Article(id=1276897136981705004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577071032668183, issueId=1276897056350405403, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13244/j.cnki.jiwhr.20240191, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1727020800000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782365601057, onlineDateStr=2026-06-25, pubDate=1779897600000, pubDateStr=2026-05-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782365601057, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782365601057, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782365601057, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276897056350405403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577071032668183, year='2026', volume='24', issue='3', pageStart='261', pageEnd='428', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779897600000', pubDateStr='2026-05-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782365581834, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782367082282, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276903349781926250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577071032668183, issueId=1276897056350405403, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276903349781926251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577071032668183, issueId=1276897056350405403, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=378, endPage=389, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276897137174642990, articleId=1276897136981705004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577071032668183, language=EN, title=Dewatering-induced deformation of multi-aquifer leaking excavation in soft soil area and its control method, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In coastal area of China, there are many aquifers widely distributed in the soil layer, which need dewatering in the process of excavation construction. If it is easy for water to leak between different aquifers, and difficult to fully block the hydraulic connection between inside and outside the excavation, it will cause a large change of water level outside the excavation in the process of dewatering, leading to a series of environmental problems. Therefore, the deformation pattern and control method caused by the dewatering in multi-aquifer leaking excavation are worthy of further study. Based on the dewatering test results of the excavation of a subway station in Tianjin, this paper adopts the finite element method to study the influence of silt lens and leaking aquifers on the excavation deformation in the toe soil layer of the diaphragm wall induced by dewatering. Moreover, the mechanism of influence of silt lens on dewatering induced deformation and the comparative study of deformation induced by different dewatering schemes are also conducted. The results show that hydraulic connection between the upper and lower aquifers at the depth of the toe of the diaphragm wall can reduce the deformation of the diaphragm wall while increasing the settlement outside the excavation. The mechanism behind this is that the hydraulic connection reduces the pore pressure difference between the sides of the diaphragm wall, but increases the drawdown outside the excavation. In this case, it is recommended to adopt the “deep and shallow well” dewatering system with independent filters for the phreatic and confined aquifers, along with timely installation of horizontal supports. Dewatering should be implemented as needed to control the deformation induced by the dewatering process.

, authors=null, authorsList=Zhanlei LIU, Shilong ZHOU, Haiwei JIN, Ruozhan WANG, Jianzheng SONG, Qinghan LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276897138860753220, articleId=1276897136981705004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577071032668183, language=CN, title=软土地区多含水层联通基坑降水引发变形及控制方法, columnId=0, journalTitle=中国水利水电科学研究院学报(中英文), columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

在我国的沿海地区,土层中经常分布有多个含水层,基坑施工过程中需要进行降水。若不同含水层之间发生越流,止水帷幕难以完全隔断基坑内外水力联系,坑内降水会造成坑外较大的水位变化,引发一系列的环境影响。因此,多含水层联通基坑降水引发的变形规律及控制方法值得深入研究。本文基于天津市某工程的基坑降水试验结果,采用有限元方法对于该工程地下连续墙底部存在粉土透镜体土层且含水层联通的基坑开展了粉土透镜体对降水引发变形影响的规律、机理以及不同降水方案引发变形的对比研究。研究结果表明,地下连续墙墙趾深度上下含水层存在水力联通将减小地下连续墙变形,增大坑外沉降;其机理在于水力联通减小了地下连续墙两侧孔压差,但增大了坑外的水位降深。此时,基坑降水建议采用潜水和承压水独立设置滤网的“深浅井”降水体系,及时架设水平支撑,按需降水,控制基坑降水引发的变形。

, authors=

刘占磊(1985—),工程师,主要从事岩土工程相关工作研究。E-mail:

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栗晴瀚(1995—),博士,助理研究员,主要从事岩土工程及地下水控制相关研究。E-mail:
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刘占磊(1985—),工程师,主要从事岩土工程相关工作研究。E-mail:

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刘占磊(1985—),工程师,主要从事岩土工程相关工作研究。E-mail:

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Soil parameters in the model

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土层含水层地层底部埋深/m重度/(kN/m3eλ/(kPa-1κ/(kPa-1ΜKH/(m/d)KV/(m/d)
2Aq03.5019.200.96155.36.5000.9790.00280.0014
113.5019.500.90631.23.6001.1920.00290.0015
1Ad018.00200.89044.55.2000.9790.00280.0014
2AqⅠ-A2020.20.7775.2412.1311.5480.86000.4300
1AAdⅠ-A23.1019.900.6235.7080.9510.9840.00130.000 52
1BAdⅠ-B2819.900.6235.7080.9510.9840.85000.4200
2AqⅠ-B3020.60.7275.2412.1311.5480.85000.4200
1AdⅡ3320.300.6940.1481.6911.0700.51000.250 00
13520.500.6709.4791.5801.0700.00300.0012
2AqⅡ4020.70.6869.2281.3911.5060.48000.2400
3AdⅢ43.5020.300.6879.4791.7431.0270.00110.000 57
4AqⅢ5020.60.6406.8572.1371.3752.281.14
5AdⅣ6020.600.6820.4613.51.0270.00110.000 27
), ArticleFig(id=1276897151288476048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577071032668183, articleId=1276897136981705004, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

土层模型参数

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土层含水层地层底部埋深/m重度/(kN/m3eλ/(kPa-1κ/(kPa-1ΜKH/(m/d)KV/(m/d)
2Aq03.5019.200.96155.36.5000.9790.00280.0014
113.5019.500.90631.23.6001.1920.00290.0015
1Ad018.00200.89044.55.2000.9790.00280.0014
2AqⅠ-A2020.20.7775.2412.1311.5480.86000.4300
1AAdⅠ-A23.1019.900.6235.7080.9510.9840.00130.000 52
1BAdⅠ-B2819.900.6235.7080.9510.9840.85000.4200
2AqⅠ-B3020.60.7275.2412.1311.5480.85000.4200
1AdⅡ3320.300.6940.1481.6911.0700.51000.250 00
13520.500.6709.4791.5801.0700.00300.0012
2AqⅡ4020.70.6869.2281.3911.5060.48000.2400
3AdⅢ43.5020.300.6879.4791.7431.0270.00110.000 57
4AqⅢ5020.60.6406.8572.1371.3752.281.14
5AdⅣ6020.600.6820.4613.51.0270.00110.000 27
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软土地区多含水层联通基坑降水引发变形及控制方法
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刘占磊 1 , 周世龙 3 , 靳海威 1 , 王若展 2 , 宋建正 2 , 栗晴瀚 3
中国水利水电科学研究院学报(中英文) | 2026,24(3): 378-389
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中国水利水电科学研究院学报(中英文) | 2026 , 24 (3) : 378 -389
软土地区多含水层联通基坑降水引发变形及控制方法
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刘占磊(1985—),工程师,主要从事岩土工程相关工作研究。E-mail:

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刘占磊(1985—),工程师,主要从事岩土工程相关工作研究。E-mail:

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刘占磊1 , 周世龙3, 靳海威1, 王若展2, 宋建正2, 栗晴瀚3
作者信息
  • 1中铁北京工程局集团(天津)工程有限公司,天津 300000
  • 2中国水利水电科学研究院,北京 100038
  • 3天津大学 建筑工程学院,天津 300072
通讯作者:
栗晴瀚(1995—),博士,助理研究员,主要从事岩土工程及地下水控制相关研究。E-mail:
Dewatering-induced deformation of multi-aquifer leaking excavation in soft soil area and its control method
Zhanlei LIU1 , Shilong ZHOU3, Haiwei JIN1, Ruozhan WANG2, Jianzheng SONG2, Qinghan LI3
Affiliations
  • 1Tianjin Engineering Co., Ltd. of China Railway Beijing Engineering Group,Tianjin300000,China
  • 2China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research,Beijing100038, China
  • 3Department of Civil Engineering, Tianjin University,Tianjin300072,China
出版时间: 2026-05-28 doi: 10.13244/j.cnki.jiwhr.20240191
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在我国的沿海地区,土层中经常分布有多个含水层,基坑施工过程中需要进行降水。若不同含水层之间发生越流,止水帷幕难以完全隔断基坑内外水力联系,坑内降水会造成坑外较大的水位变化,引发一系列的环境影响。因此,多含水层联通基坑降水引发的变形规律及控制方法值得深入研究。本文基于天津市某工程的基坑降水试验结果,采用有限元方法对于该工程地下连续墙底部存在粉土透镜体土层且含水层联通的基坑开展了粉土透镜体对降水引发变形影响的规律、机理以及不同降水方案引发变形的对比研究。研究结果表明,地下连续墙墙趾深度上下含水层存在水力联通将减小地下连续墙变形,增大坑外沉降;其机理在于水力联通减小了地下连续墙两侧孔压差,但增大了坑外的水位降深。此时,基坑降水建议采用潜水和承压水独立设置滤网的“深浅井”降水体系,及时架设水平支撑,按需降水,控制基坑降水引发的变形。

含水层联通  /  数值模拟  /  基坑降水  /  地下连续墙变形  /  沉降

In coastal area of China, there are many aquifers widely distributed in the soil layer, which need dewatering in the process of excavation construction. If it is easy for water to leak between different aquifers, and difficult to fully block the hydraulic connection between inside and outside the excavation, it will cause a large change of water level outside the excavation in the process of dewatering, leading to a series of environmental problems. Therefore, the deformation pattern and control method caused by the dewatering in multi-aquifer leaking excavation are worthy of further study. Based on the dewatering test results of the excavation of a subway station in Tianjin, this paper adopts the finite element method to study the influence of silt lens and leaking aquifers on the excavation deformation in the toe soil layer of the diaphragm wall induced by dewatering. Moreover, the mechanism of influence of silt lens on dewatering induced deformation and the comparative study of deformation induced by different dewatering schemes are also conducted. The results show that hydraulic connection between the upper and lower aquifers at the depth of the toe of the diaphragm wall can reduce the deformation of the diaphragm wall while increasing the settlement outside the excavation. The mechanism behind this is that the hydraulic connection reduces the pore pressure difference between the sides of the diaphragm wall, but increases the drawdown outside the excavation. In this case, it is recommended to adopt the “deep and shallow well” dewatering system with independent filters for the phreatic and confined aquifers, along with timely installation of horizontal supports. Dewatering should be implemented as needed to control the deformation induced by the dewatering process.

