Article(id=1292187279410356870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, issueId=1292187163098112845, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11693/hyhz20260200036, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1770566400000, receivedDateStr=2026-02-09, revisedDate=1775318400000, revisedDateStr=2026-04-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1786011055089, onlineDateStr=2026-08-06, pubDate=1780070400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1786011055089, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1786011055089, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1786011055089, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1292187163098112845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, year='2026', volume='57', issue='3', pageStart='579', pageEnd='830', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1780070400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1786011027358, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1786013993148, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1292199602611056777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, issueId=1292187163098112845, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1292199602611056778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, issueId=1292187163098112845, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=795, endPage=805, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1292187279615877767, articleId=1292187279410356870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, language=EN, title=ANALYSIS OF N/P RATIO DISTRIBUTION AND POTENTIAL PHOSPHORUS LIMITATION IN THE COASTAL SEAS OF EASTERN CHINA, columnId=1292187198095384612, journalTitle=Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, columnName=ARTICLES, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To elucidate recent changes in nutrient structure and potential phosphorus limitation in China’s coastal seas, this study analyzed the spatial distribution and interannual variability of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), phosphate (PO43-), and their molar ratio (N/P) in surface waters of the central Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, East China Sea, and the Changjiang River Estuary, using cruise data from National Natural Science Foundation of China shared surveys, and compared these with historical observations. The results indicate that in 2015 and 2017, most areas of the central Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea exhibited elevated N/P ratios, generally exceeding the Redfield ratio (16 : 1), reflecting pronounced nutrient imbalance and a tendency toward phosphorus limitation. In most years, the East China Sea also exhibited elevated N/P ratios; however, lower values were observed in parts of the outer shelf and in regions influenced by Kuroshio intrusion, suggesting possible nitrogen limitation in these areas. The Changjiang River Estuary maintained persistently high N/P ratios (>64 : 1), indicating stronger phosphorus limitation compared with other regions. Comparison with historical data revealed that N/P ratios in the central Bohai and Yellow Seas exhibited a long-term pattern of “initial increase followed by decline”, with peak values occurring around 2008 and 2005, respectively, suggesting that both seas have remained in a persistently high N/P state. Overall, nutrient imbalance is widespread in China’s coastal seas, although pronounced interregional and intraregional differences exist, reflecting the combined influence of land-based inputs and regional oceanographic processes. These findings provide a scientific basis for understanding the evolution of nutrient structure and the associated risk of nutrient limitation in China’s coastal seas.

, authors=Shu-Jin GUO1, 2, Xiao-Xia SUN1, 2, Nan WANG2, Xin JIN2, Yan SUN2, Zhen JIA3, 4, Wen WANG3, 4, Song SUN1, 2, , authorsList=Shu-Jin GUO, Xiao-Xia SUN, Nan WANG, Xin JIN, Yan SUN, Zhen JIA, Wen WANG, Song SUN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Song SUN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1292187284980392602, articleId=1292187279410356870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, language=CN, title=中国东部近海典型海域氮磷比分布格局及潜在磷限制特征分析, columnId=1292187198254768166, journalTitle=海洋与湖沼, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为评估中国近海营养盐结构特征及潜在营养限制状况, 基于国家自然科学基金委共享航次调查数据, 系统分析了渤海中部、黄海、东海陆架区及长江口海域表层水体溶解无机氮、磷酸盐及其摩尔比(N/P)的空间分布和年际变化特征, 并结合历史观测资料开展长期变化对比分析。结果表明, 渤海中部与黄海在2015年和2017年大部分海域N/P比较高, 普遍显著高于Redfield比值(16 : 1), 反映出明显的氮磷结构失衡及潜在磷限制倾向; 东海陆架区多数年份也表现出较高N/P比, 仅在外陆架及黑潮入侵影响区域出现相对较低的N/P比, 指示局部海域可能存在潜在氮限制; 长江口海域常年维持高N/P比(>64 : 1), 显示其潜在磷限制倾向较其他海区更为显著。历史资料对比结果显示, 渤海中部和黄海的N/P比长期变化均呈现“先升高、后降低”的趋势, 峰值分别出现在2008年和2005年, 近20年来两海域总体处于较高N/P比的状态。本研究揭示了中国近海普遍存在的、具有显著区域差异的潜在磷限制格局及其长期演变特征, 为近海营养盐协同调控与生态环境管理提供了重要科学依据。

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注: a. 渤海中部; b. 黄海; c. 东海陆架区; d. 长江口。红线表示用于历史资料对比的常规断面位置

