Article(id=1276897360961728762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577071032668183, issueId=1276897056350405403, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3724/j.jiwhr.20250076, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1742918400000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782365654458, onlineDateStr=2026-06-25, pubDate=1779897600000, pubDateStr=2026-05-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782365654458, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782365654458, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782365654458, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276897056350405403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577071032668183, year='2026', volume='24', issue='3', pageStart='261', pageEnd='428', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779897600000', pubDateStr='2026-05-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782365581834, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782367082282, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276903349781926250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577071032668183, issueId=1276897056350405403, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276903349781926251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577071032668183, issueId=1276897056350405403, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=343, endPage=356, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276897361322438908, articleId=1276897360961728762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577071032668183, language=EN, title=The study of the relationship between ground subsidence and deep groundwater in Hengshui City based on time-series InSAR, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The long-term over-extraction of groundwater in Hengshui City has led to a continuous decline in the deep groundwater levels, which in turn has caused serious ground subsidence issues, threatening the sustainable development of the regional economy and ecological environment. Studying the distribution characteristics of ground subsidence and its response relationship with deep groundwater levels is of great significance for preventing and controlling subsidence disasters and formulating scientific policies for groundwater development and utilization. This study is based on SBAS-InSAR data and deep groundwater level monitoring data from 2018 to 2022. It analyzes the characteristics of ground subsidence in Hengshui City and its response relationship with deep groundwater level changes across three time scales: multi-year averages, inter-annual variations, and monthly fluctuations. Using the cross-wavelet transform analysis method, this research quantitatively investigates the periodic characteristics of ground subsidence and deep groundwater level evolution and their time-lag relationships at representative points. The research results indicate that: (1) From 2018 to 2022, Hengshui City was in a state of subsidence as a whole, with areas that have a cumulative subsidence of over 100 mm accounting for 86.54%. This has formed two distinct subsidence zones, one stretching from Raoyang to Shenzhou and the other at the junction of Jizhou-Zaoqiang to the boundary between Fucheng County and Jingxian County. (2) The study area was in a “rapid subsidence” phase from 2018 to 2019, with the highest subsidence intensity occurring in Anping County and Raoyang County. After 2020, it entered a "slow subsidence" phase, where the recovery of deep groundwater levels significantly slowed down the subsidence rate. By 2022, the average subsidence amount decreased to 4.7 mm. However, some areas continued to experience further subsidence as their groundwater levels were lower than the historical minimum groundwater levels. (3) The groundwater level falling below the historical minimum groundwater levels is a key driving factor for subsidence, and the resulting inelastic compression is the main component of the subsidence amount. This indicates that preventing deep groundwater levels from falling below historical lows is an effective measure for controlling ground subsidence. (4) The average time lag between ground subsidence and changes in groundwater levels at six representative points is 38.83 to 66.99 days, demonstrating a significant lag effect in the compaction of aquifers in the area. The findings of this study can provide a scientific basis for subsidence prevention and control, water resource management, and regional sustainable development in the Hengshui area.