leaking aquifer  /  numerical simulation  /  excavation dewatering  /  diaphragm wall deformation  /  settlement
刘占磊, 周世龙, 靳海威, 王若展, 宋建正, 栗晴瀚. 软土地区多含水层联通基坑降水引发变形及控制方法. 中国水利水电科学研究院学报(中英文), 2026 , 24 (3) : 378 -389 . DOI: 10.13244/j.cnki.jiwhr.20240191
Zhanlei LIU, Shilong ZHOU, Haiwei JIN, Ruozhan WANG, Jianzheng SONG, Qinghan LI. Dewatering-induced deformation of multi-aquifer leaking excavation in soft soil area and its control method[J]. Journal of China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, 2026 , 24 (3) : 378 -389 . DOI: 10.13244/j.cnki.jiwhr.20240191
为了保证深基坑施工时的干作业和避免基坑突涌,基坑开挖总是伴随着基坑降水。根据基坑降水目的的不同,可以将基坑降水分为疏干降水和减压降水。疏干降水的目的主要是疏干开挖区的水分,保证基坑工程施工过程的干作业1;减压降水的目的主要是防止基坑突涌破坏2-4。疏干降水持续时间长,疏水量大,有研究发现,疏干降水可引发基坑围护结构发生厘米级别的变形,需要在施工过程中注意,并及时采取相关措施。
当前,针对基坑施工中围护结构与土体的变形问题的相关研究主要集中于开挖过程5-6。相比之下,基坑降水引发围护结构和土体等变形的问题相对不足。其中,郑刚等7-8基于工程数据,利用数值模拟,揭示了预降水引发支护侧移的机理。曾超峰等9-11通过数值模拟,揭示了不同因素对降水引发支护结构变形的影响,同时提出了采用分段降水、降水井错布等方法控制地下连续墙变形。江杰等12通过研究发现,若地下连续墙存在渗漏,基坑降水引发地下连续墙变形会偏小。然而,目前关于在多含水层存在水力联通的条件下,基坑降水引发坑外土体与围护结构变形的机理与变形控制措施尚无系统研究。
本文基于天津市粉土粉砂含水层条件下某基坑工程开挖前的降水试验,建立有限元模型,通过对地下连续墙墙趾所处地层渗透性的变化研究了当基坑内外存在水力联通时,基坑降水引起地下连续墙变形与基坑外地表沉降的机理,并对此情况下基坑降水引起的变形的控制措施进行了分析。
本文基于天津某地铁车站基坑降水案例13使用ABAQUS建立有限元模型,各降水井位置与滤网分布如图1所示。计算考虑流固耦合。该案例由于多含水层水力联通,在基坑内降水过程中引发了坑外大幅度水位下降,造成周边环境沉降。数值模型基于基坑对称性,仅考虑其一半进行分析。模型长度为650 m,宽270 m,深60 m,其中基坑长度为150 m,宽度为总宽度的一半即20 m,土体共概化为13层,土体单元采用C3D8P。基坑的底部限制水平位移与竖向位移,并在顶部设置排水边界,孔隙水压力为0,并设置水位在地表上的定水头补给。模型示意图如图2所示。
