,同样强调企业应是存在于社会的企业,真诚回报社会、履行社会责任的企业家,才是符合时代要求的企业家。深刻揭示出新时代背景下企业、企业家和社会发展之间的共生共荣关系。
利益相关者导向 (也有研究称之为社会责任导向),意指企业管理者在做出关键决策中考虑广泛利益相关者的程度,包含领导者对于公司目的、利益相关者合法性、责任内涵的理解 [ 4 ] ,对于领导者能否以及履责程度具有预测作用。过去研究多基于组织管理情境下探讨利益相关者导向对于企业经营绩效产生的影响, 例如, Harrison 等,具体阐释了企业利益相关者导向对企业绩效的积极影响机制,尚洪涛和吴桐。发现企业履行社会责任对企业价值的积极影响,陈煦江和刘婷婷 [ 7 ] 提出企业履行社会责任对公司绩效的长期协同促进,杨睿博等 [ 8 ] 发现企业 ESG 表现对于财务绩效具有直接促进作用。而个体层面的研究相对缺乏,利益相关者导向对员工行为影响的微观机制值得进一步关注和探讨 [ 9 ]
具体而言, 本文关注利益相关者导向对下属责任型领导行为及创新的影响。随着近年来 “可持续发展” 理念的普及,面向利益相关者的创新成为商业讨论的一个新热点,例如绿色创新的相关研究近年来井喷式发展 [ 10 ] 。责任式创新(responsible innovation) 的概念源于欧盟 “地平线2020框架计划”,强调 “研究与创新必须有效反映社会需求与社会意愿,反射社会价值与责任,形成共同期望的社会价值” [ 11 - 12 ]。这一概念近年来被引入个体行为研究之中, 界定为组织内部员工及管理者采取的以满足广泛利益相关者诉求的创新行为 [ 13 ] 。责任式创新作为企业可持续发展的源动力,受到实践界的高度重视。例如,伊利集团推行安慕希助农计划等,结合社会需求进行产品和商业模式创新,从而激发了伊利内部的发展活力、找到新的商业增长点。过去研究中,从外部控制视角 [ 14 ] ,戴万亮等 [ 13 ] 提出上级责任型领导通过关怀型伦理氛围从而提高员工的责任式创新行为的影响机制。由于创新行为高度依赖于个体的内部动机, 本研究从发挥个体能动性的视角,进一步探究激励下属责任式创新的过程。
责任型领导指“一种与组织内外的利益相关者建立、培养和维持相互信任关系的艺术和能力,以及共同协作的责任行为,其目的是实现有意义的、共有的商业愿景” [ 15 ] ,组织内部更多的责任型领导行为,有利于营造亲社会、共赢的组织文化,从而推动一个负责任组织的建立,对社会进步起到积极影响。过去研究表明,上级是下属在工作场合的重要榜样,下属会对上级的观念、行为进行模仿,其中下属模仿意愿受到对领导感知的影响 [ 16 ] ,尤其是感知真实性 [ 17 ] ,本文基于下属动机、感知探讨这一传递过程。综上,本文探讨并检验了高管利益相关者导向如何影响下属的责任型领导行为、责任式创新的具体机制, 提出并检验了亲社会动机的中介作用以及领导真实性的调节作用;研究对于探索高管利益相关者导向的微观影响机制具有启发价值。同时,本文将研究层次构建在企业高层管理者层面,从而更加贴合利益相关者理论及责任型领导的理论内涵。
Bandura [ 18 ] 提出 “社会学习是指通过体会、理解和反映社会环境中的行为线索,来加强相关能力的过程, 人们能够在观察、了解和模仿他人中使自身的行为发生改变”。社会学习理论是研究上下级关系的重要理论基础之一。例如, Brown 和 Harrison [ 19 ] 以社会学习理论为基础,构建了伦理型领导的概念维度及测量。过去研究表明,伦理型领导能够通过组织的道德氛围和心理安全机制,提高下属在工作场合的表现 [ 20 ] ,并有利于员工创造力的提升 [ 21 ] 。总体而言,领导是下属在工作场合观察学习的重要榜样,通过以身作则、愿景描述等方式, 领导者将道德信息传递给员工,从而帮助员工获取组织内部的道德认知、做出道德判断、并据此构建自我评价的道德标准,下级通过对自身类似行为的结果预期和自我评价,以及其他员工做出类似行为后受到的奖惩继而调节自己的态度和行为 [ 22 ] 。社会学习的理论角度,有利于更好地阐释上级表现通过观察学习,激发下属的工作动机和行为的过程。
