Article(id=1292187212741894301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, issueId=1292187163098112845, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11693/hyhz20250300083, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1743177600000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-29, revisedDate=1748016000000, revisedDateStr=2025-05-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1786011039195, onlineDateStr=2026-08-06, pubDate=1780070400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1786011039195, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1786011039195, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1786011039195, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1292187163098112845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, year='2026', volume='57', issue='3', pageStart='579', pageEnd='830', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1780070400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1786011027358, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1786013993148, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1292199602611056777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, issueId=1292187163098112845, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1292199602611056778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, issueId=1292187163098112845, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=673, endPage=682, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1292187212968386718, articleId=1292187212741894301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, language=EN, title=INTERDECADAL VARIATION OF PHYTOPLANKTON AND DRIVING FACTORS FROM 2016 TO 2023 IN SUMMER IN LAIZHOU BAY, columnId=1292187198095384612, journalTitle=Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, columnName=ARTICLES, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As primary producers, phytoplankton constitute a vital component of marine ecosystems, and their community structure largely determines the stability of these ecosystems. Previous studies on phytoplankton community structure in Laizhou Bay have relied primarily on short-term observations or data from one or two sampling cruises. There remains a scarcity of multi-year continuous survey data, and the temporal evolution of phytoplankton community structure has rarely been systematically analyzed. Based on survey data from 2016 to 2023 summer in Laizhou Bay, we investigated the interannual variations of phytoplankton and conducted correlation analyses between phytoplankton communities and environmental factors. Results show that a total of 106 species from 3 phyla were identified over the 8-year period, predominantly diatoms, followed by dinoflagellates. Significant interannual variations in species composition were observed, and the lowest diversity (48 species) occurred in 2019 and the highest (68 species) in 2020. Phytoplankton cell abundance ranged from 39.1×104 cells/m3 to 2 687.3×104 cells/m3, peaked in 2017 and reached the minimum levels in 2021. In the planar distribution, the phytoplankton cell abundance, the nearshore waters of estuaries such as the Yellow River estuary and Xiaoqing River estuary are higher than that of the central part of the bay. Dominant species included Pseudo-nitzschia pungens, Chaetoceros curvisetus, Skeletonema costatum, and Cerataulina pelagica. Correlation analysis revealed that nitrate-nitrogen was the primary environmental factor on phytoplankton abundance. The overall upward trend in the interannual variations of diversity index (H'), richness index (d), and evenness index (J') indicate that phytoplankton community structure tended to improve. This study contributed to clarifying the evolutionary trend and influencing factors of phytoplankton in Laizhou Bay, and provided a scientific foundation for decision-making in marine ecological environment protection of the bay area.

, authors=Yu-Ting ZHAO, Shan SUN, Wei SUN, Shao-Nan QIU, Xue-Jie SHI, Hui-Chao JIANG, Ling CHENG, authorsList=Yu-Ting ZHAO, Shan SUN, Wei SUN, Shao-Nan QIU, Xue-Jie SHI, Hui-Chao JIANG, Ling CHENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Shan SUN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1292187216294469807, articleId=1292187212741894301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, language=CN, title=2016~2023年夏季莱州湾浮游植物年际变化特征及其驱动因素, columnId=1292187198254768166, journalTitle=海洋与湖沼, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

浮游植物作为初级生产者, 是海洋生态系统中的重要组分, 其群落结构很大程度上影响着海洋生态系统的稳定。此前有关莱州湾浮游植物群落结构的研究主要基于短时期内或一两个航次的数据, 多年连续调查数据比较缺乏, 浮游植物群落结构演变鲜有分析。文章基于2016~2023年夏季莱州湾调查资料, 分析了莱州湾浮游植物种类、丰度和优势种等年际变化规律, 并采用Pearson相关性分析方法识别影响浮游植物群落的环境因子。结果表明, 2016~2023年夏季共鉴定浮游植物3门106种, 主要为硅藻, 甲藻次之; 不同年际间种类数变化较大, 2019年最低(48种), 2020年最高(68种); 细胞丰度变化范围为(39.1~2 687.3)×104 cells/m3, 2017年最高, 2021年最低。细胞丰度平面分布上, 黄河口、小清河口等河口近岸海域高于湾中部。莱州湾浮游植物优势种为尖刺伪菱形藻(Pseudo-nitzschia pungens)、旋链角毛藻(Chaetoceros curvisetus)、中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)和大洋角管藻(Cerataulina pelagica)等。相关性分析表明: 硝酸盐-氮是影响夏季莱州湾浮游植物丰度的主要环境因子。多样性指数H'、丰富度指数d和均匀度指数J'的年际变化总体呈波动上升趋势, 浮游植物群落结构趋好。该研究有助于摸清莱州湾浮游植物的演变趋势及影响因素, 为莱州湾海域生态环境保护决策提供依据。

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赵玉庭, 高级工程师, E-mail:

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孙珊, 研究员, E-mail:
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figureFileSmall=Xsn4iogeduZPZ5RANUkqyg==, figureFileBig=Ycj1r0Rtzj3r5GSTSlqstA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1292187220887232739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187212741894301, language=CN, label=图2, caption=莱州湾夏季不同年份浮游植物种类数, figureFileSmall=Xsn4iogeduZPZ5RANUkqyg==, figureFileBig=Ycj1r0Rtzj3r5GSTSlqstA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1292187220975313124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187212741894301, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Number of phytoplankton species change at various stations in Laizhou Bay during summer, figureFileSmall=sQ6vStbP9MQYNwPhqM49LA==, figureFileBig=pVcwn7k/++EHx2mwoddv4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1292187221059199205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187212741894301, language=CN, label=图3, caption=莱州湾夏季不同年份各站位浮游植物种类数及变化范围, figureFileSmall=sQ6vStbP9MQYNwPhqM49LA==, figureFileBig=pVcwn7k/++EHx2mwoddv4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1292187221130502374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187212741894301, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Annual detection of various types of phytoplankton in Laizhou Bay during summer, figureFileSmall=wFE/YgKWN+NjmsoHNQK5PQ==, figureFileBig=gITNB2GXxnOR1yhudsnO3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1292187221235359975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187212741894301, language=CN, label=图4, caption=莱州湾夏季浮游植物各种类年检出数, figureFileSmall=wFE/YgKWN+NjmsoHNQK5PQ==, figureFileBig=gITNB2GXxnOR1yhudsnO3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1292187221302468840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187212741894301, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Detection rate of phytoplankton at various stations in Laizhou Bay during summer, figureFileSmall=+K5qoYTwjabQ8WITHPVCLQ==, figureFileBig=lJm9/Z5kqbx/RWWmYazekQ==, tableContent=null), 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articleId=1292187212741894301, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of phytoplankton abundance in Laizhou Bay during summer, figureFileSmall=ubdV0okKtrMKvOEcF8aUGg==, figureFileBig=lyni92ShdS37xoY6W2tsPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1292187221638013165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187212741894301, language=CN, label=图7, caption=莱州湾夏季浮游植物丰度时空分布特征, figureFileSmall=ubdV0okKtrMKvOEcF8aUGg==, figureFileBig=lyni92ShdS37xoY6W2tsPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1292187221709316334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187212741894301, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Contrast between H'J'd, and the first dominant species (Y) in Laizhou Bay during summer, figureFileSmall=KgcYTkEY11AujrmlTJQUlw==, figureFileBig=oKqsZ6o5m1rvgz0vwxzchQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1292187221789008111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187212741894301, language=CN, label=图8, caption=莱州湾夏季浮游植物H'J'd和第一优势种Y值变化对比, figureFileSmall=KgcYTkEY11AujrmlTJQUlw==, figureFileBig=oKqsZ6o5m1rvgz0vwxzchQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1292187221872894192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187212741894301, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Mean abundances, relative contribution to the total abundance and cumulative percentage of the most representative phytoplankton taxa

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物种名物种名细胞丰度均值/(×104 cells/m3)丰度百分比/%累计丰度百分比/%
尖刺伪菱形藻Pseudo-nitzschia pungens298.422.722.7
旋链角毛藻Chaetoceros curvisetus58.313.336.0
大洋角管藻Cerataulina pelagica86.510.746.7
中肋骨条藻Skeletonema costatum30.58.254.9
角毛藻属Chaetoceros spp.21.86.761.6
布氏双尾藻Ditylum brightwellii20.56.367.9
劳氏角毛藻Chaetoceros lorenzianus8.14.772.6
窄面角毛藻Chaetoceros paradoxus4.82.875.4
伏氏海线藻Thalassionema frauenfeldii7.72.477.8
圆筛藻属Coscinodiscus spp.8.92.280.0
冕孢角毛藻Chaetoceros diadema9.22.082.0
柔弱角毛藻Chaetoceros debilis1.81.483.4
高盒形藻Biddulphia regia4.01.384.7
透明辐杆藻Bacteriastrum hyalinum1.91.285.9
), ArticleFig(id=1292187221977751793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187212741894301, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

主要种多年丰度均值、丰度百分比、累计丰度百分比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物种名物种名细胞丰度均值/(×104 cells/m3)丰度百分比/%累计丰度百分比/%
尖刺伪菱形藻Pseudo-nitzschia pungens298.422.722.7
旋链角毛藻Chaetoceros curvisetus58.313.336.0
大洋角管藻Cerataulina pelagica86.510.746.7
中肋骨条藻Skeletonema costatum30.58.254.9
角毛藻属Chaetoceros spp.21.86.761.6
布氏双尾藻Ditylum brightwellii20.56.367.9
劳氏角毛藻Chaetoceros lorenzianus8.14.772.6
窄面角毛藻Chaetoceros paradoxus4.82.875.4
伏氏海线藻Thalassionema frauenfeldii7.72.477.8
圆筛藻属Coscinodiscus spp.8.92.280.0
冕孢角毛藻Chaetoceros diadema9.22.082.0
柔弱角毛藻Chaetoceros debilis1.81.483.4
高盒形藻Biddulphia regia4.01.384.7
透明辐杆藻Bacteriastrum hyalinum1.91.285.9
), ArticleFig(id=1292187222044860658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187212741894301, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Dominant species of phytoplankton in Laizhou Bay during summer