本模型土体采用修正剑桥模型,参数根据地勘资料,详见图2。三个含水层中,第一承压含水层(AqI)包含两层粉土层,其中⑧2层(AqI-A)的初始水位位于-2.1 m左右,⑨2层(AqⅠ-B)的初始水位约为-2.5 m,第二承压含水层(AqⅡ)的初始水位位于-2.8 m左右,第三承压含水层(AqⅢ)的初始水位位于-6.5 m左右。数值模型中含水层的初始水位按照地勘资料中的水位设置。黏土和粉土的泊松比μ分别为0.3和0.2514。地下连续墙单元采用C3D8I,其中墙顶的横向支撑设置为空间梁单元,材料属性为C30混凝土,结构与土体的接触面法向设置为“硬接触”,切向摩擦系数μ设为0.315,极限剪切滑移量γcnit设置为5 mm16。模型中疏干井设置为钢管井(井深25 m,壁厚4 mm),建模单元采用S4壳单元,本构模型为线弹性模型,泊松比为0.2,弹性模量设置为2.1×108 kPa,抽水过程通过在与降水井接触的土体表面设置drainage-only flow水头边界来实现,具体设置方法可参考相关文献8
各土层渗透系数由抽水试验的结果反演得到,如表1所示。其中弱透水层AdⅠ-B,AdⅡ 由于受到夹杂粉土透镜体的影响,渗透系数大于粉质黏土,其渗透系数经验范围为0.0001~0.01 m/d。为了研究粉土透镜体对基坑降水引发变形的影响,取以下两个计算工况进行对比:在工况一中,由于弱透水层中粉土、粉砂透镜体分布广泛,难以逐一确认大小及位置,因此在模型中,弱透水层AdⅠ-B、AdⅡ渗透系数取值是在考虑粉土、粉砂透镜体对土层渗透系数的增大作用后,经多次调整试算,使计算所得水位和实测一致,进而确定,渗透系数取值如表1所示;工况二,弱透水层AdI-B、AdⅡ渗透系数为不考虑粉土透镜体根据工程经验取kH=0.003 m/d、kV=0.001 m/d,其他土层渗透系数同工况一。计算时,首先需要进行地应力平衡,接下来,需要建立地下连续墙和首道支撑及降水井。然后依次开启Ⅰ区、Ⅱ区和Ⅲ区的降水井,需要的时间分别是6 h、4 h和67 h。最后,在完成这些工作后,在115 h后关闭所有的降水井。
图3所示,现场降水试验过程中记录了基坑内外不同含水层的水位变化。降水开始后,J12中水位迅速降低,降水开始约20 h后水位变化缓慢,40 h后水位降深值稳定在15 m。同时,基坑外各观测井水位变化趋势与J12相近,其中AdⅡ中观测井G3-1水位变化最为明显,最大降深值为8.0 m。坑外水位变化次大值出现在AqⅠ-B层的观测井G2-3,大约6.5 m。AqⅠ-A中G1-5水位下降约1.5 m,下降值最小。由此可见,含水层间的弱透水层隔水效果有限,导致各微承压层之间水力联系十分紧密,水位稳定的时间较快。基坑外AdⅡ层透镜体水位变化最大,其次为微承压层AqⅠ-B和AqⅡ,说明基坑外部承压层中地下水经地下连续墙墙趾绕流补给基坑内部。该基坑工程仅进行基坑内的疏干降水就引发了基坑外各含水层大范围的水位下降。
图3将工况一水位计算结果与实测数据进行对比,该工况对于水位变化模拟较为准确。基于两种工况的计算结果,选取基坑中心I-I’截面紧邻地下连续墙两侧土体孔隙水压力随深度变化进行分析,如图4所示。两种工况基坑内孔压变化最大值均位于疏干井滤网贯穿的微承压层AqⅠ-A。两种工况中,AqⅠ-A及其上土层基坑内孔压变化基本相同,而由于粉土透镜体增大了AdⅠ-B和AdⅡ渗透系数,AqⅠ-A以下各土层工况一孔压变化均大于工况二。对于基坑外的孔压,工况二基本无变化,而工况一变化较大,最大值位于地下连续墙墙趾所处的AdⅡ。通过上述分析可知,AdⅠ-B和AdⅡ中粉土透镜体的存在增大了降水深度,并且引起基坑外地下水绕流补给,使得基坑外发生大范围水位下降。此外,当坑外地下水发生绕流补给时,坑外墙趾附近含水层水位变化最为明显,因此对于在多含水层中存在越流的基坑降水工程,应密切关注坑外墙趾附近含水层水位变化。
由于基坑尚未开挖,现场试验仅记录了试验开始前(0 h)和抽水结束后10 h(87 h)的地下连续墙位移,其差值反应降水试验引起的支护结构位移,如图5所示。由于在进行降水试验前首道撑已架设,地下连续墙的侧移变形模式为内凸型17,变形最大值出现在降水深度的一半左右。降水试验过程中测得地下连续墙水平变形最大值为6.5 mm,位于ZQT-3测点,埋深10 m处,约为最大容许变形的29%。
