Article(id=1292187176054321376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, issueId=1292187163098112845, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11693/hyhz20251000219, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1759939200000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-09, revisedDate=1764691200000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1786011030447, onlineDateStr=2026-08-06, pubDate=1780070400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1786011030447, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1786011030447, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1786011030447, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1292187163098112845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, year='2026', volume='57', issue='3', pageStart='579', pageEnd='830', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1780070400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1786011027358, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1786013993148, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1292199602611056777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, issueId=1292187163098112845, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1292199602611056778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, issueId=1292187163098112845, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=630, endPage=648, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1292187176280813793, articleId=1292187176054321376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, language=EN, title=RESEARCH PROGRESS ON MARINE ECOSYSTEM MONITORING AND HEALTH ASSESSMENT BASED ON MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES, columnId=1292187164687749679, journalTitle=Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, columnName=REVIEW, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Marine microorganisms, characterized by their immense biomass, rapid environmental response, and crucial ecological functions, serve as sensitive indicators for assessing the health of marine ecosystems. This article provides a systematic review of recent advances in marine ecological monitoring and health assessment based on microbial communities. First, we discussed the key characteristics of marine microorganisms as bioindicators, such as their high sensitivity to environmental stress and their functional redundancy in maintaining ecosystem processes. Case studies are presented to highlight the successful use of microbial monitoring to address