Article(id=1157263812144538525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, issueId=1157262738423685655, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1002-980X., pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1705161600000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753842793736, onlineDateStr=2025-07-30, pubDate=1704816000000, pubDateStr=2024-01-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753842793736, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753842793736, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753842793736, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1157262738423685655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, year='2024', volume='43', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='177', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=0, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753842537740, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757554638429, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172832417271398486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, issueId=1157262738423685655, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172832417271398487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, issueId=1157262738423685655, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=140, endPage=151, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1157263812815627167, articleId=1157263812144538525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, language=EN, title=A Review of Meta-analysis: From the Basics to the Advanced, columnId=1157263812735935390, journalTitle=Journal of Technology Economics, columnName=echnology Economics Evaluation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Meta-analysis, as an essential research tool, has been widely applied in various scientific fields such as medicine, management, education, and psychology. With the continuous development of statistical techniques, traditional meta-analysis has gradually derived a large number of advanced research methods. To help researchers and practitioners promptly capture and comprehend the current state of meta-analysis, it aims to comprehensively explore the principles, applications, and latest developments of meta-analysis. First, the fundamental principles, historical development and operational procedures of traditional meta-analysis was extensively examined. Secondly, advanced research methods derived from traditional meta-analysis was deeply discussed, including Multilevel meta-analysis, meta-analytic structural equation modeling, second-order meta-analysis, causal based meta-analysis and replication research. Finally, the significance and limitations of meta-analysis in scientific research was discussed. In sum, it provides researchers with a comprehensive overview of the meta-analysis, helps researchers identify its development trends and potential problems, and further aims at improving the method to adapt to changing research needs.

, correspAuthors=Ling Ma, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Meng Zhang, Zhiling Wang, Yucheng Zhang, Ling Ma, Jing Li, Zhongwei Hou), CN=ArticleExt(id=1157263813256029088, articleId=1157263812144538525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120045056339983, language=CN, title=元分析方法综述:从基础到高阶, columnId=1148001301952192921, journalTitle=技术经济, columnName=技术经济评价, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

作为一项重要的研究工具,元分析已广泛应用于心理学、管理学、教育学和医学等科学领域。随着统计技术的发展,传统元分析已逐渐衍生出大量高阶研究方法。为使研究者和从业者及时捕捉其发展现状,本文全面探讨了元分析的原理、应用及最新进展。首先,详细阐述了传统元分析的基本原理、历史发展及操作步骤。其次,归纳了传统元分析衍生出的高阶研究方法,包括:跨层次元分析、元分析结构方程模型及其他应用(如可复制性研究与大数据分析)等。最后,讨论了元分析在科学研究中的意义及局限性。本文为研究者提供了一个全面的元分析方法概述,帮助研究者识别其发展趋势和潜在问题,并有助于进一步改进该方法以适应不断变化的研究需求。

, correspAuthors=马芩, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=zZal+TKCFS86B7LWfI8VEw==, magXml=04JVJChxk3MfxEtVCd1/zA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=0MaOHDTcP/BfVjeWPbZNIg==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=VXA0GgjNFDQwbhlKXSUjqQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

张蒙,博士,河北经贸大学工商管理学院讲师,研究方向:大数据、领导力与元分析;

(通信作者)王志灵,河北工业大学经济管理学院博士研究生,研究方向:大数据、信息系统与领导力等;

张昱城,博士,南安普顿大学商学院教授,博士研究生导师,研究方向:大数据、领导力与创新方法等;

(共同通信作者)马芩,博士,河北工业大学经济管理学院教授,博士研究生导师,研究方向:企业社会责任与管理创新等;

李晶,博士,天津商业大学管理学院讲师,研究方向:远程办公、领导力与元分析方法等;

侯中卫,河北工业大学经济管理学院博士研究生,研究方向:跨层次元分析方法与因果检验等。

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张蒙,博士,河北经贸大学工商管理学院讲师,研究方向:大数据、领导力与元分析;

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张蒙,博士,河北经贸大学工商管理学院讲师,研究方向:大数据、领导力与元分析;

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(通信作者)王志灵,河北工业大学经济管理学院博士研究生,研究方向:大数据、信息系统与领导力等;

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(通信作者)王志灵,河北工业大学经济管理学院博士研究生,研究方向:大数据、信息系统与领导力等;

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张昱城,博士,南安普顿大学商学院教授,博士研究生导师,研究方向:大数据、领导力与创新方法等;

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张昱城,博士,南安普顿大学商学院教授,博士研究生导师,研究方向:大数据、领导力与创新方法等;

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(共同通信作者)马芩,博士,河北工业大学经济管理学院教授,博士研究生导师,研究方向:企业社会责任与管理创新等;

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(共同通信作者)马芩,博士,河北工业大学经济管理学院教授,博士研究生导师,研究方向:企业社会责任与管理创新等;

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李晶,博士,天津商业大学管理学院讲师,研究方向:远程办公、领导力与元分析方法等;

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李晶,博士,天津商业大学管理学院讲师,研究方向:远程办公、领导力与元分析方法等;

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侯中卫,河北工业大学经济管理学院博士研究生,研究方向:跨层次元分析方法与因果检验等。

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侯中卫,河北工业大学经济管理学院博士研究生,研究方向:跨层次元分析方法与因果检验等。