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
优势种2016年2017年2018年2019年2020年2021年2022年2023年
尖刺伪菱形藻(Pseudo-nitzschia pungens)优势度0.0270.4930.2120.1460.184
细胞丰度/(×104 cells/m3)12.11765.2118.7175.7270.8
站位检出率/%68.875.091.936.044.0
丰度百分比/%3.965.723.140.642.0
旋链角毛藻(Chaetoceros curvisetus)优势度0.0340.2370.0850.0510.185
细胞丰度/(×104 cells/m3)24.1166.830.45.5198.7
站位检出率/%43.873.047.236.060.0
丰度百分比/%7.832.418.014.130.8
中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)优势度0.0540.1750.056
细胞丰度/(×104 cells/m3)60.456.082.5
站位检出率/%45.952.844.0
丰度百分比/%11.833.212.8
大洋角管藻(Cerataulina pelagica)优势度0.0820.0470.064
细胞丰度/(×104 cells/m3)545.724.78.9
站位检出率/%40.621.928.0
丰度百分比/%20.321.622.8
布氏双尾藻(Ditylum brightwellii)优势度0.190
细胞丰度/(×104 cells/m3)171.4
站位检出率/%48.0
丰度百分比/%39.6
劳氏角毛藻(Chaetoceros lorenzianus)优势度0.105
细胞丰度/(×104 cells/m3)32.0
站位检出率/%37.5
丰度百分比/%28.0
窄面角毛藻(Chaetoceros paradoxus)优势度0.0340.067
细胞丰度/(×104 cells/m3)6.24.1
站位检出率/%62.564.0
丰度百分比/%5.410.4
夜光藻(Noctiluca scintillans)优势度0.065
细胞丰度/(×104 cells/m3)33.5
站位检出率/%100
丰度百分比/%6.5
伏氏海线藻(Thalassionema frauenfeldii)优势度0.0380.058
细胞丰度/(×104 cells/m3)25.211.3
站位检出率/%46.986.1
丰度百分比/%8.26.7
冕孢角毛藻(Chaetoceros diadema)优势度0.050
细胞丰度/(×104 cells/m3)45.2
站位检出率/%34.4
丰度百分比/%14.7
暹罗角毛藻(Chaetoceros siamense)优势度0.026
细胞丰度/(×104 cells/m3)7.3
站位检出率/%40.6
丰度百分比/%6.4
), ArticleFig(id=1292187222132941043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187212741894301, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

莱州湾夏季浮游植物优势种

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优势种2016年2017年2018年2019年2020年2021年2022年2023年
尖刺伪菱形藻(Pseudo-nitzschia pungens)优势度0.0270.4930.2120.1460.184
细胞丰度/(×104 cells/m3)12.11765.2118.7175.7270.8
站位检出率/%68.875.091.936.044.0
丰度百分比/%3.965.723.140.642.0
旋链角毛藻(Chaetoceros curvisetus)优势度0.0340.2370.0850.0510.185
细胞丰度/(×104 cells/m3)24.1166.830.45.5198.7
站位检出率/%43.873.047.236.060.0
丰度百分比/%7.832.418.014.130.8
中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)优势度0.0540.1750.056
细胞丰度/(×104 cells/m3)60.456.082.5
站位检出率/%45.952.844.0
丰度百分比/%11.833.212.8
大洋角管藻(Cerataulina pelagica)优势度0.0820.0470.064
细胞丰度/(×104 cells/m3)545.724.78.9
站位检出率/%40.621.928.0
丰度百分比/%20.321.622.8
布氏双尾藻(Ditylum brightwellii)优势度0.190
细胞丰度/(×104 cells/m3)171.4
站位检出率/%48.0
丰度百分比/%39.6
劳氏角毛藻(Chaetoceros lorenzianus)优势度0.105
细胞丰度/(×104 cells/m3)32.0
站位检出率/%37.5
丰度百分比/%28.0
窄面角毛藻(Chaetoceros paradoxus)优势度0.0340.067
细胞丰度/(×104 cells/m3)6.24.1
站位检出率/%62.564.0
丰度百分比/%5.410.4
夜光藻(Noctiluca scintillans)优势度0.065
细胞丰度/(×104 cells/m3)33.5
站位检出率/%100
丰度百分比/%6.5
伏氏海线藻(Thalassionema frauenfeldii)优势度0.0380.058
细胞丰度/(×104 cells/m3)25.211.3
站位检出率/%46.986.1
丰度百分比/%8.26.7
冕孢角毛藻(Chaetoceros diadema)优势度0.050
细胞丰度/(×104 cells/m3)45.2
站位检出率/%34.4
丰度百分比/%14.7
暹罗角毛藻(Chaetoceros siamense)优势度0.026
细胞丰度/(×104 cells/m3)7.3
站位检出率/%40.6
丰度百分比/%6.4
), ArticleFig(id=1292187222212632820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187212741894301, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

The correlation coefficient between phytoplankton and environmental parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
总丰度硅藻丰度甲藻丰度物种数H′dJ'
水深-0.088-0.087-0.0820.215**0.315**0.134*0.256**
水温0.0760.078-0.142*-0.364**-0.339**-0.178**-0.355**
水色-0.023-0.0230.0250.233**0.189**0.195**0.263**
透明度0.0100.011-0.059-0.151*-0.092-0.005-0.056
pH-0.092-0.0920.0370.1190.1200.142*0.196**
盐度-0.041-0.040-0.123-0.206**-0.126*0.077-0.083
溶解氧0.0870.0840.205**-0.011-0.105-0.048-0.028
化学耗氧量-0.002-0.0030.076-0.012-0.0330.0150.015
磷酸盐-0.002-0.0020.019-0.139*-0.138*-0.116-0.161*
亚硝酸盐-氮0.0330.0310.1040.091-0.016-0.186**-0.076
硝酸盐-氮0.169**0.168**0.1110.074-0.056-0.208**-0.101
氨-氮0.0760.076-0.0020.017-0.065-0.168**-0.104
无机氮0.156*0.155*0.1060.078-0.060-0.230**-0.113
氮磷比0.0640.0630.0630.159*0.051-0.0890.022
硅氮比-0.127*-0.125-0.105-0.245**-0.1020.220**0.040
硅磷比-0.067-0.067-0.048-0.0120.0000.0540.036
叶绿素a0.0850.0840.066-0.018-0.041-0.042-0.046
总氮0.137*0.135*0.0890.050-0.072-0.228**-0.128*
总磷0.0190.020-0.046-0.251**-0.285**-0.186**-0.301**
硅酸盐0.0130.0130.0130.184**0.123-0.1240.000
悬浮物-0.117-0.116-0.110-0.243**-0.235**-0.087-0.200**
), ArticleFig(id=1292187222296518902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187212741894301, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