climate change, pollution events, and ecological disasters. Next, we reviewed the evolution of marine microbial monitoring technologies, spanning from traditional cultivation methods to modern techniques such as high-throughput sequencing and Raman spectroscopy. We also compared the advantages and limitations of these approaches in practical applications. Finally, in response to challenges such as insufficient data standardization and the lack of quantitative assessment metrics, we proposed a systematic framework for future development. This framework emphasizes the need for end-to-end standardization from sampling to data analysis, the creation of intelligent diagnostic models that integrate multi-dimensional “Raman spectroscopy-genetic-environmental” information with the establishment of a national-scale specialized monitoring network. This review aims to provide theoretical supports and technical pathways for the development of a next-generation, high-resolution, real-time microbial-based marine ecological health assessment system.

, authors=Lu-Yang SUN1, 2, 3, Xiao-Lu LIU1, 2, 3, Yan-Mei ZHANG1, 2, 3, Chen WANG1, 2, 4, authorsList=Lu-Yang SUN, Xiao-Lu LIU, Yan-Mei ZHANG, Chen WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1292187177048371428, articleId=1292187176054321376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, language=CN, title=基于微生物群落的海洋生态系统监测与健康评估研究进展, columnId=1292187164859716145, journalTitle=海洋与湖沼, columnName=研究综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

海洋微生物以其巨大的生物量、快速的环境响应和关键的生态功能, 成为评估海洋生态系统健康的灵敏指示器。文章系统综述了基于微生物群落的海洋生态监测与健康评估研究进展。首先讨论了海洋微生物作为生物指示剂的关键特性, 如对环境压力的高度敏感性和在维持生态系统功能中的冗余作用, 并列举了一系列通过微生物监测成功应对气候变化、污染事件及生态灾害的例子。随后, 全面评述了海洋微生物监测技术体系的演进, 涵盖从传统培养方法到高通量测序、拉曼光谱等现代技术, 并比较了各类技术在应用中的优势与局限性。最后, 针对当前研究中数据标准化与量化评估指标不足的问题, 提出了未来发展的系统性框架, 重点包括推进从采样到数据分析的全流程标准化、构建“拉曼光谱—基因—环境”多维信息融合的智能诊断模型, 以及建设国家层面的专业化监测网络。该综述旨在为构建新一代高分辨率、实时化的微生物海洋生态健康评估体系提供理论支持与技术路径。

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Application of microorganisms in marine ecosystem health assessment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
应用案例环境因素案例参考文献
气候变化与营养扰动海洋热浪耐高温寡营养型群落的快速发展Brown et al, 2024
沙尘沉积异养群落的主导群落更替Pérez-Barrancos et al, 2022
珊瑚礁海水微生物群落与环境变化稳定相关Glasl et al, 2019
藻华暴发5种细菌在6 d内群落更替时成为优势种Needham et al, 2016
藻华消亡颗粒有机物中微生物群落更替速度远超周围水体中自由生活菌群Zhang et al, 2024b
深海热液喷口剧烈化学波动环境中多种细菌参与相同代谢途径Pan et al, 2022; Zhou et al, 2022b
化学环境变化海洋缺氧区微生物代谢可决定缺氧区是“碳源”还是“碳汇”Chen et al, 2025
原油泄漏原油降解细菌及功能基因的丰度增加Brock et al, 2025
重金属污染硫酸盐还原菌丰度可反映污染水平Chen et al, 2019
热液活动停止微生物群落由“流体主导型”转变为“矿物主导型”Hou et al, 2020
