Article(id=1292187190696628972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, issueId=1292187163098112845, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11693/hyhz20260200045, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1771862400000, receivedDateStr=2026-02-24, revisedDate=1774886400000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-31, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1786011033938, onlineDateStr=2026-08-06, pubDate=1780070400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1786011033938, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1786011033938, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1786011033938, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1292187163098112845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, year='2026', volume='57', issue='3', pageStart='579', pageEnd='830', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1780070400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1786011027358, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1786013993148, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1292199602611056777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, issueId=1292187163098112845, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1292199602611056778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, issueId=1292187163098112845, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=606, endPage=616, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1292187190931509997, articleId=1292187190696628972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, language=EN, title=SUGGESTED EVALUATION INDICATORS AND METHODS FOR ASSESSING THE ECOLOGICAL QUALITY STATUS OF MACROBENTHOS IN CHINESE COASTAL WATERS, columnId=1292187164687749679, journalTitle=Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, columnName=REVIEW, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Under the stresses of climate change and anthropogenic activities, marine ecosystems are undergoing unprecedented changes. Accurately assessing the ecological quality status of marine ecosystems and their spatiotemporal variation characteristics is an urgent scientific challenge. Within marine ecological quality assessment frameworks, macrobenthos serve as critical evaluation criteria due to their distinctive physiological and ecological traits. However, current assessment indicators based on macrobenthic communities are numerous yet singular, lacking a comprehensive integrated evaluation system. To address this gap, the present study proposes a multi-dimensional, multi-indicator evaluation framework constructed from an ecological perspective that integrates both community structure and function. This framework comprises three primary categories and nine secondary indices: (1) biotic indices (M-AMBI and BENTIX index); (2) community structure (Shannon-Wiener diversity index, species richness, taxonomic composition, abundance, and biomass); and (3) functional attributes and stability (functional diversity and stability). Weight assignments were allocated according to indicator importance to calculate the macrobenthic community ecological quality index (MCEQI) for benthic ecological status assessment. Application of MCEQI to analyze the macrobenthic community ecological status in Jiaozhou Bay demonstrated that this index exhibits higher accuracy than single-indicator approaches, providing a more comprehensive reflection of community ecological quality.

, authors=Xin-Zheng LI1, 2, 3, 7, 8, , Bao-Quan LI4, Yong XU1, 2, 3, Dong DONG1, 2, 3, Yue ZHANG4, De-Ming KONG1, 2, Jia-Yi CONG1, 2, Xiao-Shou LIU5, Li-Zhe CAI6, authorsList=Xin-Zheng LI, Bao-Quan LI, Yong XU, Dong DONG, Yue ZHANG, De-Ming KONG, Jia-Yi CONG, Xiao-Shou LIU, Li-Zhe CAI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xin-Zheng LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1292187193783636722, articleId=1292187190696628972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, language=CN, title=中国近海大型底栖动物生态质量状况多维度综合评价指标和方法的建立, columnId=1292187164859716145, journalTitle=海洋与湖沼, columnName=研究综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

气候变化和人类活动双重压力叠加影响下, 海洋生态系统正在经历前所未有的变化, 准确评估海洋生态系统质量状况及其时空变化特征, 是迫切需要解决的科学问题。在海洋生态系统质量状况评价体系中, 大型底栖动物因其特有的生理和生态习性, 成为重要的评价依据。然而目前依据大型底栖动物的评价指标较多且单一, 缺乏综合性评估体系, 常常出现评价偏差, 造成海岸带经济开发和生态保护与修复的损失和偏离。针对这个现状, 该研究拟从生态学角度出发, 兼顾群落结构与功能, 构建一个包含生物指数(M-AMBI、BENTIX指数)、群落结构(香农-维纳指数、物种数、类群组成、栖息密度、生物量)、功能和稳定性(功能多样性、稳定性)等3个一级指标和9个二级指标的多维度多指标评价体系, 并根据指标的重要性进行权重赋值, 通过计算大型底栖动物群落生态质量评价指数(macrobenthic community ecological quality index, MCEQI), 进行底栖生态状况评估。该研究应用MCEQI分析了胶州湾大型底栖动物群落生态状况, 证实该指数与单一指数相比, 具有准确性高、信息依据全面、实用性强的优点, 能够更全面准确地反映群落的生态质量状况。

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李新正, 研究员, 博士生导师, E-mail:

李宝泉, 研究员, 博士生导师, E-mail:

徐勇, 副研究员, E-mail:

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李新正, 研究员, 博士生导师, E-mail:
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注: a~d. MECQI指数; e~h. M-AMBI指数; i~l. BENTIX指数。黑色圆圈表示站位

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注: a. 秋季; b. 冬季; c. 春季; d. 夏季

, figureFileSmall=WZc8yfqIszrseSX/5LMraQ==, figureFileBig=eNkfEwCCHdYxUjZCTNahxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1292187200804901712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187190696628972, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Indicators and weights for ecological status assessment of macrobenthic communities