浮游植物与环境参数相关系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
总丰度硅藻丰度甲藻丰度物种数H′dJ'
水深-0.088-0.087-0.0820.215**0.315**0.134*0.256**
水温0.0760.078-0.142*-0.364**-0.339**-0.178**-0.355**
水色-0.023-0.0230.0250.233**0.189**0.195**0.263**
透明度0.0100.011-0.059-0.151*-0.092-0.005-0.056
pH-0.092-0.0920.0370.1190.1200.142*0.196**
盐度-0.041-0.040-0.123-0.206**-0.126*0.077-0.083
溶解氧0.0870.0840.205**-0.011-0.105-0.048-0.028
化学耗氧量-0.002-0.0030.076-0.012-0.0330.0150.015
磷酸盐-0.002-0.0020.019-0.139*-0.138*-0.116-0.161*
亚硝酸盐-氮0.0330.0310.1040.091-0.016-0.186**-0.076
硝酸盐-氮0.169**0.168**0.1110.074-0.056-0.208**-0.101
氨-氮0.0760.076-0.0020.017-0.065-0.168**-0.104
无机氮0.156*0.155*0.1060.078-0.060-0.230**-0.113
氮磷比0.0640.0630.0630.159*0.051-0.0890.022
硅氮比-0.127*-0.125-0.105-0.245**-0.1020.220**0.040
硅磷比-0.067-0.067-0.048-0.0120.0000.0540.036
叶绿素a0.0850.0840.066-0.018-0.041-0.042-0.046
总氮0.137*0.135*0.0890.050-0.072-0.228**-0.128*
总磷0.0190.020-0.046-0.251**-0.285**-0.186**-0.301**
硅酸盐0.0130.0130.0130.184**0.123-0.1240.000
悬浮物-0.117-0.116-0.110-0.243**-0.235**-0.087-0.200**
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2016~2023年夏季莱州湾浮游植物年际变化特征及其驱动因素
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赵玉庭 , 孙珊 , 孙伟 , 邱少男 , 史雪洁 , 姜会超 , 程玲
海洋与湖沼 | 研究论文 2026,57(3): 673-682
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海洋与湖沼 |研究论文 2026 , 57 (3) : 673 -682
2016~2023年夏季莱州湾浮游植物年际变化特征及其驱动因素
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赵玉庭 , 孙珊 , 孙伟, 邱少男, 史雪洁, 姜会超, 程玲
作者信息
  • 1山东省海洋资源与环境研究院 山东省数据开放创新应用实验室 自然资源部莱州湾海洋生态系统野外科学观测研究站 山东烟台 264006
通讯作者:
孙珊, 研究员, E-mail:
作者简介:

赵玉庭, 高级工程师, E-mail:

INTERDECADAL VARIATION OF PHYTOPLANKTON AND DRIVING FACTORS FROM 2016 TO 2023 IN SUMMER IN LAIZHOU BAY
Yu-Ting ZHAO , Shan SUN , Wei SUN, Shao-Nan QIU, Xue-Jie SHI, Hui-Chao JIANG, Ling CHENG
Affiliations
  • 1Shandong Marine Resource and Environment Research Institute, Shandong Open Data Innovation and Application Laboratory, Observation and Research Station of Laizhou Bay Marine Ecosystem, MNR, Yantai 264006, China
出版时间: 2026-05-30 doi: 10.11693/hyhz20250300083
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浮游植物作为初级生产者, 是海洋生态系统中的重要组分, 其群落结构很大程度上影响着海洋生态系统的稳定。此前有关莱州湾浮游植物群落结构的研究主要基于短时期内或一两个航次的数据, 多年连续调查数据比较缺乏, 浮游植物群落结构演变鲜有分析。文章基于2016~2023年夏季莱州湾调查资料, 分析了莱州湾浮游植物种类、丰度和优势种等年际变化规律, 并采用Pearson相关性分析方法识别影响浮游植物群落的环境因子。结果表明, 2016~2023年夏季共鉴定浮游植物3门106种, 主要为硅藻, 甲藻次之; 不同年际间种类数变化较大, 2019年最低(48种), 2020年最高(68种); 细胞丰度变化范围为(39.1~2 687.3)×104 cells/m3, 2017年最高, 2021年最低。细胞丰度平面分布上, 黄河口、小清河口等河口近岸海域高于湾中部。莱州湾浮游植物优势种为尖刺伪菱形藻(Pseudo-nitzschia pungens)、旋链角毛藻(Chaetoceros curvisetus)、中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)和大洋角管藻(Cerataulina pelagica)等。相关性分析表明: 硝酸盐-氮是影响夏季莱州湾浮游植物丰度的主要环境因子。多样性指数H'、丰富度指数d和均匀度指数J'的年际变化总体呈波动上升趋势, 浮游植物群落结构趋好。该研究有助于摸清莱州湾浮游植物的演变趋势及影响因素, 为莱州湾海域生态环境保护决策提供依据。