深海采矿区采矿活动导致微生物群落结构改变, 活性降低Vonnahme et al, 2020
生物灾害事件与生态系统健康水母暴发弧菌丰度与水母生命周期密切相关明红霞等, 2025
有害藻华细菌肽段可作为藻华预警分子指标Mudge et al, 2025
季节更替群落结构及功能基因丰度呈现“时钟般”的规律性变化Larkin et al, 2025
大洋深部含水层循环流体群落发生显著更替, 代谢潜力未受影响Tully et al, 2018
极地表层及深层海水物种组成差异显著, 功能基因谱系较为相似Cao et al, 2020
), ArticleFig(id=1292187182261891354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187176054321376, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

微生物在海洋生态健康评估中的应用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
应用案例环境因素案例参考文献
气候变化与营养扰动海洋热浪耐高温寡营养型群落的快速发展Brown et al, 2024
沙尘沉积异养群落的主导群落更替Pérez-Barrancos et al, 2022
珊瑚礁海水微生物群落与环境变化稳定相关Glasl et al, 2019
藻华暴发5种细菌在6 d内群落更替时成为优势种Needham et al, 2016
藻华消亡颗粒有机物中微生物群落更替速度远超周围水体中自由生活菌群Zhang et al, 2024b
深海热液喷口剧烈化学波动环境中多种细菌参与相同代谢途径Pan et al, 2022; Zhou et al, 2022b
化学环境变化海洋缺氧区微生物代谢可决定缺氧区是“碳源”还是“碳汇”Chen et al, 2025
原油泄漏原油降解细菌及功能基因的丰度增加Brock et al, 2025
重金属污染硫酸盐还原菌丰度可反映污染水平Chen et al, 2019
热液活动停止微生物群落由“流体主导型”转变为“矿物主导型”Hou et al, 2020
深海采矿区采矿活动导致微生物群落结构改变, 活性降低Vonnahme et al, 2020
生物灾害事件与生态系统健康水母暴发弧菌丰度与水母生命周期密切相关明红霞等, 2025
有害藻华细菌肽段可作为藻华预警分子指标Mudge et al, 2025
季节更替群落结构及功能基因丰度呈现“时钟般”的规律性变化Larkin et al, 2025
大洋深部含水层循环流体群落发生显著更替, 代谢潜力未受影响Tully et al, 2018
极地表层及深层海水物种组成差异显著, 功能基因谱系较为相似Cao et al, 2020
), ArticleFig(id=1292187182341583131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187176054321376, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Environmental monitoring approaches for the marine microbiome

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术原理优势局限性周期典型应用应用场景
培养在可控条件下重建或模拟环境因子, 使目标微生物生长、分离产出菌株资源, 支持后续多组学验证培养偏倚数周(因菌种而异)目标功能菌的分类鉴定与通路验证适于基础研究
核酸扩增利用特定引物/探针特异性扩增功能基因, 实现绝对/相对定量可定量, 灵敏度高, 成本低, 适于快速筛查和长期监测仅针对已知基因, 引物偏好与变异, 存在假阴性/假阳性1~2 h关键环境指示标志物监测, 基于基因的阈值预警纳入常规监测
扩增子测序以通用/半通用引物扩增标记基因可变区, 测序后进行物种/类群注释成本低、通量高, 快速获得物种组成功能信息有限, 难解析基因/通路5~7 d大尺度观测生态核心类群、群落多样性纳入常规监测
宏基因组学直接测序群落基因组片段, 重构基因目录与MAGs覆盖未培养类群, 同时解析物种和功能依赖数据库质量, 算力需求高7~14 d功能潜力与群落生态型, 新类别与代谢通路挖掘适于基础研究
宏转录组学提取群落的总RNA并进行测序反映“正在发生”的过程RNA不稳定, 样本保存要求高7~14 d关键循环路径表达观测, 功能基因的响应适于基础研究
单细胞组学分离单个细胞并扩增其基因组/转录组低丰度、关键成员的功能归属通量与成功率受限, 流程复杂7~14 d未培养稀有类群功能解析适于基础研究
质谱技术将胞内分子转化为带电离子并按照质荷比分离、分析功能实现的直接证据前处理复杂, 依赖比对库覆盖度3~6 h病原快速鉴定, 群落代谢物谱、底物流向适于基础研究
拉曼光谱技术通过非弹性散射的分子指纹获取细胞物质组成无标记、非破坏、高通量单细胞筛选信号弱、谱峰重叠, 特定代谢物的选择性有限3~6 h免培养快速鉴定, 单细胞物质含量与活力量化纳入常规监测
), ArticleFig(id=1292187182433857820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187176054321376, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

面向海洋微生物组的环境监测手段

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术原理优势局限性周期典型应用应用场景
培养在可控条件下重建或模拟环境因子, 使目标微生物生长、分离产出菌株资源, 支持后续多组学验证培养偏倚数周(因菌种而异)目标功能菌的分类鉴定与通路验证适于基础研究