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编码类别 编码内容 编码说明
文献基 本信息 主要作者信息 作者姓名
文献发表时间 发表年份
题目 文献题目
刊物名称 文献发表刊物名称
文献类型 文献所属类型 (期刊/会议论文/学位论文/书籍)
效应值 统计信息 总体样本量 文献纳入的样本总量
变量名称 自变量与因变量名称
信度值 自变量与因变量的信度值 (Cronbach 系数)
效应量 相关系数、Hedges g 或 Cohen d 等
其他信息 情景因素 样本隶属国家、行业特征或其他属性
测量因素 量表使用来源和测量滞后性等
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编码类别 编码内容 编码说明
文献基 本信息 主要作者信息 作者姓名
文献发表时间 发表年份
题目 文献题目
刊物名称 文献发表刊物名称
文献类型 文献所属类型 (期刊/会议论文/学位论文/书籍)
效应值 统计信息 总体样本量 文献纳入的样本总量
变量名称 自变量与因变量名称
信度值 自变量与因变量的信度值 (Cronbach 系数)
效应量 相关系数、Hedges g 或 Cohen d 等
其他信息 情景因素 样本隶属国家、行业特征或其他属性
测量因素 量表使用来源和测量滞后性等
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元分析方法综述:从基础到高阶
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张蒙 1, 2 , 王志灵 3 , 张昱城 4 , 马芩 5, * , 李晶 5 , 侯中卫 3
技术经济 | 技术经济评价 2024,43(1): 140-151
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技术经济 | 技术经济评价 2024, 43(1): 140-151
元分析方法综述:从基础到高阶
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张蒙1, 2, 王志灵3, 张昱城4, 马芩5, *, 李晶5, 侯中卫3
作者信息
  • 1 河北经贸大学 工商管理学院 石家庄 050000
  • 2 河北经贸大学 河北省城乡融合发展协同创新中心 石家庄 050000
  • 3 河北工业大学 经济管理学院 天津 300134
  • 4 南安普顿大学 商学院 南安普顿 SO171BJ
  • 5 天津商业大学 管理学院 天津 300134
  • 张蒙,博士,河北经贸大学工商管理学院讲师,研究方向:大数据、领导力与元分析;

    (通信作者)王志灵,河北工业大学经济管理学院博士研究生,研究方向:大数据、信息系统与领导力等;

    张昱城,博士,南安普顿大学商学院教授,博士研究生导师,研究方向:大数据、领导力与创新方法等;

    (共同通信作者)马芩,博士,河北工业大学经济管理学院教授,博士研究生导师,研究方向:企业社会责任与管理创新等;

    李晶,博士,天津商业大学管理学院讲师,研究方向:远程办公、领导力与元分析方法等;

    侯中卫,河北工业大学经济管理学院博士研究生,研究方向:跨层次元分析方法与因果检验等。

通讯作者:

{"content":"

(共同通信作者)马芩,博士,河北工业大学经济管理学院教授,博士研究生导师,研究方向:企业社会责任与管理创新等;

"}
A Review of Meta-analysis: From the Basics to the Advanced
Meng Zhang1, 2, Zhiling Wang3, Yucheng Zhang4, Ling Ma5, *, Jing Li5, Zhongwei Hou3
Affiliations
  • 1 Hebei University of Economics and Business School of Business Administration Shijiazhuang 050000 China
  • 2 Hebei University of Economics and Business Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Urban-rural Integrated Development Shijiazhuang 050000 China
  • 3 Hebei University of Technology School of Economics and Management Tianjing 300134 China
  • 4 Southampton Business School University of Southampton UK University Rd Southampton SO171BJ United Kingdom
  • 5 School of Management Tianjing University of Commerce Tianjing 300134 China
出版时间: 2024-01-10 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1002-980X.
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作为一项重要的研究工具,元分析已广泛应用于心理学、管理学、教育学和医学等科学领域。随着统计技术的发展,传统元分析已逐渐衍生出大量高阶研究方法。为使研究者和从业者及时捕捉其发展现状,本文全面探讨了元分析的原理、应用及最新进展。首先,详细阐述了传统元分析的基本原理、历史发展及操作步骤。其次,归纳了传统元分析衍生出的高阶研究方法,包括:跨层次元分析、元分析结构方程模型及其他应用(如可复制性研究与大数据分析)等。最后,讨论了元分析在科学研究中的意义及局限性。本文为研究者提供了一个全面的元分析方法概述,帮助研究者识别其发展趋势和潜在问题,并有助于进一步改进该方法以适应不断变化的研究需求。

元分析  /  高阶元分析  /  研究进展  /  研究综述

Meta-analysis, as an essential research tool, has been widely applied in various scientific fields such as medicine, management, education, and psychology. With the continuous development of statistical techniques, traditional meta-analysis has gradually derived a large number of advanced research methods. To help researchers and practitioners promptly capture and comprehend the current state of meta-analysis, it aims to comprehensively explore the principles, applications, and latest developments of meta-analysis. First, the fundamental principles, historical development and operational procedures of traditional meta-analysis was extensively examined. Secondly, advanced research methods derived from traditional meta-analysis was deeply discussed, including Multilevel meta-analysis, meta-analytic structural equation modeling, second-order meta-analysis, causal based meta-analysis and replication research. Finally, the significance and limitations of meta-analysis in scientific research was discussed. In sum, it provides researchers with a comprehensive overview of the meta-analysis, helps researchers identify its development trends and potential problems, and further aims at improving the method to adapt to changing research needs.