社会学习理论提出,下属可以通过观察和模仿领导者来形成和发展自己的行为风格 [ 23 ] 。领导者在工作场合处于权力结构的高位,对下属具有较为关键的影响,因此上级的态度、言语和行为往往受到下级的高度关注,并有较大可能被下级观察、学习和模仿 [ 24 - 25 ] 。具体而言,一方面,上级的言行通常被认为代表更高层级甚至组织的意愿, 下级更容易将其观念识别为受到组织认可、推崇的, 因此更倾向于在行动中予以体现和模仿;另一方面,层级较高的领导(如高层领导)在组织中掌握着重要的资源分配权 [ 26 ] ,能够对下属的工作完成情况和绩效结果进行评估、做出奖惩,甚至决定下属的晋升和去留 [ 27 ] ,下属管理者有较高程度的动机观察学习高层级领导的态度、倾向,表现出相类似或相一致的行为方式,从而获得上级的支持和认可。因此, 当高层领导表现出对广泛利益相关群体的关切, 中层领导也很有可能进行观察、学习和模仿, 投之以相似的关注与行动。另外,当高层领导表现出利益相关者导向时,其表现出的战略眼光、优秀品格有助于赢得下属管理者的认可与信任, 激励下属管理者学习模仿其言行, 相应表现出责任型领导行为。实证研究也表明中层责任型领导行为能够中介上级责任型领导行为与员工亲组织非伦理行为的相关关系 [ 28 ]
基于此, 提出假设:
高管利益相关者导向与下属责任型领导行为正相关(H1)。
领导者为下属创新提供激励和榜样示范 [ 29 ] 。首先,具有利益相关者导向的管理者更加关注利益相关群体的诉求,下属在工作中进行观察和榜样学习,从而在工作互动中融入对利益相关群体诉求的思考,下属从不同视角看待工作要求,寻找与利益相关者共赢发展的新思路,并从中识别新的项目、机会和商业模式 [ 30 ] 。 其次,领导力相关研究表明,当下属感知到上级关心他人(如员工、社区等)的程度超过关心上级自身时,会对上级产生更高的评价和认知,增加下属对其的认同感及工作动力 [ 31 ] 。利益相关者导向的领导者所具备的良好道德操守、长远战略眼光和社会担当精神,能够提高下属对其的尊重和精神认同,以及对自身工作的意义感知,从而提高其工作的内在动机 [ 32 ] ,更多主动自发地思考,面向利益相关群体的诉求进行更多的创新行为。最后,领导者促使广泛的利益相关者参与到决策过程之中 [ 33 ] ,这一过程中,下属更加了解利益相关群体的诉求, 并且得以从各种不同的视角看待决策, 更加全面地思考工作问题, 利益相关群体的参与也带来了更丰富的信息,这些都为下属带来创新所需的更多资源,有利于提高下属的创新表现。肖小虹等 [ 34 ] 研究发现, 利益相关者环保导向对绿色创新行为有积极影响。Bacq 等 [ 35 ] 提出利益相关者参与对于企业负责任创新具有显著积极影响。
基于此, 提出假设:
高管利益相关者导向与下属责任式创新正相关(H2)。
Baron [ 36 ] 提出动机是影响领导者社会责任行动的一个重要因素。亲社会动机意指“出于对他人的关切而付出努力的意愿” [ 37 ] ,作为激发下属积极行为的主要动机类型之一,亲社会动机在组织情境中发挥重要作用。具有亲社会动机的个体往往会更多地考虑他人利益,具有更高水平的奉献精神和使命感, 从而在行为中更多考虑他人的利益 [ 38-39 ]
在过去组织领域的研究中, 亲社会动机被认为是一种状态或特质, 会随着组织环境的变化得到激活、强化或者削弱 [ 39 ] 。关系工作设计理论指出,工作重要性 (task significance) 和与受益人接触 (contact with beneficiaries) 会显著提高员工的亲社会动机 [ 38 ] 。一方面,领导者的利益相关者导向可以通过榜样学习 (如德行垂范)激发下级的亲社会动机。过去研究表明,对美德的感知可以激活人们以亲社会方式行事的倾向 [ 40 ] 。 追求共赢、关注广泛利益相关者诉求的领袖,能够激发下属对于组织美德的感知,从而对下属的亲社会动机起到促进作用 [ 41 ] 。具体而言,上级具有利益相关者导向时,他们对广泛的利益相关者表现出重视和关心,这也会影响下属对于其重要性的认知,促使下属在日常工作中关注不同利益相关者的诉求,表现出责任型领导行为;同时,下属对于责任型领导行为的认同程度提高,并将其接纳成为自己的一部分,即进行角色行为的内化产生一种亲社会动机。具备较高亲社会动机水平的下属管理者, 他们将更多的关注投向他人, 深刻意识到自身和外部环境相互依存的关系, 从而表现出更多的责任型领导行为。