核酸扩增利用特定引物/探针特异性扩增功能基因, 实现绝对/相对定量可定量, 灵敏度高, 成本低, 适于快速筛查和长期监测仅针对已知基因, 引物偏好与变异, 存在假阴性/假阳性1~2 h关键环境指示标志物监测, 基于基因的阈值预警纳入常规监测
扩增子测序以通用/半通用引物扩增标记基因可变区, 测序后进行物种/类群注释成本低、通量高, 快速获得物种组成功能信息有限, 难解析基因/通路5~7 d大尺度观测生态核心类群、群落多样性纳入常规监测
宏基因组学直接测序群落基因组片段, 重构基因目录与MAGs覆盖未培养类群, 同时解析物种和功能依赖数据库质量, 算力需求高7~14 d功能潜力与群落生态型, 新类别与代谢通路挖掘适于基础研究
宏转录组学提取群落的总RNA并进行测序反映“正在发生”的过程RNA不稳定, 样本保存要求高7~14 d关键循环路径表达观测, 功能基因的响应适于基础研究
单细胞组学分离单个细胞并扩增其基因组/转录组低丰度、关键成员的功能归属通量与成功率受限, 流程复杂7~14 d未培养稀有类群功能解析适于基础研究
质谱技术将胞内分子转化为带电离子并按照质荷比分离、分析功能实现的直接证据前处理复杂, 依赖比对库覆盖度3~6 h病原快速鉴定, 群落代谢物谱、底物流向适于基础研究
拉曼光谱技术通过非弹性散射的分子指纹获取细胞物质组成无标记、非破坏、高通量单细胞筛选信号弱、谱峰重叠, 特定代谢物的选择性有限3~6 h免培养快速鉴定, 单细胞物质含量与活力量化纳入常规监测
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基于微生物群落的海洋生态系统监测与健康评估研究进展
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孙鲁阳 1, 2, 3 , 刘晓鲁 1, 2, 3 , 张艳美 1, 2, 3 , 王琛 1, 2, 4
海洋与湖沼 | 研究综述 2026,57(3): 630-648
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海洋与湖沼 |研究综述 2026 , 57 (3) : 630 -648
基于微生物群落的海洋生态系统监测与健康评估研究进展
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3中国科学院大学生命科学学院 北京 101408, bio={"content":"

孙鲁阳, 博士生导师, 研究员, E-mail:

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孙鲁阳1, 2, 3 , 刘晓鲁1, 2, 3, 张艳美1, 2, 3, 王琛1, 2, 4
作者信息
  • 1中国科学院青岛生物能源与过程研究所单细胞中心 山东青岛 266101
  • 2青岛新能源山东省实验室 山东青岛 266101
  • 3中国科学院大学生命科学学院 北京 101408
  • 4济南大学化学化工学院 山东济南 250022
作者简介:

孙鲁阳, 博士生导师, 研究员, E-mail:

RESEARCH PROGRESS ON MARINE ECOSYSTEM MONITORING AND HEALTH ASSESSMENT BASED ON MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES
Lu-Yang SUN1, 2, 3 , Xiao-Lu LIU1, 2, 3, Yan-Mei ZHANG1, 2, 3, Chen WANG1, 2, 4
Affiliations
  • 1Single Cell Center, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
  • 2Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao 266101, China
  • 3College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
  • 4School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
出版时间: 2026-05-30 doi: 10.11693/hyhz20251000219
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海洋微生物以其巨大的生物量、快速的环境响应和关键的生态功能, 成为评估海洋生态系统健康的灵敏指示器。文章系统综述了基于微生物群落的海洋生态监测与健康评估研究进展。首先讨论了海洋微生物作为生物指示剂的关键特性, 如对环境压力的高度敏感性和在维持生态系统功能中的冗余作用, 并列举了一系列通过微生物监测成功应对气候变化、污染事件及生态灾害的例子。随后, 全面评述了海洋微生物监测技术体系的演进, 涵盖从传统培养方法到高通量测序、拉曼光谱等现代技术, 并比较了各类技术在应用中的优势与局限性。最后, 针对当前研究中数据标准化与量化评估指标不足的问题, 提出了未来发展的系统性框架, 重点包括推进从采样到数据分析的全流程标准化、构建“拉曼光谱—基因—环境”多维信息融合的智能诊断模型, 以及建设国家层面的专业化监测网络。该综述旨在为构建新一代高分辨率、实时化的微生物海洋生态健康评估体系提供理论支持与技术路径。

微生物群落  /  多组学  /  海洋生态评估  /  菌群功能  /  拉曼光谱