meta-analysis  /  advanced meta-analysis  /  research progress  /  review article
张蒙, 王志灵, 张昱城, 马芩, 李晶, 侯中卫. 元分析方法综述:从基础到高阶. 技术经济, 2024 , 43 (1) : 140 -151 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1002-980X.
Meng Zhang, Zhiling Wang, Yucheng Zhang, Ling Ma, Jing Li, Zhongwei Hou. A Review of Meta-analysis: From the Basics to the Advanced[J]. Journal of Technology Economics, 2024 , 43 (1) : 140 -151 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1002-980X.
科学知识的发展通常依赖于先前知识的积累,其中个体研究起到了奠基性作用 [ 1 ] 。换言之,一项新研究的提出往往建立在以往研究结果之上,继而才能有效促进该领域的发展 [ 2 ] 。基于此,通过系统性地整合现有文献, 研究学者可以更深入地了解特定领域——元分析(meta-analysis) 研究应运而生。元分析, 最早由 Glass [ 3 ] 于1976年提出,是一种定量的综合性统计方法,通过整合与分析以往实证研究结果为学者和从业者提供特定领域的“研究全貌”。
元分析通过汇总和评估特定领域的实证研究结果, 能够提供更加接近于总体真实效应的估计值及分布。元分析不仅为以往同类研究中存在的差异或矛盾的研究结论提供了参考, 而且能够探寻特定实证研究结果间存在异质性的来源 [ 2 ] 。元分析研究与以往研究方法相比,存在以下优势:首先,有别于主观性较强的传统文献综述,元分析采用客观和定量的方式整合大量实证研究结果,因此其分析结果受研究者主观因素影响较小,研究结论更加准确与可信 [ 4 - 5 ] 。其次,与单个实证研究相比,基于大样本的元分析具有更高的统计效力,这使得研究人员能够更准确地描述变量之间的关系 [ 6 ] 。再次,以协方差(方差)矩阵作为数据输入的元分析技术可与多个分析技术(如结构方程模型和阶层线性模型等)相结合,因此能够在实证研究的层次方面和模型变量数量方面进一步对现有研究进行拓展, 以丰富理论贡献。最后, 元分析可用于探究同类实证研究结果间的异质性及其成因,从而为学者和实践者提供参考,并拓展了现有知识的边界 [ 7 ]
截至目前,元分析已成为社会科学中最常见的定量研究方法 [ 5 ] ,其应用范围已覆盖多个研究领域,包括心理学 [ 8 - 9 ] 、管理学 [ 10 - 14 ] 、经济学 [ 15 - 16 ] 和教育学 [ 17 - 18 ] 等。近些年,随着统计技术的不断发展,传统元分析技术已经与其他分析技术有效结合,衍生出了许多高阶研究方法,如跨层次元分析 [ 19 ] ,元分析结构方程模型 (MASEM)。2021)以及基于元分析的可复制性研究 [ 22 - 23 ] 等。这些高阶研究方法为解决更为复杂的研究问题和推动科学理论发展提供了更有力的支持, 促进了更深入的研究、更全面的数据整合和更可信的研究结果。
综上所述,元分析是科学研究中至关重要的实证技术,也是强大的知识整合和巩固工具。随着元分析在各科学领域的广泛应用,以及统计技术的不断发展,迫切需要对元分析研究方法进行系统的梳理和整合, 从而为研究者提供更加全面的有关该方法的概述, 帮助识别其发展趋势和潜在问题, 并为进一步改进该方法提供相应参考。基于此,本文首先阐述了元分析方法的基本原理与步骤,继而全面介绍了其发展历程与前沿方法, 以更深入地揭示元分析对科学知识积累的深远影响。
元分析是一项系统且严谨的统计方法, 旨在对以往的实证研究结果进行归纳和总结, 以产生更具精确性的总体结论 [ 24 ] 。具体而言,元分析主要基于随机效应模型 (random-effects model) 和固定效应模型 (fixed-effects model)两种计算模式 [ 25 ] ,并提供了以下关键统计信息:①总体效应值均值、方差和置信区间等;②效应值的异质性水平(heterogeneity) [ 26 ] ,如 Q 统计值、 ${I2}$T ; ③潜在调节变量,如情境因素 (国家文化和行业背景等) [ 27 ] 和测量因素等 (量表选择与变量维度) [ 28 ] ;④出版偏差结果 (publication bias analysis) [ 29 ] ,如漏斗图(funnel plot)、Egger 回归系数、失安系数(fail safe n)和剪补法(trim and fill)等。基于上述统计信息,元分析研究方法发挥了两大基本作用:一方面,就特定变量关系而言,元分析通过整合不同研究结果,可获取更接近总体样本的估计值(即真实效应值)。该统计过程消除了单个实证研究的小样本限制,减小了抽样误差, 继而提高了统计效力, 从而提供了更为准确的效应值及其分布。另一方面, 元分析着眼于探讨研究结果之间的异质性, 并提出潜在的调节因素, 从而为现有研究结论提供理论边界上的限定。此外, 元分析还具备更广泛的应用,通过与其他统计方法(如阶层线性模型和结构方程模型)的结合能够更加深入地揭示多变量在不同研究间所呈现出的复杂关系,如中介机制与跨层次效应等。