, figureFileSmall=6Zaguq+wlHj/YB5rC1g6nw==, figureFileBig=9vvMVqZoNdhqOERk92is6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1292187292018434786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187279410356870, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Spatial distribution of surface N/P ratios in the Bohai Sea during summer for selected years, figureFileSmall=9SLBw/qm9agzgX6WA/ezUQ==, figureFileBig=QJ3SoAOEInKOgFSa7ia2Ag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1292187292085543651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187279410356870, language=CN, label=图2, caption=渤海夏季表层N/P比的空间分布

注: a. 2015年; b. 2017年

, figureFileSmall=9SLBw/qm9agzgX6WA/ezUQ==, figureFileBig=QJ3SoAOEInKOgFSa7ia2Ag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1292187292148458212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187279410356870, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Spatial distribution of surface N/P ratios in the Yellow Sea during summer for selected years, figureFileSmall=SOZLLI/k9oaJV1494UoJ8g==, figureFileBig=jaJgUVi2zomEgAEB71WwVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1292187292228149989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187279410356870, language=CN, label=图3, caption=黄海夏季表层N/P比的空间分布

注: a. 2015年; b. 2017年

, figureFileSmall=SOZLLI/k9oaJV1494UoJ8g==, figureFileBig=jaJgUVi2zomEgAEB71WwVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1292187292312036070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187279410356870, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Spatial distribution of surface N/P ratios in the continental East China Sea during spring for different years, figureFileSmall=VbhKgTnL7DccaFoQY3OLbw==, figureFileBig=07BXMz+4kfWUOQL2f8Q6qQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1292187292379144935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187279410356870, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同年份东海陆架区春季表层N/P比的空间分布

注: a. 2017年; b. 2018年; c. 2019年; d. 2020年; e. 2021年; f. 2022年

, figureFileSmall=VbhKgTnL7DccaFoQY3OLbw==, figureFileBig=07BXMz+4kfWUOQL2f8Q6qQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1292187292442059496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187279410356870, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Spatial distribution of surface N/P ratios in the Changjiang (Yangtze River) Estuary during summer for different years, figureFileSmall=TssE+jYx7Oxe8FgGbZr6pA==, figureFileBig=J74U/8kBylBAIpIL2UionA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1292187292521751273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187279410356870, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同年份长江口夏季表层N/P比的空间分布

注: a. 2016年; b. 2018年; c. 2019年; d. 2020年; e. 2021年; f. 2023年

, figureFileSmall=TssE+jYx7Oxe8FgGbZr6pA==, figureFileBig=J74U/8kBylBAIpIL2UionA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1292187292597248746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187279410356870, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Box-and-whisker plots of N/P ratios across different seas, figureFileSmall=xGmEOKcqY/OZWN2rGXsE+w==, figureFileBig=HWtfKYGA3+G5k216EQ6NBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1292187292651774699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187279410356870, language=CN, label=图6, caption=各海区N/P比的箱式图

注: 箱体中线表示中位数, 箱体上下边界分别表示第25百分位数和第75百分位数, 须线代表第5百分位数和第95百分位数。东海站位主要分布于陆架区, 长江口站位主要分布于河口及邻近海域

, figureFileSmall=xGmEOKcqY/OZWN2rGXsE+w==, figureFileBig=HWtfKYGA3+G5k216EQ6NBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1292187292731466476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187279410356870, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Interannual variations in mean concentrations (μmol/L) of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) across different sea areas, figureFileSmall=hD/wMZDcHwS7WZJjDI2VLQ==, figureFileBig=M8c44TrOwn4p5bxuyW6Y7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1292187292794381037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187279410356870, language=CN, label=图7, caption=各海区不同年份DIN平均浓度(μmol/L)的变化

注: a. 渤海中部夏季; b. 黄海夏季; c. 东海春季; d. 长江口夏季

, figureFileSmall=hD/wMZDcHwS7WZJjDI2VLQ==, figureFileBig=M8c44TrOwn4p5bxuyW6Y7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1292187292869878510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187279410356870, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Interannual variations in mean phosphate concentrations (PO43--P) across different sea areas, figureFileSmall=iqqC9KxrYIdB9u9JGCPh4w==, figureFileBig=wxpjexRTC1zOzsAUnEOQHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1292187292928598767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187279410356870, language=CN, label=图8, caption=各海区不同年份磷酸盐平均浓度的变化

注: a. 渤海中部夏季; b. 黄海夏季; c. 东海春季; d. 长江口夏季

, figureFileSmall=iqqC9KxrYIdB9u9JGCPh4w==, figureFileBig=wxpjexRTC1zOzsAUnEOQHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1292187292991513328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187279410356870, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Long-term variations in surface N/P ratios along standard transects during summer in the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea, figureFileSmall=0aJELiHg3v9Zy4iixL9g6Q==, figureFileBig=hbTBLrr08YhqrrXwRrmaOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1292187293050233585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187279410356870, language=CN, label=图9, caption=渤、黄海夏季标准断面表层N/P比值的长期变化