Marine microorganisms, characterized by their immense biomass, rapid environmental response, and crucial ecological functions, serve as sensitive indicators for assessing the health of marine ecosystems. This article provides a systematic review of recent advances in marine ecological monitoring and health assessment based on microbial communities. First, we discussed the key characteristics of marine microorganisms as bioindicators, such as their high sensitivity to environmental stress and their functional redundancy in maintaining ecosystem processes. Case studies are presented to highlight the successful use of microbial monitoring to address climate change, pollution events, and ecological disasters. Next, we reviewed the evolution of marine microbial monitoring technologies, spanning from traditional cultivation methods to modern techniques such as high-throughput sequencing and Raman spectroscopy. We also compared the advantages and limitations of these approaches in practical applications. Finally, in response to challenges such as insufficient data standardization and the lack of quantitative assessment metrics, we proposed a systematic framework for future development. This framework emphasizes the need for end-to-end standardization from sampling to data analysis, the creation of intelligent diagnostic models that integrate multi-dimensional “Raman spectroscopy-genetic-environmental” information with the establishment of a national-scale specialized monitoring network. This review aims to provide theoretical supports and technical pathways for the development of a next-generation, high-resolution, real-time microbial-based marine ecological health assessment system.

microbial community  /  multi-omics  /  marine ecological assessment  /  microbiome function  /  Raman spectroscopy
孙鲁阳, 刘晓鲁, 张艳美, 王琛. 基于微生物群落的海洋生态系统监测与健康评估研究进展. 海洋与湖沼, 2026 , 57 (3) : 630 -648 . DOI: 10.11693/hyhz20251000219
Lu-Yang SUN, Xiao-Lu LIU, Yan-Mei ZHANG, Chen WANG. RESEARCH PROGRESS ON MARINE ECOSYSTEM MONITORING AND HEALTH ASSESSMENT BASED ON MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES[J]. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, 2026 , 57 (3) : 630 -648 . DOI: 10.11693/hyhz20251000219
海洋微生物(marine microorganisms)通常指分布于海洋环境中的真细菌、古菌、真核微生物和无细胞生物海洋病毒。尽管体量微小、形态多样, 但它们在数量和分布上占据主导地位, 构成海洋生物量的主体。因其巨大的生物量、快速的代时和对环境变化的高度敏感性, 被视为反映海洋生态系统健康状况的理想生物指示剂。据生物量层面估计, 细菌、古菌和微型真核浮游生物合计占海洋活体生物量的90%以上, 并贡献了约98%的初级海洋生产力(Whitman et al, 1999; Sogin et al, 2006; Alvarez-Yela et al, 2019)。海洋微生物群落具有极高的多样性, 几乎覆盖所有系统发育类群。这种多样性受温度、光照、压力和营养盐等理化因子以及洋流、水团结构和水深梯度等物理过程的共同塑造。