20世纪初, Karson [ 30 ] 率先应用统计技术整合多项研究结果,由此开创了元分析研究方法。20世纪50年代以后, 科学探究步伐的加快催生了大量的初级研究, 但往往产生了差异化的研究结果。在此阶段下, Glass [ 3 ] 正式提出了“meta-analysis”的概念以作为应对这一挑战的解决方案。该阶段标志着元分析成为了不可或缺的新兴研究方法, 为基础研究提供了系统的整合技术, 并为学术界提供了超越个体研究的综合见解。20世纪80年代初, Jackson [ 31 ] 发表了元分析研究的局限性和优势,以及整合研究的五阶段模型,标志着元分析方法进入了成熟阶段。20世纪80年代和90年代初, 研究者出版了许多有关元分析的书籍, 进一步促进了该方法的发展。其中,第一版《研究综合手册》于1994年问世,标志着元分析作为一门学科的里程碑。随后,知识激增的21世纪进一步彰显了元分析对科学研究的重要意义,即超越个体研究的局限性,利用集体力量来产生更精确的效应值估计并揭示异质性的潜在来源。截至目前,该方法的应用已从心理学 [ 8 - 9 ] 、 教育 [ 17 - 18 ] 拓展到更多的学科,包括经济学 [ 15 - 16 ] 和管理学 [ 10 - 12 ] 等。并且,随着统计技术的不断发展,传统元分析已衍生出了新的高阶研究方法,如跨层次元分析 (multilevel meta-analysis) [ 19 ] ,元分析结构方程模型 (MASEM) [ 20 - 21 ] 以及基于元分析的可复制性研究 [ 22 - 23 ] 等。总而言之,元分析技术已经从20世纪早期的方法学概念快速发展到在多个不同学科领域内广泛应用。在该阶段,元分析技术极大促进了多个学科的发展。
为确保研究结果的有效性和可靠性, 元分析遵循一套系统且严格的操作程序来收集、整合和分析现有的实证研究 [ 32 ] 。Lipsey 和 Wilson [ 26 ] 提出了经典的3步操作法:数据搜索与筛选、数据编码以及数据分析。 首先,研究者需明确研究问题,据此系统地搜索相关文献, 并剔除不符合元分析条件的文章, 如非实证研究以及缺失基本数据的研究等。其次, 进行数据提取和编码, 即将所需的变量信息、样本量和效应值大小进行汇总 (编码模板如 表1 所示), 从而形成元分析数据集。 编码过程需要至少两名研究者同时独立进行, 以便相互查阅与修正以保证数据编码的准确性。研究者需注意, 在不同的学科领域, 所收集的效应值有所差异。例如,在管理研究中,效应值一般指相关系数(r)和标准化平均差异系数 (如 Hedges’s g Cohen’s d ), 但现有的元分析技术容许研究者对不同类型的效应值进行统一转换。最后,研究人员可根据上述编码库中相关信息来计算和评估整合结果的出版偏差、异质性及总体效应值及分布 [ 33 ] 。元分析得出的整体效应值,表明了两个变量之间的关联方向和强度, 是研究间可比较的标准化指标[ 26 ]
相较于传统的文献综述,元分析通过定量整合以往实证研究结果,为研究者提供了更为精确的结论 [ 4 ] 。 传统综述方法(尤其是叙述性综述)所涉及的定性评估,受研究者主观影响较大,主要关注不同研究中得出的结论, 且通常不考虑样本的相对大小和效应值的显着性。然而, 元分析则更加注重以往特定主题下实证研究结果中的数据,包括变量操作化、效应值大小和效应值所反映的现象 [ 5 ] 。元分析使用严格的统计学方法量化效应值大小,并评估其显著性,允许综合考虑相对样本大小和信度值水平,从而提供了更准确和可信的结果。此外,元分析强调透明性和系统性,其操作步骤需明确搜索策略、数据编码过程和统计模型,以减少主观性和偏差 [ 7 ] 。总之,元分析采用客观且定量的方法来整合目标研究,被认为是一种更严格、可靠和可重复的研究方法。
相较于单项实证研究, 元分析的研究结论具有更高的统计力, 并且呈现了更为丰富的研究内容。一方面,小样本的单项实证研究对效应值的估计不如大样本研究准确,因此可能会产生结果偏差。反之,基于大样本的元分析具有更高的统计效力 [ 33 ] ,使研究人员能够更准确地描述变量之间的关系 [ 6 ] 。另一方面,单项实证研究通常只能对特定理论模型中多变量间的单一关系进行检验。而元分析可通过结合其他分析技术, 能够在整合多项独立研究结果的同时对多个变量之间的不同关系进行检验(即对多个理论模型进行竞争性比较),从而提供新的理论视角。总之,元分析具有更大的综合性,可揭示多个变量之间的整体关系或中介机制, 从而提供了更加丰富的研究视角和研究内容。例如, 元分析结构方程模型可同时探索多个变量之间的不同关系以及多条中介路径,这对于单项实证研究来说是很难实现。
除有效估计变量间的效应值外, 元分析还能够清晰地呈现不同实证研究结果间的差异程度及其原因, 并据此进一步判定潜在的调节因素 [ 7 ] 。一方面,由于实证研究在选择样本时往往具有随机性,故源自不同样本的研究结果不可避免地存在一定程度的差异。通过整合, 元分析可帮助研究者了解变量关系在不同研究间的分布情况, 同时揭示研究差异的来源, 即源于样本误差还是源于误差之外的其他因素。另一方面, 元分析可通过元回归与类方差分析等方式探索可能存在的调节变量, 以进一步解释研究之间的差异, 并据此推动该研究领域的知识边界。
近几年,科学研究问题逐渐变得复杂,跨学科研究成为常态,简单的元分析统计技术已逐渐无法满足研究者的诉求。广泛而又深化的科研难题逐渐提高了元分析研究的门槛。在此背景下, 随着多种统计技术的更新迭代, 有关元分析的高阶方法不断涌现, 以适应逐渐演化的研究需求和技术挑战。本节旨在深入追溯元分析方法的历史发展, 并探索其前沿。该部分首先介绍了基础的元分析方法, 并进一步阐述了一些典型的高阶方法, 最后就元分析技术的新兴应用进行了简单介绍。
基本元分析(basic meta-analysis)是其他高阶元分析方法的基础,该方法旨在系统性地整合多项研究结果, 评估总体效应值的大小, 并揭示不同变量之间的深层次关系 (如边界效应与中介机制)。故基本元分析主要包括两个方面的研究内容, 即双变量关系的元分析检验和调节效应检验。
单变量元分析检验(univariate meta-analysis for bivariate-relationship test)旨在探索每个成对变量之间的关系方向及强度,即通过系统性地整合多项独立实证研究的结果,以获取总体效应值估计及分布 [ 34 ] 。研究者通常关注两个或多个变量之间成对的关联性, 通过进行双变量元分析检验, 研究者可以更好地理解这些变量之间的关系。但需注意的是, 在进行数据分析之前, 研究者应根据研究间的异质性程度评估后续的分析模型,即选择固定效应模型还是随机效应模型来评估效应值的变化及分布情况 [ 35 ] 。固定效应模型假设元分析中包含的研究共享一个共同的效应值,即总体效应值,而异质性仅由随机误差引起 [ 24 ] 。随机效应模型的条件则更加宽容, 允许研究间存在一定程度的真正异质性, 而不仅仅是由随机误差引起, 该模型能够更好地反映现实中存在的异质性情况 [ 25 ] 。基于上述模型,现有研究领域主要使用以下两种元分析方法:Hunter 和Schmidt [ 24 ] 提出的心理测量元分析,以及 Hedges 和 Olkin [ 36 ] 提出的固定与随机效应模型方法。
