Article(id=1276897329051463753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577071032668183, issueId=1276897056350405403, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3724/j.jiwhr.20250170, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1754150400000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782365646850, onlineDateStr=2026-06-25, pubDate=1779897600000, pubDateStr=2026-05-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782365646850, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782365646850, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782365646850, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276897056350405403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577071032668183, year='2026', volume='24', issue='3', pageStart='261', pageEnd='428', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779897600000', pubDateStr='2026-05-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782365581834, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782367082282, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276903349781926250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577071032668183, issueId=1276897056350405403, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276903349781926251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577071032668183, issueId=1276897056350405403, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=319, endPage=332, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276897329311510603, articleId=1276897329051463753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577071032668183, language=EN, title=Research on the effectiveness of Low Impact Development facilities in controlling stormwater in Northern Plain Cities, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The construction of Low Impact Development (LID) facilities has a significant impact on alleviating urban waterlogging disasters. To study the effect of LID facility construction on rain and flood control in the northern plain area, this paper constructs a Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) based on the district as the base of the central urban area of Hengshui city, analyzes the current pipe network flow capacity, and simulates and compares the rain and flood control effects before and after the construction of LID facilities in the central urban area from the aspects of annual total runoff control rate and flood risk. The simulation results show that the drainage capacity of the central part of each area in the central urban area is relatively lower than that of the surrounding areas. More than 50% of the pipe network has a good drainage capacity, but about 30% of the pipe network still needs to be renovated. After the construction of LID facilities, the annual total runoff control rate in the central urban area has significantly increased to 76%, an increase of 14% compared with the development and construction before. The annual total runoff control rate of each key district has reached more than 75%. By comparing the flood risk in the built-up area of the central urban area under a 30-year return period 24-hour rainfall (cumulative rainfall of 195.7 mm) before and after the construction of LID facilities, the flood risk area has decreased by 4.46 km2 after the construction, and all 8 severe flood waterlogging points that appeared before have been eliminated. The flood prevention standard area is about 71.59 km2, accounting for 93.3% of the built-up area, and the flood prevention standard area has reached the standard. The construction of LID facilities in the central urban area can effectively cope with a 30-year return period of heavy rain.

, authors=null, authorsList=Haoran YU, Weiwei SHAO, Guangyi XIN, Yuxing LI, Zhiyong YANG, Yao QU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276897334051074155, articleId=1276897329051463753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577071032668183, language=CN, title=北方平原城市LID设施控制雨洪效果研究, columnId=0, journalTitle=中国水利水电科学研究院学报(中英文), columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

低影响开发设施建设对缓解城市内涝灾害具有显著影响,为研究低影响开发(Low Impact Development,LID)设施建设对北方平原地区雨洪控制效果,本文构建了以片区为基底的衡水市中心城区暴雨洪水管理模型,分析了现状管网过流能力,并从年径流总量控制率和内涝风险两个方面模拟比较了中心城区LID设施建设前后雨洪控制效果。模拟结果表明:中心城区范围内各区域中心部分的排水能力相较周边有待提高,50%以上的管网排水能力较好,仍有30%左右的管网需要继续改造;LID设施建设后,中心城区年径流总量控制率达到76%,较开发建设前提升了14%,各重点片区年径流总量控制率均达到75%以上;对比LID设施建设前后中心城区建成区30年一遇24 h降雨(累计降雨量195.7 mm)内涝风险情况,建设后内涝风险面积减少4.46 km2,且建设前出现的8个严重内涝积水点全部消除,内涝防治标准面积约71.59 km2,占建成区面积93.3%,内涝防治标准面积达标,中心城区LID设施建设后能有效应对30年一遇暴雨。

, authors=

俞皓然(2001—),硕士生,主要从事城市水文研究。E-mail:

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邵薇薇(1981—),博士,正高级工程师,主要从事城市水文研究。E-mail:
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俞皓然(2001—),硕士生,主要从事城市水文研究。E-mail:

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Rainfall data for Hengshui city by different return periods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
重现期/a降雨总量/mm平均雨强/(mm·min-1
143.280.36
256.270.47
363.860.53
573.440.61
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衡水市不同重现期的降雨数据

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重现期/a降雨总量/mm平均雨强/(mm·min-1
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256.270.47
363.860.53
573.440.61
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SWMM model parameter rate-setting optimisation process