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
目标层一级指标二级指标赋值说明
名称权重名称权重
大型底栖动物群落健康综合评价指数生物指数0.2M-AMBI指数0.6该指数适用场景较广、评估结果更精准
BENTIX指数0.4该指数更适用贫营养海域、评估结果相对宽泛
群落结构0.4多样性指数(香农-维纳指数)0.1该指数不能真实反映群落变化, 可能出现假象
物种数0.2不能代表不同类群物种的占比
类群组成(软体、多毛、甲壳、棘皮物种数和生物量占比)0.4是群落结构的重要指示参数, 能够反映群落的结构特征
栖息密度0.2是重要指标, 但不能反映不同类群的占比
生物量0.1不能反映不同类群的生物量占比
群落功能0.4功能多样性0.6是群落功能特征的重要指标
稳定性0.4能反映群落结构的稳定性
), ArticleFig(id=1292187202495206225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187190696628972, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

大型底栖动物群落生态学状态评价指标及权重

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
目标层一级指标二级指标赋值说明
名称权重名称权重
大型底栖动物群落健康综合评价指数生物指数0.2M-AMBI指数0.6该指数适用场景较广、评估结果更精准
BENTIX指数0.4该指数更适用贫营养海域、评估结果相对宽泛
群落结构0.4多样性指数(香农-维纳指数)0.1该指数不能真实反映群落变化, 可能出现假象
物种数0.2不能代表不同类群物种的占比
类群组成(软体、多毛、甲壳、棘皮物种数和生物量占比)0.4是群落结构的重要指示参数, 能够反映群落的结构特征
栖息密度0.2是重要指标, 但不能反映不同类群的占比
生物量0.1不能反映不同类群的生物量占比
群落功能0.4功能多样性0.6是群落功能特征的重要指标
稳定性0.4能反映群落结构的稳定性
), ArticleFig(id=1292187202583286610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187190696628972, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Scoring and classification of secondary indicators for ecological status assessment of macrobenthic communities

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
大型底栖动物群落健康评价二级指标赋分分级
M-AMBI指数BENTIX指数物种数类群组成香农-维纳指数生物量栖息密度功能群稳定性
>0.70 健康4.5~6.0健康>80%×OV>80%×OV>80%×OV>80%×OV>80%×OV>80%×OV>80%×OV5
0.53~0.70 轻微扰动3.5~4.5轻微扰动80%×OV80%×OV80%×OV80%×OV80%×OV80%×OV80%×OV4良好
0.38~0.53中度扰动2.5~3.5中度扰动;<60%×OV<60%×OV<60%×OV<60%×OV<60%×OV<60%×OV<60%×OV3中等
0.20~0.38严重扰动2.0~2.5严重扰动<40%×OV<40%×OV<40%×OV<40%×OV<40%×OV<40%×OV<40%×OV2较差
<0.20极度扰动0~2.0极度扰动<20%×OV<20%×OV<20%×OV<20%×OV<20%×OV<20%×OV<20%×OV1很差
), ArticleFig(id=1292187202990134099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187190696628972, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

大型底栖动物群落生态学状态评价二级指标赋分及评价分级

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
大型底栖动物群落健康评价二级指标赋分分级
M-AMBI指数BENTIX指数物种数类群组成香农-维纳指数生物量栖息密度功能群稳定性
>0.70 健康4.5~6.0健康>80%×OV>80%×OV>80%×OV>80%×OV>80%×OV>80%×OV>80%×OV5
0.53~0.70 轻微扰动3.5~4.5轻微扰动80%×OV80%×OV80%×OV80%×OV80%×OV80%×OV80%×OV4良好
0.38~0.53中度扰动2.5~3.5中度扰动;<60%×OV<60%×OV<60%×OV<60%×OV<60%×OV<60%×OV<60%×OV3中等
0.20~0.38严重扰动2.0~2.5严重扰动<40%×OV<40%×OV<40%×OV<40%×OV<40%×OV<40%×OV<40%×OV2较差
<0.20极度扰动0~2.0极度扰动<20%×OV<20%×OV<20%×OV<20%×OV<20%×OV<20%×OV<20%×OV1很差
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中国近海大型底栖动物生态质量状况多维度综合评价指标和方法的建立
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李新正 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, , 李宝泉 4 , 徐勇 1, 2, 3 , 董栋 1, 2, 3 , 张悦 4 , 孔德明 1, 2 , 丛佳仪 1, 2 , 刘晓收 5 , 蔡立哲 6
海洋与湖沼 | 研究综述 2026,57(3): 606-616
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海洋与湖沼 |研究综述 2026 , 57 (3) : 606 -616
中国近海大型底栖动物生态质量状况多维度综合评价指标和方法的建立
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李新正1, 2, 3, 7, 8, , 李宝泉4 , 徐勇1, 2, 3 , 董栋1, 2, 3, 张悦4, 孔德明1, 2, 丛佳仪1, 2, 刘晓收5, 蔡立哲6
作者信息
  • 1中国科学院海洋研究所海洋生物分类与系统演化实验室 山东省海洋生物多样性与资源可持续利用重点实验室 山东青岛 266071
  • 2中国科学院大学 北京 100049
  • 3青岛海洋科技中心海洋生物学与生物技术功能实验室 山东青岛 266237
  • 4江苏海洋大学 江苏连云港 222005
  • 5中国海洋大学 山东青岛 266100
  • 6厦门大学 福建厦门 361005
  • 7北部湾大学海洋学院 广西钦州 535011
  • 8平陆运河河口海湾生态系统广西野外科学观测研究站 广西海洋环境灾害过程与生态保护技术重点实验室 广西钦州 535011
通讯作者:
李新正, 研究员, 博士生导师, E-mail:
作者简介:

李新正, 研究员, 博士生导师, E-mail:

李宝泉, 研究员, 博士生导师, E-mail:

徐勇, 副研究员, E-mail:

SUGGESTED EVALUATION INDICATORS AND METHODS FOR ASSESSING THE ECOLOGICAL QUALITY STATUS OF MACROBENTHOS IN CHINESE COASTAL WATERS
Xin-Zheng LI1, 2, 3, 7, 8, , Bao-Quan LI4 , Yong XU1, 2, 3 , Dong DONG1, 2, 3, Yue ZHANG4, De-Ming KONG1, 2, Jia-Yi CONG1, 2, Xiao-Shou LIU5, Li-Zhe CAI6
Affiliations
  • 1Laboratory of Marine Organism Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Marine Biodiversity and Bio-resource Sustainable Utilization, Qingdao 266071, China
  • 2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
  • 3Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China
  • 4Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
  • 5Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
  • 6Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
  • 7College of Marine Sciences, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, China
  • 8Guangxi Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of Beibu Gulf Marine Ecological Environment, and Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Disaster Processes and Ecological Protection Technology, Qinzhou 535011, China
出版时间: 2026-05-30 doi: 10.11693/hyhz20260200045
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气候变化和人类活动双重压力叠加影响下, 海洋生态系统正在经历前所未有的变化, 准确评估海洋生态系统质量状况及其时空变化特征, 是迫切需要解决的科学问题。在海洋生态系统质量状况评价体系中, 大型底栖动物因其特有的生理和生态习性, 成为重要的评价依据。然而目前依据大型底栖动物的评价指标较多且单一, 缺乏综合性评估体系, 常常出现评价偏差, 造成海岸带经济开发和生态保护与修复的损失和偏离。针对这个现状, 该研究拟从生态学角度出发, 兼顾群落结构与功能, 构建一个包含生物指数(M-AMBI、BENTIX指数)、群落结构(香农-维纳指数、物种数、类群组成、栖息密度、生物量)、功能和稳定性(功能多样性、稳定性)等3个一级指标和9个二级指标的多维度多指标评价体系, 并根据指标的重要性进行权重赋值, 通过计算大型底栖动物群落生态质量评价指数(macrobenthic community ecological quality index, MCEQI), 进行底栖生态状况评估。该研究应用MCEQI分析了胶州湾大型底栖动物群落生态状况, 证实该指数与单一指数相比, 具有准确性高、信息依据全面、实用性强的优点, 能够更全面准确地反映群落的生态质量状况。

大型底栖动物  /  生态质量状况  /  中国近海  /  MCEQI  /  群落生态学

Under the stresses of climate change and anthropogenic activities, marine ecosystems are undergoing unprecedented changes. Accurately assessing the ecological quality status of marine ecosystems and their spatiotemporal variation characteristics is an urgent scientific challenge. Within marine ecological quality assessment frameworks, macrobenthos serve as critical evaluation criteria due to their distinctive physiological and ecological traits. However, current assessment indicators based on macrobenthic communities are numerous yet singular, lacking a comprehensive integrated evaluation system. To address this gap, the present study proposes a multi-dimensional, multi-indicator evaluation framework constructed from an ecological perspective that integrates both community structure and function. This framework comprises three primary categories and nine secondary indices: (1) biotic indices (M-AMBI and BENTIX index); (2) community structure (Shannon-Wiener diversity index, species richness, taxonomic composition, abundance, and biomass); and (3) functional attributes and stability (functional diversity and stability). Weight assignments were allocated according to indicator importance to calculate the macrobenthic community ecological quality index (MCEQI) for benthic ecological status assessment. Application of MCEQI to analyze the macrobenthic community ecological status in Jiaozhou Bay demonstrated that this index exhibits higher accuracy than single-indicator approaches, providing a more comprehensive reflection of community ecological quality.