注: a. 渤海中部; b. 黄海。虚线代表N/P比为16 : 1

, figureFileSmall=0aJELiHg3v9Zy4iixL9g6Q==, figureFileBig=hbTBLrr08YhqrrXwRrmaOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1292187293108953842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187279410356870, language=EN, label=Appendix, caption=

Tab.1 Information on NSFC shared cruise data in different sea areas

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
海区年份季节站位数
渤海中部2015夏季33
2017夏季33
黄海2015夏季77
2017夏季77
东海2017春季42
2018春季39
2019春季39
2020春季43
2021春季42
2022春季43
长江口2016夏季65
2018夏季56
2019夏季71
2020夏季65
2021夏季54
2023夏季53
), ArticleFig(id=1292187293218005747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187279410356870, language=CN, label=表附1, caption=

各海区基金委共享航次数据信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
海区年份季节站位数
渤海中部2015夏季33
2017夏季33
黄海2015夏季77
2017夏季77
东海2017春季42
2018春季39
2019春季39
2020春季43
2021春季42
2022春季43
长江口2016夏季65
2018夏季56
2019夏季71
2020夏季65
2021夏季54
2023夏季53
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中国东部近海典型海域氮磷比分布格局及潜在磷限制特征分析
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郭术津 1, 2 , 孙晓霞 1, 2 , 王楠 2 , 金鑫 2 , 孙妍 2 , 贾贞 3, 4 , 王雯 3, 4 , 孙松 1, 2,
海洋与湖沼 | 研究论文 2026,57(3): 795-805
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海洋与湖沼 |研究论文 2026 , 57 (3) : 795 -805
中国东部近海典型海域氮磷比分布格局及潜在磷限制特征分析
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2中国科学院海洋研究所海洋生态与环境科学重点实验室 山东省海洋生物多样性与资源可持续利用重点实验室 山东青岛 266071, bio={"content":"

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郭术津1, 2 , 孙晓霞1, 2, 王楠2, 金鑫2, 孙妍2, 贾贞3, 4, 王雯3, 4, 孙松1, 2,
作者信息
  • 1中国科学院海洋研究所 山东胶州湾海洋生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站 山东青岛 266071
  • 2中国科学院海洋研究所海洋生态与环境科学重点实验室 山东省海洋生物多样性与资源可持续利用重点实验室 山东青岛 266071
  • 3自然资源部第一海洋研究所 山东青岛 266061
  • 4国家自然科学基金青岛海洋科学资料共享服务中心 山东青岛 266061
通讯作者:
孙松, 研究员, E-mail:
作者简介:

郭术津, 副研究员, E-mail:

ANALYSIS OF N/P RATIO DISTRIBUTION AND POTENTIAL PHOSPHORUS LIMITATION IN THE COASTAL SEAS OF EASTERN CHINA
Shu-Jin GUO1, 2 , Xiao-Xia SUN1, 2, Nan WANG2, Xin JIN2, Yan SUN2, Zhen JIA3, 4, Wen WANG3, 4, Song SUN1, 2,
Affiliations
  • 1Jiaozhou Bay Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Marine Biodiversity and Bio-resource Sustainable Utilization, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
  • 3First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
  • 4Qingdao Marine Science Data Sharing Service Center, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Qingdao 266061, China
出版时间: 2026-05-30 doi: 10.11693/hyhz20260200036
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为评估中国近海营养盐结构特征及潜在营养限制状况, 基于国家自然科学基金委共享航次调查数据, 系统分析了渤海中部、黄海、东海陆架区及长江口海域表层水体溶解无机氮、磷酸盐及其摩尔比(N/P)的空间分布和年际变化特征, 并结合历史观测资料开展长期变化对比分析。结果表明, 渤海中部与黄海在2015年和2017年大部分海域N/P比较高, 普遍显著高于Redfield比值(16 : 1), 反映出明显的氮磷结构失衡及潜在磷限制倾向; 东海陆架区多数年份也表现出较高N/P比, 仅在外陆架及黑潮入侵影响区域出现相对较低的N/P比, 指示局部海域可能存在潜在氮限制; 长江口海域常年维持高N/P比(>64 : 1), 显示其潜在磷限制倾向较其他海区更为显著。历史资料对比结果显示, 渤海中部和黄海的N/P比长期变化均呈现“先升高、后降低”的趋势, 峰值分别出现在2008年和2005年, 近20年来两海域总体处于较高N/P比的状态。本研究揭示了中国近海普遍存在的、具有显著区域差异的潜在磷限制格局及其长期演变特征, 为近海营养盐协同调控与生态环境管理提供了重要科学依据。