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率定参数参数描述迭代调整
12345
N-Imperv不透水区域的粗糙度系数0.030.030.030.040.04
N-Perv透水区域的粗糙度系数0.0110.0110.0130.0130.015
Dstore-Imperv不透水区域的存储深度/mm0.010.030.030.050.05
Dstore-perv透水区域的存储深度/mm0.010.030.030.050.05
%Zero-Imperv不透水区域零流量的百分比/%2525252525
Roughness管道粗糙度系数0.010.010.010.010.01
Roughness河道粗糙度系数0.0600.0600.0500.0500.045
Max. Infil. Rate最大下渗率/(mm·h-18080858590
Min. Infil. Rate最小下渗率/(mm·h-188775
Decay Constant衰减常数/(1/h)33222
Drying Time饱和土壤干燥时间/d44455
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SWMM模型参数率定优化过程

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率定参数参数描述迭代调整
12345
N-Imperv不透水区域的粗糙度系数0.030.030.030.040.04
N-Perv透水区域的粗糙度系数0.0110.0110.0130.0130.015
Dstore-Imperv不透水区域的存储深度/mm0.010.030.030.050.05
Dstore-perv透水区域的存储深度/mm0.010.030.030.050.05
%Zero-Imperv不透水区域零流量的百分比/%2525252525
Roughness管道粗糙度系数0.010.010.010.010.01
Roughness河道粗糙度系数0.0600.0600.0500.0500.045
Max. Infil. Rate最大下渗率/(mm·h-18080858590
Min. Infil. Rate最小下渗率/(mm·h-188775
Decay Constant衰减常数/(1/h)33222
Drying Time饱和土壤干燥时间/d44455
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Summary of the drainage capacity of the overall current pipe network in the central urban area

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区域重现期p/a管段长度L/km长度占比/%
中心城区<147.022.6
1~226.612.8
2~312.35.9
3~53.51.7
>5118.657.0
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中心城区整体现状管网排水能力汇总

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区域重现期p/a管段长度L/km长度占比/%
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1~226.612.8
2~312.35.9
3~53.51.7
>5118.657.0
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Summary of the drainage capacity of the current pipe network in the central city sub-district

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区域重现期p/a管段长度L/km长度占比/%
桃城区<122.615.3
1~214.79.9
2~38.45.4
3~50.30.2
>5101.868.9
冀州区<124.440.5
1~211.919.8
2~33.96.5
3~53.25.3
>516.827.9
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中心城区分区现状管网排水能力汇总

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区域重现期p/a管段长度L/km长度占比/%
桃城区<122.615.3
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2~38.45.4
3~50.30.2
>5101.868.9
冀州区<124.440.5
1~211.919.8
2~33.96.5
3~53.25.3
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Comparison of higher and lower values of total annual runoff control rates for sub-catchments in the central urban area

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子汇水区现状年径流总量控制率/%现状+LID年径流总量控制率/%提升率/%LID设施LID设施面积占比/%
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A17328280d0.4
A21487871bde4.0
A1782831d0.1
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A237357541bde33.4
A148267246bd37.6
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中心城区子汇水区年径流总量控制率较高值与较低值对比

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子汇水区现状年径流总量控制率/%现状+LID年径流总量控制率/%提升率/%LID设施LID设施面积占比/%
A16968713bde5.0
A17328280d0.4
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A237357541bde33.4
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Comparison of the total annual runoff control rate between the current situation in the central urban area and each key area and after LID planning

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年份累计降雨量/mm区域LID设施建设情况总径流量/mm年径流总量控制率/%
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现状+LID15076
桃城片区现状25059
现状+LID15176
环衡水湖片区现状17971
现状+LID15275
冀州片区现状17172
现状+LID11881
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中心城区与各个重点片区现状和LID规划后年径流总量控制率对比

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年份累计降雨量/mm区域LID设施建设情况总径流量/mm年径流总量控制率/%
2023616中心城区现状23162
现状+LID15076
桃城片区现状25059
现状+LID15176
环衡水湖片区现状17971
现状+LID15275
冀州片区现状17172
现状+LID11881
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Criteria for classifying the risk of flooding

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等级风险积水深度h/m危险程度描述
0.15<h≤0.30需注意,淹没区域积水较浅
0.30<h≤0.50较危险,淹没区域积水较深或水流流速较快
h>0.50危险,淹没区域积水较深,流速较大
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内涝风险等级划分标准

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等级风险积水深度h/m危险程度描述
0.15<h≤0.30需注意,淹没区域积水较浅
0.30<h≤0.50较危险,淹没区域积水较深或水流流速较快
h>0.50危险,淹没区域积水较深,流速较大
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Comparison of historical statistical inundation depths at eight severe flooding sites with modelled maximum water depth values after the addition of LID