macrobenthos  /  ecological quality status  /  Chinese coastal waters  /  macrobenthic community ecological quality index (MCEQI)  /  community ecology
李新正, 李宝泉, 徐勇, 董栋, 张悦, 孔德明, 丛佳仪, 刘晓收, 蔡立哲. 中国近海大型底栖动物生态质量状况多维度综合评价指标和方法的建立. 海洋与湖沼, 2026 , 57 (3) : 606 -616 . DOI: 10.11693/hyhz20260200045
Xin-Zheng LI, Bao-Quan LI, Yong XU, Dong DONG, Yue ZHANG, De-Ming KONG, Jia-Yi CONG, Xiao-Shou LIU, Li-Zhe CAI. SUGGESTED EVALUATION INDICATORS AND METHODS FOR ASSESSING THE ECOLOGICAL QUALITY STATUS OF MACROBENTHOS IN CHINESE COASTAL WATERS[J]. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, 2026 , 57 (3) : 606 -616 . DOI: 10.11693/hyhz20260200045
近海生态系统为人类提供了重要的生态和经济价值, 但同时又易受人类活动影响, 导致过去十多年间近海生态系统的严重退化(Lotze et al, 2006; Waycott et al, 2009)。由于生态系统具有趋于多稳态的特性, 因此受损的近海生态系统难以恢复(Jackson et al, 2001; Scheffer et al, 2001; van Wesenbeeck et al, 2008)。因此, 对近海生态系统进行质量检测和状况评价就变得至关重要, 逐渐成为全球的热点。由于近海环境的复杂多变, 对近海生态质量的评价方法和措施也多种多样。生态系统质量状况可以通过化学的、物理的和生物的完整性来进行评价(Butcher et al, 2003)。
在水生态质量评价方法上, 欧盟制定的水环境管理政策《欧盟水框架指令》(The European Water Framework Directive, WFD, 2000/60/EC)为其成员国的水环境管理提供了共同的目标、原则、定义和方法(Borja et al, 2004)。WFD要求各成员国要评估水体的水生态质量状况(ecological quality status, EcoQ)。EcoQ主要基于水体中的生物、水文、物理和化学质量元素进行评价, 其中生物元素部分极其重要。在近海水域, 生物类群主要包括浮游植物、浮游动物、大型藻类、大型底栖生物和鱼类。我国生态环境部和自然资源部等部委对淡水与河口区的水生态系统健康评价, 已由过去的水质检测过渡到水生态质量状况评估。近海目前虽然还以水质检测为主, 但也日益关注水生态质量状况。如蔡立哲(2003), 根据大型底栖动物污染指数对我国深圳湾、厦门西海域和罗源湾等潮间带的污染程度进行了评价。
已有的海洋生态系统的评价体系和评价方法, 例如AMBI 指数、M-AMBI指数等, 是在一个生态系统发生了变化之后已经或者正在出现健康问题的情况下, 去评价其健康水平, 对生态系统做出诊断, 找到造成其出现健康问题的原因, 从而制定有针对性的生态修复措施。这些评价方法的缺点是, 与实际调查数据均有或多或少的偏差, 而且只针对直接的表面的原因做出判断, 没有对该生态系统本身的脆弱性、敏感性、容错度、生态容量等做出全面系统的诊断, 由此提出的生态修复措施治标不治本, 只看树木不看森林。如同沙漠生态系统远比草原生态系统的生态容量低, 脆弱性、敏感性要高得多, 而包容性、容错率要低得多, 更没法与热带雨林生态系统相比一样。要对一个生态系统的治理提出科学合理有效的保护和修复措施, 需要综合考虑该生态系统本身的质量和外部环境的影响因素, 全面系统地对当地的海洋环境和生态系统做出生态质量状况的诊断。那么, 如何准确地评价一个生态系统的生态质量状态呢? 其实, 海洋生物群落评价常用的香农-维纳指数、物种丰富度指数、均匀度指数就是基于此目的做出的尝试, 但有时很不敏感, 也不准确。例如, 作者曾对2000年前后多个时间段长江口的大型底栖生物做了香农-维纳指数(Shannon-Wiener index, H')、物种丰富度指数(Margalef’s species richness, d)、均匀度指数(Pielou’s evenness, J')的比较(未发表)。结果发现, 3个指数在2005~2010年的数值与1980~1990年代并无明显差别, 看不出明显变化。然而, 深入分析了其群落结构发现, 不但2005~2010年的优势种与1980~1990年代不同, 就连主要种类的组成也已发生了根本改变。这是因为, 2000年以来, 长江口越来越严重的夏季低氧区使运动能力强、作为捕食者存在的鱼类、甲壳类等逃离, 而多毛类、双壳类等运动能力不强的类群在缺少天敌制约的环境下明显增多, 填补了逃离鱼类、甲壳类的生物量和栖息密度空缺。这便导致基于生物量和栖息密度计算出来的3个指数, 特别是其中“最重要”的香农-维纳指数没有发生太多变化的假象。综上所述, 找到一种能够全面、系统、准确地评价一个地区海洋生态系统或者生物群落生态质量状态的方法, 对于综合治理该地区生态健康问题, 保护海洋生物多样性资源至关重要。为此, 作者试图基于数十年来在我国近海大型底栖生物生态学研究成果的基础上, 建立一套我国近海大型底栖动物生态质量状况评价指标和方法体系, 并希望经过一段时间的使用和修正后, 能够扩展应用到浮游生物、游泳生物和整个生态系统的生态质量评价中, 为海洋生态学理论创新和海洋生态文明建设提供科学依据。