N/P比  /  营养盐结构  /  潜在营养限制  /  空间变化  /  年际变化  /  中国近海

To elucidate recent changes in nutrient structure and potential phosphorus limitation in China’s coastal seas, this study analyzed the spatial distribution and interannual variability of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), phosphate (PO43-), and their molar ratio (N/P) in surface waters of the central Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, East China Sea, and the Changjiang River Estuary, using cruise data from National Natural Science Foundation of China shared surveys, and compared these with historical observations. The results indicate that in 2015 and 2017, most areas of the central Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea exhibited elevated N/P ratios, generally exceeding the Redfield ratio (16 : 1), reflecting pronounced nutrient imbalance and a tendency toward phosphorus limitation. In most years, the East China Sea also exhibited elevated N/P ratios; however, lower values were observed in parts of the outer shelf and in regions influenced by Kuroshio intrusion, suggesting possible nitrogen limitation in these areas. The Changjiang River Estuary maintained persistently high N/P ratios (>64 : 1), indicating stronger phosphorus limitation compared with other regions. Comparison with historical data revealed that N/P ratios in the central Bohai and Yellow Seas exhibited a long-term pattern of “initial increase followed by decline”, with peak values occurring around 2008 and 2005, respectively, suggesting that both seas have remained in a persistently high N/P state. Overall, nutrient imbalance is widespread in China’s coastal seas, although pronounced interregional and intraregional differences exist, reflecting the combined influence of land-based inputs and regional oceanographic processes. These findings provide a scientific basis for understanding the evolution of nutrient structure and the associated risk of nutrient limitation in China’s coastal seas.