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序号点位历史统计积水点位的淹没水深值h/m增设LID后易涝点模拟最大水深值h/m
1YSSLXL3623A0.15<0.05
2YSHPXL2355A0.10<0.05
3YSHPXL2441A0.30<0.05
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5YSRMDL4155B0.20<0.05
6YSSLDL4021C0.20<0.05
7YSZXDJ1543A0.15<0.05
8NS52110.30<0.05
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8个严重内涝点历史统计淹没水深与增设LID后模拟最大水深值对比

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序号点位历史统计积水点位的淹没水深值h/m增设LID后易涝点模拟最大水深值h/m
1YSSLXL3623A0.15<0.05
2YSHPXL2355A0.10<0.05
3YSHPXL2441A0.30<0.05
4YSZXDJ1002A0.250.05~0.10
5YSRMDL4155B0.20<0.05
6YSSLDL4021C0.20<0.05
7YSZXDJ1543A0.15<0.05
8NS52110.30<0.05
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北方平原城市LID设施控制雨洪效果研究
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俞皓然 1 , 邵薇薇 1 , 辛广宜 1 , 李宇星 1 , 杨志勇 1 , 曲垚 2
中国水利水电科学研究院学报(中英文) | 2026,24(3): 319-332
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中国水利水电科学研究院学报(中英文) | 2026 , 24 (3) : 319 -332
北方平原城市LID设施控制雨洪效果研究
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俞皓然1 , 邵薇薇1 , 辛广宜1, 李宇星1, 杨志勇1, 曲垚2
作者信息
  • 1中国水利水电科学研究院,流域水循环与水安全全国重点实验室, 北京 100038
  • 2中城院(北京)环境科技股份有限公司, 北京 100032
通讯作者:
邵薇薇(1981—),博士,正高级工程师,主要从事城市水文研究。E-mail:
Research on the effectiveness of Low Impact Development facilities in controlling stormwater in Northern Plain Cities
Haoran YU1 , Weiwei SHAO1 , Guangyi XIN1, Yuxing LI1, Zhiyong YANG1, Yao QU2
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Water Security, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing100038, China
  • 2Cucde Environmental Technology Co. Ltd., Beijing100032, China
出版时间: 2026-05-28 doi: 10.3724/j.jiwhr.20250170
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低影响开发设施建设对缓解城市内涝灾害具有显著影响,为研究低影响开发(Low Impact Development,LID)设施建设对北方平原地区雨洪控制效果,本文构建了以片区为基底的衡水市中心城区暴雨洪水管理模型,分析了现状管网过流能力,并从年径流总量控制率和内涝风险两个方面模拟比较了中心城区LID设施建设前后雨洪控制效果。模拟结果表明:中心城区范围内各区域中心部分的排水能力相较周边有待提高,50%以上的管网排水能力较好,仍有30%左右的管网需要继续改造;LID设施建设后,中心城区年径流总量控制率达到76%,较开发建设前提升了14%,各重点片区年径流总量控制率均达到75%以上;对比LID设施建设前后中心城区建成区30年一遇24 h降雨(累计降雨量195.7 mm)内涝风险情况,建设后内涝风险面积减少4.46 km2,且建设前出现的8个严重内涝积水点全部消除,内涝防治标准面积约71.59 km2,占建成区面积93.3%,内涝防治标准面积达标,中心城区LID设施建设后能有效应对30年一遇暴雨。

低影响开发  /  雨洪控制效果  /  暴雨洪水管理模型  /  年径流总量控制率  /  内涝风险分析

The construction of Low Impact Development (LID) facilities has a significant impact on alleviating urban waterlogging disasters. To study the effect of LID facility construction on rain and flood control in the northern plain area, this paper constructs a Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) based on the district as the base of the central urban area of Hengshui city, analyzes the current pipe network flow capacity, and simulates and compares the rain and flood control effects before and after the construction of LID facilities in the central urban area from the aspects of annual total runoff control rate and flood risk. The simulation results show that the drainage capacity of the central part of each area in the central urban area is relatively lower than that of the surrounding areas. More than 50% of the pipe network has a good drainage capacity, but about 30% of the pipe network still needs to be renovated. After the construction of LID facilities, the annual total runoff control rate in the central urban area has significantly increased to 76%, an increase of 14% compared with the development and construction before. The annual total runoff control rate of each key district has reached more than 75%. By comparing the flood risk in the built-up area of the central urban area under a 30-year return period 24-hour rainfall (cumulative rainfall of 195.7 mm) before and after the construction of LID facilities, the flood risk area has decreased by 4.46 km2 after the construction, and all 8 severe flood waterlogging points that appeared before have been eliminated. The flood prevention standard area is about 71.59 km2, accounting for 93.3% of the built-up area, and the flood prevention standard area has reached the standard. The construction of LID facilities in the central urban area can effectively cope with a 30-year return period of heavy rain.