大型底栖动物(macrozoobenthos)是指在样品分选时不能通过0.5 mm孔径筛网的底栖动物类群(李新正等, 2010; 沈国英等, 2010; 蔡立哲, 2015)。大型底栖动物对海洋底栖生态系统有着深远的影响。首先, 大型底栖动物通过它们的行为改变海底沉积物的结构, 包括挖穴、爬行、摄食等行为。大型底栖动物通过扰动造成的海底沉积物的再悬浮和再沉降成为沉积动力学研究的重要内容(李新正等, 2010)。其次, 大型底栖动物构成了海洋食物网的重要组成部分, 许多沉降到海底的有机质通过沉积食性的大型底栖动物的摄食、吸收, 得以分解, 重新进入食物网, 可见大型底栖动物在海洋生态系统的物质循环和能量流动起着重要作用。
大型底栖动物迁移能力有限, 易受周围环境变化影响。有些大型底栖动物甚至能够通过滤食或者将污染物结合在身体表面来降低水体中污染物的浓度(Bayne et al, 1985)。根据对环境污染的敏感和耐受程度, 可以将大型底栖动物划分为污染敏感种和耐受种, 通过敏感种和耐受种的变化, 可以监测海洋环境变化和污染程度。海洋大型底栖动物的这个特点被广泛应用于海洋环境监测研究中。利用大型底栖动物进行生态评价, 目前主要是通过其指示种(指示生物法)或其群落整体或部分(指示指数法)表现出的特征为依据, 来对所处环境进行评价(徐勇等, 2021)。
指示种是指在一定区域内, 能够反映环境整体特征或指示其中某一生态因子特征的生物物种或类群。通过对指示种及其生理生态指标等的监测, 来评估整个底栖生态系统状况, 就是指示生物法。在实际应用中, 指示生物法由于所需的数据量少, 且方法简单, 因而较早得到应用。例如, 多毛类动物小头虫(Capitella capitata)主要以海底的有机碎屑为食, 极其耐受污染, 能够在溶解氧浓度相对较低的条件下生存, 是典型的污染耐受种。1916年, 德国学者首次利用小头虫来评价海洋中的污染状况(李永祺等, 1991)。1978年, 我国研究人员通过小头虫数量减少的现象评估青岛湾的污染状况减轻(孙道元等, 1978)。与小头虫相反, 文昌鱼对污染十分敏感, 在受污染的海底无法生存, 是典型的污染敏感种。研究人员通过青岛文昌鱼的出现和数量, 评估青岛文昌鱼水生野生动物市级自然保护区海域生态状况良好(王昊等, 2019)。
群落整体或部分表现出的特征主要体现为群落指数的高低。例如多样性指数、某些特定类群的栖息密度或生物量及其比例等。常用来进行生态质量状况评价的大型底栖动物群落指数包括: 多样性指数、AZTI海洋生物指数(AMBI指数)、底栖多毛类机会种和端足类指数(BOPA指数)、底内动物营养指数(ITI)、M-AMBI指数、BENTIX指数等。
利用群落指数进行生态质量状况评价的研究中, 多样性指数的应用最为常见。一般认为在没有受到干扰及污染的情况下, 生物的种类较多、分布相对均匀、多样性较高。受到污染等扰动之后, 敏感种会减少或消失, 耐污种会增加, 导致群落种类相对单一、均匀性及多样性下降。其中, 香农-维纳指数(H')的应用较为常见。蔡立哲等(2002)研究深圳湾福田潮间带泥滩大型底栖动物群落, 发现H'比物种丰富度指数(d)、均匀度指数(J')更能反映污染状况; 并建议按H'值大小将污染程度分为5个等级: 严重污染(H'=0); 重度污染(0<H'≤1); 中度污染(1<H'≤2); 轻度污染(2<H'≤3); 清洁(H'>3)(蔡立哲等, 2002)。
AMBI指数(AZTI’s Marine Biotic Index)由西班牙渔业与食品技术研究所(Arrantzuarekiko Zientzia eta Teknika Ikaskundea, AZTI)的Borja等(2000)于2000年提出。根据对环境干扰(有机物富集、污染等)的耐受能力从低到高, 将大型底栖动物划分为5类生态类群。对不同生态类群赋予不同的权重, 来计算AMBI指数, 一般能获得从0~6的一系列连续的值, 其中当AMBI≤0.2时, 表示群落未受污染, 处于正常健康状况; 当5.5<AMBI≤6时, 表示群落处于重度污染的不健康状况; 当AMBI=7时, 表明群落处于极度污染状况, 没有任何大型底栖动物存在。AMBI指数已广泛应用于欧洲近海底栖生态质量状况评估(Çağlar et al, 2012), 在我国近海, 也得到应用(Cai et al, 2013; Li et al, 2013)。
BOPA指数基于两类大型底栖动物——多毛类机会种与端足类的相对比例创建, 只需分别统计多毛类机会种和端足类的出现频次就可计算(Dauvin et al, 2007)。BOPA指数的数值一般在0~0.3范围, 其中数值为0时生态系统健康状况最好, 而数值为0.3则生态系统健康状况最差。Xu等(2016)曾使用BOPA指数评估苏北浅滩生态质量状况。
ITI指数将大型底栖动物按食性特征分为4个营养类群: 悬浮物摄食动物(TGⅠ)、食腐动物(TGⅡ, 包括食肉动物和杂食动物)、表层食底泥动物(TGⅢ)和底内食底泥动物(TGⅣ)(Word, 1979)。ITI计算出的数值在0~100范围内, 其中ITI≤30表明研究地点处于被污染的不健康状况, 30<ITI≤60表明处于不稳定或向污染过渡的中等健康状况, ITI>60为未受污染的正常状况。
M-AMBI和BENTIX指数在2.1节中详细介绍。