N/P ratio  /  nutrient structure  /  nutrient limitation  /  spatial variability  /  interannual variability  /  coastal seas of China
郭术津, 孙晓霞, 王楠, 金鑫, 孙妍, 贾贞, 王雯, 孙松. 中国东部近海典型海域氮磷比分布格局及潜在磷限制特征分析. 海洋与湖沼, 2026 , 57 (3) : 795 -805 . DOI: 10.11693/hyhz20260200036
Shu-Jin GUO, Xiao-Xia SUN, Nan WANG, Xin JIN, Yan SUN, Zhen JIA, Wen WANG, Song SUN. ANALYSIS OF N/P RATIO DISTRIBUTION AND POTENTIAL PHOSPHORUS LIMITATION IN THE COASTAL SEAS OF EASTERN CHINA[J]. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, 2026 , 57 (3) : 795 -805 . DOI: 10.11693/hyhz20260200036
近年来, 受流域人类活动增强和气候变化的共同影响, 近岸海域营养盐输入结构发生了显著改变, 导致富营养化加剧、赤潮频发以及生态系统稳定性下降等一系列环境问题(Rabalais et al, 2009)。其中, 氮、磷等关键营养元素供给失衡被认为是驱动近海生态系统结构与功能变化的重要因素之一(Randolph-Flagg et al, 2023)。中国近海是全球受人类活动影响最显著的海域之一, 长期承受高强度陆源输入和复杂区域海洋过程的共同作用, 其营养盐结构变化及生态响应具有明显的区域典型性和研究代表性。
在影响近海生态系统变化的多种营养要素中, 磷是海洋初级生产和生物地球化学循环的重要生源要素, 其供应状况能够显著影响浮游植物生长、群落组成以及海洋碳循环过程。作为细胞能量代谢、遗传信息传递和膜结构构建所必需的元素, 磷在海洋中主要以无机磷酸盐形式参与生物利用, 其可获得性对海洋生态系统结构与功能具有重要调控作用(Martiny et al, 2019; Randolph-Flagg et al, 2023)。在边缘海等受陆源输入和人类活动强烈影响的区域, 磷的变化不仅关系到初级生产力水平, 还可能通过影响氮固定、浮游植物群落演替和颗粒有机碳输出等过程, 对生态系统稳定性及区域碳循环产生深远影响(Deutsch et al, 2012)。
海洋营养盐结构通常可借助经典Redfield化学计量比(C : N : P=106 : 16 : 1)进行表征, 该比例被广泛作为认识海洋浮游植物平均营养需求和环境化学计量失衡的重要参照(Ptacnik et al, 2010)。其中, 溶解无机氮与磷酸盐摩尔比(N/P)是刻画海水氮磷配置关系的常用指标。一般而言, 当环境中N/P显著高于16时, 指示环境中存在潜在磷限制倾向; 反之, 当N/P低于16时, 则可能反映潜在氮限制特征。需要注意的是, N/P比本质上反映的是营养盐结构特征和潜在限制风险, 不等同于生态学意义上的实际营养限制状态。尽管如此, N/P 比仍是揭示区域营养盐失衡格局、比较不同海域营养环境差异以及识别长期变化趋势的重要指标。全球观测结果表明, 海洋中N/P比存在显著的地理差异: 在副热带寡营养海区, 如北大西洋萨加索海, 表层无机磷浓度可低至0.2~1.0 nmol/L, N/P比高达20~32; 而在北太平洋水域, N/P比通常低于16 (Wu et al, 2000)。此外, 中高纬度季节性高生产力海域和上升流区的N/P比普遍接近或略低于Redfield比, 表明氮和磷供应较为平衡。总体来看, 海洋N/P 比具有显著空间异质性, 其分布格局受河流输入、大气沉降、水团交换、生物吸收与再生等多种过程共同调控(Downing, 1997; Tanioka et al, 2022)。
历史研究表明, 自20世纪80年代以来, 受流域氮负荷增加、磷输入相对下降以及区域水文过程变化等因素影响, 中国近海营养盐结构发生了显著改变, 普遍表现为溶解无机氮升高、磷酸盐下降和N/P比增加的趋势(Wang et al, 2018)。例如, 渤海在1978~2016年40年间DIN浓度显著上升, 而磷酸盐(PO43-)持续下降, N/P比在2000年后普遍超过30, 反映出由早期的氮限制向磷限制的演化, 并伴随浮游植物群落由硅藻向甲藻转变的趋势(于志刚等, 2000; Wang et al, 2019)。类似地, 在黄海和东海, 受黄河、长江等河流输入及大气沉降的共同影响, 溶解无机氮浓度自20世纪80、90年代起持续上升, 而磷酸盐逐步下降, 使得N/P比升高(王保栋, 2003; 高生泉等, 2004; Yang et al, 2018; Chen et al, 2023; Wang et al, 2023)。这种长期的氮磷结构失衡不仅改变了浮游植物群落组成(孙军等, 2002; 孙晓霞等, 2011; Jiang et al, 2014; Xiao et al, 2018), 也加剧了富营养化和生态系统不稳定性(于仁成等, 2020)。不过, 现有研究多集中于单一海域、局部断面或特定时期, 对于渤海、黄海、东海陆架区及长江口等典型海域的营养盐结构差异及其近十年来的变化, 仍缺乏统一数据支撑下的系统比较。特别是, 在前期普遍观察到高N/P比背景之后, 中国近海营养盐结构是否发生新的调整、潜在磷限制趋势是否持续以及不同海区之间是否存在明显分化, 仍有待进一步评估。
