Article(id=1292187214146982799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, issueId=1292187163098112845, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11693/hyhz20251000220, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1759939200000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-09, revisedDate=1768492800000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1786011039529, onlineDateStr=2026-08-06, pubDate=1780070400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1786011039529, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1786011039529, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1786011039529, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1292187163098112845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, year='2026', volume='57', issue='3', pageStart='579', pageEnd='830', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1780070400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1786011027358, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1786013993148, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1292199602611056777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, issueId=1292187163098112845, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1292199602611056778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, issueId=1292187163098112845, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=697, endPage=706, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1292187215963116432, articleId=1292187214146982799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, language=EN, title=OCCURRENCE CHARACTERISTICS AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT OF MICROPLASTICS IN ZOOPLANKTON COMMUNITIES IN JIAOZHOU BAY, columnId=1292187198095384612, journalTitle=Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, columnName=ARTICLES, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the occurrence characteristics and ecological risks of microplastics in zooplankton communities of Jiaozhou Bay, a seasonal survey was conducted in February, May, August, and November that quantified the abundance and characteristics of microplastics within zooplankton. The results showed that the microplastics abundance within individual zooplankton over the four months was 0.30, 0.20, 0.21, and 0.20 items/individual, respectively. The community-level microplastic abundance was 0.19, 5.61, 7.36, and 0.52 items/m3, respectively. The microplastic abundance within zooplankton communities in May and August was significantly higher than that in February and November. The average storage of microplastics by zooplankton communities in Jiaozhou Bay over the four months was 3.19×1010 items, with the highest value observed in August. Fibers were the predominant shape of microplastics in zooplankton, accounting for 89% of the total, with no significant differences observed among months. Most microplastics were smaller than 500 μm, with an average length of (491±454) μm; microplastics