莱州湾  /  浮游植物  /  分布特征  /  年际变化  /  影响因素

As primary producers, phytoplankton constitute a vital component of marine ecosystems, and their community structure largely determines the stability of these ecosystems. Previous studies on phytoplankton community structure in Laizhou Bay have relied primarily on short-term observations or data from one or two sampling cruises. There remains a scarcity of multi-year continuous survey data, and the temporal evolution of phytoplankton community structure has rarely been systematically analyzed. Based on survey data from 2016 to 2023 summer in Laizhou Bay, we investigated the interannual variations of phytoplankton and conducted correlation analyses between phytoplankton communities and environmental factors. Results show that a total of 106 species from 3 phyla were identified over the 8-year period, predominantly diatoms, followed by dinoflagellates. Significant interannual variations in species composition were observed, and the lowest diversity (48 species) occurred in 2019 and the highest (68 species) in 2020. Phytoplankton cell abundance ranged from 39.1×104 cells/m3 to 2 687.3×104 cells/m3, peaked in 2017 and reached the minimum levels in 2021. In the planar distribution, the phytoplankton cell abundance, the nearshore waters of estuaries such as the Yellow River estuary and Xiaoqing River estuary are higher than that of the central part of the bay. Dominant species included Pseudo-nitzschia pungens, Chaetoceros curvisetus, Skeletonema costatum, and Cerataulina pelagica. Correlation analysis revealed that nitrate-nitrogen was the primary environmental factor on phytoplankton abundance. The overall upward trend in the interannual variations of diversity index (H'), richness index (d), and evenness index (J') indicate that phytoplankton community structure tended to improve. This study contributed to clarifying the evolutionary trend and influencing factors of phytoplankton in Laizhou Bay, and provided a scientific foundation for decision-making in marine ecological environment protection of the bay area.