基于此, 本研究利用国家自然科学基金委共享航次调查数据, 对渤海中部、黄海、东海陆架区及长江口等典型海域表层水体溶解无机氮、磷酸盐及N/P比的空间分布与年际变化特征进行分析, 并结合历史观测资料探讨其长期演变趋势。研究重点在于: 揭示中国近海典型海域营养盐结构的区域差异, 识别高N/P比背景下潜在磷限制趋势的空间格局及变化特征, 并从区域海洋过程与陆源输入共同作用的角度加以讨论。研究结果有助于深化对中国近海营养盐结构演变的认识, 并为近海生态系统健康评估和营养盐管理提供科学依据。
本研究所用数据均来源于2015~2023年间国家自然科学基金委共享航次的现场观测(图1)。研究区域涵盖渤海中部、黄海、东海陆架区及长江口海域。其中, 渤、黄海数据选取自2015、2017年夏季航次的表层样品(图1a, 1b); 东海陆架区数据来自2017、2018、2019、2020、2021和2022年春季航次的表层样品(图1c); 长江口数据则取自2016、2018、2019、2020、2021和2023年夏季航次的表层样品(图1d) (附表1)。
水样采集后立即通过0.45 μm醋酸纤维滤膜过滤。滤膜在使用前经1 : 1 000盐酸溶液浸泡24 h, 并用Milli-Q纯水冲洗至中性。所得滤液装入100 mL聚乙烯瓶中(聚乙烯瓶预先用1 : 5盐酸溶液浸泡24 h以上, 并用Milli-Q水洗至中性), 在–20 ℃条件下冷冻保存, 用于营养盐测定。样品在实验室使用QUATTRO型营养盐自动分析仪进行测定, 分析方法遵循《国家海洋监测规范》(GB17378.4—2007) (中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局, 2008)中关于海水营养盐的标准操作程序。采用国家海洋局标准物质中心提供的营养盐标准系列作为外标进行质量控制。各营养盐指标的检测限分别为: 硝酸盐(NO3--N) 0.02 μmol/L, 亚硝酸盐(NO2--N) 0.02 μmol/L, 铵盐(NH4+-N) 0.03 μmol/L, 磷酸盐(PO43--P) 0.01 μmol/L。溶解无机氮(DIN)的浓度按以下公式计算:
DIN=NO3-–N+NO2-–N+NH4+–N
营养盐数据经质量控制后用于后续分析。溶解无机氮(DIN)与磷酸盐(PO43--P)的摩尔浓度比(N/P)用于判定营养盐限制类型, 当N/P比高于Redfield比(16 : 1)时表示磷限制, 而低于该比值则指示氮限制。
为了与历史观测资料进行对比, 分别选取了渤海和黄海各一条具有较好历史资料基础的典型断面(图1a、图1b中红线所示), 对其表层数据进行平均分析, 并与相应断面的历史同期数据进行比较。其中, 渤海中部断面为基金委共享航次历次调查采用的常规断面之一, 具有较好的连续观测基础, 其历史数据引用自Wang等(2019); 黄海断面位于36°N, 该断面也具有较好的历史观测基础, 其历史数据来源于李丹丹(2020)。通过同断面、同期的数据对比, 可用于评估近年来营养盐结构及N/P比的变化趋势。绘图采样Golden Software Surfer 11和Origin 2022完成。
渤海中部表层N/P比值呈显著空间差异(图2)。2015年, 大部分站位的N/P比高于16 : 1, 其中约有一半站位超过64 : 1; 只有少数(2个)站位低于16 : 1, 表明当时渤海表层普遍处于高N/P比背景下(图2a)。到2017年, N/P比低于16 : 1的站位明显增多, 主要分布在渤海中部海域, 而莱州湾附近仍维持较高值(>64 : 1), 渤海北部部分站位的N/P比仍高于16 : 1 (图2b)。从数值上看, 2015年N/P比范围为11~1 160, 平均值(±标准差)为150±255; 2017年介于7~1 116, 平均值为126±253。总体来看, 渤海中部夏季表层营养盐结构以高 N/P比为主要特征, 并呈现较强的潜在磷限制趋势; 与2015年相比, 2017年渤海中部海域高N/P比特征有所减弱, 表明该区域潜在磷限制倾向有所缓和。
黄海表层N/P比同样呈现出显著空间差异(图3)。2015 年, 大部分站位的N/P比均高于16 : 1, 其中约50%的站位超过64 : 1, 主要集中在黄海南部、山东近岸及渤海海峡附近海域, 仅有少数站位低于16 : 1 (图3a)。到2017年, N/P比低于16 : 1的站位明显增多, 且主要分布在北黄海海域(图3b)。从数值上看, 2015年N/P比范围为6~830, 平均值(±标准差)为72±114; 2017年介于4~265, 平均值为31±39。总体而言, 黄海的表层营养盐结构以高N/P比为主要特征, 并呈现较强的潜在磷限制趋势; 与2015年相比, 2017年潜在磷限制倾向有所缓解。