目前, 采用大型底栖动物进行水生态健康评价的方法较多, 每种方法也各具不同的使用情景和优缺点(刘晓收等, 2025)。大型底栖动物指标在特定条件下, 具有较好的生态状况指示作用。但是在其他情况下, 指示作用有限, 有时甚至得到错误结论。为了弥补单一指标的不足, 我们尝试设计一个包含生物指数、群落结构、功能和稳定等多个维度多个单一指标的综合指标, 来评估底栖生态质量状况。其中单一指标及其筛选遵循的原则如下。
M-AMBI (multivariate AMBI)全称多变量 AZTI 海洋生物指数, BENTIX 指数(benthic biotic index)即底栖生物指数。
用于评价底栖生态状况的指数在研究中使用广泛, 这些指数在使用时, 有时会出现相似的表现, 有时会有较大差别。例如应用于莱州湾的底栖生态健康状况评价时, AMBI与BENTIX/BO2A, M-AMBI与BO2A/jFD, BENTIX/BO2A与jFD表现一致(Dong et al, 2023)。也有研究表明, 在我国东海北部, M-AMBI的评价准确性要优于AMBI和BENTIX指数(Song et al, 2023)。不同的生物指数往往适用于不同的环境, M-AMBI指数适用于富营养环境, 而BENTIX指数起初建立于地中海贫营养区域。因此本研究同时考虑这两种情况, 故选择M-AMBI和BENTIX指数作为生物指数。
Muxika等(2007)改进了Borja等提出的AMBI计算公式, 提出了基于AMBI指数的M-AMBI指数, 能够更好地用来评估欧洲“水框架”定义的生态质量比(Ecological Quality Ratio)。M-AMBI指数是包含AMBI指数、香农-维纳多样性指数(H')和物种数S的综合性指数。计算过程主要使用软件AZTI AMBI (V6.0)完成。BENTIX指数在AMBI指数的基础上, 将AMBI指数的5个生态组减少为2个生态分组。BENTIX指数的计算由BENTIX Add-In v.1.0软件完成(Mulik et al, 2017)。
群落结构是反映底栖生态质量状况的重要维度。一个健康和稳定的底栖生物群落往往有着较高的生物多样性, 较高的栖息密度和生物量, 同时类群组成(即群落中软体动物、多毛类动物、甲壳动物、棘皮动物4个类群的物种数、栖息密度及生物量占比), 软体动物和甲壳动物一般会有较高的比例, 而多毛类动物占比较低。因此, 我们将多样性指数(香农-维纳指数)、物种数、类群组成、栖息密度、生物量作为群落结构方面的多指标进行分析。香农-维纳多样性指数在众多多样性指数中, 指示作用良好, 其中以密度计算的H'值指示效果最佳(蔡立哲等, 2002)。栖息密度和生物量反映了群落的生产力和现存量, 是反映群落状态的重要指标。群落中不同类群物种数和生物量的占比能从本质上反映底栖动物群落的变化, 是生态评估中最容易被忽视的一个重要指标。如本文作者在研究长江口低氧区底栖动物群落时发现, 营养盐等化学参数均降低, 浮游生物数量也下降, 但大型底栖动物的多样性指数和生物量无明显变化。但深入分析不同类群的物种数和生物量占比, 发现群落中的甲壳类和鱼类占比明显降低, 而耐受能力强的多毛类占比明显增高, 整体上保持了多样性指数变化不大, 但群落已发生了明显的变化(数据未发表)。
群落功能的多样性主要体现在不同功能群的数量上。本研究中, 我们筛选功能多样性指标Rao二次熵指数(Rao’Q)作为衡量群落功能的指标。
基于Rao将物种相对丰富度与物种间功能差异结合起来的研究方法, Botta-Dukát提出了Rao二次熵指数(Rao’s quadratic entropy)。相比于其他功能多样性的研究方法, 该指标可同时考虑定性和定量性状, 同时也将物种权重纳入计算, 因而具有优势(韩涛涛等, 2021)。该指标的缺点是在计算中会受到性状分布以及协变量的影响, 因此在性状选取时需考虑性状相关性等问题。
群落稳定性指生物群落维持物种组成与数量关系的能力, 以及在受干扰后恢复原状的能力。群落稳定性也是群落功能的重要特征之一, 因此将稳定性纳入底栖生态状况评估十分必要。本研究选用群落稳定性指数(ICV)来计算底栖群落的稳定性(赵茜等, 2024)。
基于上述对大型底栖动物生态学状态指标的分析和选择, 根据重要性、适用性对每个指标进行权重赋值(表1)。每个指标都划分为5个等级, 对应5个健康状况(表2)。
大型底栖动物群落生态质量评价指数MCEQI (macrobenthic community ecological quality index, MCEQI)按照式(1)计算:
MCEQI=i=1nWij=1mCijWij
式中, Wi 表示第i个一级指标的权重; n表示一级指标的个数; m表示二级指标的个数; Cij表示第i个一级指标下第j个二级指标的赋分; Wij表示第i个一级指标下第j个二级指标的权重。
参照状态(reference condition)的选择。参照状态是开展评估区域生态环境质量的重要参照标准。依据WFD提供的4个方法确定参照状态: (1) 已存在的未受扰动区域或轻微扰动区; (2) 历史数据和信息, 采用调查方法和数据处理方法一致的历史数据和信息; (3) 模型模拟; (4) 专家判断。需要说明的是, 参照状态仅用于描述生物群落质量状况, 而高生态状态整合了生物、物理-化学、水文参数(Borja et al, 2004)。
参考上述原则, 可以考虑采用以下方法确定未受扰动的参照值: 表2中的M-AMBI、BENTIX指数、香农-维纳指数、物种数、类群组成、生物量、栖息密度等8个二级指标, 其参照值采用未受扰动状态(自然状态)(如我国1958~1959年全国海洋普查的数据)或近年来该区域该指标的最高值×110%~115% (Borja et al, 2008; Paganelli et al, 2011)。