将87 h时工况一的地下连续墙侧移计算结果与实测数据对比,如图5所示。基坑长边中心处地下连续墙侧移计算值与实测差别较小,而基坑角部和短边中心处计算结果与计算相差较大,这是为了避免模型过于复杂,对基坑两端的端头井部分宽度变化进行简化,与标准段取相同宽度。但工况一总体可以较为准确地反应基坑降水引发的地下连续墙侧移的大小和分布。对比工况一77 h和87 h的计算结果可知,在停止降水后,水位的抬升导致地下连续墙变形也发生恢复,因此实测结果并不能反应降水程度最大时刻的地下连续墙侧移变形。计算所得试验过程中地下连续墙最大侧移为8.69 mm,位于基坑长边中点埋深11 m处,约为最大允许变形值的36.5%。此外,根据图5所示,降水77 h时,工况一地下连续墙侧移计算值均大于工况二计算值,说明在本工况下,弱透水层AdⅠ-B、AdⅡ中均存在粉土透镜体时,影响综合表现为降水引发地下连续墙侧移值增大。
地表沉降观测点组DBC3的五个测点及距基坑74 m的建筑沉降监测点测得沉降值如图6所示。地表沉降模式为槽式分布18,其中最大值出现于DBC3-3测点(距围护结构12 m)。将工况一计算结果与实测数据进行对比可以发现计算结果可以较好地反应地表沉降的大小和分布。在停止抽水后,地表沉降随水位恢复而发生回弹。选取基坑东侧距离地下连续墙12 m处不同测点的沉降值进行分析,如图所示,基坑外地表沉降呈现中心大,两侧小的空间分布。由于基坑内I区降水井首先开启,试验初期I区外地表沉降较大,随着Ⅱ区、Ⅲ区降水井逐渐开启,沉降最大值由I区向长边中心位置转移。地表沉降计算结果与实测数据相比,基坑中心处差别较小,但端头井位置差别较大,这是由于忽略端头井支护结构的变化,地下连续墙侧移计算结果偏大,进而导致端头井位置基坑外地表沉降偏大。对比图6图7中工况一、二77 h的计算结果可知,弱透水层AdⅠ-B、AdⅡ粉土透镜体的存在大幅增加了基坑外的地表沉降,使坑外沉降增大了约3倍。
本试验中测得最大地表沉降为12.5 mm,达到了最大允许沉降值的73.5%。但由于实测时间间隔相对较大,监测值并未捕捉到降水试验引发的最大地表沉降值。计算结果中,抽水结束时(77 h)基坑外最大沉降为15.1 mm,位于基坑长边中心位置,距离地下连续墙12 m,达到了最大允许沉降值的88.8%。就沉降影响范围而言,距离基坑边缘74 m的建筑沉降实测值达到了4 mm,虽然距离基坑较远但沉降依然不可忽略,反映土体沉降范围超过常规基坑开挖影响区4He(4倍基坑开挖深度,本工程为72 m)19-20,这主要是由于受到地下水位下降的影响。基坑降水时,坑外水位下降所引发的沉降大小和沉降范围远远大于坑外无水位下降的情况,值得引起工程人员的重视。
通过上文分析可知,由于弱透水层AdⅠ-B和AdⅡ存在粉土透镜体渗透性增大,使得含水层间发生越流。基坑降水引发了坑外多含水层水位下降,增大了地下连续墙变形和坑外地表沉降。在天津市多含水层地区,土层分布不均,粉质黏土常含粉土透镜体,含水层之间越流现象较为普遍,从而基坑降水引发坑外水位下降的工程案例常见报道,其中粉土透镜体对于降水引起变形的影响十分复杂,值得进一步研究。
上节工况一中,同时考虑了降水井井底弱透水层和地下连续墙墙趾弱透水层存在粉土透镜体的情况,但难以精细揭示粉土透镜体位于不同位置时对基坑降水引起变形的影响。本节仅对地下连续墙墙趾两个存在粉土透镜体的弱透水层渗透系数进行参数分析,探索其影响规律及机理。天津地区基坑开挖前疏干降水持续时间通常为10至15 d,因此本节模型计算时间取10 d,同时不考虑分区降水,并在降水开始时建立第一道支撑。