low impact development  /  stormwater control effectiveness  /  storm water management model  /  volume capture ratio of annual rainfall  /  flood risk analysis
俞皓然, 邵薇薇, 辛广宜, 李宇星, 杨志勇, 曲垚. 北方平原城市LID设施控制雨洪效果研究. 中国水利水电科学研究院学报(中英文), 2026 , 24 (3) : 319 -332 . DOI: 10.3724/j.jiwhr.20250170
Haoran YU, Weiwei SHAO, Guangyi XIN, Yuxing LI, Zhiyong YANG, Yao QU. Research on the effectiveness of Low Impact Development facilities in controlling stormwater in Northern Plain Cities[J]. Journal of China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, 2026 , 24 (3) : 319 -332 . DOI: 10.3724/j.jiwhr.20250170
近几年,极端天气事件呈现突发趋势,我国“城市看海”现象日益频繁,逢雨必涝已逐渐成为我国许多城市的痼疾1-3。根据联合国减少灾害风险办公室(United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction,UNDRR)提供的统计数据,在过去20年中,洪涝灾害发生次数约占自然灾害发生次数的43%,全球范围内的受影响人口超过20亿,经济损失高达6560万美元4。工业化、城镇化和极端气候变化使人水关系矛盾日益突出,城市雨洪管理面临极大的压力5
“海绵城市”这一理念自2013年12月在《中央城镇化工作会议》上被正式提出6,为适应新型城镇化发展提出了新思路,是当前我国着力推行的用于破解城市防洪排涝桎梏的雨洪管理思维革命7-8。1990年代,美国尝试将城市绿化运动提倡的城市中的空地绿化成公园和花园这种理念应用于城市建设和土地利用规划中,从而提出了“低影响开发(Low Impact Development,LID)”概念9。LID作为海绵城市建设的重要组成部分,是一种新型雨水管理理念10-11,其采用“渗、滞、蓄、净、用、排”等人为设计的用于处理降雨径流的绿色基础设施措施,包括透水铺装、绿色屋顶、下凹式绿地、生物滞留设施等来实现雨水自然积存、渗透和净化12-13,有效改善城市的下垫面状况,增加城市蓄洪能力14,缓解城市内涝、污染等问题,并以年径流总量控制率等指标为依据,指导城市开发建设,改善城市生态环境,提升城市防洪减灾能力15-17
近年来,许多学者对LID设施在城市内涝中局部区域发挥的效果进行了研究。邹涵等18以某既有小区为例,根据场地条件、空间需求及下垫面特征的可行性分析确定不同LID组合方案,从生态、社会、经济三方面进行综合效益分析,并得到组合效益较优方案。石蕾等19以高校校园为研究对象,基于LID理论改善校园的铺装、绿地系统、屋顶、水体等,为其他高校进行海绵校园建设提供一定的解决思路。张倩文20利用LID模式改善园林景观绿化系统,赋予园林景观极强的美观性和雨水利用能力,为国内园林景观绿化项目的设计提供借鉴。现阶段考虑到城市区域资料的可获取性和水文过程转换的复杂性,城市片区尺度的LID研究尚不多见,多集中于小区域LID实施效果研究。但随着城市内涝灾害的频发,小区域尺度的LID开发已不能满足城市建设的步伐,将LID应用于城市统筹建设和整体布局规划势在必行21
本文以河北省衡水市中心城区为研究对象,通过本底数据收集、合理化分析并结合地理信息系统(Geographic Information System,GIS)等构建了以片区为基底的中心城区暴雨洪水管理模型,通过模拟不同重现期下中心城区现状排水管网过流能力,增设LID设施项目前后整体与各重点示范片区年径流总量控制率变化情况及在30年一遇暴雨下LID设施建设前后内涝风险对比分析,进而验证LID设施建设后雨洪控制效果,为北方平原地区LID设施建设对缓解城市暴雨内涝灾害提供理论参考。
衡水市位于河北省东南部,东西部分别与沧州市和石家庄市接壤,南部与邢台市相连,北部同保定市和沧州市交界,地处黄河古道平原地区。