Laizhou Bay  /  phytoplankton  /  distribution characteristics  /  eutrophication  /  influencing factors
赵玉庭, 孙珊, 孙伟, 邱少男, 史雪洁, 姜会超, 程玲. 2016~2023年夏季莱州湾浮游植物年际变化特征及其驱动因素. 海洋与湖沼, 2026 , 57 (3) : 673 -682 . DOI: 10.11693/hyhz20250300083
Yu-Ting ZHAO, Shan SUN, Wei SUN, Shao-Nan QIU, Xue-Jie SHI, Hui-Chao JIANG, Ling CHENG. INTERDECADAL VARIATION OF PHYTOPLANKTON AND DRIVING FACTORS FROM 2016 TO 2023 IN SUMMER IN LAIZHOU BAY[J]. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, 2026 , 57 (3) : 673 -682 . DOI: 10.11693/hyhz20250300083
莱州湾总面积6 966.93 km2, 约占渤海的10%, 是渤海三大海湾之一, 沿岸有黄河、小清河、潍河等多条河流注入(赵玉庭等, 2016a), 入海径流带来了丰富的营养物质, 是黄渤海渔业生物的主要产卵场, 形成我国北方的重要渔场(卞晓东等, 2022; 秦华伟等, 2023)。同时, 莱州湾作为一个半封闭的海湾, 环境承载能力小, 污染扩散能力较弱, 伴随着入湾陆源排污量的增加, 莱州湾小清河口及黄河口海域水质常年为四类及劣四类(山东省海洋与渔业厅, 2017, 2018; 山东省生态环境厅, 2019, 2020), 从而给莱州湾海洋生态环境和生物群落造成严重危害(刘柏静等, 2018; Liu et al, 2019; 王琰等, 2021)。
浮游植物作为初级生产者, 是海洋生态系统中的重要组分, 其通过光合作用合成有机物, 开启了海洋生态系统物质循环及能量流动, 一方面浮游植物为浮游动物和鱼虾等高营养级生物提供充足饵料, 同时其生长和死亡过程中释放的有机物也为细菌等微生物提供了生存所需的营养物质。浮游植物群落结构的变化, 在很大程度上决定了海洋生态系统的稳定性(Azam et al, 2007; 黄海燕等, 2018; Montes-Pérez et al, 2020)。作为重要的生态指标生物, 浮游植物群落对环境因子的响应具有显著时效性, 通过解析其种群结构与生物量变化, 可识别海水富营养化程度、污染胁迫强度及系统稳定性(卢钰博等, 2022)。
此前有关莱州湾浮游植物的研究主要基于短时期内或一两个航次的数据, 多年连续调查数据比较缺乏, 浮游植物群落结构演变鲜有分析, 不足以反映多年连续变化情况(李希磊, 2019; 宋秀凯等, 2019; 于潇等, 2020; 秦华伟等, 2023)。本研究基于莱州湾连续8年夏季浮游植物与环境因子的调查资料, 分析了浮游植物年际变化趋势及其对环境因子的响应, 有助于摸清莱州湾浮游植物的演变趋势及影响因素, 为莱州湾海域生态环境保护决策提供依据。
2016~2023年, 每年夏季(8月)对莱州湾进行一次大面调查。调查站位布设如图1所示, 因航次计划不同, 每年调查站位数量有所调整, 其中2016~2018年为32站, 2019~2020年为37站, 2021~2023年为25站。
调查项目包含浮游植物、叶绿素a及营养盐、pH、盐度、溶解氧等环境因子。数据结果均按照《海洋调查规范 第6部分: 海洋生物调查》(GB/T 12763.6—2007)、《海洋调查规范 第4部分: 海水化学要素调查》(GB/T 12763.4—2007)、《海洋监测规范》第4部分: 海水分析》(GB/T 17378.4—2007)、《海洋监测技术规程 第1部分: 海水》(HY/T 147.1—2013)等标准要求的采集与分析方法进行(中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局等, 2008a, 2008b, 2008c; 国家海洋局, 2013)。浮游植物用浅水Ⅲ型浮游生物网, 自底至表垂直拖曳采集, 网口入水后下网速度不超过1 m/s, 到达海底后立即起网, 速度保持在0.5 m/s左右, 将样品全部收集于样品瓶内, 加入样品体积5%的鲁哥氏液固定。浮游植物计数参考《海洋调查规范 第6部分: 海洋生物调查》 (GB/T 12763.6—2007)。浮游植物种类检定力求鉴定到种, 种类鉴定参考《中国海藻志-第五卷 第一册-硅藻门, 中心纲》(郭玉洁, 2003)、《海藻学》(钱树本等, 2005)及《中国海域常见浮游硅藻图谱》(杨世民等, 2006)。环境因子和叶绿素a采样水深为表层0.5 m, 环境因子包括营养盐、水温、pH、盐度、溶解氧、化学需氧量等指标。
采用以下方法对浮游植物群落结构进行评价。
多样性指数(H')采用Shannon-Winner指数:
H'=-i=1SPilog2Pi
均匀度指数(J')采用Pielou指数:
J'=H'log2S
丰富度指数(d)采用Margalef指数:
d=S-1log2N
优势度(Y)的计算公式为
Y=ni×fiN
其中, N为所有种类的总个体数, ni为第i种的总数, Pi为第i种的个体数与总个体数的比值(ni /N), S为种类总数, fi为该种在样品中出现的频率, 优势度指数Y>0.02者为优势种(钱迎倩等, 1994)。
平面分布图采用ArcGis 10.8绘制; 浮游植物种群密度、生物多样性参数与环境因子均具有较好的正态分布特征, 因此采用SPSS 20.0对浮游植物种群密度、生物多样性参数与关键环境因子进行Pearson相关性分析。
2016~2023年夏季莱州湾浮游植物绝大多数为北温带近岸类型, 共鉴定3门106种, 其中硅藻90种, 占总种类数的84.9%; 甲藻15种, 占总种类数的14.2%; 绿藻1种。硅藻种类占比的年际变化范围为79.2%~92.5%, 甲藻7.5%~20.8%。2016~2023年种类变化范围为48~68种, 2020年最高, 2019年最低, 其他年份种类数量基本保持稳定(图2)。图3显示, 2016~2023年夏季莱州湾各站位种类变化范围为3~25种, 其中2018年差异最小, 为12种, 2017年、2020年和2023年差异较大, 均为18种。
2016~2023年夏季, 8年份均检出的种类有15种(图4), 全部为硅藻, 7年份检出的共9种, 其中7种硅藻、2种甲藻; 6年份检出的种类有12种, 其中11种硅藻、1种甲藻; 5年份检出的种类有9种, 其中7种硅藻、2种甲藻; 4年份检出的种类有8种, 其中6种硅藻、2种甲藻; 3年份检出的种类有11种, 其中8种硅藻、3种甲藻; 2年份检出的种类有18种, 其中15种硅藻、2种甲藻、绿藻1种; 有24种只在1个年份中检出, 其中硅藻21种、甲藻3种。