Hedges 和 Olkin [ 36 ] 提出的元分析方法既包含固定效应模型又包含随机效应模型。该方法的一个显著特征是将原始的效应量转换为 Fisher z 的形式,进而对 Fisher z 值进行加权平均来估计总体效应值的大小,这种转变有助于比较不同研究间的效应值大小。Hunter 和 Schmidt [ 24 ] 提出的元分析方法则主要专注于随机效应模型, 强调对误差项的不同来源进行区分和修正, 如抽样误差和测量误差等。根据误差来源的修正, Hunter 和 Schmidt [ 24 , 37 ] 范式下的元分析可进一步分为简单方法 (bare-bones methods) 和心理学方法 (psychometric methods)。前者只修正抽样误差 (sampling error) 而不修正其他心理测量误差 (psychometric corrections;如测量误差与范围限制等),后者则同时修订抽样误差和心理测量误差。Hunter 和 Schmidt [ 24 ] 提出的心理测量元分析已广泛应用在多个研究领域, 并且该方法提高了元分析结果的可靠性和准确性。
基于不同实证研究结果间的异质性, 元分析的调节效应检验旨在进一步明确导致该异质性产生的潜在因素 [ 35 ] 。须注意的是,在进行调节检验前,研究者通常会初步判断是否存在潜在的调节变量。例如,显著的 Q 统计量表明存在潜在的调节变量 [ 36 ] ; 此外, Hunter 和 Schmidt [ 24 ] 指出,若效应值的信用区间 (credibility interval) 包含0,则同样预示着效应值可能受潜在的调节变量影响。根据 Hunter 和 Schmidt [ 37 ] 提出的75%法则,若低于75%的校正效应值方差可被抽样误差或其他误差 (如测量误差) 解释,则说明存在潜在的调节变量。基于上述分析, 当得出效应值可能受潜在调节变量影响的结论后, 研究者则需进一步对具体的调节效应展开分析。一般情况下, 根据调节变量的类别, 即分类变量和连续变量, 元分析调节效应检验进一步可分为亚组分析(subgroup analysis)和元回归分析(meta-regression analysis) [ 38 ]
1) 亚组分析
亚组分析 (subgroup analysis) 中,研究者首先根据某一类别变量将研究结果分成不同的子组,并计算不同子组的效应值 [ 39 ] 。其中,典型的类别调节变量包括国家文化(如东方文化 ${vs}$ 西方文化)、发表状态(已发表 ${vs}$ 未发表状态)与测量类型 (连续 ${vs}$ 虚拟) 等 [ 40 ] 。进而,研究者需比较不同子组间的平均效应值差异,并以此评判分类变量的调节效应。一方面,研究者可通过方差分析或 t 检验来判定不同子组间差异的显著性水平 [ 41 ] 。另一方面, Chiaburu 等 [ 42 ] 提出 z 统计量 (即效应值均值差异) 的显著性水平也可用于判定调节效应。若上述分析中的组间差异较为显著, 研究者可推断出效应值可能受到调节变量影响的结论。综合来看,相较于其他调节效应方法,亚组分析具有较高的统计效力 [ 24 , 43 ] ,这增强了其在调节效应检验中的准确性和可靠性。然而,为确保调节效应不受其他变量干扰,亚组分析只能逐一纳入调节变量,故研究者需反复进行子组划分,这使得亚组分析过程变得繁琐且耗时。因此,研究者应谨慎选择纳入分析的调节变量,以确保调节效应检验的全面性、高效性和准确性。此外,不同子组之间的效应值差异也需要得到妥善的解释和合理的归因, 以避免产生误导性的研究结论。
2) 元回归分析
除亚组分析外,元回归分析也可用于探讨特定效应值的调节效应,并且可同时纳入连续调节变量和分类调节变量 [ 44 ] 。在元回归分析中,调节变量被视为预测变量,而效应值为因变量。研究者通过分析效应值与调节变量的回归系数 (置信区间) 及整体解释力RR2来解释调节效应的显著性水平 [ 43 ] 。元回归分析的优势在于它可弥补无法对效应值进行层次分组的问题, 这意味着研究者可根据理论模型的需要, 更加灵活地分析连续调节变量的影响。截至目前,元回归分析已被广泛应用于连续变量的调节分析中,如年龄、性别、教育或收入等人口统计因素 [ 35 ] ,样本特征与测量方法等研究设计因素 [ 28 , 45 ] ,以及 [ 9 ] 的文化维度等。尽管元回归分析在心理学和其他社会科学领域(如人力资源管理、组织行为、管理、营销)中得到了广泛使用, 但 [ 43 ] 指出该方法仍存在一些问题,如事后调节变量选择、低统计力 (样本量低)、无法解释的非标准化回归权重以及调节变量的测量误差等。因此, 上述问题需在元分析的研究设计和数据分析过程中得以充分考虑, 以确保研究结果的有效性和可靠性。
随着统计技术的不断发展, 元分析技术通过与其他统计分析技术相结合, 进一步衍生出了一些新的高阶研究方法,包括多层次的元分析 [ 9 ] ,元分析结构方程模型(MASEM)等 [ 20 - 21 ] 。现有高阶元分析方法在一些新技术领域也得到了一些应用,如使用元分析技术进行可复制性研究、对商业大数据分析等 [ 22 - 23 ]
传统元分析研究往往假设不同研究间的同一效应值是相互独立的,但这一假设并不容易实现 [ 19 ] 。若多个初始研究的数据样本总体均来自于同一地域或国家, 其同一变量关系的效应值可能在一定程度上存在依赖性。基于独立效应值的假设, 研究者往往使用固定效应模型(fix effect model) 来进行研究总体效应的推断。这意味着他们假设总体参数(population effect parameters)只有一个真实值(true effect size), 并且研究之间估计值的所有差异都源于抽样波动,并没有考虑效应值之间的依赖性和异质性(heterogeneity)。这在一定程度上使得元分析估计产生偏差, 并且固定效应元分析的结果并不能推广到未纳入分析的研究。随机效应模型(random effect model) 将效应值大小视为来自效应总体参数群体的随机样本, 并往往会估计描述该效应参数群体的均值和方差 [ 25 ] 。在 Cheung [ 19 ] 的研究中,随机效应模型又被称为二层次元分析 (two-level meta-analysis)。对于研究者而言, 无论采用固定效应模型还是随机效应模型, 应视具体研究而定, 并无绝对意义上的优劣之分 [ 25 ]