实证研究表明, 下属感知领导的亲社会动机能够提高下属从事社会责任活动的意愿,从而激发下属参与更多社会责任活动 [ 42 ] 。另一方面,特质的表达会受到外部环境的影响 [ 43 ] ,责任型上级创造出更多与利益相关群体的接触机会,在行为和决策中表现出对他们的重视和关心,这些使得下属在工作中增加了下属与利益相关群体 (受益人) 的互动和接触,进而有助于激发下属的亲社会动机。同时,员工是利益相关者重要组成部分,上级的利益相关者导向能够使得下属感受到更多的重视和关怀,激励下属更加积极地与他人(组织内、外部的利益相关者)进行互动, 产生更高的联系需求,提高下属的亲社会动机水平 [ 44 ]
基于此, 提出假设:
下属亲社会动机中介高管利益相关者导向与下属责任型领导行为的正相关关系(H3)。
过去元分析研究表明,亲社会动机能够提高下属的创造力水平 [ 45 ] 。下属的亲社会动机可以激发其主动投入工作并进行创新的内在动力,具有亲社会动机的管理者能够超越小我,关注更广泛群体的福祉,为社会和环境价值的实现付出努力。过去研究表明,亲社会动机能够激发个体主动投入工作的意愿,从而在工作中表现出更高水平的主动性以及创造力 [ 46 - 47 ] 。也就是说,亲社会程度高的下属,更能够从利益相关者的角度出发,对工作内容进行改进和创新,从而带来更高水平的责任式创新表现。此外,责任型领导在关心组织目标的实现时,也会对下属表现出关怀与负责,下属感受到来自领导的支持,作为反馈和回报,相应会表现出超越自身利益的亲社会动机,促使其从事更多的角色外行为 (如创新行为),以回报领导的支持与关切 [ 48 ] 。刘振等 [ 49 ] 研究表明,亲社会动机对于领导者社会创业导向具有显著积极影响。
基于此, 提出假设:
下属亲社会动机中介高管利益相关者导向与下属责任式创新的正相关关系(H4)。
高管利益相关者导向影响下属绩效的边界条件同样值得探索。领导真实性被界定为一个人的内在自我意识与外部表达之间一致性的主观感知 [ 50 ] ,领导真实性被认为是 “高度的自我感受及具有清晰自我概念, 并在言行中表现出一致性的程度” [ 51 ] 。社会学习理论指出,下属对上级态度、行为的模仿意愿极大程度上受到下属对领导感受的影响 [ 23 , 52 ] 。首先,下属感知的领导真实性能够通过提高对上级的认同程度、增加对上级的信赖感、积极情绪以及社会交换,正向影响下属的态度和行为 [ 16 ] ;其次,下属如何判断上级言语和行为的意图,发自内心抑或只是一种印象整饰,很大程度上决定了下属看待利益相关者问题的态度、进一步影响对相应行为的重视程度和模仿意愿 [ 17 ] 。过去研究表明,下属感知的企业履责的真实性对于其从事社会责任相关活动的意愿和行为具有显著预测作用;对于强价值观导向的领导方式而言, 真实性是具有重要影响的边界机制 [ 53 ] 。具体而言,行为中表现出真实性的领导,对企业承担社会责任的倡导会被下属感知为真实可信的,从而提高下属对社会责任意义的感知,促使其亲社会动机的提高;相反地,缺乏真实性的领导者,其对利益相关者的关注和重视会被认为是一种“表演”,为了营造某种外部形象等,因此下属并不会认真对待,也不会因此改变自己的行为及亲社会动机水平,甚至可能产生潜在的负面影响 [ 54 ]
基于此, 提出假设:
领导真实性调节了高管利益相关者导向与下属亲社会动机的正相关关系, 当感知领导真实性越高时, 该正向关系越强 (H5)。
基于以上论述,下属亲社会动机在高管利益相关者导向与下属责任型领导行为、责任式创新之间起到中介作用 (假设3和假设4),同时,高管利益相关者导向与下属亲社会动机之间的关系受到领导真实性的调节作用(假设5),这些假设进一步表明了一个被调节的中介模型 [ 55 - 56 ] 。本文提出领导真实性对主效应的间接调节机制。具体来说, 在领导真实性程度较高时, 高管利益相关者导向对于下属的亲社会动机产生较大影响, 因而显著提高了下属的责任型领导行为和责任式创新; 然而, 当下属感知到的领导真实性较低时, 由于责任型领导与下属的亲社会动机的关系被削弱, 高管利益相关者导向对下属责任型领导行为与责任式创新的效应更少通过亲社会动机来传导。
本文提出假设6和假设7:
领导真实性正向调节高管利益相关者导向通过下属亲社会动机影响下属责任型领导行为的关系。即当领导真实性水平越高,高管利益相关者导向通过下属亲社会动机影响下属责任型领导行为的作用越强 (H6);
领导真实性正向调节高管利益相关者导向通过下属亲社会动机影响下属责任式创新的关系。即当领导真实性水平越高,高管利益相关者导向通过下属亲社会动机影响下属责任式创新的作用越强(H7)。
理论模型如 图1 所示:
本文的对象为企业的高层管理者(包含首席执行官 CEO 在内)及向其汇报的直接下属。由于样本获取难度较大,借助高校的 EMBA (executive master of business administration) 课堂、MBA (master of business administration)课堂展开数据收集工作,采用结合纸质问卷和网络问卷的收集方式,邀请调查对象参与共计两轮问卷调查。为确保填答结果的真实性,采取完全匿名填答的形式,通过上级手机后五位号码进行问卷配对。为了提高被调查者参与的积极性,研究人员对每一位参与者提供基于个人问卷的反馈报告。
在第一轮调查中,研究人员在各项目中心工作人员的协助下,邀请3个班级上的198名高层管理者参与调查研究。研究人员首先详细说明了调查的整体形式、内容,并强调调查数据仅作为研究使用,会严格保密。在高管部分的调查结束后(第一天课程结束后), 研究人员将问卷结果制作成为正式的纸质报告反馈给每一位参与者, 并在末尾邀请其参与后续的问卷调查工作,提供所有直接下属(管理人员)的邮箱联系方式。最终共有43名企业高管自愿参与调查,并提供了146名下属的邮箱地址,参与率为53.5%。研究人员共计发出198份纸质问卷,回收43份,回收率为21.7%。在第二轮调查中,研究人员依据上轮高管提供的下属名单,通过电子邮件的形式,邀请 (参与过第一轮调查的) 高管的146名直接下属填写网上调查问卷, 在邀请邮件中, 研究团队附上了专门制作的问卷填写说明视频,以提高问卷的回应率和填答质量。共发出146份下属问卷,回收112份,回收率为76.7%。完成整体数据匹配后, 得到高管与直接下属(管理者) 的有效匹配数据共计43套, 回收率为45.1%。
最后,因受到新冠肺炎疫情影响,研究人员定向与来自不同行业的23名高管及其下属分别取得联系,进一步进行样本补充。整个样本收集过程共历时7个月, 在去除上级与下属无法匹配的问卷后 (高管或其下属未完成调查),最终数据样本包括63名高层管理人员及对应225位直接下属,总体回收率为25.6%。 $T$ 检验结果表明,参与者与未参与者之间在班级、年龄、性别、所处行业、公司性质、公司规模等方面并无显著差异 $\left({P >{0.05}}\right)$ ,样本损失具有随机性。样本信息如 表1 所示。
本文采用管理学研究领域内成熟的研究量表对变量进行测量。采用 Brislin [ 57 ] 提出的 “翻译-回译” 程序, 由研究者首先对所使用的英文量表进行翻译, 并由1名管理学博士承担整体回译。最终由1名具有英语专业背景的博士生通过两个版本的对比,对中文表述进行调整以确保语意表达准确。本文测量均采取李克特7点计分。
(1)高管利益相关者导向。使用 De Luque 等 [ 58 ] 编制的量表测量高管利益相关者导向。共计5个条目, 由高管进行自我评价。高管分别评价在作出关键管理决策时以下因素的重要程度, 测量题项为 “对员工关系(员工福利、安全、工作条件)的影响”“对员工职业成长与发展的影响”“对环境的影响”“对当地社区的影响”“对客户满意度的影响”。该测量量表的内部一致性信度(即 Cronbach’ $\alpha$ )为0.89。
(2)领导真实性。本文改编自 Neider 和 Schriesheim [ 51 ] 编制的量表来测量领导真实性。共计4个条目, 由下属对感知到的领导真实性做出评价,变量构建在个体层面。测量条目示例为 “我的上级在他/她的信念和行动之间表现出一致性”等。该量表 Cronbach’ $\alpha$ 为0.94。
(3)下属亲社会动机。本文采取 Grant [ 37 ] 编制的量表测量下属的亲社会动机。共计4个条目,由下属进行自我评价。测量条目示例为 “本公司的存在对他人和社会起到积极影响对我来说很重要” 等。该量表 Cronbach’ $\alpha$ 为0.91。