为了验证大型底栖动物群落生态质量评价指数(MCEQI)的适用性, 我们使用2023~2024年春夏秋冬4个季节胶州湾(35°38'~36°18'N, 120°04'~120°23'E)大型底栖动物调查数据(研究组实际采样数据, 未发表资料), 2015~2018年的黄东海大面站以及长江口海域的调查数据, 通过计算MCEQI指数进行生态状况评价, 并与常用的M-AMBI指数和BENTIX指数进行比较分析, 适用性良好。限于篇幅, 本文仅详细说明在胶州湾的应用示例。黄东海和长江口的应用示例将另文发表。
3个指数的评价结果见图1。MCEQI指数的评价结果表明, 胶州湾大部分调查站位的生态质量状况处于“良好”和“中等”水平。冬季D6和D7站、春季A5和C3站均处于“较差”水平。本研究中, MCEQI与M-AMBI指数的评价结果较为相近, 一些站位(例如A3、B2、C1、D1、D3站)MCEQI的评价结果更优, 另一些站位(冬季D7、春季D5站)MCEQI的评价结果更劣; 而与BENTIX指数的评价结果差别较大。丁敬坤等(2020)利用M-AMBI指数研究了夏季胶州湾湾内底栖生态系统健康状况, 指出该海域底栖生态系统受到中等程度的干扰, 与本研究的总体结论较为一致。不同的是, 本研究夏季MCEQI指数的评价结果中, B2站位附近海域(胶州湾西部)、A5和Y1站位附近海域(胶州湾东北部)评价为“良好”和“中等”, 而夏季相应海域在丁敬坤等(2020)的研究中均评价为“较差”(本研究夏季相应海域M-AMBI指数评价为“良好”)。这既体现了该海域生态质量状况的时间变化, 也体现了两个指数评价角度的差异: M-AMBI指数着重从受污染的角度来进行评价, 而本研究的MCEQI指数综合考虑了受污染程度、群落多样性、栖息密度、生物量和群落的稳定性等。而BENTIX指数评价原理与M-AMBI相近, 只是将AMBI指数的5个生态组减少为2个生态分组, 这样可能导致评价结果的不精准, 但该指数起初主要用于地中海贫营养区域的评价, 需要考虑特定的应用场景和评价区域。
由于生态系统健康状况与水环境质量密切相关, 我们同时也分析了3个指数与不同水环境因子的相关性。通过计算MCEQI与M-AMBI、BENTIX及氮磷等营养盐和溶解氧相关性(图2), 发现MCEQI与M-AMBI具有显著的正相关性(P<0.05)。春季MCEQI指数与总磷、总氮呈显著负相关(P<0.05), 其他季节与环境因子的相关性不显著。春季M-AMBI指数与氨氮、亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐、磷酸盐、硅酸盐、总磷、总氮显著负相关(P<0.05), 秋季与氨氮、磷酸盐、硅酸盐、总磷显著负相关(P<0.05), 其他季节与环境因子相关性不显著。春季BENTIX指数与氨氮、亚硝酸盐、硅酸盐显著正相关(P<0.05), 其他季节与环境因子的相关性不显著。从以上结果可以看出, 3个指数中, M-AMBI指数与环境因子的相关性最强, MCEQI指数次之, BENTIX指数最低。与BENTIX指数相比, MCEQI指数更能准确指示环境因子的变化, 尤其在评价春季胶州湾大型底栖动物群落生态质量状况时, 具有较好的适用性。与MCEQI指数相比, M-AMBI指数仅根据不同物种对污染的耐受程度结合生物多样性指数进行赋值计算, 未考虑群落的物种数、类群组成(软体、多毛、甲壳、棘皮物种数和生物量占比)、栖息密度、生物量、功能多样性、稳定性等指标, 而这些指标是群落稳定性和健康的重要参数, 仅靠水环境质量的高低很难体现, 而MCEQI指数在计算时纳入了这些指标, 并赋予不同的权重。综合考量, 本研究认为MCEQI指数评价大型底栖动物生态质量状况时, 能全面指示群落的健康状况, 更具有应用价值。
传统的底栖生态监测主要依赖形态学分类, 存在工作量大、分类专家依赖性强、对幼体和隐蔽生物鉴定困难以及监测频率受限等瓶颈(Costello et al, 2017; Zhang et al, 2020; Wang et al, 2024)。为此, 基于新数据来源与观测手段的技术方法应运而生。其核心是从依赖人工采样和实验室分析的传统静态评估, 转向以环境DNA(environmental DNA, eDNA)宏条形码、原位实时观测、人工智能及多源数据融合为代表的自动化、高分辨率、智能化动态监测体系。
eDNA宏条形码技术作为一种新兴的生物监测手段, 通过从环境样品(水、沉积物)中直接提取、扩增和测序生物体释放的DNA片段, 实现对生物群落快速、全面、非侵入性的鉴定, 为底栖生态健康评价带来了革命性的技术转变(Ruppert et al, 2019; Sutter et al, 2019; Beng et al, 2020; Leempoel et al, 2020)。目前eDNA技术已广泛应用于多种压力下的底栖生态系统健康评价。大多数研究利用沉积物eDNA宏条形码生成生物指标, 这些指标与底栖大型无脊椎动物的指标以及物理和化学因素相关。尽管仅具有半定量的性质, 宏条形码数据常常提供了与传统方法非常相似的模式(Lejzerowicz et al, 2015)。将宏条形码数据与机器学习模型结合的方法(如随机森林), 已被证明在预测eDNA数据生态状态方面优于基于传统分类学的指数(Lanzén et al, 2021)。