基于全球海域的宏基因组资源调查发现(基于GTDB基因组数据库分类法), 优势细菌主要包括假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota, 主要为Alphaproteobacteria和Gammaproteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)、放线菌门(Actinomycetota)、蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteriota)及浮霉菌门(Planctomycetota); 而古菌优势类群则主要包括 Methanobacteriota 门[大致对应传统广古菌门 (Euryarchaeota)]和 Thermoproteota 门(大致对应传统 TACK 超门)(Chen et al, 2021; Göker et al, 2024)。在细菌群落中, SAR11 (属于Alphapro-teobacteria纲)和SAR86 (属于Gammaproteobacteria纲)几乎遍布全球海洋(Sunagawa et al, 2015)。蓝细菌门主要栖息于表层真光层, 以原绿球藻(Prochlorococcus)和聚球藻(Synechococcus)为代表, 是表层初级生产力的核心贡献者(Huang et al, 2012; Chen et al, 2021)。第三大类群拟杆菌门在有机质降解中发挥关键作用, 既存在于海水和沉积物等非生物环境, 也分布于动物体表和肠道(Fernández-Gómez et al, 2013; Srinivasan et al, 2021)。此外, 放线菌门与浮霉菌门虽丰度不及前三大类群, 主要分布在海水表层、沉积物及极端海洋环境(如深海、热液口; Fernandes et al, 2025; Vitorino et al, 2025)。海洋放线菌因其独特的代谢特征, 在生物修复, 尤其是石油烃降解方面, 具有重要潜力。而浮霉菌作为“海洋雪”(marine snow)的关键组成与颗粒物表面常驻群落(Vitorino et al, 2025), 以异养方式为主, 具备广谱有机质分解能力, 既可降解多类碳水化合物, 也能分解复杂的硫酸化多糖(Klimek et al, 2024)。此外, 浮霉菌通过参与厌氧氨氧化(anammox)、氨与硝酸盐同化, 以及在深海沉积物和表层海域中的固氮等过程, 显著促进氮循环并影响海洋生态系统的物质与能量通量(Vitorino et al, 2025)。相比之下, 海洋古菌群落具有明显的水深分层特征。代表性类群包括表层优势的Marine Group II (MG II, 传统上归入Euryarchaeota;GTDB中主要对应Thermoplasmatota门相关类群)和深层富集的 Marine Group I氨氧化古菌(MG I/AOA, 传统上称为 Thaumarchaeota; GTDB 中对应 Thermoproteota门Nitrososphaeria纲): MG II 在表层海水中较为常见, 而MG I/AOA在深海暗光环境中丰度较高, 并在中深层水体达到峰值, 是深层氮循环和暗光初级生产力的重要贡献者(Pereira et al, 2019; Zhong et al, 2020)。
海洋真菌在海洋环境中广泛存在, 物种数量估计超过1万种(Jones, 2011a)。大多数从海洋环境中鉴定出的真菌属于子囊菌门(Ascomycota)和担子菌门(Basidiomycota) (Kohlmeyer et al, 1979; Guo et al, 2025)。海洋真菌的多样性一直是研究的热点, 许多研究表明新型海洋真菌物种与陆生真菌谱系存在相关性(Jones, 2011b)。系统发育分析表明, 许多海洋真菌谱系是从陆地祖先转变而来, 且发生过多次转变(Schoch et al, 2009)。此外, 最新的研究显示, 海洋真菌形成了与陆生真菌不同的分支(Peng et al, 2025)。这些发现表明, 海洋和陆地环境对真菌具有巨大的选择压力和生态屏障。真菌在海洋生态系统中被认为参与浮游植物种群的循环和生物碳泵(Klawonn et al, 2021), 并在海洋沉积物的化学循环中发挥活跃作用(Zhong et al, 2024)。在北大西洋深海, 真菌是“海洋雪”颗粒中群落的优势种, 参与深海碳循环和有机物的运输。许多海洋真菌还与海洋动物(Geiser et al, 1998; Paz et al, 2010)、植物和藻类(Harvey et al, 2010)形成共生关系或作为病原体存在。尽管真菌与宿主之间的相互作用性质尚不完全明了, 但真菌的胞外酶活性和次级代谢产物被认为在这些相互作用中发挥重要作用(Bao et al, 2013)。尽管如此, 关于海洋来源真菌的研究仍然较为有限(Case et al, 2025), 虽然高通量测序技术为真菌多样性和海洋微生物生态学的快速发展提供了重要支持, 但目前基于宏条形码技术的研究往往偏向于陆生真菌, 且受限于参考数据库的局限性(Peng et al, 2024)。此外, 采样位点通常易受陆源物质的影响(Peng et al, 2025)。由于针对真菌ITS rDNA的扩增子测序可能增强其他真核生物(如浮游动物或植物宿主)的基因序列扩增, 而扩增引物的设计多依赖于陆生真菌序列, 这导致海洋栖息地的真菌物种代表性较差。与此同时, 仅凭高通量测序技术难以区分非代谢活跃的真菌(如陆源真菌孢子)与真正的海洋真菌。这些局限性对海洋真菌多样性和生态系统功能的研究提出了巨大挑战。