(4)下属责任型领导行为。本文采取 Voegtlin [ 30 ] 编制的量表测量下属的责任型领导行为。共计5个条目,由下属进行自我评价。测量条目示例为 “我会在决策前权衡不同利益相关者的诉求” 等。该量表 Cronbach’ $\alpha$ 为0.85。
(5)下属责任式创新。借鉴 Scott 等[ 59 ] 关于创新行为的量表 测量下属的责任式创新表现 [ 13 ] ,共计4个条目,由下属进行自我评价。测量条目示例为 “我能够提出新的想法,以实现公司及其利益相关群体的共赢”等。该量表 Cronbach $\alpha$ 值为0.88。
(6)控制变量。过去研究表明,下属的年龄、性别、受教育程度和任期等人口统计学变量对个体行为、绩效会产生一定程度的影响 [ 60 ] ,本文对这些人口统计学变量进行控制。
本文使用问卷调查方法进行数据收集, 因此进行假设检验时, 首先对数据的信度与效度进行分析。具体而言,本文通过内部一致性信度、标准化因子载荷、校正条目相关(CITC)、平均方差析出量(AVE)、组合信度(CR)等指标考察变量的信度; 并通过验证性因子分析结果, AVE 平方根比较结果衡量变量的区分效度。
同时, 由于包含嵌套数据, 本文通过多层次线性回归法对文中涉及假设进行统计分析。本文将高管利益相关者导向设定为团队变量,将其他变量 (下属感知的领导真实性、下属亲社会动机、责任型领导行为、责任式创新)设为个体层面变量。对于主效应假设,采用随机截距固定斜率模型进行检验 [ 61 ] ;对于假设2,使用 Preacher 和 Selig(2012) 提出的基于偏差校正的参数蒙特卡洛拔靴法 (Monte Carlo Bootstrapping) 检验多层次中介效应 [ 62 ] ;对于假设3,本文进行多层次调节效应检验 [ 63 ] ,并辅以简单斜率分析 [ 64 ] ;对于假设4,本文同样使用偏差校正的参数蒙特卡洛拔靴法检验被中介的调节效应。
在信度方面,模型所有变量的内部一致性信度 (Cronbach’ $\alpha$ ) 均超过 ${0.70}^{\left\lbrack {65}\right\rbrack }$ ,标准化因子载荷超过 ${0.50}^{\left\lbrack {66}\right\rbrack }$ (标准化因子载荷理想标准为0.60,大于0.50可以被接受), CITC 超过0.40 [ 67 ] (CITC 代表分析项之间的相关系数,0.60为理想标准,大于0.40可以被接受), AVE 值超过0.50 [ 68 ] (AVE 代表平均提取方差值, 用以检验结构变量内部一致性。 ${AVE}$ 理想标准为0.70,大于0.50可以被接受),组合信度(CR)超过0.70 [ 69 ] 。综上,结合本研究变量均使用成熟量表检验,且样本量偏低,整体上的模型拟合度是可以被接受的,表明本研究变量具有较好的信度和模型拟合度。本文所有变量的 ${AVE}$ 平方值均大于相关系数,表明各变量之间具有良好的区分效度 [ 70 ] 。信效度的分析详细结果见 表2
本文采用验证性因子分析(confirmatory factor analysis)对变量的区分效度进行检验。结果表明,假设的五因子模型各项指标能够满足最基本的拟合标准,整体上具有较好的拟合优度 (卡方 ${\chi }^{2}={391.55}$ ,自由度 ${df}={199}$ , ${\chi }^{2}/{df}={1.96}< 3$ ,比较拟合系数 ${CFI}={0.92}$ ,近似误差均方根 ${RMSEA}={0.08}$ ,标准化均方根误差 ${SRMR}={0.06}$ ),且显著优于四因子模型 $\mathrm{a}$ (卡方变化值 $\Delta ={61.59}$ ,自由度变化值 ${\Delta df}= 4$ ,显著性值 $P <{0.001}$ ),四因子模型 $\mathrm{b}(\Delta =$ 86.87, ${\Delta df}= 4, P <{0.001})$ ,四因子模型 $\mathrm{c}\left({\Delta ={155.1},{\Delta df}= 4, P <{0.001}}\right)$ 和三因子模型 $(\Delta ={258.64},{\Delta df}= 7, P <$ 0.001)。这些结果共同表明了本研究变量之间整体上能够有效区分, 详细分析结果见 表3