detected in August exhibited significantly greater lengths (P<0.05). The predominant chemical compositions were polyester fibers and cellophane, accounting for 37% and 19% of the total, respectively, with no significant differences observed among months. The mean values of the microplastic pollution load index (PLI) and polymer hazard index (PHI) for zooplankton in Jiaozhou Bay over four months were 3.49±2.94 and 4.33±1.31, respectively, both corresponding to the lowest risk category(PLI<10, PHI<10). The mean bioaccumulation factor (BAF) was 55.59±56.84, indicating no significant bioaccumulation potential of microplastics in zooplankton communities (BAF<1000). Temperature, suspended particulate matter concentration, and chlorophyll a concentration were identified as the primary factors influencing the risk assessment outcomes.

, authors=Shan ZHENG1, 2, 3, Ya-Qi WANG1, 3, Kang-Ning ZHANG4, Yong-Fang ZHAO1, 2, Jun-Hua LIANG1, 2, Ming-Liang ZHU1, 2, Tao LIU1, 3, Xiao-Xia SUN1, 2, 3, , authorsList=Shan ZHENG, Ya-Qi WANG, Kang-Ning ZHANG, Yong-Fang ZHAO, Jun-Hua LIANG, Ming-Liang ZHU, Tao LIU, Xiao-Xia SUN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiao-Xia SUN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1292187217393374110, articleId=1292187214146982799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, language=CN, title=胶州湾浮游动物群落中微塑料的赋存特征及其生态风险评估, columnId=1292187198254768166, journalTitle=海洋与湖沼, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究胶州湾浮游动物群落中微塑料的赋存特征及其生态风险, 于2、5、8、11月开展了胶州湾浮游动物群落中微塑料丰度与特征的季节变化调查。结果表明, 四个月份的浮游动物个体体内微塑料丰度分别为0.30、0.20、0.21、0.20个/ind., 群落中的微塑料丰度分别为0.19、5.61、7.36、0.52个/m3。5、8月浮游动物群落中的微塑料丰度显著高于2、11月(P<0.05)。估算结果显示, 胶州湾海域通过浮游动物群落对微塑料的储存量在四个月份的平均值为3.19×1010个, 8月份最高。微塑料特征方面, 纤维是浮游动物体内微塑料的主要形状(89%), 月份间无显著差异; 微塑料尺寸集中在500 μm以下, 平均尺寸为(491±454) μm, 其中8月份的尺寸最大(P<0.05); 化学成分主要是聚酯纤维和赛璐玢, 分别占比37%和19%, 月份间无显著差异。生态风险方面, 胶州湾浮游动物微塑料污染负荷指数(PLI)与聚合物危害指数(PHI)的平均值分别为(3.49±2.94)、(4.33±1.31), 表示最低风险等级(PLI<10, PHI<10); 生物积累因子(BAF)的平均值为55.59±56.84, 浮游动物群落中微塑料未表现出显著生物积累特征(BAF<1000)。RDA分析表明, 温度、悬浮体浓度、叶绿素a浓度是影响风险评估结果的重要因子。

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孙晓霞, 博士生导师, 研究员, E-mail:
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注: 箱体白色线条表示中位值

, figureFileSmall=+HoUuXU3kFm3p1zzSXCpGQ==, figureFileBig=VIZvQnIIkVfKBIbIxhcbaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1292187224993453045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187214146982799, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Spatiotemporal distribution of microplastic abundance in zooplankton in Jiaozhou Bay across four months, figureFileSmall=YfkhIuWSrwUfsUn8XWApUQ==, figureFileBig=nDW2alHgQXntbjXin6GeDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1292187225060561910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187214146982799, language=CN, label=图3, caption=胶州湾4个月份浮游动物群落中微塑料丰度时空分布, figureFileSmall=YfkhIuWSrwUfsUn8XWApUQ==, figureFileBig=nDW2alHgQXntbjXin6GeDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1292187225136059383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187214146982799, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Proportions