东海表层N/P比分布情况见图4。2017年, 东海绝大部分站位的N/P比高于16 : 1, 其中部分近岸及陆架中部站位超过64 : 1, 仅在外海区域出现少量低于16 : 1的站位, 整体呈现高N/P比的特征(图4a)。2018年, 该格局发生明显变化, 仅浙江外海及长江口邻近海域的N/P比仍高于16 : 1, 而大部分外海站位降至16以下(图4b)。2019、2021和2022年, 东海表层 N/P 比总体呈现近岸和陆架中部高、外海较低的空间分布格局: 近岸及中部站位普遍大于16 : 1, 而外海部分区域低于16 : 1 (图4c, 4e, 4f)。相比之下, 2020年的分布特征较为特殊, 绝大多数站位的N/P比均低于16 : 1, 仅在长江口邻近海域出现少量高于16 : 1的站位(图4d)。从数值上看, 2017、2018和2019年的N/P比分别介于8~242 (平均60±62)、5~100 (平均30±30)和5~102 (平均30±23)。2020年的N/P比显著降低, 范围为4~29, 平均值仅8±6。2021和2022年则有所回升, 分别介于4~330 (平均41±57)和5~39 (平均18±11)。总体来看, 东海春季表层N/P 比在近岸区域持续保持较高水平, 而外海区域则波动显著。
与渤海、黄海和东海相比, 长江口海域常年表现出显著的高N/P比特征(图5)。2016、2018、2019、2020、2021和2023年间, 长江口表层海水的N/P比在大部分站位均超过64 : 1, 部分站位介于16 : 1~64 : 1, 仅有极少数站位低于16 : 1。从数值上看, 2016、2018和2019年的N/P比范围分别为165~476 (平均165±114)、29~916 (平均89±128)和5~2 560 (平均123±362); 2020、2021和2023年的范围分别为 6~705 (平均201±203)、17~752 (平均218±168)和33~2 540 (平均314±451)。可以看出, 尽管各年份间存在一定波动, 但整体上N/P比长期处于高水平, 且部分年份(尤其是 2021和2023年)出现极高值, 显示出潜在磷限制特征在长江口及其邻近海域的持续强化。
总体来看, 4个海区(渤海中部、黄海、东海陆架区和长江口)的表层N/P比普遍高于16 : 1 (图2~图5), 表明中国近海整体呈现以潜在磷限制为主的营养盐结构特征。这一格局与近几十年来流域农业施肥强度增加、生活及工业污水排放中氮负荷持续偏高密切相关(Wang et al, 2020)。在陆源输入过程中, 氮素相较磷素更容易通过地表径流进入近岸海域, 而磷在流域内易被土壤吸附或通过水库拦截滞留, 从而导致入海 N/P 比升高(Yao et al, 2014)。这种“氮相对过剩、磷相对匮乏”的结构性失衡, 使得中国近海长期处于潜在磷限制背景之下。不过, 不同海区内部及海区之间的营养盐结构存在差异。例如, 在渤海中部, N/P比相对较低, 局部可能出现潜在氮限制特征(图2b), 这可能与半封闭海盆中水体交换缓慢、沉积物再矿化及内源磷释放有关(Liang et al, 2022)。北黄海部分海域也存在类似现象(图3a, 3b)。东海的空间差异更为显著: 近岸受长江冲淡水与陆源输入控制, 表现为高N/P比、潜在磷限制; 而在外陆架及黑潮入侵影响区, N/P比显著降低, 呈现一定程度的潜在氮限制状态(图4)。这种跨陆架梯度变化体现了陆源输入与黑潮水之间的耦合作用(Zhong et al, 2025)。这也表明, 对“氮限制”或“磷限制”的判断应理解为区域平均意义上的总体特征, 并不能代表整个海域在所有空间尺度上的状况。
4个海区的N/P比值比较见图6。可以看出, 不同海域之间的N/P比差异显著。对各海域全部观测值进行平均后可知, 渤海中部的平均N/P比为139±255, 黄海为54±92, 东海为30±41, 而长江口最高, 达179±282。总体来看, 各海区的潜在磷限制特征强度呈现出长江口>渤海中部>黄海>东海的递减趋势。长江口海域受长江冲淡水输入影响明显, 长期处于高N/P比的潜在磷限制状态(Liu et al, 2022; Shi et al, 2026); 渤海作为半封闭型水域, 受黄河输入与径流变化的影响显著, 潜在磷限制特征亦较强(Wang et al, 2019; Yang et al, 2023a); 黄海和东海虽然整体仍以磷限制为主, 但受外海水团交换、上升流及黑潮分支入侵等过程的影响, 营养盐结构更为复杂, 磷限制特征相对较弱(Yang et al, 2018; Chen et al, 2023; Zhong et al, 2025)。总体来看, 中国近海各海区营养盐结构的空间演变具有区域差异性。这种差异与各海区所受的主要控制因素不同有关。未来需要结合多源观测数据, 综合考虑河流输入、海气沉降、水团交换等多重因素对中国近海营养盐结构的影响。
各海区表层DIN平均浓度如图7所示。总体来看, 不同年份间各海域表层 DIN 浓度的变化幅度较为有限。渤海中部的 DIN 平均浓度在2015年夏季为(5.50±4.62) μmol/L, 在2017年为(5.26±5.52) μmol/L (图7a)。黄海的DIN平均浓度在2015年为(5.45±5.09) μmol/L, 2017年为(2.24±2.47) μmol/L (图7b)。东海的年际变化较为显著, 2020年DIN浓度最高[(8.38±5.82) μmol/L], 2018 年最低[(3.30±4.62) μmol/L] (图7c)。长江口区域的DIN平均浓度在2016~2019年间呈下降趋势, 随后缓慢回升, 最高值出现在2016年[(30.94±18.89) μmol/L], 最低为2019年[(10.67±10.78) μmol/L] (图7d)。