2016~2023年夏季, 莱州湾各种类站位检出率在0.4%~78%(图5)。站位检出率在50%以上的有6种, 为圆筛藻属(Coscinodiscus spp.)、角毛藻属(Chaetoceros spp.)、蛇目圆筛藻(Coscinodiscus argus)、虹彩圆筛藻(Coscinodiscus oculus-iridis)、尖刺伪菱形藻(Pseudo- nitzschia pungens)、伏氏海线藻(Thalassionema frauenfeldii); 站位检出率<10%的有76种, <1%的有31种, 分别占71.7%、29.2%。
莱州湾夏季浮游植物群落组成分析显示, 总细胞丰度年变化范围(39.1~2 687.3)×104 cells/m3 (图6), 其中硅藻始终占优势地位, 其细胞丰度与总细胞丰度分布曲线和变化趋势一致, 丰度变化范围(39.0~2 687.3)×104 cells/m3, 相对丰度占比达92.89%~99.99%; 而甲藻丰度显著低于硅藻, 变化范围(0.02~36.60)×104 cells/m3, 仅占浮游植物群落组成的0.01%~7.11%。浮游植物细胞丰度年度波动剧烈, 2017年最高, 达到2 687.3×104 cells/m3, 远高于其他年份, 2021年最低(图6)。2017年浮游植物数量剧增的原因在于尖刺伪菱形藻和大洋角管藻(Cerataulina pelagica)的暴发, 两者丰度分别为1 765.24×104和545.73×104 cells/m3, 占总细胞丰度的86.0%。研究发现, 尖刺伪菱形藻对氮磷依赖性强, 属于营养型藻类, 该种类的暴发与小清河营养盐输入有关(张欣泉等, 2020)。2016~2023年, 尖刺伪菱形藻、旋链角毛藻(Chaetoceros curvisetus)、大洋角管藻和中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum) 4种优势物种丰度占总丰度的54.9%, 14种主要物种丰度占总丰度的85.9% (表1)。
2016~2023年夏季莱州湾浮游植物细胞丰度分布情况见图7, 除2019年外, 其余年份浮游植物丰度总体均呈现由河口到外海逐渐降低的分布趋势, 高值区位于小清河口、黄河口等河口区域, 莱州湾中部海域浮游植物丰度较低。2019年8月, 台风“利奇马”经过山东, 引发山东极端降水(黄文彦等, 2024), 大量降水入海致使莱州湾盐度和营养盐平面分布差异变小, 与2018年同期相比, 盐度由29.348降至23.727, 无机氮浓度由0.254 mg/L升至0.659 mg/L, 湾中部营养盐浓度升高, 导致湾中部浮游植物丰度升高, 平面分布差异不明显。
2016年优势种主要为冕孢角毛藻(Chaetoceros diadema)、伏氏海线藻、旋链角毛藻和尖刺伪菱形藻。2017年为尖刺伪菱形藻和大洋角管藻。2018年变为劳氏角毛藻(Chaetoceros lorenzianus)、大洋角管藻、窄面角毛藻(Chaetoceros paradoxus)和暹罗角毛藻(Chaetoceros siamense)。2019年优势种主要为硅藻中的旋链角毛藻、尖刺伪菱形藻和中肋骨条藻, 新增加了甲藻中的夜光藻(Noctiluca scintillans)。2020年依然全部为硅藻, 分别为中肋骨条藻、旋链角毛藻和伏氏海线藻。2021年主要为窄面角毛藻、大洋角管藻和旋链角毛藻。2022年优势种主要为布氏双尾藻(Ditylum brightwellii)和尖刺伪菱形藻。2023年优势种主要为旋链角毛藻、尖刺伪菱形藻和中肋骨条藻。
尖刺伪菱形藻、旋链角毛藻、中肋骨条藻和大洋角管藻等为莱州湾夏季最常见优势种类。尖刺伪菱形藻有5个年份为优势种, 优势度范围0.027~0.493, 平均细胞丰度占浮游植物总细胞丰度的35.1%; 旋链角毛藻有5个年份为优势种, 优势度范围0.034~0.237, 平均细胞丰度占20.6%; 中肋骨条藻有3个年份为优势种, 优势度范围0.054~0.157, 平均细胞丰度占19.3%; 大洋角管藻有3个年份为优势种, 优势度范围0.047~0.082, 平均细胞丰度占21.6%(表2)。
2016~2023年夏季莱州湾浮游植物多样性指数(H')范围1.65~2.67, 平均值2.29, 2022年最高, 2017年最低, 呈现出先下降后上升的变化趋势, 整体变化幅度较大; 丰富度指数(d)范围0.54~1.14, 平均值0.82, 2023年最高, 2017年最低, 呈现出波动上升的变化趋势; 均匀度指数(J')范围0.56~0.76, 平均值0.68, 变化趋势与多样性指数(H')相似, 呈现出先下降后上升的变化趋势, 2022年最高, 2017年最低。莱州湾浮游植物群落结构H'dJ'斜率k均大于0, 呈现上升趋势, 浮游植物群落结构趋好。
浮游植物优势度指数与多样性指数存在着负相关关系(王雨等, 2012; 梁晓林等, 2015), 从图8可以看出2017年浮游植物多样性指数较低, 同年第一优势种优势度值最高, 多样性指数与第一优势种的优势度呈明显的反向特征, 优势种是浮游植物数量上占比最多的关键种, 具有控制群落和反映群落特征的种类(沈国英等, 2002), 多样性指数(H')是与种类数和丰度有关, 其反映群落结构稳定性, 浮游植物的异常增殖会导致浮游植物群落的多样性水平降低, 例如2017年莱州湾浮游植物多样性指数(H')、丰富度指数(d)和均匀度指数(J')均出现低值, 与尖刺伪菱形藻大量增殖有关, 尖刺伪菱形藻丰度占浮游植物总量的65.7%, 为近8年最高值, 从而成为绝对优势种。
各站位H'范围为0.05~3.61, d范围0.12~1.93, J'范围0.01~0.96。多样性指数(H')和均匀度指数(J')最低值出现在2017年的莱州湾西南部站位, 该站位丰富度指数(d)也较低, 尖刺伪菱形藻丰度为3 083.54×104 cells/m3, 占该站位细胞总丰度的83%, 监测到其他物种14种, 尖刺伪菱形藻丰度太大造成多样性指数较低。
相关性分析结果表明, 2016~2023年夏季莱州湾浮游植物丰度与硝酸盐-氮呈极显著正相关, 与总氮、无机氮呈显著正相关; 硅藻丰度与环境因子的相关性与浮游植物总丰度的趋势基本一致; 甲藻丰度与溶解氧呈极显著正相关, 与水温呈显著负相关。种类数与水深、水色、硅酸盐呈极显著正相关, 与水温、盐度、硅氮比、总磷、悬浮物呈极显著负相关。物种多样性指数(H′)与水深、水色呈极显著正相关, 与水温、总磷、悬浮物呈极显著负相关。物种丰富度指数(d)与水色、硅氮比呈极显著正相关, 与水温、亚硝酸盐-氮、硝酸盐-氮、氨氮、无机氮、总氮、总磷呈极显著负相关。物种均匀度指数(J')与水深、水色、pH呈极显著正相关, 与水温、总磷、悬浮物呈极显著负相关(表3)。