, authors=null, authorsList=Shangqi HAN, Chuiyu LU, Wen LU, Rong LIU, Wei TANG, Lingjia YAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276897364593996050, articleId=1276897360961728762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577071032668183, language=CN, title=基于时序InSAR的衡水市地面沉降与深层地下水关系研究, columnId=0, journalTitle=中国水利水电科学研究院学报(中英文), columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

衡水市长期超采地下水导致深层地下水位持续下降,进而引发严重的地面沉降问题,威胁区域经济与生态环境的可持续发展。研究地面沉降的分布特征及其与深层地下水位的响应关系,对于防控沉降灾害、制定科学的地下水开发利用政策具有重要意义。本研究基于2018—2022年的SBAS-InSAR数据和深层地下水位监测数据,从多年平均、年际和月度三个时间尺度,分析了衡水市地面沉降与深层水位的变化特征与响应关系;采用交叉小波变换分析方法,定量研究了代表性点位地面沉降与深层地下水位演变的周期特征及时间滞后关系。研究结果表明:(1)衡水市在2018—2022年整体处于沉降状态,累计沉降量超过-100 mm的区域占比达86.54%,分别形成了饶阳至深州、冀州-枣强交界至阜城县-景县交界处两部分连片明显沉降区。(2)2018—2019年研究区处于“快速下沉”阶段,安平县和饶阳县沉降速率最大;2020年后为“缓慢下沉”阶段,深层地下水位的回升显著减缓了沉降速率,2022年平均沉降量降至4.7 mm,但部分区域因突破历史最低深层水位故存在进一步沉降现象。(3)突破历史最低深层水位是沉降发生的关键驱动因素,由此诱发的非弹性压缩量是沉降量的主要组成部分,说明防控深层水位突破历史低值是治理地面沉降的有效手段。(4)6个代表性点位的地面沉降与地下水位变化平均滞后时间为38.83~66.99 d,表明该地区含水层压实具有明显的滞后效应。本文研究结果可为衡水地区沉降防控、水资源管理和区域可持续发展提供科学依据。

, authors=

韩尚麒(1995—),博士生,主要从事地下水数值模拟研究。E-mail:

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陆垂裕(1976—),博士,正高级工程师,主要从事地下水数值模拟研究。E-mail:
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韩尚麒(1995—),博士生,主要从事地下水数值模拟研究。E-mail:

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(注:地下水位变幅为正表示水位回升,为负表示水位下降)

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基于时序InSAR的衡水市地面沉降与深层地下水关系研究
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韩尚麒 1, 2 , 陆垂裕 1, 2 , 陆文 1, 2 , 刘蓉 1, 2 , 唐伟 3 , 严聆嘉 1, 2
中国水利水电科学研究院学报(中英文) | 2026,24(3): 343-356
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中国水利水电科学研究院学报(中英文) | 2026 , 24 (3) : 343 -356
基于时序InSAR的衡水市地面沉降与深层地下水关系研究
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韩尚麒(1995—),博士生,主要从事地下水数值模拟研究。E-mail:

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韩尚麒(1995—),博士生,主要从事地下水数值模拟研究。E-mail:

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韩尚麒1, 2 , 陆垂裕1, 2 , 陆文1, 2, 刘蓉1, 2, 唐伟3, 严聆嘉1, 2
作者信息
  • 1中国水利水电科学研究院 流域水循环与水安全全国重点实验室,北京 100038
  • 2中国水利水电科学研究院 水资源所,北京 100038
  • 3中国矿业大学(北京) 地球科学与测绘工程学院,北京 100038
通讯作者:
陆垂裕(1976—),博士,正高级工程师,主要从事地下水数值模拟研究。E-mail:
The study of the relationship between ground subsidence and deep groundwater in Hengshui City based on time-series InSAR
Shangqi HAN1, 2 , Chuiyu LU1, 2 , Wen LU1, 2, Rong LIU1, 2, Wei TANG3, Lingjia YAN1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Water Security, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing100038, China
  • 2Department of Water Resources, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing100038, China
  • 3College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing100038, China
出版时间: 2026-05-28 doi: 10.3724/j.jiwhr.20250076
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衡水市长期超采地下水导致深层地下水位持续下降,进而引发严重的地面沉降问题,威胁区域经济与生态环境的可持续发展。研究地面沉降的分布特征及其与深层地下水位的响应关系,对于防控沉降灾害、制定科学的地下水开发利用政策具有重要意义。本研究基于2018—2022年的SBAS-InSAR数据和深层地下水位监测数据,从多年平均、年际和月度三个时间尺度,分析了衡水市地面沉降与深层水位的变化特征与响应关系;采用交叉小波变换分析方法,定量研究了代表性点位地面沉降与深层地下水位演变的周期特征及时间滞后关系。研究结果表明:(1)衡水市在2018—2022年整体处于沉降状态,累计沉降量超过-100 mm的区域占比达86.54%,分别形成了饶阳至深州、冀州-枣强交界至阜城县-景县交界处两部分连片明显沉降区。(2)2018—2019年研究区处于“快速下沉”阶段,安平县和饶阳县沉降速率最大;2020年后为“缓慢下沉”阶段,深层地下水位的回升显著减缓了沉降速率,2022年平均沉降量降至4.7 mm,但部分区域因突破历史最低深层水位故存在进一步沉降现象。(3)突破历史最低深层水位是沉降发生的关键驱动因素,由此诱发的非弹性压缩量是沉降量的主要组成部分,说明防控深层水位突破历史低值是治理地面沉降的有效手段。(4)6个代表性点位的地面沉降与地下水位变化平均滞后时间为38.83~66.99 d,表明该地区含水层压实具有明显的滞后效应。本文研究结果可为衡水地区沉降防控、水资源管理和区域可持续发展提供科学依据。

地面沉降  /  衡水市  /  SBAS-InSAR  /  深层地下水  /  时空特征

The long-term over-extraction of groundwater in Hengshui City has led to a continuous decline in the deep groundwater levels, which in turn has caused serious ground subsidence issues, threatening the sustainable development of the regional economy and ecological environment. Studying the distribution characteristics of ground subsidence and its response relationship with deep groundwater levels is of great significance for preventing and controlling subsidence disasters and formulating scientific policies for groundwater development and utilization. This study is based on SBAS-InSAR data and deep groundwater level monitoring data from 2018 to 2022. It analyzes the characteristics of ground subsidence in Hengshui City and its response relationship with deep groundwater level changes across three time scales: multi-year averages, inter-annual variations, and monthly fluctuations. Using the cross-wavelet