在第3.3节工况一基础上取AdⅡ渗透系数kV=kH=0.0001 m/d、0.001 m/d、0.01 m/d、0.1 m/d四种工况,研究地下连续墙墙趾土层含粉土透镜体的影响。绘制不同土层中心深度处地下连续墙两侧孔压差值随降水时间的变化(孔压差=墙外孔压-墙内孔压),如图8(a),发现随着降水时间的增大,各层地下连续墙内外孔压差迅速增大,逐渐趋于稳定。而随着AdⅡ渗透系数的增大,AdⅠ-A及下覆土层孔压差逐渐减小,甚至当AdⅡ渗透系数k=0.1 m/d时,AqⅠ-B及下覆土层孔压差出现随降水时间先增大后减小再趋于稳定的变化趋势。
地下连续墙变形随降水时间的变化趋势与孔压差类似,如图8(b),随降水时间增大而增大,地下连续墙在各土层中心深度处变形逐渐趋于稳定。不同土层中地下连续墙变形差异相比孔压差的差异小,这主要是由于地下连续墙刚度较大,协调了各个深度处的变形。
不同AdⅡ渗透系数情况下,I-I’截面坑外的地表沉降分布如图9(c)所示。随着AdⅡ渗透系数的增大,坑外沉降逐渐增大。最大沉降呈槽型分布,最大沉降值位于距离地下连续墙12 m的A点处。A点处不同深度土层的孔压减小量、土体沉降随深度的变化如图9(a)(b)。随着AdⅡ渗透系数的增大,各土层中孔隙水压力的减小值均逐步增大,从而使各地层的固结变形逐渐变大,坑外的地表沉降也因此增大。
为满足基坑疏干降水需求,保证坑内的施工干作业,降水井滤网底部通常需位于开挖面以下一定深度处,然而随着基坑深度不断增大,在富水地区如天津、上海等地,基坑开挖面以下5~6 m内即会存在承压含水层。为满足疏干要求或抗突涌需求,该承压层也需要进行一定程度的降水,此时降水井需进入此承压含水层。这种情况下,一般可采用两种降水方案,一种是采用滤网贯穿浅层和承压层的“混合井”方案,另一种是在浅层含水层与承压层分别布设降水井,从而形成“深浅井”方案,如图10(c)中示意图所示。
本工程中井底位于含粉土透镜体的弱透水层AdI-B,相当于“混合井”方案。混合井抽水时,无论降水深度深浅,滤网贯穿的所有土层均会受到降水影响。而对于深浅井,在浅层降水时,可以仅开启浅井对浅层进行抽水,坑底以下承压层不受影响,待开挖至一定深度后再开启深井对承压层进行降水,从而实现“按需降水”。此方案可大幅减小降水引发的变形。
本节研究两种降水方案引发基坑变形的区别。基于第4节模型,地下连续墙墙趾处土层AdII渗透系数设置为k=kV=kH=0.0001 m/d,即认为基坑内外水力联系较小。方案一为“混合井”方案,完成首道撑架设后,混合井(滤网深度为25 m)持续抽水10 d;方案二为“深浅井”方案,首道撑架设后,首先开启降水深度为21 m的浅井抽水8 d,考虑到实际工程中开启深井时已开挖到接近基坑底部,支撑均已架设,因此在二、三道支撑架设完成后,再开启深井持续2 d的降水,降水持续时间为10 d。
图10(a)—(c)分别为两种工况降水8 d与9 d时墙内孔压变化、地下连续墙变形与坑外地表沉降的变化。对比两方案降水9 d的孔隙水压力变化和地下连续墙变形情况可以发现,浅井降水引起基坑内外AdI-A及以下的土层孔压的减小量远小于混合井方案,因此可以解释浅井降水引起的地下连续墙水平变形量与坑外地表沉降量小于“混合井”工况,如图10(b)(c)所示。
图10(a)为两种方案降水后孔隙水压力变化与地下连续墙变形情况的对比,可以看出,“混合井”方案下,启动深井一段时间后,墙内孔隙水压力的变化与“混合井”方案几乎相同,这说明两种降水方案可以起到对坑内相同的降水效果。然而,由于启动深井时支撑已经架设安装,“深浅井”地下连续墙形变量远小于“混合井”方案,见图10(b)。因此,对于由于地连墙变形导致引发坑外附加沉降,“深浅井”方案远小于“混合井”方案,如图10(c)所示。
此外,对于多含水层体系,若采用“混合井”方案,降水试验时,发现坑底承压层降水引发多含水层水位下降,进而导致坑外沉降变形过大时(如本文所述案例),则需要停止降水,并采取相关措施,延误工期,产生不利经济效益。但采用“深浅井”方案后,在降水试验发现深井抽水引发坑外水位下降时,可以及时停止深井降水,并采取加固围护结构、增设补充回灌井等措施。同时,基坑仍可仅采用疏干井(浅井)降水进行开始土方开挖等工作,相比之下,“深浅井”对于基坑所在区域的地下水位的控制更加方便灵活。