病毒是海洋中最丰富的生物实体, 平均每升海水中病毒的数量可达到约1010个(Wommack et al, 2000)。病毒的宿主范围广泛, 从细菌到鲸鱼等各种生物均可感染, 且其多样性极为丰富(Suttle, 2005)。随着高通量测序技术的迅猛发展, 噬菌体、感染古菌及真核生物的病毒多样性目录得到了极大拓展(Krupovic et al, 2018; Gregory et al, 2019; Dominguez-Huerta et al, 2022)。病毒在海洋生态系统中发挥着至关重要的作用, 它们通过控制微生物死亡, 调节宿主丰度, 影响种群结构, 每天可杀死约20%的海洋微生物(Suttle, 2007)。此外, 病毒编码的代谢基因还能够改变宿主的代谢过程(Zimmerman et al, 2020), 从而对海洋生态系统中的养分和能量循环产生显著影响。尽管病毒在生态学中的作用巨大, 但由于病毒基因组的高度变异性和复杂性, 目前在种水平上对病毒的分类仍然存在很大挑战(Bobay et al, 2018)。单链DNA (ssDNA)和RNA病毒基因组存在快速突变和重组现象, 通常表现出“镶嵌性嵌合”(mosaicism), 其进化速率远高于双链DNA(dsDNA)病毒, 这使得病毒的分类变得更加困难。研究表明, 全球海洋RNA病毒呈现出4个主要的生态区带, 且在纬度和深度上具有多样性模式, 且与环境因素相关联(Dominguez-Huerta et al, 2022)。而针对海洋dsDNA病毒的研究显示, 全球海洋dsDNA病毒分布可以划分为5个生态区, 包括北极、南极、深海、温带和热带表层带以及中层海洋生态区域, 这些区域的划分与海洋细菌群落结构相似(Gregory et al, 2019)。温度在病毒和宿主的相互作用中扮演着重要角色(Maat et al, 2017), 通过直接影响微生物群落的结构, 进而间接影响病毒群落的组成(Brum et al, 2015)。因此, 温度被认为是驱动海洋病毒生态区划分的主要因素。近年来, 对于海洋病毒的探索的技术手段逐渐扩展, 如宏基因组学(Breitbart et al, 2002)、基于单细胞基因组学的病毒识别(Roux et al, 2014)、微流控数字PCR(Tadmor et al, 2011)、基于成簇规律间隔短回文重复序列(Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats, CRISPR)基因座的病毒–宿主解析技术CRISPRloci (Alkhnbashi et al, 2021)、PhageFISH (一种可在单细胞水平原位可视化噬菌体感染动态的荧光成像技术, Allers et al, 2013)等, 在病毒多样性探索、宿主预测识别、丰度定量等方面发挥重要作用(Brum et al, 2015)。但病毒种类的识别仍受限于已有病毒序列的数据库, 且现有计算方法难以识别完整的病毒基因组(Breitbart et al, 2018), 同时病毒具有较高的进化速率, 将海洋病毒纳入海洋生态监测体系仍有较大挑战。
海洋微生物的生物地理格局由环流、深度分层和气候等多重因素共同调控。明确微生物的空间分布规律, 是构建大尺度生态健康评估基线和区分自然波动与人为扰动的前提。近期, 我国科学家基于全球宏基因组数据, 构建了迄今规模最大的海洋微生物基因组数据库, 并识别出56个“宏基因组分区”(metagenomic provinces)。研究显示, 在水平空间维度上, 海洋环流驱动的跨区域水团输运促进了群落的远距离扩散, 导致这些分区的地理聚集性相对较弱; 而在垂直水深维度上, 则显现出清晰的深度分层, 凸显了环境梯度对群落组成的强烈筛选作用(Chen et al, 2024)。在此基础上, 另一项研究进一步揭示了全球翻转环流(global overturning circulation, GOC)在塑造海洋微生物群落分布中的决定性作用。通过对南太平洋GO-SHIP P18断面的多组学分析, 研究人员将水团划分为6个系统发育群组和10个功能带: 表层群落主要受风驱环流调控, 而深层群落则由水团年龄决定(Kolody et al, 2025)。特别值得注意的是, 约300 m深度是微生物多样性显著增加的关键阈值, 这一发现挑战了“多样性随深度递减”的传统认知。同时, 深层群落仍保持活跃代谢, 表明深海并非“生物荒漠”, 并为预测环流减缓情景下的碳封存提供了新的生物地球化学框架。此外, 一项聚焦表层海洋的研究提出了“气候-基因组分区”概念, 并确认气候变量是解释其分区模式的关键因子。模型预测, 在全球变暖情景下, 这些分区将发生显著的极向迁移和大规模重组, 进一步印证了气候在塑造微生物生物地理格局中的核心作用(Frémont et al, 2022)。这些研究清晰地表明, 任何有意义的海洋微生物监测计划都必须将季节气候、海水深度分层等非生物指标全面地作为核心解释变量, 并考虑季风驱环流带来的微生物群落特定性变化, 动否则将无法准确甄别由人类活动引起的、偏离自然基准的“异常状态”。
尽管真菌和病毒在海洋生态系统中扮演着重要角色, 尤其在生物地球化学循环、宿主-微生物相互作用和生态功能方面具有显著影响, 但由于现有技术和研究的局限性, 如基因组多样性、分类问题以及高通量测序在海洋真菌和病毒表征方面的不足, 海洋真菌和病毒的研究仍面临许多挑战。尽管真菌与病毒是海洋生态系统中不可或缺的组成部分, 但由于当前监测技术的标准化与解析度不足, 其在常规生态健康评估模型中的应用仍面临挑战。因此, 为构建一套稳定、可操作的评估体系, 本文后续将优先聚焦于研究基础更扎实、指标更明确的海洋微生物, 探讨其作为生态健康核心指示器的应用。
海洋微生物是全球生物地球化学循环的核心驱动力, 是维持海洋生态系统健康的基础。通过对关键元素的固定、转化与再矿化, 系统性地调控着碳、氮、硫、磷及金属等元素的全球通量。其对表层溶解有机物的再循环, 贡献了近一半的海洋年净初级生产力, 凸显了其在海洋生态系统能量流动中的基础性地位(Cohen et al, 2021; Moran et al, 2022), 监测这些关键代谢过程的速率与格局, 是评估生态系统功能完整性、识别早期环境胁迫的核心。