transform analysis method, this research quantitatively investigates the periodic characteristics of ground subsidence and deep groundwater level evolution and their time-lag relationships at representative points. The research results indicate that: (1) From 2018 to 2022, Hengshui City was in a state of subsidence as a whole, with areas that have a cumulative subsidence of over 100 mm accounting for 86.54%. This has formed two distinct subsidence zones, one stretching from Raoyang to Shenzhou and the other at the junction of Jizhou-Zaoqiang to the boundary between Fucheng County and Jingxian County. (2) The study area was in a “rapid subsidence” phase from 2018 to 2019, with the highest subsidence intensity occurring in Anping County and Raoyang County. After 2020, it entered a "slow subsidence" phase, where the recovery of deep groundwater levels significantly slowed down the subsidence rate. By 2022, the average subsidence amount decreased to 4.7 mm. However, some areas continued to experience further subsidence as their groundwater levels were lower than the historical minimum groundwater levels. (3) The groundwater level falling below the historical minimum groundwater levels is a key driving factor for subsidence, and the resulting inelastic compression is the main component of the subsidence amount. This indicates that preventing deep groundwater levels from falling below historical lows is an effective measure for controlling ground subsidence. (4) The average time lag between ground subsidence and changes in groundwater levels at six representative points is 38.83 to 66.99 days, demonstrating a significant lag effect in the compaction of aquifers in the area. The findings of this study can provide a scientific basis for subsidence prevention and control, water resource management, and regional sustainable development in the Hengshui area.

land subsidence  /  Hengshui  /  SBAS-InSAR  /  deep groundwater  /  spatiotemporal characteristics
韩尚麒, 陆垂裕, 陆文, 刘蓉, 唐伟, 严聆嘉. 基于时序InSAR的衡水市地面沉降与深层地下水关系研究. 中国水利水电科学研究院学报(中英文), 2026 , 24 (3) : 343 -356 . DOI: 10.3724/j.jiwhr.20250076