本文基于天津市粉土粉砂含水层条件下某基坑工程的降水试验结果,建立三维有限元模型,利用数值模拟研究了弱透水层存在粉土透镜体时含水层越流明显对基坑变形的影响。主要形成如下结论:
(1)基坑降水井井底和地下连续墙墙趾位置上下含水层均存在水力联通时,例如本文所述模型,将使基坑内外的含水层水位降深增大,其中坑内孔压变化最大的位置位于疏干井滤网贯穿的承压层中,孔压减小量由约60 kPa增至约140 kPa;而基坑外孔压变化最大的位置位于地下连续墙墙趾所在土层,孔压由基本不产生变化变为降低约110 kPa。弱透水层AdⅠ-B、AdⅡ中均存在粉土透镜体时,影响综合表现为降水引发地下连续墙侧移值增大,最大变形由6.9 mm增至8.7 mm。因此,在复杂地质条件下,若各含水层水力联系不明,基坑工程降水时应及时观测基坑外墙趾附近承压层的水位变化大小及变化顺序,掌握坑内外水力联系,防止坑外出现较大水位下降。
(2)地下连续墙墙趾所在隔水层存在粉土透镜体时,将使基坑内外产生水力联通,使基坑绕流补给增加,坑内降水时基坑内外的孔压差相比不存在水力联通时会相应减小,因此使最终产生的围护结构变形减小。然而,基坑内外的水力联通将引发基坑外水位的下降,在本工况下,透镜体使坑外沉降增大了约3倍。坑外最大沉降并非位于地表,而是位于一定深度的浅层土体。在土体产生最大沉降处以下的土体孔压下降较为显著,此位置以上,孔压变化相对较小。
(3)当基坑底板下存在承压含水层时,基坑降水方案采用“深浅井”方案效果更佳,即分别布设减压井和疏干井,从而更好做到按需降水,避免过早地对承压层减压造成过大变形。当“深浅井”方案仅开启疏干降水时(仅开启“短井”),基坑内外的基坑底板下的承压层水头受到影响很小,同时地下连续墙变形和基坑外土体沉降均小于“混合井”方案;启动减压井(即“深井”)后,基坑内的疏干与减压效果与“混合井”方案基本相同,但是由于在深井开启时支撑已架设,“深浅井”方案中地下连续墙变形量和坑外沉降均大幅小于“混合井”方案。此外,本文中进行的讨论均是基于渗透性较高的地层条件进行的,在黏土分布广泛的渗透性较低的地层环境的结果还需更深入的讨论与研究。

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2026年第24卷第3期
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doi: 10.13244/j.cnki.jiwhr.20240191
  • 接收时间:2024-09-23
  • 首发时间:2026-06-25
  • 出版时间:2026-05-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-23
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    1中铁北京工程局集团(天津)工程有限公司,天津 300000
    2中国水利水电科学研究院,北京 100038
    3天津大学 建筑工程学院,天津 300072

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栗晴瀚(1995—),博士,助理研究员,主要从事岩土工程及地下水控制相关研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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