本文采用了多时点、多来源进行问卷调查设计以尽量减小共同方法偏差, 但由于本文中的下属亲社会动机、责任型领导行为及责任式创新均由下属自评,仍具有潜在的同源方法偏差风险。基于此,采用单因子方法进一步检验 [ 71 ] 。结果表明,本文的共同方法偏差因子对测量条目的解释率为31.03%(参照值为40%)。由此可见,本文不存在严重的同源方法偏差问题。
表4 汇报了描述性统计分析相关结果, 据 表4 可知, 高管利益相关者导向与下属亲社会动机显著正相关 (回归系数 $b ={0.22}, P <{0.01}$ ),下属亲社会动机与下属责任型领导行为显著正相关( $b ={0.41}$ , $P <{0.01}$ ),下属亲社会动机与下属责任式创新显著正相关 $\left({b ={0.49}, P <{0.01}}\right)$ ,领导真实性与下属亲社会动机显著正相关 $\left({b ={0.52}, P <{0.01}}\right)$
由于本文采用嵌套数据结构,因此使用多层次线性回归的方法检验文中假设。由模型3(见 表5 )结果可知,将控制变量进行控制后,高管利益相关者导向对下属责任式创新有显著正向影响 $\left({b ={0.33}, P <{.01}}\right)$ ,而对下属责任型领导行为影响并不显著 ( $b ={0.12}$ , n. s, n. s 代表 no significance)。由此,假设1未得到支持, 假设2得到支持。
本文采用 Zhang 等 [ 62 ] 提出的多层次中介检验方法 (2-1-1模型) 验证假设3和假设4。按照 Zhang 等 [ 62 ] 的建议, 在假设检验前, 本文对个体层次中介变量 (亲社会动机) 进行组均值中心化 (group-mean center)。由 表5 中的模型1可知,高管利益相关者导向正向显著影响下属亲社会动机 ( $b ={0.19}, P <{0.05}$ ); 同时模型3显示,下属亲社会动机正向显著影响下属责任型领导行为 $\left({b ={0.21}, P <{0.01}}\right)$ 。因此,下属亲社会动机完全中介了高管利益相关者导向对下属责任型领导行为的影响。此外, 偏差校正的拔靴分析结果表明, 高管利益相关者导向对下属责任型领导行为的间接效应为0.09 ,标准误为0.04, 95% 误差修正置信区间为[0.03, 0.19], 未包含0。综合上述分析结果, 假设3得到支持。
依据 表5 ,高管利益相关者导向正向显著影响下属亲社会动机 ( $b ={0.19}, P <{0.05}$ ); 下属亲社会动机正向显著影响下属责任式创新 $\left({b ={0.26}, P <{0.01}}\right)$ ,并且高管利益相关者导向对责任式创新行为的影响同样显著 (b=0.27,P<0.05)。因此,下属亲社会动机部分中介了高管利益相关者导向对下属责任式创新的影响。 此外, 偏差校正的拔靴分析结果表明, 高管利益相关者导向对下属责任式创新的间接效应为0.07 , 标准误为 0.04,95%误差修正置信区间为[0.01,0.19],未包含0。因此,综合上述结果,假设4得到支持。
对于假设5,本文使用多层次调节检验方法[1×(2−1)模型]进行检验 [ 63 ] 。其中,组均值反映了下属评价领导真实性的平均水平;而组均值的中心化则能够体现下属的感知真实性差异。由于本文关注在不同下属感知真实性差异下责任型领导影响机制的差异, 因此在假设5检验中,本文只关注领导真实性 (组均值中心化) 的跨层调节作用。根据模型2(见 表5 ), 利益相关者导向与下属感知真实性 (组均值中心化) 的交互项对下属亲社会动机有显著的积极影响 $\left({b ={0.15}, P <{0.05}}\right)$ 。本文采用 Aiken 和 West [ 64 ] 调节效应分析法,对领导真实性的均值分别加减一个标准差, 从而代表 “高程度领导真实性” 和 “低程度领导真实性”, 进一步进行调节效应简单斜率分析。结果表明( 图2 ),当领导真实性程度高时,高管利益相关者导向对下属亲社会动机的促进效应更强 ( $b =$ 0.28, $t ={3.84}$ , $P <{0.01}$ );当领导真实性程度低时,两者的正向关系被削弱 $\left({b ={0.07}, t ={1.27},\mathrm{n}.\mathrm{s}}\right)$ 。综上,假设5得到支持。调节效应图详见 图2