Cheung [ 19 ] 进一步提出了三层次元分析 (three-level meta-analysis)。三层次元分析在研究内 (within-study) 和研究间 (between-study) 两个层次上增设了一个层次, 即不同群组的层次, 又被称为簇群。在该层次上允许不同研究间的效应量之间是相互依赖的。簇群的定义取决于数据结构和研究问题。例如, 在跨文化研究中,它可以代表不同的子文化组。在包含多个子量表的研究中,它可以代表不同的子量表等 [ 19 ]
1)元分析结构方程模型(MASEM)
元分析结构方程模型是一种检验社会科学理论的先进方法, 充分融合了元分析和结构方程模型两种方法的优势 [ 20 ] ,其在管理研究领域得到了日益广泛的应用 [ 46 , 47 ] 。正如 [ 48 ] 对 MASEM 论文中的方法选择进行了全面总结发现,截至2016年,在人力资源管理或组织行为领域中已发表了153篇 MASEM 相关的论文, 预计其受欢迎程度将持续上升。通过整合元分析和结构方程模型的优势, MASEM 能够通过构建元分析相关系数矩阵进行基于模型的高阶分析, 从而对理论模型进行检验。换言之, MASEM 具备检验多个变量间关系的能力 [ 49 ] ,允许对多种理论关系进行同时测试,包括中介效应检验以及中介机制对比分析检验 [ 50 ] 。一般而言,一元元分析结构方程模型 [ 20 ] 和全信息元分析结构方程模型 [ 21 ] 是两种广泛应用的 MASEM 方法, 这些方法以不同方式汇集相关矩阵和估计参数, 进而能够对不同类型的元数据进行元分析因果推断。 2)一元元分析结构方程模型(U-MASEM)
考虑到传统元分析在估计多变量间关系方面的局限性, Viswesvaran 和 Ones [ 20 ] 提出了将元分析和结构方程模型进行整合的先进方法, 也被称为一元元分析结构方程模型 (univariate meta-analytic structural equation modelling, U-MASEM), 该方法将用于拟合的效应值矩阵内的不同效应值视为独立的, 并没有考虑不同变量间效应值之间的依赖性 [ 51 ] 。但因其简单易于操作而受到早期研究者的欢迎。运用 U-MASEM 方法建构研究需要遵循一套规范的分析流程:①需要明确定义拟探讨的变量及其变量间的相互关系;②通过对相关研究进行系统搜索, 筛选出衡量变量关系效应大小的主要研究; ③运用元分析的聚合效应大小作为数据输入进行 U-MASEM 分析。通过这种方法, 研究者可以获得每对变量的元分析相关性, 并形成一个汇总的相关系数矩阵,该矩阵将被用于结构方程模型中路径系数的估计 [ 52 - 53 ] 。U-MASEM 方法在管理学和组织行为学研究中已经得到了广泛应用。例如, Jiang 等585 - 马比 - 动机-机会模型, 使用 U-MASEM 方法研究了人力资源系统三维度对组织结果和财务结果的影响。此外, Zhang 等。 [ 47 ] 基于 U-MASEM 方法,分别从公平视角和压力视角探讨了组织公平和工作压力在辱虐管理和组织公民行为以及反生产工作行为之间的中介作用,同时也进行了不同中介机制的对比分析。
综上所述, U-MASEM 的主要贡献在于同时估计多变量之间的关系,为元分析研究者提供一个在结构方程模型框架下进行多变量关系检验的途径, 同时也允许研究者进行变量间优势分析 (即竞争性模型比较), 进而加深对理论模型的理解。然而, 在 U-MASEM 研究中, 除了拟合效应值矩阵中不同效应值之间的相关性被忽视之外, 该方法也存在以下几点不足。首先, 因为用于汇总拟合矩阵中的不同相关系数可能是基于不同的样本, 这可能导致非正定相关矩阵。非正定矩阵的存在使得研究者无法进行后续的分析。其次, 有关特定变量关系之间的实证研究数量较少, 这会降低有关相关系数的估计精度。最后, 由于相关系数和样本量之间存在依赖性,考虑到不同原始研究中的样本量存在差异,研究者无法在后续拟合模型的分析中选择最佳的样本量 [ 51 ]
3)全信息元分析结构方程模型(FIMASEM)
尽管 U-MASEM 方法较为直观易懂,但在处理研究间异质性方面存在局限性,无法进行路径系数在不同样本之间的差异估计。基于此,在 U-MASEM 方法基础上, Yu 等 [ 21 ] 提出了全信息元分析结构方程模型(full-information MASEM, FI-MASEM), 该方法进一步明确地构建了基于聚合效应大小的估计参数分布以及不同研究之间的方差,能够有效地解决研究间的异质性问题。采用 FIMASEM 方法进行分析需要两个步骤:首先,建构元分析研究,得出代表效应大小的相关系数矩阵和效应量异质性矩阵;进而,将这两个矩阵作为数据输入进行数据分析,估计结构方程模型参数的分布,并构建可信区间 [ 21 ] ,进而量化路径估计的异质性,并且检测特定路径的潜在边界条件 [ 55 ] 。相较于仅仅生成一个总体参数的 U-MASEM, FIMASEM 能够利用拔靴法(又称自抽样法)生成许多自举矩阵,因此会为每个路径和每个模型估计许多路径系数和模型拟合指数。 此外, FIMASEM 的另一个优势在于能够轻松地处理来自给定原始研究的缺失相关数据。
4)二阶段元分析结构方程模型(two-stages MASEM, TSSEM)
考虑到元分析和结构方程模型的统计理论分别是基于相关性和协方差矩阵的分布。因此, 不能保证结合这两种方法得出的推论是否正确 [ 56 ] 。为了更好地将元分析和结构方程模型集成到一个统一的框架中, Cheung 和 Chan [ 56 ] 提出了二阶段元分析结构方程模型方法(TSSEM)。TSSEM 方法主要分为两个阶段。在第一个阶段, 研究者需要使用 SEM 中的多组分析技术来合成相关矩阵。在合成相关矩阵之前, 研究者需要利用 LISREL、Mplus、AMOS 或者 R 等软件对变量间的效应值进行同质性检验。比如,在 AMOS( analusis of moment structures) 中可以将不同群组的同一变量间的系数分别设为相等和不受限制, 通过运行软件, 并查看两种模式下不同卡方值之间的差异来确定不同群组之间的效应值是否同质[ 即多组 CFA ( configmatory factor analysis) 分析]。如果不同群组之间的效应值是同质的, 研究者即可进行合并相关矩阵。如果不同群组之间的效应值是异质的,研究者则无法合并相关矩阵。研究人员可进一步对这些初始效应值矩阵进行分类,然后进行同质亚组分析。在第二阶段,研究者使用加权最小二乘(WLS)估计将结构模型拟合到汇集的相关矩阵。具体而言, 研究者将所有研究的总样本量用作拟合样本量, 将合并相关矩阵及其渐近协方差矩阵用作估计方法的输入来拟合假设的结构模型。