Shangqi HAN, Chuiyu LU, Wen LU, Rong LIU, Wei TANG, Lingjia YAN. The study of the relationship between ground subsidence and deep groundwater in Hengshui City based on time-series InSAR[J]. Journal of China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, 2026 , 24 (3) : 343 -356 . DOI: 10.3724/j.jiwhr.20250076
地面沉降又称为地面下沉或地陷,是地下松散地层的固结压缩引起地壳表面降低的一种下降运动,威胁着自然环境和经济社会的可持续发展1-3。地下水位的持续下降通常是地面沉降的主要诱因4-6,水位下降后使得含水层的孔隙水压力降低,颗粒间的有效应力增大,导致土层压密释水7,厘清地下水位和地面沉降之间的关系是认识沉降机制的重要途径;本文所研究的衡水地区浅层多为咸水,经济社会发展长期依靠超采深层淡水8,1970年代地面沉降已见诸报导,目前已成为河北省地面沉降最为严重的地区之一。研究该地区地面沉降与深层地下水位协同相应关系对于水资源管理调控、地质灾害预防等都有重要意义。
在沉降监测方面,传统监测手段(如水准测量、GNSS监测等)具有较高的精度,针对小范围离散点位的观测具有优势,但是该方法成本较高,同时难以升尺度获取区域地面沉降信息。合成孔径雷达测量技术(InSAR)具有大范围、高精度、全天候的特点,近年来被广泛应用9-12,其中时序InSAR技术可以获取长时间的毫米级累计形变信息,成为研究地面沉降的具有极大潜力的手段13-14,目前该方法在衡水地区已有学者应用到监测当中。根据以往研究,地面沉降具有与地下水开采相关的季节性变化特征以及长期变化特征,部分学者研究结果显示衡水地区地下水长期超采引起的连续沉降是沉降发展的主要模式15,并且该地区地下水位的变化与地面形变过程呈现出一定的相关性,但个别年份又展现出地面下沉和地下水位变化不一致的特点16,该地区地下水位和地面沉降的相互关系研究尚有不足。
地下水位的下降会导致地面沉降发生,这一过程通常表现出一定的滞后性,然而目前关于衡水地区地面沉降滞后性的研究较为缺乏。交叉小波变换作为一种高效的时频分析工具,能够深入揭示两个信号在不同时间和频率尺度上的相关性。该方法在气候与地球科学、生态与环境等领域已得到广泛应用,众多学者利用其成功揭示了地下水位与降雨、开采量以及地面沉降与地下水位之间的时滞关系17-19。类似地,通过分析地面沉降与地下水位等信号的相位关系,可以准确获取两者的滞后性特征。针对衡水地区开展地面沉降与深层地下水位滞后性响应特征研究对于加深该地区的沉降认识具有重要意义。
本文以衡水市为研究对象,结合时序InSAR数据和深层地下水位数据研究2018—2022年不同时间尺度地下水位和地面沉降的时空变化特征,综合探讨地面沉降和地下水位之间协同响应关系,并采用交叉小波变换分析方法对代表性点位的时滞效应进行解析。
衡水市位于河北省东南部平原区,东部、北部分别与沧州市和保定市接壤,西部毗邻石家庄市和邢台市,南部与山东省以卫运河相隔。总面积约8815 km2,在行政区划上主要包含11个市县,如图1所示。该地区地势平坦,属于冲洪积、冲湖积地貌,整体地势表现为西南高、东北低,土壤以壤土、沙壤土、黏土为主。在气候上属于温带大陆性气候,四季分明,多年平均降雨量在500~600 mm之间,年蒸发量在1200 mm以上20,形成了以小麦、玉米种植为主的河北省粮食主产区,灌溉用水主要使用深层地下水,形成了多处地下水降落漏斗。
根据衡水市第四系沉积物的成因类型和水循环特征,垂向上可分为4个含水组,如图2所示,第I含水组是全新统地层,底板埋深50~70 m,该含水层主要岩性为细粉砂,含水层类型为潜水,以大气降雨入渗和地表水渗漏补给为主;第Ⅱ含水组是上更新统地层,底板埋深150~180 m,主要岩性为粉细砂,含水层微承压;第Ⅲ含水组是中更新统地层,底板埋深一般为350~450 m,主要岩性为中细砂,地下水类型为承压水,是主要的深层地下水开采层;第Ⅳ含水组是下更新统地层,底板埋深一般为450~600 m,主要岩性以中细砂为主,辅以中粗砂,地下水为承压水。通常把第I含水组划分为浅层含水层,部分第Ⅱ含水组和第Ⅲ、Ⅳ含水组划分为深层地下水,侧向径流补给和浅层水的越流是深层地下水主要补给源21-22
本文使用的2018—2022年地面形变反演数据来源于中国矿业大学,是基于小基线集干涉合成孔径雷达(Small Baseline Subset Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar,SBAS-InSAR)技术对145期Sentinel-1A卫星SAR影像进行的处理,并经过GNSS(Global Navigation Satellite System,全球导航卫星系统)连续观测点的验证,用以获取衡水市地表形变的时空演化特征。本文使用的地下水位观测资料来源于河北省水利厅,其中深层地下水观测井共168眼,主要为2018—2022年第Ⅲ、Ⅳ含水组的逐日观测数据,在使用过程中对于数据缺失、异常等情况分别进行了插值、清洗的处理,利用该资料结合克里金插值方法用以获取衡水市的地下水埋深的时空变化特征。