of different types of microplastics in zooplankton in Jiaozhou Bay across four months, figureFileSmall=s1sgF0AqnjF0mn0QhSXF1Q==, figureFileBig=wb+zgPvrAZ2IR4RsaDKjbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1292187225207362552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187214146982799, language=CN, label=图4, caption=胶州湾4个月份浮游动物体内各类型微塑料比例, figureFileSmall=s1sgF0AqnjF0mn0QhSXF1Q==, figureFileBig=wb+zgPvrAZ2IR4RsaDKjbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1292187225274471417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187214146982799, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Pollution Load Index (PLI), Polymer Hazard Index (PHI), and Bioaccumulation Factor (BAF) of microplastics in zooplankton in Jiaozhou Bay across four months, figureFileSmall=PtSRTtF3S5OXLMJh6q6feQ==, figureFileBig=2ixiuzr8U9/3L7H8VAcLCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1292187225345774586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187214146982799, language=CN, label=图5, caption=胶州湾4个月份微塑料的污染负荷指数(PLI)、聚合物危害指数(PHI)、生物积累因子(BAF), figureFileSmall=PtSRTtF3S5OXLMJh6q6feQ==, figureFileBig=2ixiuzr8U9/3L7H8VAcLCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1292187225438049275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187214146982799, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Redundancy analysis (RDA) illustrating the effects of different environmental factors on microplastic-related risks in zooplankton in Jiaozhou Bay, figureFileSmall=+5PadhOsnBLKfje3GL+xrw==, figureFileBig=Bf47SyiZ9HBG28ppcJoh5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1292187225534518268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187214146982799, language=CN, label=图6, caption=胶州湾不同生态因子对浮游动物群落中微塑料风险影响的RDA分析结果

注: 蓝色箭头代表生态因子, 包括温度、盐度、悬浮体浓度、叶绿素a浓度、溶解氧含量、硅藻数量; 红色箭头代表风险指标, 包括PLI、PHI、BAF; 不同颜色的圆圈代表不同月份的浮游动物体内微塑料样本

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胶州湾浮游动物群落中微塑料的赋存特征及其生态风险评估
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郑珊 1, 2, 3 , 王雅琦 1, 3 , 张康宁 4 , 赵永芳 1, 2 , 梁俊华 1, 2 , 朱明亮 1, 2 , 刘涛 1, 3 , 孙晓霞 1, 2, 3,
海洋与湖沼 | 研究论文 2026,57(3): 697-706
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海洋与湖沼 |研究论文 2026 , 57 (3) : 697 -706
胶州湾浮游动物群落中微塑料的赋存特征及其生态风险评估
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郑珊1, 2, 3 , 王雅琦1, 3, 张康宁4, 赵永芳1, 2, 梁俊华1, 2, 朱明亮1, 2, 刘涛1, 3, 孙晓霞1, 2, 3,
作者信息
  • 1中国科学院海洋研究所 胶州湾海洋生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站 山东省海洋生物多样性与资源可持续利用重点实验室 山东青岛 266071
  • 2青岛海洋科技中心 海洋生态与环境科学功能实验室 山东青岛 266237
  • 3中国科学院大学 北京 100049
  • 4国家海洋环境监测中心 辽宁大连 116023
通讯作者:
孙晓霞, 博士生导师, 研究员, E-mail:
作者简介:

郑珊, 博士, 副研究员, E-mail:

OCCURRENCE CHARACTERISTICS AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT OF MICROPLASTICS IN ZOOPLANKTON COMMUNITIES IN JIAOZHOU BAY