TSSEM 方法主要有三个优点: 首先, TSSEM 使用总样本量进行第二阶段的估计,这使得研究者既不用进行不同样本量之间的权衡,亦可控制参数估计的 I 型误差、功效和标准误差。其次, TSSEM 方法中的权重矩阵为研究者提供了有关合并相关矩阵过程中的采样变化信息。最后, 估计的合并相关矩阵的元素之间的协方差也被考虑在权重矩阵中 [ 56 ] 。在R分析程序中,研究者可以通过调用 metaSEM 来进行 TSSEM 方法分析 [ 57 ]
5) 单阶段元分析结构方程模型(one-stage MASEM, OS-MASEM)
虽然基于 U-MASEM 的 FI-MASEM 融合了异质性信息,但它存在以下两个缺点。首先,它需要为总体样本选择一个特定的样本量。例如,总样本量的调和平均值或更保守估计的最小值 [ 58 ] ,这两种做法在一定程度上缺乏准确性 [ 52 ] 。其次,由于它依赖于单个相关矩阵拟合 $\mathrm{{SEM}}$ ,因而它无法纳入调节变量来估计调节作用。这些问题在 Jak 和 Cheung [ 51 ] 近期开发的 OS-MASEM 方法中得到了解决。在 OS-MASEM 中,多项初始研究的相关矩阵被用作元分析的数据输入。OS-MASEM 使用以往研究者所熟悉的研究内和研究间框架, 并假设数据具有层次结构。研究内的模型采用向量化形式来估计变量间的效应值, 其中包含模型隐含相关矩阵、真实 SEM 参数、残差相关性和采样误差偏差,研究间模型结合了调节变量来解释 SEM 参数的异质性,即研究间的模型用来估计由多个调节变量所导致的交互效应。根据 Jak 和 Cheung [ 51 ] 的研究,当研究数据缺失为完全随机时, 它可以提供一致且有效的估计。此外, 它使用初始研究中的效应值作为估计输入信息, 而不是合并相关矩阵中的聚合效应, 这可以更准确地估计 SEM 中路径系数的标准差, 也可同时自动考虑这些初始效应大小之间的依赖性。metaSEM 包中的 R 函数 (osmasem) 实现了 OSMASEM 方法的分 [ 57 ]
需注意的是,由于建模的要求不同,研究人员在选择 MASEM 方法时需要考虑数据的可用性。由于聚合效应大小通常在已发表的元分析中公开可用,因而 U-MASEM 和 FI-MASEM 是两种可行的数据收集方法。 然而, OS-MASEM 要求研究人员对所有初级研究进行编码, 以提取所有初级效应大小作为数据输入, 这在 SEM 模型包含大量变量的情况下将不可行。
科学研究的可复制性一直以来是医学 [ 59 ] 、心理学 [ 60 ] 和经济学 [ 61 ] 等学科所强调的话题。通过复制科学研究,研究者可以识别不规范的研究发现 [ 62 ] 。Anderson 等 [ 63 ] 提出研究者可以采用多种方法来评估特定研究的可复制性,如比较原始研究和复制研究的 P 值,以及评估原始研究的效应大小是否在复制的置信区间内等。但是, 可重复的研究结果并不易得, 且大量研究结果可能无法重复。其中一个重要原因是, 医学和社会学科中存在较大的“发表偏差”(publication bias, 即出版物往往会选择那些具有统计显著性结果的研究来发表) [ 29 ] 。另一个重要原因是 p -hacking(如通过修改样本数据直至结果显著),降低了研究的可重复性 [ 64 ]
考虑到元分析技术在检验真实效应值(true effect size) 方面的潜力,一些学者开始采用元分析方法来进行可复制性研究 [ 22 - 23 ] 。Stanley 等 [ 22 ] 采用二阶元分析技术对心理学领域的研究进行了可复制性评估。该研究认为, 心理学领域近年来面临复制危机, 即许多研究难以成功复制。这引发了对心理学研究的有效性和可靠性的担忧。Stanley 等 [ 22 ] 总结了复制失败的原因可能为统计功效不足、选择性报告偏差和研究间异质性等因素。该项研究建议在未来心理学研究中采用开放科学实践、增加样本规模等提高心理学领域研究的可复制性。Hedges 和 Schauer [ 23 ] 从元分析的视角讨论了心理学和社会科学领域的复制问题,强调了在不同统计分析方法下,复制的定义和验证标准可以有所不同。Hedges 和 Schauer [ 23 ] 认为,复制研究需要大规模的研究来提高统计功效,但即使采用最有力的统计测试,也可能难以获得强有力的结论。因此,需要更多的理论工作来设计复制研究,并开发更敏感的多研究设计。最后,该研究呼吁建立适用于心理学和社会科学领域的复制标准,并认为这些标准应该是科学社区的社会共识,不应完全由数学统计框架来确定。
数字经济为研究者提供了海量的研究数据。然而, 大数据一直是由计算机科学所主导的领域, 来自心理学和管理学的研究者并不具备相关的编程和计算机能 [ 65 ] 。这在一定程度上限制了两个领域的大数据相关研究。Cheung 和Jak [ 65 ] 提出心理学领域的研究者在不具备编程和计算技能的情况下也可以采用元分析技术来进行大数据研究。研究者应该专注于利用自身在心理测量分析方面的优势, 利用多元分析来解释现象以验证理论。采用元分析技术分析大数据时, 通常包括三个关键步骤: 首先, 研究者需要将大数据分成多个独立数据集,然后在每个数据集上进行统计分析,得到参数估计和相关的协方差矩阵;其次,采用元分析技术将不同数据集中的参数进行合并估计, 以获得综合的效应大小和置信区间, 这有助于解决在大数据集上进行分析时的计算和存储限制;最后, 进行汇总分析以得出总体结论。总之, 元分析技术使研究学者能够利用大数据进行综合研究, 解决了大数据分析的计算和存储挑战, 并且提供了全新的研究视角。
元分析是推进科学知识发展的有效方法 [ 4 ] ,越来越多研究者开始使用元分析方法探索本领域的研究问题。然而,随着分析技术的迅速发展,学者和从业者难以及时捕捉与理解元分析的发展现状。因而,本文系统地梳理了元分析研究的基本原理、分析步骤、发展历程与前沿方法, 从而为研究者提供更加全面的方法概述,帮助识别其发展趋势和潜在问题,并有助于进一步改进该方法以适应不断变化的研究需求。本章节探讨了元分析的研究意义及局限性。