交叉小波变换(Cross Wavelet Transform, XWT)是一种用于分析两个时间序列之间相互关系的方法,尤其适用于非平稳信号的分析。它主要用于揭示两个信号之间的相关性及时间滞后关系。本研究使用该方法分析代表性点位地面沉降和地下水位的相互关系,交叉小波变换将两个时间序列XnYn定义为WXWY,交叉小波谱的公式为WXY=WXWY*,其中*为复共轭,在交叉小波功率谱中,密度被定义为WXY,其值越大代表相关程度越高。对于XnYn的背景功率谱PkXPkY的公式为24-25
DWnXsWnY*sσXσY<P=ZvPvPkXPkY
s=-2lnX2Y2/n
式中:D为统计量的概率分布函数;σXσY分别为时间序列XnYn的标准差;v为自由度;ZvP为置信度;s为小波相位角的标准偏差。
交叉小波的相位角定义为:
am=argi=1ncos(ai),i=1nsin(ai),
根据InSAR解译资料绘制了2018年1月—2022年12月的累计地面沉降量分布图,如图3所示,图中正值代表抬升,负值代表沉降。衡水各县区累计地面沉降量在-700~75 mm之间,其中,除桃城区部分区域发生地面抬升以外,其余地区均发生地面下沉,且大部分地区的累计沉降量在-100 mm以上,约占总面积的86.54%,尤其是饶阳县东北部至深州中部一线,以及冀州区-枣强县交界处至阜城县-景县交界处一线地面沉降显著,累计沉降量在-200 mm以上。
图4为地下水埋深分布图,图4(a)(b)分别为2018年初和2022年底埋深图,可以看出衡水市地下水埋深整体从北部向南部逐渐增加,局部存在地下水降落漏斗。2018年初在桃城区中部、冀州-枣强南部交界、景县和故城县的东南部存在明显的地下水漏斗,其中桃城区的中心埋深在70 m以上,景县和故城县漏斗的中心埋深在100 m以上,枣强和冀州南部存在中心埋深在85 m以上的地下水漏斗,几个漏斗的外部边缘又相互作用形成横跨冀州-桃城-武邑-阜城以南各县的影响区。至2022年底,除北部安平、饶阳、深州和武强等县域外整体地下水埋深都减小,尤其是桃城区的地下水漏斗消失,地下水位显著抬升,恰好桃城区也是地面抬升区,地下水位变化和地面形变在空间上表现出了一定的相关性,其余几个小漏斗中心埋深存在5~10 m不等的地下水位提升,漏斗区的覆盖范围明显减小。对比前述地面沉降图可以发现,衡水北部的严重沉降区主要分布在地下水位下降的区域,虽然南部地区地下水位有所抬升但是在漏斗影响区内依然发生明显的地面沉降,说明深层地下水位的回升未能使压实的地层完全回弹。
为直观了解各地区平均地面沉降速率及其与深层地下水位的关系,我们绘制了五年平均沉降速率与平均地下水位变幅的叠加图(图5),并结合现有研究成果以及前人分级标准对下沉地区的地面沉降严重程度进行分级26-27。其中,将近五年平均沉降速率在(-10,0) mm/a范围内的区域列为轻微沉降区;平均沉降速率在(-30,-10] mm/a范围内的区域列为一般沉降区;而平均沉降速率分别在(-50,-30] mm/a和[-80,-50] mm/a范围内的区域列为较严重沉降区以及严重沉降区;若平均沉降速率超过-80 mm/a认为是极严重沉降区。研究区插值结果表明,2018—2022年地面沉降区域总面积约8782.40 km2,占研究区总面积的99.63%,而地面抬升区仅占0.37%。在不同沉降严重程度分区中,较严重沉降区的面积最为广泛,主要分布在衡水市北部以及枣强至阜城一线,约占研究区总面积的47.55%;其次为一般沉降区,约占总面积的30.58%,主要分布在研究区中部和南部边界;严重沉降区的分布较为分散,主要在饶阳县北部、深州市中西部、冀州-枣强南部以及景县-阜城县交界处连片分布,约占研究区总面积的17.13%,此外极严重沉降区主要集中分布在饶阳县,约占总面积的1.44%,分布面积较小。
由叠加图可知衡水地区地下水位整体是上升的,与该地区的沉降状态表现出不一致性,侧面说明了地面沉降是不可逆转的,即使地下水位回升后土体的非弹性压缩变形也不能完全恢复。此外,沉降速率和水位变幅具有明显的关联性,主要抬升区以及轻微沉降区位于水位上升幅度最大的区域,衡水北部的极严重以及严重沉降区的水位上升幅度最小,且部分区域处于下降状态。与此关系不同的是,衡水市东南部部分地区水位处于上升状态依然发生较严重的沉降,分析其可能原因是衡水市南部本身存在长时期的地下水漏斗,前期地下水位下降幅度大,因此地下水位上升相对于其他地区对沉降影响不显著。
利用河北省水利厅提供的衡水市动态水位数据插值后获取2018—2022年的地下水位变幅,结合InSAR解译数据进行叠加后如图6(a)—(e)所示。由叠加图可以看出2018—2019年地下水位整体处于下降状态,水位降幅从西北向东南递增,降幅较大的区域包含武邑县和景县交界处、枣强西南部以及阜城县中东部等地区,局部地区例如衡水市区水位出现0.5 m以上的抬升;在2018年,武邑县和景县间形成中心降幅达到10 m以上的降落漏斗,范围涵盖武邑县和景县的大部分地区,至2019年该区域中心水位下降依然在7.5 m以上;此外,枣强县降落漏斗和阜城县的降落漏斗中心处的平均降幅在7 m和5 m。至2020年后,大部分地区地下水位逐渐回升,原来地下水位降幅最大的区域成为主要的回升区,回升幅度最大的中心区域位于衡水市区、武邑县、景县以及枣强县的交界处,2021年最大回升幅度可达13 m以上,回升幅度向周围逐渐递减,安平县和饶阳县在2020年和2022年成为主要的水位下降区域。