Shan ZHENG1, 2, 3 , Ya-Qi WANG1, 3, Kang-Ning ZHANG4, Yong-Fang ZHAO1, 2, Jun-Hua LIANG1, 2, Ming-Liang ZHU1, 2, Tao LIU1, 3, Xiao-Xia SUN1, 2, 3,
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of Marine Biodiversity and Sustainable Resource Utilization of Shandong Province, Jiaozhou Bay National Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
  • 2Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China
  • 3University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
  • 4National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
出版时间: 2026-05-30 doi: 10.11693/hyhz20251000220
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为探究胶州湾浮游动物群落中微塑料的赋存特征及其生态风险, 于2、5、8、11月开展了胶州湾浮游动物群落中微塑料丰度与特征的季节变化调查。结果表明, 四个月份的浮游动物个体体内微塑料丰度分别为0.30、0.20、0.21、0.20个/ind., 群落中的微塑料丰度分别为0.19、5.61、7.36、0.52个/m3。5、8月浮游动物群落中的微塑料丰度显著高于2、11月(P<0.05)。估算结果显示, 胶州湾海域通过浮游动物群落对微塑料的储存量在四个月份的平均值为3.19×1010个, 8月份最高。微塑料特征方面, 纤维是浮游动物体内微塑料的主要形状(89%), 月份间无显著差异; 微塑料尺寸集中在500 μm以下, 平均尺寸为(491±454) μm, 其中8月份的尺寸最大(P<0.05); 化学成分主要是聚酯纤维和赛璐玢, 分别占比37%和19%, 月份间无显著差异。生态风险方面, 胶州湾浮游动物微塑料污染负荷指数(PLI)与聚合物危害指数(PHI)的平均值分别为(3.49±2.94)、(4.33±1.31), 表示最低风险等级(PLI<10, PHI<10); 生物积累因子(BAF)的平均值为55.59±56.84, 浮游动物群落中微塑料未表现出显著生物积累特征(BAF<1000)。RDA分析表明, 温度、悬浮体浓度、叶绿素a浓度是影响风险评估结果的重要因子。

胶州湾  /  微塑料  /  浮游动物  /  季节变化  /  风险评估  /  污染负荷指数(PLI)  /  聚合物危害指数(PHI)  /  生物积累因子(BAF)

To investigate the occurrence characteristics and ecological risks of microplastics in zooplankton communities of Jiaozhou Bay, a seasonal survey was conducted in February, May, August, and November that quantified the abundance and characteristics of microplastics within zooplankton. The results showed that the microplastics abundance within individual zooplankton over the four months was 0.30, 0.20, 0.21, and 0.20 items/individual, respectively. The community-level microplastic abundance was 0.19, 5.61, 7.36, and 0.52 items/m3, respectively. The microplastic abundance within zooplankton communities in May and August was significantly higher than that in February and November. The average storage of microplastics by zooplankton communities in Jiaozhou Bay over the four months was 3.19×1010 items, with the highest value observed in August. Fibers were the predominant shape of microplastics in zooplankton, accounting for 89% of the total, with no significant differences observed among months. Most microplastics were smaller than 500 μm, with an average length of (491±454) μm; microplastics detected in August exhibited significantly greater lengths (P<0.05). The predominant chemical compositions were polyester fibers and cellophane, accounting for 37% and 19% of the total, respectively, with no significant differences observed among months. The mean values of the microplastic pollution load index (PLI) and polymer hazard index (PHI) for zooplankton in Jiaozhou Bay over four months were 3.49±2.94 and 4.33±1.31, respectively, both corresponding to the lowest risk category(PLI<10, PHI<10). The mean bioaccumulation factor (BAF) was 55.59±56.84, indicating no significant bioaccumulation potential of microplastics in zooplankton communities (BAF<1000). Temperature, suspended particulate matter concentration, and chlorophyll a concentration were identified as the primary factors influencing the risk assessment outcomes.