表层磷酸盐平均浓度见图8。总体来看, 渤海中部和黄海的磷酸盐浓度在2015年和2017年较低(图8a, 8b)。渤海中部的磷酸盐平均浓度在2015年和2017年分别为(0.12±0.09) μmol/L和(0.18±0.21) μmol/L。黄海的2015年和2017年平均值分别为(0.12±0.06) μmol/L和(0.11±0.12) μmol/L。相比之下, 东海和长江口的磷酸盐较高(图8c, 8d)。东海的磷酸盐平均浓度在2018年最低[(0.15±0.05) μmol/L], 2022年最高[(0.39±0.09) μmol/L]。长江口海域的2018年出现最高值[(0.42±0.47) μmol/L], 而2022年降至最低[(0.11±0.13) μmol/L]。
渤海中部和黄海夏季标准断面表层N/P比的长期变化如图9所示。渤海方面, 自1990~2008年, 标准断面的N/P比总体呈显著上升趋势, 由早期略高于16 : 1的水平逐步升高至101 : 1, 表明该海域在此期间高N/P比特征持续增强。2008年之后, N/P比开始下降, 表明其高N/P比背景有所减弱(图9a)。黄海36°N断面的变化趋势与渤海基本一致。2000~2017年间, 黄海表层N/P比经历了“先升高、后降低”的变化过程: 2000年N/P比略高于16 : 1, 至2005年升至峰值173 : 1, 随后呈下降趋势, 但在2015年和2017年仍高于16 : 1 (图9b)。这表明, 相较于峰值时期, 2015年和2017年黄海的高N/P比特征虽有所减弱, 但潜在磷限制特征仍然存在。总体而言, 渤海中部和黄海长期处于高N/P比背景下, 反映出典型的富氮贫磷营养盐结构格局, 这与沿岸人类活动增强和陆源氮输入过剩密切相关。研究发现, 1970~2010年间, 中国近海外源氮输入显著增加, 渤黄海和东海的总氮输入分别由1.0和1.3 Tg N/yr增至4.1和5.5 Tg N/yr, 其中河流输入是最重要的氮来源, 污水排放、养殖活动及大气氮沉降的贡献也明显上升(Wang et al, 2020)。另外, 以长江为例, 长江下游DIN通量在1970~2000年快速增加, 而磷酸盐通量在2010年后呈下降趋势; 此外, 进入黄海河流和大气沉降的N/P比分别约为106 : 1和84 : 1, 这表明主要河流的外源输入本身具有较高的N/P比特征(Chen et al, 2023)。值得注意的是, N/P比在高峰期之后的下降趋势, 主要反映的是近十余年来营养盐结构的阶段性调整, 还没有扭转前期外源氮长期累积对高N/P比格局形成的作用。其下降可能与流域及沿海地区近十几年实施的氮减排和污水治理措施有关(Wang et al, 2023; Yang et al, 2023b), 例如农业施肥结构调整、污水处理设施的建设及排放标准的提高等(Wang et al, 2019; Chen et al, 2023)。总体上, 渤海中部和黄海仍以较高的N/P比和潜在磷限制为主要特征, 未来在沿海的富营养化治理工作中应重视氮、磷协同调控。
本研究基于国家自然科学基金委共享航次调查数据, 系统分析了渤海中部、黄海、东海和长江口等典型海域表层水体N/P比的空间分布特征及其年际变化, 并结合历史观测资料进行了综合比较。主要结论如下:
(1) 总体来看, 中国近海表层水体普遍表现出较高的N/P比特征, 各海区N/P比整体明显高于Redfield比(16 : 1), 反映出陆源氮输入相对过剩、磷相对不足的普遍格局。不同海区之间的潜在磷限制特征存在差异, 其中长江口最为突出, 渤海中部和黄海较强, 东海陆架区相对较弱。
(2) 潜在磷限制特征在海区内部存在明显空间变异。渤海中部和黄海整体表现为较高N/P比背景, 但在部分海域出现局部潜在氮限制特征; 东海陆架区大部分区域以较高N/P比和潜在磷限制特征为主, 而在陆架外侧受黑潮入侵影响的区域则可能出现潜在氮限制特征; 长江口海域常年维持高N/P比, 其潜在磷限制程度显著高于其他海区。
(3) 与历史资料对比结果表明, 渤海中部和黄海的N/P比长期均表现出“先升高、后降低”的趋势。但总体上, 两海域仍维持较高的N/P比水平, 并表现出潜在磷限制的特征。

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2026年第57卷第3期
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doi: 10.11693/hyhz20260200036
  • 接收时间:2026-02-09
  • 首发时间:2026-08-06
  • 出版时间:2026-05-30
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    1中国科学院海洋研究所 山东胶州湾海洋生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站 山东青岛 266071
    2中国科学院海洋研究所海洋生态与环境科学重点实验室 山东省海洋生物多样性与资源可持续利用重点实验室 山东青岛 266071
    3自然资源部第一海洋研究所 山东青岛 266061
    4国家自然科学基金青岛海洋科学资料共享服务中心 山东青岛 266061

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孙松, 研究员, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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