市域总面积8836.44 km2,全市常住人口为421.29万人。老旧小区较多,总占地面积超7.78 km2,约占建成区面积的10%,其主要分布在桃城区,约占总量的2/3。中心城区总面积约455.19 km2,其中建成区面积为76.75 km2,毗邻衡水湖。各个片区主要位于衡水市桃城区和冀州区,分别为桃城片区,环衡水湖片区和冀州片区,面积分别是53.38 km2,13.39 km2和6.63 km2,具体地理位置如图1。中心城区内主要有滏阳河(桃城区段)、滏阳新河、滏东排河、班曹店干渠、闸西干渠、胡堂干渠、迎宾河、衡水湖、丰收渠、巨吴渠、冀码渠、冀午渠、盐河故道、刘台排干等水系分布。
衡水市地处冲积平原,地势自西南向东北缓慢倾斜,海拔高度12 ~ 30 m。地面坡降,滏阳河以东在1/8000 ~ 1/10 000之间,以西为1/4000,大部分区域坡度较缓。境内河流较多,由于河流泛滥和改道,沉积物交错分布,形成许多缓岗、微斜平地和低洼地,区地面高程(国家85高程基准)绝大部分在20.0 ~ 20.5 m之间,局部低洼处为18.6 ~ 19.5 m,局部高地为21.5 ~ 22.5 m,如图23所示。
土地利用数据是反映土地利用系统及土地利用要素的状态、特征、动态变化、分布特点,以及人类对土地的开发利用、治理改造、管理保护和土地利用规划等数据资料。通过统计与监测所取得的数据资料与利用遥感技术获得的黑白、彩色、多光谱航空、卫星图象等资料,选用GIS编辑器工具制作衡水市中心城区的土地利用类型图,并依据不同区域范围土地利用类型的特征对其进行划分,以此来确定模型中不同子汇水区不透水率的取值。
本文中心城区范围土地利用类型主要分为(1)耕地、(2)草地、(3)水域、(4)未利用土地、(5)道路、(6)城乡、工矿及居民用地6种,衡水市中心城区土地利用类型现状如图4所示。
立足衡水实际,以城市公园绿地、建筑社区、道路广场、水系联通等系统模块带动全域化城市整体融入“海绵理念”,充分发挥LID设施建设在解决城市水资源短缺和内涝问题、缓解城市热岛效应和改善城市生态环境方面的优越效能,实现人与自然和谐相处。衡水市中心城区纳入LID设施建设示范项目清单完工项目102个,将在3 a内(2023年5月—2025年底)建设完成:研究区具体涵盖的LID设施包括绿色屋顶、透水铺装、雨水桶、下凹绿地(植草沟)和生物滞留网格(雨水花园)。2023年度LID设施建设完工项目35个;2024年度LID设施建设完工项目33个;2025年度计划使用LID设施建设资金11.31亿元,涉及LID设施建设项目34个,其中2025年计划新增完工项目34个。具体LID设施分布情况如图5所示。
根据河北省住房和城乡建设厅、河北省气象局于2016年6月12日组织发布的《关于发布河北省主要城市暴雨强度公式(修订)的通知》可知,衡水市暴雨强度公式为:
q=3953.190(1+0.997lg p)(t+16.393)0.852
式中:q为设计暴雨强度,L/(s·hm2);p为设计重现期,a;t为降雨历时,min。
根据《室外排水设计标准》(GB 50014—2021),衡水市属于大城市,依据衡水市暴雨强度公式并结合芝加哥雨型计算器计算出衡水市在1年一遇、2年一遇、3年一遇和5年一遇情况下的降雨过程曲线(图6)与对应的降雨数据(表1),并应用在后续现状管网过流能力研究分析。芝加哥雨型计算器中设定时间步长1 min,雨峰系数0.4。
暴雨洪水管理模型(Storm Water Management Model,SWMM)是目前广泛应用的城市地表雨水径流模拟和排水管网流量演算的城市雨洪模型22。该模型采用流域概化方法,将地表划分为透水区和不透水区,分别计算其水文响应。对于透水区,采用改进的Horton入渗公式进行处理;对于不透水区,则进一步细化为两部分,其中25%的不透水区域假设为零洼蓄,其余75%的不透水区域在净雨计算时需要扣除初损。该模型的优势在于其灵活性和易于使用,凭借在雨洪管理模型中高应用率和认可度,被广泛应用于城市暴雨洪水模拟、排水管网系统设计、城市非点源负荷估算和内涝风险评估等过程中,尤其适用于中小规模的城市或特定区域的降雨洪水模拟与内涝分析23-26
本文一维排水管网模型主要模拟降雨形成径流,通过雨水口的设施进入管网并最终达到管网末端流入河道,再由河道流出的整个过程。
选用GIS软件创建并处理中心城区的管网拓扑关系以及排水管网前期存在问题,检查相邻的管线之间的联通关系合理性,删除孤立的管线,并利用顺序关系理论和度量关系理论检查管线的坐标以及相应的特征数据合理性。再将管网进行概化,删除对建模影响较小或意义不大的支管、连接管,合并长度较短的管段,主要概化干管或主干管,将支路平行管线进行合并。对于管线逆坡问题,结合实际情况及联通合理性进行修正。