为了检验不同领导真实性水平下, 下属亲社会动机在高管利益相关者导向与下属责任型领导行为间的间接效应, 即检验被调节的中介效应, 本文采用参数蒙特卡洛拔靴法 (Bootstrapping) 进行分析。根据 表6 ,当领导真实性水平为均值加一个标准差时,高管利益相关者导向对下属责任型领导行为的间接效应是显著的(间接效应 Indirect effect=0.11,标准差 ${SE}={0.05},{95}\%$ 误差修正置信区间为 [0.03,0.22]),而当领导真实性水平为均值减去一个标准差时,高管利益相关者导向对下属责任型领导行为的间接效应是不显著的 (Indirect effect $={0.03},{SE}={0.04},{95}\%$ 误差修正置信区间为[−0.05, 0.10])。此外,被调节的中介效应为0.08,标准误为0.03,95%误差修正置信区间为[0.02,0.13] ,未包含0。这些结果共同表明,在领导真实性较高的情况下,下属亲社会动机中介了高管利益相关者导向和下属责任型领导行为的正向影响;而在领导真实性较低的情况下,中介效应不显著。基于此,假设6得到支持。
同上, 当领导真实性水平为均值加一个标准差时, 高管利益相关者导向对下属责任式创新的间接效应显著(Indirect effect $={0.14},{SE}={0.06},{95}\%$ 误差修正置信区间为[0.04,0.28]),而当领导真实性水平为均值减去一个标准差时,高管利益相关者导向对下属责任式创新的间接效应不显著 (Indirect effect=0.03,SE=0.05,95%误差修正置信区间为[−0.06,0.16])。此外,被调节的中介效应为0.09,标准误为0.04,95%误差修正置信区间为[0.01,0.18] ,未包含0。这些结果共同表明,在领导真实性较高的情况下,下属亲社会动机中介了高管利益相关者导向和下属责任式创新的积极影响; 而在领导真实性较低的情况下, 该间接效应不显著。基于此,假设7也得到支持。
由于本文中亲社会动机的中介机制并不强烈, 所以提出新的替代模型, 首先尝试将下属的亲社会动机作为个体特质控制起来, 对高管利益相关者导向与下属责任型领导行为、责任式创新的关系进行重新检验, 并观察领导真实性是否具有直接的调节效应。结果表明,在控制了下属的亲社会动机后,领导真实性对高管利益相关者导向与下属责任型领导行为的调节效应无法得到支持 $\left({b ={0.07},\mathrm{n}.\mathrm{s}}\right)$ ,领导真实性对高管利益相关者导向与下属责任式创新的调节效应也不再显著 $\left({b ={0.03},\mathrm{n}.\mathrm{s}}\right)$ 。此外,本研究尝试以亲社会动机作为调节变量 [ 72 ] ,检验亲社会动机是否作为调节变量对主效应产生显著影响。结果表明,下属的亲社会动机并未调节高管利益相关者导向与下属责任型领导行为的正相关关系 $\left({b ={0.09},\text{ n. s.}}\right)$ ,同样并未调节高管利益相关者导向与下属责任式创新的正相关关系 $\left({b ={0.02},\mathrm{n}.\mathrm{s}}\right)$
基于社会学习理论,立足于企业高层管理者视角,本文揭示了上级利益相关者导向如何影响下属的责任型领导行为及责任式创新的过程机制。本文结果表明:①高管利益相关者导向对下属责任式创新具有显著正向影响;②下属亲社会动机中介了高管利益相关者导向对下属责任型领导行为、责任式创新的关系;③ 领导真实性调节了高管利益相关者导向与下属亲社会动机的正相关关系;④领导真实性正向调节了利益相关者导向通过提高下属亲社会动机从而促进下属责任型领导行为、责任式创新的作用机制。