Jiaozhou Bay  /  microplastics  /  zooplankton  /  seasonal variation  /  risk assessment  /  pollution load index  /  polymer hazard index  /  bioaccumulation factor
郑珊, 王雅琦, 张康宁, 赵永芳, 梁俊华, 朱明亮, 刘涛, 孙晓霞. 胶州湾浮游动物群落中微塑料的赋存特征及其生态风险评估. 海洋与湖沼, 2026 , 57 (3) : 697 -706 . DOI: 10.11693/hyhz20251000220
Shan ZHENG, Ya-Qi WANG, Kang-Ning ZHANG, Yong-Fang ZHAO, Jun-Hua LIANG, Ming-Liang ZHU, Tao LIU, Xiao-Xia SUN. OCCURRENCE CHARACTERISTICS AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT OF MICROPLASTICS IN ZOOPLANKTON COMMUNITIES IN JIAOZHOU BAY[J]. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, 2026 , 57 (3) : 697 -706 . DOI: 10.11693/hyhz20251000220
微塑料通常指直径小于5 mm的塑料颗粒、纤维或者薄膜。伴随着监测技术与方法的发展, 不断有研究发现微塑料在海洋环境中存在并积累。近十年来, 微塑料相关的国际研究文献数量迅速增加(Yang et al, 2025), 越来越多研究表明, 微塑料污染已广泛存在于全球各大洋的不同环境中(Mutuku et al, 2024)。据估计每年约有1.15百万~2.41百万t塑料废物通过河流输入到世界海洋中, 并呈现增长趋势(Lebreton et al, 2017)。由此可见, 微塑料是全球海洋生态系统中不可忽视的研究热点问题。
浮游动物是海洋中数量最大的生物类群(Taha et al, 2021), 占据海洋食物网中的重要环节, 是海洋生态系统物质循环和能量流动的“枢纽”。微塑料的粒径范围通常与浮游动物主要摄食的浮游植物大小相当(Cózar et al, 2014), 容易被浮游动物误食。微塑料进入浮游动物体内后, 会对其运动能力、摄食效率、交配繁殖等生理活动产生不利影响(Cole et al, 2013), 从而潜在地影响种群动态和群落结构。此外, 微塑料可经浮游动物向上进行营养级传递(Cole et al, 2013), 研究发现, 相比于直接摄食, 营养转移对营养水平较高的生物体构成更加严重的威胁(Athey et al, 2020)。因此, 浮游动物摄食微塑料对整个生态系统的健康状况构成威胁。
近年来有许多航次调查研究了不同海域中浮游动物对微塑料的摄食数量和组成特征, 例如阿拉伯海(Goswami et al, 2023)、黑海(Aytan et al, 2022)、渤海(Zheng et al, 2020)、黄海(Sun et al, 2018a)、东海(Sun et al, 2018b)等。但是大多数针对自然海域的浮游动物调查为单次, 关于浮游动物摄食微塑料的季节动态变化研究较少, 针对微塑料对浮游动物群落的生态风险评估研究更为缺乏。因此, 亟须全面解析不同季节浮游动物体内微塑料的赋存特征并揭示微塑料对浮游动物的风险, 这对于科学建立微塑料的生态风险评估框架具有关键的科学意义。
本研究选择胶州湾为研究区域, 对胶州湾浮游动物的微塑料赋存特征及其生态风险开展研究, 旨在: (1) 揭示胶州湾浮游动物摄食微塑料的季节赋存特征及其差异性; (2) 评估季节变化下微塑料对浮游动物的生态风险; (3) 探究影响微塑料风险的重要生态因子, 为系统研究微塑料在浮游动物体内的赋存规律及其生态风险提供重要科学依据。
胶州湾位于35°55′~36°18′N, 120°04′~120°23′E, 面积为374 km2, 平均水深仅6~7 m。该海湾是一个典型的半封闭温带海域, 湾口狭窄, 水动力不足, 水体交换能力较弱, 北部陆区河流较多且汇流于海湾, 其径流主要受降水影响。本航次在胶州湾湾内、湾口和湾外共设有14个站位, 站位分布如图1所示。
分别于2016年2、5、8和11月对胶州湾的14个代表性站位的浮游动物进行采样。选择双联浮游生物网( BONGO-NET)(HYDRO-BIOS公司, 德国) 采集表层海水中浮游动物。
BONGO-NET由两个并排连接的网具组成, 网口直径为60 cm, 滤网孔径为500 μm, 采样体积通过网口配备的数字流量计的记录值来计算。采样时在表层水体中进行水平拖网, 以2~3节的速度拖拽10 min。收网后, 将网拖至甲板上, 冲网直至网内所有浮游动物样品被冲洗进入收集管。然后回收网具, 记录流量计的数值, 将样品收集器中的样品转移至容积为1 L的玻璃样品瓶中, 并加入甲醛溶液固定保存。
浮游动物样品在体视显微镜(Stemi SV11, 蔡司, 中国上海)下, 用镊子和移液管从各个类群的浮游动物中挑选10~100个个体, 用去离子水冲洗, 仔细观察动物的体表是否有纠缠或黏附的微塑料颗粒, 如果发现任何疑似塑料样的颗粒或碎片, 则用镊子将其去除。然后将生物个体放置在20 mL的闪烁瓶中, 每个小瓶中加入10~20 mL HNO3溶液(100%), 盖上瓶盖并在大约80 ℃水浴中消解浮游动物个体3 h。确保组织完全消解后, 将样品置于室温下, 通过孔径为0.45 μm的纤维素膜过滤。将所有微塑料样品在体视显微镜下进行检测分析。
使用体视显微镜观察保留在滤膜上的每个颗粒并计数, 并使用拍摄系统记录、识别和测量疑似微塑料的大小和形状。将样品在Nicolet iN 10 MX型傅里叶变换红外显微光谱仪(FTIR, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer) (Thermo Fisher公司, 美国)下进行检测。光谱扫描范围在400~4000 cm-1之间, 分辨率为16 cm-1, 每个颗粒扫描8次。在鉴定塑料的成分时, 根据Woodall等(2014)的方法, 将所测样品与已知光谱匹配, 匹配度≥0.7则可认定为微塑料。