由于SWMM并无地形数据的前处理模块,故建模时,子汇水区划分需单独进行,本文采用人工划分法,根据研究区域排水管网走向、道路分布和检查井分布等基础信息手动进行划分,确保划分结果精度较高且符合实际。
本文一维模型的构建范围主要为衡水市中心城区,建模过程中,通过收集整理衡水市现状管网普查数据、河道基础数据、CAD格式的施工图等,对多个数据源的数据进行相互验证,结合实地踏勘,建立起真实可信的排水模型(如图7)。
模型的边界条件以中心城区周边河道为例,根据基础资料以及实地踏勘测量,确定衡水市滏阳河、迎宾河、胡堂干渠等河道重要断面的现状。以管道出水口处的河道水位为条件,下游出口节点连接河道,采用固定水位出流。因中心城区地势高于四周,当有内涝发生时,部分地表积水会向城区四周散排。同时下渗模型选用Horton模型。
影响模拟结果精准程度的因素有很多,除了管网数据、地面高程等因素外,影响最大的就是相关参数的选取,因此,在基础模型构建完成以后,需要对模型进行测算,来判断模型的稳定性、真实性以及相关参数的选取数值是否合理。经过对现状数据的收集、处理及校核,建立了能满足衡水市内涝模拟的综合城市排水模型,模型涵盖了管网、河道以及蓄水池等,最终模型规模包括2个蓄水池、27个出水口、1243个节点、1430根管道、87段河道、10个水闸、2个泵站以及448个子汇区。模型构建后,针对不同的要素进行参数初设,测算模型的稳定性,并利用相关监测数据开展模型后续的率定工作。
衡水市中心城区建成区LID设施建设前后的30年一遇内涝风险评估模拟采用SWMM一维水动力模型与Anuga(全称ANUGA Hydro)二维耦合。
Anuga是一款开源的二维水动力学建模软件,由澳大利亚地球科学局(Geoscience Australia)与澳大利亚国立大学合作开发,采用有限体积法对水流运动进行数值模拟,适用于预测洪水等自然灾害的淹没范围和动力学过程。其核心特点是其灵活的网格系统,通过非结构化三角形网格适应复杂地形。
模型输入资料除管网及排涝通道的基础信息外,还包括地形资料、下垫面资料、入渗资料、降雨资料等,二维网格剖分尺寸为10 m×10 m。
管网模型与二维模型在垂直方向进行耦合连接,主要针对城市地下排水管网与地面的水流交换问题。耦合方式假定地表地下水流的交换只通过节点(雨水井、检查井等)进行流量交换。本次模拟采用单向耦合方式开展,即管网节点溢流进入二维模型。
采用一二维耦合模型对衡水市中心城区暴雨洪涝风险进行分析,直观展示内涝风险积水情况,可视化效果良好。模拟过程中,将SWMM模型的计算结果作为边界条件驱动二维模型,数据单向流动。选定耦合交互时间步长;再根据选定时间步长运行SWMM模型,记录每一时间步节点溢流量;然后根据SWMM溢流节点坐标,将节点溢流量输入至二维模型;最后运行二维模型,记录网格淹没过程,绘制淹没范围图。
水文水动力模块在SWMM模型中包括一系列可通过收集的基础资料设定或直接进行计算得到的确定性参数,同时也包括需要通过率定取值的不确定性参数如粗糙度系数、透水区域的存储深度、透水区域的粗糙度系数、最大下渗率、最小下渗率、衰减常数、饱和土壤干燥时间等。参数率定一般通过管网排放口的实测径流数据与实际降雨下的模拟径流结果进行二者的误差分析,通过参数的反复调整使实测径流数据与实际降雨下模拟径流结果的误差保持在允许范围之内。由于模型的复杂性和现场监测时场地条件及管道运行状况的不确定性,用于模型率定的监测数据需要进行筛选,筛选的原则为主要选择有明显产流过程且引起管网液位的典型降雨事件用于分析校验。利用筛选出的可用于模型率定的监测数据进行验证,本次采取纳什效率系数(Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency Coefficient,NSE)验证模拟效果,如式(2):
E=1-t=1T(Qot-Qmt)2t=1T(Qot-Qo¯)2
式中:Qott时刻实际观测值;Qmtt时刻模型模拟值;Qo¯为观测值的平均值;T为模拟时长。
E取值为- ~ 1,E接近1,表示模式质量好,模型可信度高;E接近0,表示模拟结果接近观测值的平均值水平,即总体结果可信,但过程模拟误差大;E远远小于0,则模型是不可信的。
为率定模拟参数并验证模型准确性,本次研究选取2024年8月25日—27日典型降雨对模型进行率定模拟,该降雨历时64 h,最大降雨强度10.8 mm/h,总降雨量52.3 mm;利用2024年9月10日—11日24 h降雨对模型进行验证,最大降雨强度14.5 mm/h,总降雨量109.5 mm,降雨过程信息如图89所示,两场降雨时间步长均为0.5 h。降雨发生时,城区排涝未受外洪顶托影响,因此模拟时河道出口按滏阳河常水位进行设置。