目前在海洋采矿、勘探和工程建设领域, 利用沉积物eDNA宏条形码技术对底栖生态进行健康评估已得到广泛应用(Xie et al, 2018; Klunder et al, 2020; Laroche et al, 2020)。eDNA技术也被用于对受人为压力影响的沿海海洋环境的生态评估, 如河口(Chariton et al, 2015)和潟湖(Behera et al, 2020)。此外, eDNA还能够高效、特异性地检测外来入侵物种的早期定殖和扩散, 为及时采取防控措施提供关键信息(Varrella et al, 2025)。尽管应用前景广阔, eDNA技术在用于生态健康评价时仍面临多重挑战。eDNA的浓度受生物体释放率、环境降解、输运扩散等多重因素影响, 与目标生物的实际生物量或栖息密度并非简单的线性关系, 目前尚难实现严格的定量分析。沉积物中的eDNA可能来源于原地生物, 也可能由水流传入或历史沉积, 其“半衰期”受温度、微生物活性、酶活性等影响。这为精准判定eDNA信号的空间归属带来挑战。总而言之, 目前eDNA技术并不能完全替代传统方法, 而是作为一种高效、灵敏的补充工具, 尤其擅长揭示隐蔽的生物多样性, 并可与功能性状等指标结合, 提供更全面的生态系统健康评估。
原位观测手段正日益广泛应用于海洋底栖生态监测领域。该技术主要依赖高清晰度的水下图像与视频, 对调查区域的生物组成及多样性特征进行评估, 因而对设备性能要求较高。其突出优势在于无需进行样品采集, 即可实现对大范围底栖生态环境的监测, 从而能够获取更为实时、丰富和长期的调查数据。目前, 原位观测手段已在珊瑚礁区底栖生物调查中得到广泛应用。例如, Mills等(2024)对关岛珊瑚礁开展了为期5年的监测, 揭示了珊瑚建群种的退化现象, 并借助机器学习方法分析了珊瑚覆盖度和藻类覆盖度的变化规律。此外, 水下视频数据也被应用于深海化能生态系统的底栖群落研究中(Wang et al, 2023), 以弥补传统深海采样方法的不足。Burlakova等(2025) 则利用水下视频监测湖泊底栖生物的动态变化, 评估低氧区的影响, 并识别出该环境下的指示性生物组成。通常, 水下视频与图像数据会结合AI识别技术以及后续的多样性评价方法, 综合研判生态系统的健康状况。这种水下原位观测手段能够显著弥补常规调查方法在采样覆盖度、代表性和持续性方面的不足。
人工智能及多源数据融合方面, 人工智能的快速发展正在改变各个领域传统的认知价值、研究方法和思考方式, 尤其是1990年代以来逐渐成为AI研究焦点的深度学习技术已经日益展现出其强大能力(Han et al, 2023)。以深度学习为代表的AI新技术正在重塑大型底栖动物群落生态学的研究范式, 为解决长期困扰该领域的数据稀缺与分类难题提供了一种新的工具(Löbl et al, 2023)。例如生成式AI可以通过合成稀有物种的形态变异数据, 有效弥补传统采样的空白(Rafiq et al, 2025)。在公民科学场景中, 公众借助搭载轻量化AI模型的移动应用设备拍摄潮间带大型底栖生物照片, 从而能够实时识别螃蟹、海星、海胆、贝类及环节动物等类群, 并通过弱监督学习自动标注模糊图像, 显著提升数据的时空覆盖与多样性, 促进了大型底栖动物数据的积累(Padró, 2024)。
地理信息系统(Geographic Information System-GS)和遥感技术(Remote Sensing-RS)的发展、物理海洋学和化学海洋学的多学科交叉研究和多源数据融合, 为构建“透明海洋”和“智慧海洋”提供全新的技术路径和研究范式(Jahanbakht et al, 2021)。透明海洋(Transparent Ocean)旨在通过高分辨率、多维度的数据获取与融合, 实现海洋环境与生态系统的“可视化”; 智慧海洋(Smart Ocean)则依托人工智能、大数据和物联网技术, 推动海洋管理的智能化与决策的科学化(Zhang et al, 2023a, 2023b)。

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2026年第57卷第3期
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doi: 10.11693/hyhz20260200045
  • 接收时间:2026-02-24
  • 首发时间:2026-08-06
  • 出版时间:2026-05-30
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  • 收稿日期:2026-02-24
  • 修回日期:2026-03-31
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    1中国科学院海洋研究所海洋生物分类与系统演化实验室 山东省海洋生物多样性与资源可持续利用重点实验室 山东青岛 266071
    2中国科学院大学 北京 100049
    3青岛海洋科技中心海洋生物学与生物技术功能实验室 山东青岛 266237
    4江苏海洋大学 江苏连云港 222005
    5中国海洋大学 山东青岛 266100
    6厦门大学 福建厦门 361005
    7北部湾大学海洋学院 广西钦州 535011
    8平陆运河河口海湾生态系统广西野外科学观测研究站 广西海洋环境灾害过程与生态保护技术重点实验室 广西钦州 535011

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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