为探究微塑料风险指标结果与环境因子的关系, 同步测定了可能影响浮游动物摄食微塑料的主要环境参数。使用CTD剖面仪 (AAQ1183-1F, ALEC公司, 日本)记录温度和盐度。采集深度小于200 m的水样测定叶绿素a (chl a)浓度, 用200 μm滤网去除样品中的浮游动物, 经过0.68 μm的玻璃纤维滤膜(GF/F Whatman)过滤, 使用叶绿素荧光仪 (Turner Designs Trilology, 美国)进行分析。悬浮体浓度采用质量分析法测定。溶解氧含量使用化学滴定法测定。
所有用于取样、分离和分析的材料除了网具都是非塑料材质。所有的烧杯等玻璃容器在使用前都用去离子水反复冲洗多次, 在不使用时则用铝箔或玻璃皿盖住, 防止空气内的微塑料污染样品。实验人员在操作过程中始终衣着实验服、配戴丁腈手套。所有的操作和分析过程都在通风橱内进行。在3个空白对照中均未发现微塑料存在, 这表明来自容器、实验室环境空气中的样品污染风险可以忽略不计。
浮游动物样品使用由Villefranche海洋实验室(LOV)开发的ZooScan数字成像系统进行分析, 使用ZooProcess软件进行数据采集获得浮游动物的类群与丰度。将所有浮游动物分为7大类群: 桡足类、毛颚类、短尾类幼体、长尾类幼体、水母、仔稚鱼及其他。
浮游动物丰度的计算公式如下:
Dij=nijv
式中, Dij为第i类群在j站位的丰度, 单位是ind./m3, nij表示第i类群在j站位的生物个数, v是采样体积。
在浮游动物个体和群落水平上分别计算微塑料丰度。浮游动物个体体内微塑料丰度单位为个/ind.; 浮游动物群落中的微塑料丰度单位为个/m3。其中桡足类和毛颚类浮游动物体内微塑料的数据分别来自Zheng等(2021)Meng等(2024)发表的论文数据。浮游动物个体体内微塑料丰度计算公式如下:
Iij=Nijnij
式中, Iij 表示第i类群在j站位的个体体内微塑料丰度, 单位是个/ind.; Nij表示挑选出的微塑料总个数, nij表示第i类群在j站位的生物个数。
浮游动物群落中微塑料丰度计算公式如下:
A=j=114i=17Iij×Dij14
式中, A表示群落中微塑料丰度, 单位是个/m3
胶州湾海域通过浮游动物群落对微塑料的储存量根据以下公式计算:
N=A×V
式中, N是胶州湾通过浮游动物群落对微塑料的储存量, V是胶州湾的总体积。胶州湾的总面积为374.4 km2, 平均水深按7 m计。
使用3种指标来评估生态风险。微塑料污染负荷指数(Pollution Load Index, PLI)可以用于评估浮游动物体内微塑料污染的程度(Ranjani et al, 2021); 聚合物危害指数(Polymer Hazard Index, PHI)能够表征不同聚合物的化学风险和危害程度(Ranjani et al, 2021); 生物积累因子(Bioaccumulation Factor, BAF)能够体现污染物在生物体内的积累程度。
PLI计算公式在Tomlinson等(1980)的基础上修改如下:
CFi=CiC0
PLIi=CFi
PLI=PLI1×PLI2××PLInn
式中, CFi表示各个站位的微塑料污染因子, 为浮游动物群落中的微塑料丰度(Ci)与微塑料丰度背景值(C0)的比值。C0通常是各站位中除了0之外的最小微塑料丰度。
PHI公式如下:
PHI=n=1nPn×Sn
式中, Pn表示在每个站位收集到的特定聚合物类型的百分比, Sn是根据Lithner等(2011)得到的不同聚合物类型的危害分数。
BAF计算公式在Valladolid-Garnica等(2023)的基础上修改如下:
BAF=MPzooplanktonMPseawater
式中, MPzooplanktonMPseawater分别表示浮游动物群落中与海水中的微塑料丰度(个/m3)。海水中微塑料丰度数据来自Liu等(2020)发表的论文数据。
使用SPSS 27.0软件对实验结果进行相关性与差异性分析。为所有测试设置95%的置信区间。采用Shapiro-Wilk检验所有数据的正态性和方差齐性。结果表明, 本研究数据非正态分布, 因此采用非参数检验进行数据分析。其中, 浮游动物摄食微塑料丰度的月份差异采用Kruskal-Wallis检验, 为控制假阳性风险, Bonferroni校正后进行全部成对比较, 微塑料的形状组成的差异使用Pearson’s chi-squared test检验比较, 微塑料的化学成分组成差异使用Fisher’s精确检验比较; 各种检验方法分别与文献报道的同类型数据检验方法一致。使用Canoco 5软件分析不同生态因子对风险评估指标结果的影响和解释程度, 分析前进行共线性检验, 方差膨胀因子(variance inflation factor, VIF)小于5, 各变量不存在严重多重共线性。通过决策曲线分析(decision curve analysis, DCA)得到的数据结果, 判断是否使用冗余分析(redundancy analysis, RDA)方法。RDA结果图由R Studio中vegan、ggplot 2等代码包进行绘制, 站位图由ArcGIS 10.8.1软件绘制, 统计分析图由Origin 2021生成, 图形处理使用Adobe Illustrator 2023完成。
图2展示了4个月份的浮游动物丰度(点线图)以及群落中微塑料丰度(箱线图)。2、5、8、11月的浮游动物丰度分别为1.00、58.52、73.95、16.12 ind./m3
在4个月份的14个采样站位中, 胶州湾浮游动物个体体内微塑料丰度范围是0~3个/ind., 中位数是0.25个/ind.。其中, 2、5、8、11月分别为0.30、0.20、0.21、0.20个/ind.。
在4个月份的14个采样站位中, 群落中微塑料丰度范围是0~62.38个/m3, 中位数为2.70个/m3。2月、5、8、11月群落中微塑料丰度分别为0.19、5.61、7.36、0.52个/m3。5、8月的群落中微塑料丰度显著高于2月和11月 (Kruskal-Wallis检验, P<0.05), 其中2月与8月之间差异极显著 (P<0.01)。
结合胶州湾水体体积, 估计各月份胶州湾海域通过浮游动物群落对微塑料的储存量。结果显示, 2、5、8、11月胶州湾浮游动物群落对微塑料的储存量为1.26×109、3.65×1010、4.49×1010、1.44×1010个, 平均值为3.19×1010个。
胶州湾浮游动物群落中微塑料丰度的时空分布如图3所示, 2月分布整体比较均匀且丰度水平较低, 最高值(1.18 个/m3)位于湾外的D8站, 最低值(0)位于湾内东部近岸处Y1站。5月整体丰度水平较高, 湾内丰度高于湾外, 最高值(27.65个/m3)位于湾内近岸的A3站, 最低值(0)位于湾内中间海域的C3站; 8月则是湾外总体丰度高于湾内, 湾外的D7站出现4个月份中最高的微塑料丰度(62.38个/m3); 11月整体分布丰度较低, 最高值(8.56个/m3)位于湾口的近岸D3站。