地面沉降量在空间分布上和地下水位变化较为一致,在时间上总体呈现沉降速率先增加后递减的趋势。2018年地面沉降速率集中在-50~0 mm/a之间,地下水位降幅较大的区域如武邑县和景县的交界处以及冀州枣强的交界处沉降速率在-100~-50 mm/a之间,桃城区和故城县部分水位回升地区地面发生回弹现象,但大部分区域还是沉降的;至2019年,总体地面沉降速率增大为-50 mm/a以上,冀州区和枣强县交界处沉降速率可达-100 mm/a以上;随着水位的回升,2020—2022年,沉降速率集中在-50~0 mm/a之间,北部的安平县和饶阳县成为主要的沉降区,中部部分地区的地面出现回弹,且覆盖范围有扩大的趋势,至2022年,衡水市区、冀州区、武邑县以及枣强县大部分地区以0~50 mm/a的速率抬升,衡水市平均地面沉降量仅为4.7 mm。
为了定量评估各县区的地面沉降量和地下水位变化,分区统计结果如图7图8所示,图8中正值代表抬升,负值代表沉降。图7展示了各县域地下水位的平均变化幅度,从中可以直观地看出2018—2022年地下水位经历了下降-抬升的变化过程,因此可分为2018—2019年和2020—2022年两个阶段,其中2018年地下水位下降幅度最大,武邑县平均下降8.52 m,2020年以后,各县域的地下水位基本都处于抬升阶段,尤其2021年的水位上升幅度最大,而该年恰好是丰水年,充足的降水提供了地下水位上升的条件,值得注意的是,主要地下水位抬升区也是2018—2019年间地下水位降幅较大的区域,在2021年武邑县的平均地下水位上升幅度最大为12.79 m;从五年尺度上来看,大部分县域的地下水位都有较明显的抬升,但北部饶阳县和安平县的地下水位变化不大,甚至有所下降。
根据图8可以发现基本所有县区均处于地面下沉状态,由2018年开始沉降速度呈现先增加后减小的趋势,恰好对应于地下水位下降-抬升两个阶段,各县区在2019年的沉降量最大,其中饶阳县、冀州区以及枣强县的沉降量可达100 mm以上;至2020年后,地下水位的抬升减小了沉降速率,随着地下水位的不断上升,2022年桃城区和武邑县地面平均分别抬升19.50 mm和9.83 mm。从五年平均沉降速率来看,衡水市饶阳县和桃城区分别为沉降速率最大和最小的区域,分别为-60.45 mm/a和-17.31 mm/a,恰好是地下水位下降和上升幅度最大的地区,和地下水位的变化呈现出明显的相关性。
选取6个代表性县域2018年1月—2022年12月的累计地面沉降量和地下水埋深数据绘制时序变化图,以分析两者的月度变化特征,研究不同年份不同县域间地面沉降和地下水位的相关关系。由图9(a)—(f)可以看出地面形变在2018—2019年震幅更大,下沉速率更快,此时地下水最大埋深显著增加,2019年6月后累计地面沉降量逐渐呈高频小幅震荡,变化趋势趋于平稳的特征。根据前人研究,当地下水位低于历史最低水位(预固结水位)时,含水层中的有效应力超过历史预固结应力,从而引发非弹性压缩;反之则为弹性压缩28。由于非弹性贮水率显著高于弹性贮水率29,在同等水位变幅下,非弹性压缩释放的水量更多。由图9可见,2018—2019年地下水最大埋深显著增加,表明此阶段以非弹性压缩为主导;而2019年后,地下水最大埋深趋于稳定甚至部分区域有所回升,此时则以弹性变形为主。这一机理变化也解释了沉降速率波动的原因。
值得注意的是,尽管2018—2022年间深层地下水位随着季节的变化均呈现大幅波动状态,但各年的沉降量有显著差异,尤其是2019年和2021年,由图78可以发现2019年各县域的地下水位降幅相对较小,而该年地面沉降显著,在2021年地下水位大幅回升时,该年内各县域仍发生不同程度的沉降。图9标注了各年的地下水最大埋深值,可以看出2019年各县域最大地下水埋深显著增大,部分地区超过10 m,导致黏性土体发生大规模非弹性压缩,从而引发大量沉降;2020年、2021年各县域最大地下水埋深变化较小,沉降过程减缓,部分县域如深州市、冀州区、景县在2021年的地下水最大埋深甚至高于2020年,因此仍会发生沉降。至2022年,各县域地下水最大埋深显著抬升,沉降进一步减缓。饶阳县(图9(a))地面沉降变化与其他区县不一致,主要表现为2020年以后其他多数区县累计沉降曲线逐渐趋缓,部分区域出现小幅回弹,而饶阳县累计沉降曲线仍持续下降。其原因主要与该县最低深层地下水位持续下降、水位回升幅度偏小以及非弹性压实累积效应有关。饶阳县位于衡水北部极严重沉降区,设施农业和果蔬种植相对集中,农业灌溉用水需求较强,深层地下水开采压力相对突出,这可能是其深层地下水位恢复不足的重要背景因素。具体来看:一是2019—2021年其他区县各年度最低深层地下水位多呈回升趋势,而饶阳县最低深层地下水位持续下降,表明该县深层地下水开采压力相对较大,含水层有效应力持续增加,并进一步诱发非弹性压缩,因此地面沉降速率显著高于其他区县;二是从2022年深层地下水位回升幅度来看,饶阳县深层地下水回升幅度不到6 m,为所有区县中最低,而其他区县普遍超过10 m,最大回升幅度甚至达到17 m。由于饶阳县深层地下水的回升幅度远低于其他区县,其地面沉降速率的减缓程度也相对较小。以上结果表明,衡水地区最低深层地下水位是影响地面沉降速率变化的关键因素。