从理论意义来看,元分析解决了变量之间尚无明确定论的争议关系,揭示了变量间复杂的影响机制,并可为研究领域提供清晰的研究框架。首先,元分析通过整合多项独立研究提供了更具统计力的研究结果 [ 33 , 66 ] ,该结果不仅能够与以往实证研究形成对话,对其结论进行验证,同时可将分散在各个研究中的信息整合在一起, 从而为科学研究领域提供更加全面的视角。其次, 元分析可进一步揭示一些难以在实证研究中探讨的潜在调节因素,例如,国家情景因素、研究设计差异、样本特征和测量方法等,这有助于研究者更深入地理解效应值的差异性及产生的原因,并丰富与拓展研究层面。最后,新兴统计技术和方法的引入使得元分析不断得以改进与完善, 高阶元分析方法不仅提高了研究结果的统计力和有效性, 并且有效解决了更为复杂的研究模型, 从而为科学研究提供了更深入的洞见。
从实践意义来看,元分析在促进和改善科学领域的透明性和可复制性方面发挥了积极作用 [ 5 ] 。首先, 在许多领域, 研究结果可能会受到发表偏差的影响, 即显著的研究结果更容易被发表, 不显著的结果则被忽视。而元分析能够纳入未发表的研究,从而减少了出版偏差的影响,提供了更为客观的总体效应估计值。 其次, 严谨的元分析流程有助于改善科学研究的透明性和可复制性。在元分析中, 研究者通常需要报告其分析方法、效应量的计算方式以及数据来源等细节,这促进了研究的可追溯性和透明性,并有助于其他研究者验证和复制该研究结果。再次, 通过对已有文献进行全面整合, 元分析有助于确定领域中已被广泛研究的主题,以及需要进一步深入探索的方向,这有助于科研资源的有效利用,避免不必要的重复研究,提高了科学研究的效率。最后, 元分析可为特定主题提供系统性的研究框架, 从而为政策制定者和从业人员的决策提供重要的依据。
虽然元分析提供了有价值的研究结果, 但仍然面临多方面的局限性, 包括数据源的质量、发表偏倚、异质性问题以及模型选择的不确定性问题等。首先, 元分析结论的可靠性受限于原始实证研究的质量。正如 Aguinis 等 [ 67 ] 所言,元分析同样具有“garbage in, garbage out” 的特性,这意味着有偏差的原始研究结果将进一步导致有偏差的元分析整合效应, 从而降低了其统计效力。因此, 在进行初始文献的筛选时, 尤其需要重视其研究质量,并提供出版偏差检验以减少整体偏差。此外,尽管元分析研究能够纳入一些未发表的会议论文或学位论文, 但仍然有可能遗漏一些相关的未发表研究 [ 22 ] , 这意味着研究结果同样可能产生一定程度的偏差。再次, 不同的原始实证研究往往采用不同的样本、测量标准和研究设计等, 因而, 元分析往往会产生异质性水平较高的研究结果。针对该问题,研究者可根据具体研究问题细化数据筛选标准,并有必要通过合适的统计方法进一步解释异质性的来源。最后, 在元分析中, 不同的模型选择可能会导致不同的研究结论。针对该问题,研究者应根据异质性结果选择适当的统计模型。例如,当原始研究间存在异质性时,通常采用考虑了研究内和研究间变异的随机效应模型 [ 26 , 68 - 69 ] 。总而言之,虽然元分析有助于解决复杂的研究问题,但仍然面临多方面的局限性,需要研究者在实践中综合考虑和处理上述问题,以确保元分析结果的可靠性和有效性。
元分析是科学研究中至关重要的实证技术, 也是强大的知识整合和巩固工具。无论是传统元分析还是高阶元分析, 该类方法的应用范围愈加广泛, 已渗透到各个科学领域, 包括医学、管理学、教育和心理学等。 通过对已有研究进行整合和分析, 元分析不仅提供了更准确的效应值估计, 有效地识别了研究间的出版偏差、异质性及其来源,并解释了更为复杂的研究模型, 从而促进了科学研究的发展, 并改善了科学研究的可靠性和透明性。本文全面梳理了元分析研究的基本原理、分析步骤、发展历程与前沿方法, 从而为研究者提供了全面的方法概述, 帮助研究者识别其发展趋势和潜在问题, 并有助于改进该方法以适应不断变化的研究需求。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目“下属破坏型追随力和领导创伤后应急障碍:概念测量与基于fMRI脑功能成像的人力资源干预系统追踪研究”(72272048)
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目“家庭友好政策对双职工‘工作-家庭,增益过程的影响:基于‘溢出-交叉”模型的大数据动态研究”(71972065)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1002-980X.
  • 接收时间:2024-01-14
  • 首发时间:2025-07-30
  • 出版时间:2024-01-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-14
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目“下属破坏型追随力和领导创伤后应急障碍:概念测量与基于fMRI脑功能成像的人力资源干预系统追踪研究”(72272048)
国家自然科学基金面上项目“家庭友好政策对双职工‘工作-家庭,增益过程的影响:基于‘溢出-交叉”模型的大数据动态研究”(71972065)
作者信息
    1 河北经贸大学 工商管理学院 石家庄 050000
    2 河北经贸大学 河北省城乡融合发展协同创新中心 石家庄 050000
    3 河北工业大学 经济管理学院 天津 300134
    4 南安普顿大学 商学院 南安普顿 SO171BJ
    5 天津商业大学 管理学院 天津 300134

通讯作者:

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(共同通信作者)马芩,博士,河北工业大学经济管理学院教授,博士研究生导师,研究方向:企业社会责任与管理创新等;

"}
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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