具体而言, 商业组织希望实现由表及里向可持续治理模式的深刻转型, 离不开组织内个体的真正理解和践行。尤其是面向利益相关者的创新活动,更是高度依赖于下属的内在动机和主动精神。本文采用定量研究的方式, 数据结果表明管理者的利益相关者导向可以在个体层面带来积极的行为绩效, 这一过程依赖于下级自身主观能动性即亲社会动机水平的激发。同时,这一机制受到领导真实性的调节作用。启示管理者们在责任型领导这种强价值导向的情境下, 只有发自内心关注利益相关者诉求的管理者, 才能真正激发和感染下属,提升亲社会动机水平,最终实现积极的行为结果。
本文的主要理论贡献有三方面。首先,本文丰富了利益相关者导向及理论在个体层面的研究应用。过去对于利益相关者导向的研究主要集中于组织层面,关注对于组织生存、发展的战略性影响 [ 73 ] ,本文通过对于高管利益相关者导向如何影响下属责任型领导行为以及责任式创新的探讨,揭示了高管利益相关者导向影响下属行为的具体机制, 丰富了利益相关者理论在个体层面的研究应用。其次, 本文提出亲社会动机的中介作用,凸显了被领导者对于领导效能发挥的能动性,丰富了动机理论在责任型领导领域的研究成果。 过去研究表明,领导者能够有效影响被领导者,不仅取决于其主观意愿,更取决于被领导者的认知与态度 [ 74 ] 。本文以下属亲社会动机为中介,从被领导者的视角解读责任型领导行为的形成机制,并检验了亲社会动机对于责任型领导行为的前因作用。最后,突出了下属的感知、解读对于其责任行为的重要影响。以往有关领导责任的研究,多从团队氛围、领导者特征等方面进行研究,较少考虑到下属对上级行为/动机的解读、个体差异的影响。追随力研究领域认为, 下属对于领导的认知及评价直接影响领导与下属之间的互动交流过程 [ 75 ] 。本文提出领导真实性对于高管利益相关者导向对下属责任型领导行为及责任式创新的调节作用,为理解领导责任在组织内部传导的边界机制提供新的见解。
本文的结论对于管理实践主要有三点启发。首先,详细研究了责任意识在组织中的传导机制,阐释了高层管理者在何种条件下及如何激发下属采取责任型领导行为、进行更多责任式创新的过程,为管理者们如何在组织内部推广责任型领导方式, 培养更多的责任型领导提供启发和借鉴。其次, 由于亲社会动机水平可以在组织环境下得以激发 [ 37 ] ,这启示企业管理者们在实践中要重视以身作则,尤其是重视提高下属对于工作意义和社会责任重要性的认知,积极创造和广泛利益相关者交流接触的机会,鼓励、培养和激发下属的亲社会动机,以促进更多积极的下属行为。本文启示在组织内部进行管理者的选拔、培养过程中,重视对于下属的亲社会动机程度的考察。例如,组织在进行人员任用和人才考核时,应当结合岗位需求、适当增加对下属亲社会程度的考量, 为员工的积极行为创造良好的环境条件。最后, 本文提出领导真实性的调节效应, 启发管理者们在关注和强调履行对利益相关者的责任时, 做到言行一致并使得下属感知到真实性是非常关键的,这是领导者的利益相关者导向得以最终带来积极结果的重要条件。换言之, 对于重视广泛利益相关者关系的领导者而言,“知行合一”对于激发下属的积极动机(亲社会动机)并带来积极结果具有关键影响。
本文也具有一定的局限性, 有待于未来研究进一步探讨。首先, 本文的所有测量均来源于领导者或员工自我汇报,可能存在偏差。其次,尽管本研究从不同来源、不同时间进行调查工作,但本质仍属于一个横截面研究, 难以真正检验因果关系。因此, 未来可以采取情境实验的方式, 对下属的亲社会动机进行操纵, 更好地验证变量之间的因果机制。最后,立足于高层管理者的利益相关者导向,但研究视角仍局限在企业内部, 未来研究可以进一步关注对于企业外部利益相关者的影响, 如投资者、消费者等。
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1002-980X.J23100802
  • 接收时间:2023-10-08
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2024-04-10
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    中国工商银行博士后科研工作站 北京 100140
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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