胶州湾浮游动物摄食的微塑料形状主要是纤维和碎片, 这两种形状分别占微塑料总量的89%和11%。两种形状的微塑料在各月份所占的百分比如图4a 所示, 纤维状微塑料的比例占绝对优势, 在2月占比最高, 达到91%, 在其他月份占比约为88%。4个月份微塑料的形状组成没有显著差异(Pearson’s chi-squared检验, P>0.05)。
胶州湾浮游动物摄食的微塑料的尺寸范围是78~3 123 μm, 平均尺寸为(491±454) μm。如图4b所示, 微塑料的尺寸集中在500 μm以下, 这部分比例达到70%, 随着微塑料尺寸的增加, 数量逐渐减少。纤维状微塑料的尺寸显著大于碎片的尺寸, 其中碎片尺寸均在498.13 μm以下。4个月份的浮游动物摄食的微塑料尺寸存在显著差异(Kruskal-Wallis检验, P<0.05), 8月的微塑料平均尺寸最大, 该月份1 500 μm以上尺寸范围内的微塑料占比大于其他月份。
图4c展示了4个月份的微塑料的化学成分组成, 共检测出18种化学成分, 主要有聚酯纤维、赛璐玢、聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚(3-甲基己内酰胺)、聚(N-丙烯酰胺)、聚苯乙烯、聚酰胺、聚(4-甲基己内酰胺), “其他”部分包括聚醚聚氨酯、聚烯烃、聚环氧氯丙烷、聚(2, 3-环氧-1-丙醇)等9种少数化学成分。在所有化学成分组成中, 聚酯纤维的占比达到了37%左右, 在5、8、11月中都占据较高的比例, 含量最高。其次为赛璐玢, 占总量的19%。2月的赛璐玢占比最高。4个月份的微塑料化学成分差异并不显著(Fisher’s精确检验, P>0.05)。
图5展示了4个月份胶州湾微塑料对浮游动物群落的风险评估结果。4个月份中, PLI平均值为3.49±2.94, 5月最高(7.84); PHI平均值为4.33±1.31, 8月最高(5.84); BAF平均值为55.59±56.84, 8月份最高(136), 相比之下2月(10.8)和11月(20.7)的积累较低。胶州湾浮游动物群落中微塑料的污染负荷和毒性风险等级均处于Ⅰ级(PLI<10, PHI<10), 且并无显著生物积累特征(BAF<1000)。
结果显示, RDA1和RDA2分别解释了76.41%和19.24%的生态风险变化, 总解释量达95.65% (图6)。在所有生态因子中, 温度、悬浮体浓度和叶绿素a浓度对生态风险结果的解释能力较强。温度主要沿RDA1方向分布, 是显著影响因子(置换检验P<0.01); 悬浮体浓度和叶绿素a浓度主要沿 RDA2方向分布, 是显著影响因子(置换检验P<0.05)。PLI对悬浮体浓度呈现较强的正向响应。
在4个月份的14个站位中, 胶州湾浮游动物个体体内微塑料丰度范围是0~3个/ind., 中位值0.25个/ind.。该水平比黄海浮游动物个体体内微塑料丰度略低(0.07~1.17 个/ind.; Sun et al, 2018a), 但是高于东北太平洋(0.03~0.06 个/ind.; Desforges et al, 2015)、葡萄牙海域(0.04~0.14 个/ind.; Frias et al, 2014)、安达曼海(0~0.41 个/ind.; Goswami et al, 2020)、Goiana河口(0.002 个/ind.; Lima et al, 2014)等海域。
在4个月份的14个站位中, 胶州湾浮游动物群落中微塑料丰度范围在0~62.38个/m3, 中位值2.70个/m3。对比发现胶州湾浮游动物群落中微塑料丰度高于南海北部(4.1个/m3; Sun et al, 2017)、渤海雨季[(2.03±2.87) 个/m3; Zheng et al, 2020]、阿拉伯海域[(1.17±0.02) 个/m3; Goswami et al, 2023]的微塑料丰度, 但低于黄海[(12.2±25.7) 个/m3; Sun et al, 2018a]和东海[(19.7±22.4) 个/m3; Sun et al, 2018b]的微塑料丰度。这种差异变化取决于不同海域间存在相异的浮游动物丰度。Sun等(2018a)在研究中指出, 浮游动物的类群组成及其丰度是影响浮游动物群落中微塑料丰度的关键因素。
在胶州湾浮游动物群落中, 滤食性的桡足类能够无差别摄食微塑料, 但其体长大多在0.5~2 mm之间, 摄食微塑料数量十分有限, 毛颚类、甲壳类幼体、水母多为机会性捕食者, 被动摄食微塑料, 单个个体的摄食量较低。仔稚鱼通过视觉识别猎物, 但误判概率高, 常把类似猎物大小的微塑料误认为是食物(Roch et al, 2020), 同时胶州湾仔稚鱼体型较大, 个体能够累积一定量的微塑料。但是胶州湾仔稚鱼的丰度较低, 因此在2、5月该类群中的微塑料丰度反而低于其他动物类群。浮游动物个体体内微塑料丰度受到摄食方式、食性、体型与捕获结构等多种因素共同影响, 但是整个类群乃至群落中的微塑料丰度不仅取决于个体体内微塑料丰度, 动物丰度数据也至关重要。
4个月份胶州湾浮游动物群落中微塑料丰度变化较大。5、8月的微塑料丰度多于2、11月。5月和8月胶州湾降水量较高, 胶州湾周边的季节性河流径流量的增大进一步增加了胶州湾中微塑料的丰度。而2月和11月正处于旱期, 河流中微塑料向胶州湾的运输受阻。海洋中微塑料在雨季和旱季的数量变化和Zheng等(2020)所报道的内容呈现相同趋势。从空间尺度上来看, 各月份的微塑料丰度多集中湾内东部近岸处以及海湾口西部, 且数值并无明显波动。该结果与Liu等(2020)在胶州湾海水中所发现的微塑料分布趋势相似, 这也证明海水中微塑料丰度影响浮游动物的摄食情况。除了海水环境因素, 浮游动物分布与丰度也是重要的影响因素。5月和8月为浮游动物的生长繁殖提供了较适宜的温度环境与食物基础, 因此这两个月份采样的浮游动物丰度明显高于2月和11月。其中胶州湾8月通过浮游动物群落对微塑料的储存量比2月高达35倍, 在一定程度上反映了夏季更多的微塑料进入食物链并传递, 警示了微塑料污染对海洋生态系统功能的即时威胁和潜在风险, 有助于人们确定更具针对性的监测与处理方案。值得注意的是, 在胶州湾垂直水层结构中, 同一站位不同水层之间的浮游动物群落丰度相差不大, 小型浮游动物群落的垂直分布不明显(陈应华, 2002)。这一垂向分布特征表明, 表层浮游动物样品的丰度具备代表性, 本研究中胶州湾海域通过浮游动物群落对微塑料的储存量的估计可作为合理近似。
胶州湾浮游动物摄食的主要微塑料是纤维和碎片, 其中尺寸较小的纤维占比优势明显。先前研究发现塑料纤维和碎片在近岸海域中普遍存在(Cózar et al, 2014)。研究人员分别在南海北部(70%纤维; Sun et al, 2017)、东海(54.6%纤维; Sun et al, 2018b)、渤海(雨季92%纤维, 旱季93%纤维; Zheng et al, 2020)、Terengganu沿海水域(近海80.8%纤维, 河口73.8%纤维; Taha et al, 2021)调查了浮游动物体内的微塑料形状比例, 同样反映了纤维在微塑料中的优势地位。在Farrell等(2013)研究中, 纤维状微塑料在动物消化道内的保留时间更加持久, 这也使得纤维能够在浮游动物体内被更多地鉴别。