本文分析了2016~2023年夏季莱州湾浮游植物群落结构的变化, 在种类组成上, 硅藻最多, 略呈上升趋势, 甲藻次之, 绿藻仅1种。浮游植物总物种数呈先增高再降低趋势, 近3年基本保持稳定。细胞丰度呈现显著年际变化, 研究周期内除2017年外, 丰度年际变化基本呈双峰型变化趋势, 2019~2021年间丰度逐年递减, 2021年开始逐年增加。高值区位于河口区域, 小清河口、黄河口尤为明显。
8年均检出的物种占14.2%, 检出5年以上的物种占42.5%, 检出1~4年的物种占57.5%; 站位检出率≥50%的物种占5.7%, <1%的物种占29.2%。尖刺伪菱形藻、旋链角毛藻、大洋角管藻和中肋骨条藻4种硅藻的细胞丰度百分比之和达54.9%, 另有90种细胞丰度百分比小于1%。尖刺伪菱形藻和旋链角毛藻在5年中皆为莱州湾优势种, 大洋角管藻和中肋骨条藻在3年中为莱州湾优势种, 由此可见, 只有较少的种类能够保持稳定, 多数物种只是偶尔被检出, 种类组成随时间和空间变化较大, 这与莱州湾复杂的生态环境有关。
黄河、小清河等入海河流的淡水注入, 形成莱州湾西南部的低盐区域, 盐度分布趋势呈现自西南向东北方向递增趋势, 其范围随着丰水期和枯水期有所变化(赵玉庭等, 2016b), 尖刺拟菱形藻、旋链角毛藻为广温性沿岸种, 大洋角管藻和中肋骨条藻为广温广盐的典型代表种, 只有广适性浮游植物生理特性能够适应莱州湾复杂的环境, 在莱州湾浮游植物中占据主导地位, 这4种硅藻均属微型的链状聚生型类群(杨世民等, 2006), 其形态特征符合浮游植物微型化的生态适应策略。微藻在富营养化响应中表现出显著的生理优势, 较高的比生长速率与群体化生长模式协同增强了营养盐的利用效率, 往往是富营养型水域的特征表现(潘非斐, 2020)。
小清河口及黄河口海域, 受陆地径流的影响, 水质常年为四类及劣四类, 海水不同季节呈富营养化状态(山东省海洋与渔业厅, 2017, 2018; 山东省生态环境厅, 2019, 2020), 微型浮游植物在营养盐富集环境中表现出显著的竞争优势, 其通过高效吸收环境中的营养物质实现快速增殖, 进而在种间竞争中形成优势类群。浮游植物粒径结构的趋小化特征已被证实可作为水体营养盐富集状态的重要生物指标, 浮游植物粒径的缩减程度与海域营养化呈显著正相关(潘非斐, 2020)。
同时, 盐度与物种数呈极显著负相关, 与多样性指数()呈显著负相关, 无机氮与细胞丰度呈显著正相关, 与丰富度指数(d)呈极显著负相关, 说明在河口区域径流的增加, 导致河口附近形成低盐高营养物质区, 径流的输入对广温广盐的小型化浮游植物的生长有明显促进作用。
海水温度会改变浮游植物的酶活力, 影响浮游植物对营养物质的吸收, 浮游植物的生理代谢过程会发生显著波动, 从而影响浮游植物的生长(方素云等, 2023)。已有研究证实, 气候变暖引发的海水温度上升与浮游植物生物量的区域性下降存在显著关联(Toseland et al, 2013), 春季渤海海域硅藻细胞丰度也与温度呈显著负相关(李亚倩等, 2024)。本研究结果表明, 温度与物种数及各群落结构指数呈极显著负相关, 在莱州湾河口附近径流的增加导致河口海域温度升高, 进而影响到浮游植物的生长, 导致在河口附近更利于广温广盐的小型化浮游植物生长。
浮游植物的生长也易受到营养盐浓度及结构变化的影响(陈丹婷等, 2020; 牟京龙, 2020), 相对于甲藻而言, 硅藻对于生长环境的变化较为敏感, 环境因子的变动对其生长会产生较大影响(周洁玉等, 2021)。结果表明, 影响渤海不同季节浮游植物群落结构差异的最大因素是无机氮(李子琳, 2021), 活性磷酸盐、温度、硅酸盐、溶解氧、硅氮比等的影响依次较小(李子琳, 2021)。本研究结果显示, 莱州湾夏季浮游植物细胞丰度与硝酸盐-氮呈极显著正相关, 与无机氮、总氮呈显著正相关, 与硅氮比呈显著负相关。莱州湾海域硝酸盐-氮、亚硝酸盐-氮、氨-氮占无机氮比例范围分别为66.6%、9.1%、24.3%, 硝酸盐-氮是无机氮的主要存在形式(苏博等, 2021), 表明影响莱州湾夏季浮游植物丰度变化的主要因子为硝酸盐-氮, 与前人研究结果基本一致(姜会超, 2018), 相较于渤海浮游植物的细胞丰度受多个环境因子共同控制(李亚倩等, 2024), 莱州湾浮游植物受营养盐影响更为明显, 这与莱州湾营养盐输入、地形结构及整体水动力较弱有关, 具有明显的区域特殊性。
(1) 2016~2023年夏季莱州湾共鉴定浮游植物3门106种, 其中硅藻90种、甲藻15种、绿藻1种; 硅藻种类占绝对优势, 其次为甲藻, 硅藻种数年际变化略呈上升趋势。种类数年际变化较大, 2020年最高, 共68种, 2019年最低, 共48种, 近3年基本保持稳定。
(2) 浮游植物细胞丰度变化范围(39.1~2 687.3)×104 cells/m3, 年际变化基本呈双峰型变化趋势, 2017年最高, 2021年最低。丰度平面分布每年均呈现出近岸高于远岸的特征, 黄河口、小清河口等河口近岸海域较湾中部密度高。硝酸盐-氮是影响浮游植物丰度变化的主要因子, 其在莱州湾的输入驱动了浮游植物的生长。
(3) 莱州湾夏季常年以硅藻为优势类群, 常见优势种为尖刺伪菱形藻、旋链角毛藻、中肋骨条藻、大洋角管藻等。尖刺伪菱形藻和旋链角毛藻在5年中为优势种, 大洋角管藻和中肋骨条藻在3年中为优势种, 这4种硅藻的细胞丰度占比54.9%。
(4) 莱州湾浮游植物群落指数总体呈波动上升的变化趋势, 各群落结构指数变化趋势较为一致, 浮游植物群落结构趋好, 反映莱州湾具有良好的生态恢复潜力。

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2026年第57卷第3期
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doi: 10.11693/hyhz20250300083
  • 接收时间:2025-03-29
  • 首发时间:2026-08-06
  • 出版时间:2026-05-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-29
  • 修回日期:2025-05-24
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    1山东省海洋资源与环境研究院 山东省数据开放创新应用实验室 自然资源部莱州湾海洋生态系统野外科学观测研究站 山东烟台 264006

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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