选取中心城区中具有实际监测值的检查井点位与模拟结果进行对比,经过表2中的5次迭代调整,采用第5次校核系数为模型参数。通过上述方法计算得出纳什效率系数范围为0.57 ~ 0.86,平均纳什效率系数为0.75,即模型选取的下渗、曼宁等参数合理,模拟效果良好。基于此参数进行设定,模型验证期的纳什效率系数范围为0.53 ~ 0.74,平均纳什效率系数为0.67,即模型计算结果与实测结果相吻合度较好,验证了所构建模型的准确性。模型参数率定优化过程取值如表2所示。
依据《室外排水设计标准》(GB 50014—2021)中的规定,雨水和合流管按一定重现期的满管流设计。在模型模拟过程中,“管道水位”(Depth)字段可用于评估衡水市排水系统管网的能力和优化需求。本文结合芝加哥雨型并采用河北省衡水市暴雨强度公式,依次计算出1年一遇、2年一遇、3年一遇和5年一遇设计重现期下的降雨数据。通过SWMM模型模拟分析了中心城区现状管网过流能力,区域采用管网1008根,总长度208 km,采用管道最不利时刻的负荷状态判断管网系统的排水能力,进行排水管网能力分析,具体情况如表34图10所示。
分析结果可知,现状排水管网总长度为208 km,其中重现期小于1 a的管网长度为47 km,占比22.6%;1 ~ 2 a管网长度为26.6 km,占比12.8%;2 ~ 3 a为12.3 km,占比5.9%;3 ~ 5 a为3.5 km,占比1.7%;大于5 a为118.6 km,占比57%。
桃城区现状管网排水能力分析结果显示:总长度为147.8 km,大多数排水管网集中在大于5 a重现期(68.9%);小于1 a重现期的管网占比为15.3%,较为适中;2 ~ 3 a重现期和3 ~ 5 a重现期的管网占比相对较小,分别为5.7%和0.2%。
冀州区现状管网排水能力分析结果显示:总长度为60.2 km,其中重现期小于1年的管网长度为24.4 km,占比最大为40.5%;大部分的管网重现期在1 ~ 2年以及大于5年,而2 ~ 3年以及3 ~ 5年重现期的管网长度所占比例较低。
总体来说,衡水市中心城区范围内有50%以上的管网排水能力较好,仍有30%左右的管网需要继续改造来提升排水能力;同时各区域中心部分的排水能力相较周边仍有待提高。随着设计重现期的增大,中心城区管网防洪排涝承载能力降低,溢流比例增加。
本研究将2023年衡水市中心城区全年实测降雨资料输入SWMM模型当中,分析计算中心城区整体以及各个示范片区的年径流总量控制率。其中2023年全年降雨量616 mm,时间步长为1 h,且多年平均降雨为481.1 mm,2023年为丰水年,具体降雨数据如图11
采用2023年逐小时实测全年降雨序列进行模拟,中心城区235个子汇水区分别添加多种LID设施,包括a:绿色屋顶;b:透水铺装;c:雨水桶;d:下凹绿地(植草沟);e:生物滞留网格(雨水花园)。其中,添加LID设施的子汇水区中桃城片区、环衡水湖片区、冀州片区分别有149、7、22个。经模型计算,经LID设施规划后子汇水区年径流总量控制率显著提升,提升率最高可达50%。从所有子汇区中提取出径流总量控制率较高和较低值比较分析,可以看出A68、A249、A148、A245以及A237提升率较高,A17、A214、A173和A169提升率较低仅为1% ~ 5%。统计其LID设施面积发现提升率影响因素主要在于LID设施占比,具体对比结果见表5
2023年中心城区LID设施建设前后年径流总量控制率计算结果如表6所示。由表可知,衡水市中心城区随着低影响开发的建设,各个示范片区及整体的年径流总量控制率显著提升,均达到75%以上,达到中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部2014年组织编制的《海绵城市建设技术指南——低影响开发雨水系统构建(试行)》中对我国大陆地区年径流总量控制率提出的要求。LID设施建设成效显著,能有效实现雨水就地入渗、滞留和回用,消纳中小型降雨事件,一定程度上缓解了城市内涝发生时的灾害情况,但对于低频次的极端暴雨(50年一遇或更高)情况,LID设施功能仍有一定的局限性。
区域内涝风险分析是在构建区域管网模型的基础上,通过与地表二维模型进行耦合,模拟超标降雨情况下的地表内涝积水状况。衡水市中心城区建成区内涝风险模拟采用SWMM软件建立一维排水管网模型并利用Anuga二维耦合对建成区现状及增设LID设施后内涝风险进行评估。衡水市内涝防治标准为30年一遇,本次模拟采用衡水市30年一遇24 h长历时降雨工况,时间步长为1 h且降雨总量为195.7 mm,得到内涝积水风险情况,具体降雨数据如图12所示。此时城区排涝达到防治标准,假设河道出口受到外洪顶托的影响,根据《衡水市城市防洪规划(2021—2035)》,出口处按滏阳河20年一遇设计水位进行设置。