为探究地下水位与地面沉降的时间响应关系,本研究选取了6个沉降典型发育区的代表性点位(如图5所示),所选点位在空间上均匀分布于研究区域,涵盖了不同程度沉降发育区,在一定程度上能够反映不同地区的时滞关系。交叉小波变换功率谱如图10所示,图中由黄色到蓝色表示能量密度逐渐降低,黑色粗实线圈闭的区域表示通过标准95%置信水平的红噪声检验,箭头的方向代表两者的相位关系,向右表示为同相,向下表示形变滞后于地下水位,不同向则意义相反,根据平均相位角可求得两者的时滞关系。
由图中可以看出,G1—G6各点位的显著时段分布在整个时间序列,箭头基本指向右下方,说明地面沉降和地下水位处于同相位,呈正相关关系,并且地面沉降滞后于地下水位。其中G1和G2分别位于饶阳县和深州市的极严重和严重沉降区,G1位置的共振周期在0.77~1.02 a之间的能量密度比较高,G2位置的主共振周期为0.77~1.09 a,地面沉降相对于地下水位的滞后时间分别为(39.21±35.76) d和(38.83±30.11) d;G4位于武邑县的较严重沉降区,周期在0.77~1.09 a的能量密度比较高,地面沉降相对于水位的滞后时间为(51.32±29.40) d;G5和G6分别位于冀州区和景县的严重沉降区,主共振周期分别为0.86~1.09、0.77~1.09 a,地面沉降时滞为(64.37±23.27) d和(66.99±28.89) d,平均滞后时间明显比其他位置要长;G3位于桃城区的轻微沉降区,交叉小波图中箭头指向不规律,主共振周期区间覆盖较广,根据相位角计算得出地面沉降相对于地下水的时间滞后为(15.34±91.39) d,该处时间滞后误差明显大于平均值,说明该位置的地面沉降与地下水位的不具有可信的时滞关系,考虑是因为该地区地下水位上升最为明显,滞后沉降和地面抬升的叠加使得规律不明显。综上可以发现,衡水市主要沉降位置的地面沉降过程和地下水动态变化相关性较强,地面沉降相对于地下水位具有较为明显的滞后性,但不同点位具有差异性,总体上滞后时间从衡水北部向南部递增。值得注意的是,自2020年后图中箭头的指向变得不稳定,在水位上升阶段,地面沉降展现出更强的不规律性。
衡水市由于长期地下水超采面临着严峻的地面沉降问题,束缚着该地区的发展。本文基于2018—2022年衡水市的时序InSAR数据和地下水位数据,采用克里金插值方法获得了研究区地面沉降和地下水位变化的空间分布,继而详细分析了两者时空演变规律,最后使用交叉小波变换分析了6个代表性点位地下水位和地面沉降的时滞关系和周期特点。通过研究得到以下结论:
(1)研究区在2018—2022年总体处于沉降状态,沉降区的面积占研究区总面积的99.63%,大部分地区的累计沉降量在-100 mm以上,约占总面积的86.54%,形成了饶阳至深州以及冀州-枣强交界至阜城县-景县交界处两部分连片明显沉降区,沉降速率在-50~-30 mm/a的地区面积约占研究区总面积的47.55%,分布面积最广。
(2)研究区地面形变过程可分为两个阶段,2018—2019年为“快速下沉”阶段,2018年武邑县平均降幅最大为8.52 m。2020年后为“缓慢下沉”阶段,随着地下水位的整体抬升沉降速率趋缓,2022年度衡水市平均地面沉降量仅为4.7 mm。
(3)含水层的非弹性压实是衡水市地面沉降的主要因素,非弹性压实和前期最低地下水位的变化密切相关,2021年年末虽然相对于年初水位大幅上升,但由于年内最低地下水位低于前期最低水位,依然引发了明显的地面沉降,这表明最低深层地下水位的变化是影响沉降量的关键因素。
(4)代表性点位的地面沉降和地下水位时频特征及相关性分析结果显示,地面沉降与地下水位之间存在较强的相关性,主共振周期在0.77~1.09 a之间,平均滞后时间为38.83~66.99 d,总体上滞后时间从北部向南部递增。

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doi: 10.3724/j.jiwhr.20250076
  • 接收时间:2025-03-26
  • 首发时间:2026-06-25
  • 出版时间:2026-05-28
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    1中国水利水电科学研究院 流域水循环与水安全全国重点实验室,北京 100038
    2中国水利水电科学研究院 水资源所,北京 100038
    3中国矿业大学(北京) 地球科学与测绘工程学院,北京 100038

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陆垂裕(1976—),博士,正高级工程师,主要从事地下水数值模拟研究。E-mail:
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