微塑料在胶州湾浮游动物群落中微塑料的平均尺寸是(491±454) μm, 该值高于使用相同网目大小采集的南海北部 (125 μm)和黄海 (155 μm)浮游动物体内微塑料尺寸(Sun et al, 2018a; Md Amin et al, 2020), 低于阿拉伯海中的纤维状微塑料尺寸 (829 μm)(Rashid et al, 2021)和中国渤海中的微塑料尺寸(1 230 μm) (Zheng et al, 2020), 尺寸范围为79~3 123 μm, 大于Kosore等(2018)在肯尼亚近海浮游生物中发现的微塑料尺寸范围0.01~1.60 mm。胶州湾8月的浮游动物体内微塑料尺寸更大, 与Liu等(2020)对于胶州湾海水中微塑料特征的研究呈现的结果一致, 进一步佐证了周围海水环境对于浮游动物体内微塑料特征与数量的重要影响。
胶州湾浮游动物群落中微塑料最主要成分是聚酯纤维。胶州湾周边经济发达, 人口密度较高, 形成了活跃的居民区和工业产区, 因此人们的生活和生产活动就成为微塑料的主要排放来源。纺织品的材料脱落、包装的拆解破碎、电子产品的工业垃圾, 都会向海水中输入大量的聚酯纤维。居民家中每天都会产生大量的洗涤废水, 其中包含了纺织衣物在清洗过程中脱落下来的大量纤维。另外, 聚酯纤维的强度和刚性更大, 并且亲水吸湿, 更容易随着海水环境进入动物体内。聚酯纤维的比例在不同的月份变化下并没有明显波动, 这意味着海水中微塑料的来源是稳定的。
胶州湾微塑料对浮游动物的风险等级较低。温度、悬浮体浓度、叶绿素a浓度是浮游动物群落中微塑料风险变化的重要解释因子。5、8月的平均温度较高, 在适宜的生存条件下浮游动物的摄食活动旺盛, 体内微塑料的积累量随之增加, 同时高毒性微塑料被浮游动物摄食的概率增大。由于浮游动物体内的微塑料积累量通常显著高于底栖动物和鱼类(Miller et al, 2023), 5、8月胶州湾浮游动物体内的微塑料高累积水平对高营养级生物的微塑料摄食存在潜在高风险。
胶州湾海水中悬浮体浓度对浮游动物群落中微塑料污染负荷变化具有较强的解释作用。已有研究表明, 在英国某河口中的微塑料与悬浮颗粒物质的浓度在季节尺度上显著相关(Sullivan et al, 2023)。胶州湾5月河流输沙与海底沉积物的再悬浮作用引发高悬沙浓度, 与此同时微塑料与悬浮体共同通过径流入海。微塑料通常处于悬浮状态而并非简单漂浮在海水表面, 并易与悬浮的有机物或无机矿物颗粒黏附形成絮团(Zhang, 2017)。在高悬浮体浓度下, 浮游动物的视觉和化学识别受限, 导致摄食选择性降低(Arendt et al, 2011), 对微塑料的误食率继而上升。此外, 高浓度悬浮物会提高浮游动物的滤水率和摄食率(胡思敏等, 2024), 其中有机碎屑是主要的营养补充来源, 而微塑料在海中常与有机碎屑、无机颗粒等物质聚集形成复合体, 因此微塑料被浮游动物更多地摄食并增加体内微塑料污染负荷。悬浮体浓度具备指示浮游动物体内微塑料负荷的潜在功能, 然而目前关于悬浮体与微塑料之间关系的研究仍存在局限性, 其综合动态关系还需要更具代表性、更加准确地深入验证与量化评估(Sullivan et al, 2023)。需要注意的是, 部分研究表明悬浮体与微塑料对生物的影响存在协同效应。Provenza等(2025)发现, 微塑料和泥沙的联合暴露会放大双壳类动物的氧化应激, 提高它们的死亡率。微塑料的悬浮絮团中所富集的持久性有机物或重金属会被浮游动物摄食并在体内释放, 导致组织污染物负荷与毒性效应的加成或协同增强(López et al, 2021), 因此悬浮体与微塑料的共同作用可能进一步增加生态风险。
风险评估结果显示, 5、8月微塑料对浮游动物的风险高于2、11月。近海5、8月所在的春夏季节是渔业资源种群补充的关键时期, 微塑料被浮游动物摄食, 并沿食物链传递进入鱼类, 最终通过鱼类进入人体并对人体健康造成潜在威胁(Yu et al, 2024)。
本研究探究了胶州湾4个月份浮游动物群落中微塑料丰度与特征的季节变化与风险评估。主要结论如下:
(1) 2、5、8、11月的浮游动物个体体内微塑料丰度分别为0.30、0.20、0.21、0.20个/ind., 群落中微塑料丰度分别为0.19、5.61、7.36、0.52个/m3。5、8月浮游动物群落中微塑料丰度显著高于2、11月(P<0.05)。胶州湾海域通过浮游动物群落对微塑料的储存量在4个月份的平均值为3.19×1010个, 8月最高。
(2) 纤维是微塑料的主要形状, 占比89%, 月份间无显著差别; 微塑料尺寸集中在500 μm以下, 占比70%, 8月的平均尺寸最大; 5、8、11月的聚酯纤维成分占比最高, 2月赛璐玢占比最高, 化合物毒性风险较低, 月份间无显著差别。
(3) 胶州湾浮游动物群落中微塑料风险水平较低, 且并无显著生物积累特征。RDA分析表明, 温度、悬浮体浓度和叶绿素a浓度是影响微塑料对浮游动物群落风险的重要因子。

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2026年第57卷第3期
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doi: 10.11693/hyhz20251000220
  • 接收时间:2025-10-09
  • 首发时间:2026-08-06
  • 出版时间:2026-05-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-09
  • 修回日期:2026-01-16
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    1中国科学院海洋研究所 胶州湾海洋生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站 山东省海洋生物多样性与资源可持续利用重点实验室 山东青岛 266071
    2青岛海洋科技中心 海洋生态与环境科学功能实验室 山东青岛 266237
    3中国科学院大学 北京 100049
    4国家海洋环境监测中心 辽宁大连 116023

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孙晓霞, 博士生导师, 研究员, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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