评价标准方面,根据《室外排水设计标准》(GB 50014—2021),内涝防治设计重现期下衡水市中心城区允许的最大退水时间为1 ~ 3 h,根据城市发展水平,衡水市取2 h。本次模拟按照此标准进行评价复核,根据模型模拟结果情况,在30年一遇降雨重现期下,积水深度在0.15 m以下,降雨停止后路面雨水在2 h内排干,认定为不存在内涝风险。
结合现状地形进行二维地表漫流模拟,模拟衡水市30年一遇24 h降雨结束2 h后的积水情况,积水深度在(0.15 m,0.30 m]为低风险,在(0.30 m,0.50 m]之间为中风险,大于0.5 m为高风险,并在图13中分别设为蓝色、黄色和红色,详情见表7
模拟结果表明:城市建成区在30年一遇降雨时存在内涝风险的面积约9.62 km2,占建成区面积12.5%。另外1号胜利路、2号和平路、3号中华街与和平路口、4号新华路休闲广场、5号人民路与报社街路口、6号报社街、7号自强街、8号府东街北段8处出现较为严重的积水情况(如图1314)。
模拟结果中8处严重积水点相较于衡水市实际历史调查已明确位置的11处建成区易存水点情况,即胜利路、和平路、中华街与和平路口、新华路休闲广场、人民路与报社街路口、报社街、自强街、府东街北段、前进街沿线低洼区域、榕花街、中心北大街与裕华路口周边低洼区域进行对比,点位命中率达到8/11即72.7%,模型基本准确。
再次对增设LID设施后中心城区建成区的内涝风险情况(30年一遇、195.7 mm/24 h)进行模拟。结果表明,达到30年一遇内涝防治标准面积约71.59 km2,占建成区面积的93.3%,与增设LID设施前相比,内涝风险区面积减少4.46 km2。其中对比模拟的增设LID设施之前的结果中所提到的8个严重内涝积水点全部消除(如图15表8),内涝防治标准面积达标。同时需要注意的是,尽管LID设施建设成本较高,但综合考虑年径流总量控制率提升14%、内涝风险面积减少4.46 km2及严重积水点全部消除等成效,其成本效益总体合理。
本文通过对衡水市中心城区构建SWMM模型,结合不同重现期降雨条件下现状排水管网过流能力、LID设施建设前后年径流总量控制率变化及30年一遇暴雨下内涝风险分析对其雨洪控制效果进行研究。
(1)衡水市中心城区50%以上的现状管网排水能力能满足5年一遇标准,但各区域中心部分的现状管网排水能力较周边仍有待提高;
(2)中心城区LID设施开发建设后,年径流总量控制率达到76%,较开发建设前提升了14%,且各个重点片区达到75%以上,控制效果良好,有效提升了衡水市对城市雨水径流源头水量的刚性约束,降低了城市内涝风险机率,缓解了城市内涝;
(3)考虑极端天气下衡水市中心城区在30年一遇24 h降雨(累计降雨量195.7 mm)时,LID设施建设后建成区内涝风险区面积减少4.46 km2,约71.59 km2,占建成区面积的93.3%,且模拟增设LID设施之前出现的8个严重内涝积水点全部消除,衡水市中心城区LID设施建设后内涝防治标准面积达标,能有效应对30年一遇暴雨。

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2026年第24卷第3期
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doi: 10.3724/j.jiwhr.20250170
  • 接收时间:2025-08-03
  • 首发时间:2026-06-25
  • 出版时间:2026-05-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-03
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    1中国水利水电科学研究院,流域水循环与水安全全国重点实验室, 北京 100038
    2中城院(北京)环境科技股份有限公司, 北京 100032

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邵薇薇(1981—),博士,正高级工程师,主要从事城市水文研究。E-mail:
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