在碳循环方面, 微生物介导的光合固碳与异养呼吸构成了海洋碳循环的基础。其中, “微生物碳泵”(microbial carbon pump, MCP)理论进一步揭示, 微生物能将活性有机碳转化为惰性溶解有机碳(refractory dissolved organic carbon, RDOC), 从而实现海洋长时序的碳封存, 对全球气候调节具有深远影响(Jiao et al, 2024)。氮循环与碳循环紧密耦合, 且常作为海洋初级生产力的核心限制因子。海洋微生物参与驱动了固氮、硝化、反硝化及厌氧氨氧化等所有关键转化过程(Dong et al, 2022; Hutchins et al, 2022)。其中, 硝化作用通过将再矿化产生的NH3/NH4⁺氧化为NO2⁻和 NO3⁻, 连接有机氮再矿化与反硝化、厌氧氨氧化等后续氮损失过程。氨氧化微生物与亚硝酸盐氧化细菌(如Nitrospina)协同完成两步硝化, 而新近发现的完全硝化菌(comammox Nitrospira)则能独立完成该过程, 但目前主要见于海洋湿地、河口和近岸水体,其开放大洋生态意义仍需进一步评估(Sun et al, 2020)。
在缺氧环境中, 硫循环则常与甲烷等元素循环深度耦合。其核心由两大功能菌群主导: 硫氧化细菌在深海冷泉、热液口等化能生态系统中, 通过氧化还原态硫为生态系统提供初级能量(Hu et al, 2018); 而硫酸盐还原菌(sulfate-reducing bacteria, SRB)则在沉积物中扮演着有机质降解的关键角色, 并能与厌氧甲烷氧化古菌(anaerobic methanotrophic archaea, ANME)协同作用, 有效削减甲烷的排放通量(Dong et al, 2023)。磷作为另一关键限制性营养素, 其生物有效性也受微生物的精细调控。微生物通过分泌特异性酶(如β-螺旋桨植酸酶)降解海洋中储量巨大的溶解性有机磷(dissolved organic phosphorus, DOP), 例如肌醇磷酸(Liang et al, 2022; Teng et al, 2025)。而在寡营养海域, 聚磷菌则通过合成与分解多聚磷酸盐来动态调控磷供应, 从而维持生态系统的生产力(Gao et al, 2025)。
此外, 微生物对微量金属的调控同样深刻影响着海洋的宏观生态格局。微生物通过分泌铁载体(siderophores)提升铁的生物可利用性, 并通过异化铁还原、铁-氨氧化等过程, 将铁循环与氮循环等紧密耦合, 进而调控开阔大洋的初级生产(张笑雨等, 2022)。除元素循环外, 微生物还是海洋食物网的基石, 并与宿主形成复杂的共生关系。它们通过“微食物环”将溶解有机物导入经典食物链, 极大提升了生态系统的能量传递效率。同时, 作为共生体, 它们在珊瑚、海绵等关键宿主的营养代谢、免疫防御及环境适应中扮演着不可或缺的角色(Voolstra et al, 2024; Sun et al, 2025)。
综上所述, 海洋微生物的功能远超单一的元素转化者(图1)。它们作为一个复杂的、多层次的调控网络, 在分子(代谢途径)、群落(元素循环)、生态系统(食物网与共生)乃至全球(气候变化)尺度上, 发挥着无可替代的核心作用, 是维系海洋生态系统稳健与功能的核心支柱。微生物群落的功能不仅影响生态系统的正常运转, 它们的变化还可以敏感地反映出海洋环境的健康状态。由于微生物群落具有较高的代谢速率和快速的响应能力, 它们能够迅速对环境扰动作出反应。这一特性使得微生物群落成为健康评估的理想工具, 能够在气候变化、水体污染等环境压力下, 及时提供生态系统健康的警示信号。通过监测微生物群落的组成、功能基因的表达及其代谢活动, 可以高效地追踪海洋环境的变化, 从而为海洋健康评估提供实时、精确的数据支持。
相较于海洋生态系统中的大型生物, 海洋微生物群落具有更高的代谢速率和更短的世代周期, 可在数小时至数天内对环境扰动作出响应(Bunse et al, 2017)。这种响应不仅体现在群落组成的变化, 也表现在功能基因表达和代谢活性的快速调整。高分辨率的原位监测证实, 微生物群落可在天-周尺度上完成结构重组与功能基因的转录调控, 从而紧密追踪营养盐脉冲、光照和温度的节律性变化(Ottesen et al, 2013; Martin-Platero et al, 2018)。相较之下, 大型浮游动物、鱼类等类群因世代周期长、代谢速率低, 其群落结构与功能的调整往往需数周乃至数月才能显现。
海洋微生物的快速响应能力基于其生活史策略, 与经典的r/K 选择理论高度契合(Pianka, 1970)。作为典型的r-策略者, 微生物依托快速繁殖、高突变率和表型可塑性, 在动态变化的环境中具备强大的适应潜力与种群扩张能力。相反, 以鱼类为代表的K-策略者, 因其长寿命和缓慢的世代周转, 其群落水平的响应则显著滞后。这种r-策略主导的动态过程, 集中体现在微生物对资源的快速捕获与利用上。例如, 在浮游植物藻华消亡后, 异养细菌能迅速利用释放的溶解有机物(DOM)实现种群暴发(Buchan et al, 2014); 同样, 附着在有机颗粒上的微生物群落, 其物种更替速率和生物活性也远超周围水体中的自由生活菌群(Zhang et al, 2024b)。对美国加利福尼亚南部海域藻华的高频观测进一步印证了这一过程(Needham et al, 2016)。研究发现, 在短短18 d内, 不仅浮游植物优势种经历了10次更替, 细菌与古菌的优势种群也随之发生剧烈变化。研究进一步指出, 微生物群落间的相互作用对演替的驱动作用超过了环境参数本身, 凸显了其在主动塑造生态系统动态中的地位。因此, 微生物群落的变化可视为生态系统即时状态的敏锐反应。
与群落组成的高度多样性不同, 海洋微生物群落在功能层面呈现出惊人的稳定性。这一现象被称为功能冗余(functional redundancy), 即不同的分类单元能够执行相似的代谢功能。该机制是维持海洋生态系统稳健性的核心, 确保了在物种更替或局部丧失时, 关键生态过程仍能连续运行(Louca et al, 2018)。
基于塔拉海洋(Tara Oceans)全球宏基因组数据的研究首次在全球尺度上系统揭示了这一现象。研究表明, 尽管不同海域和水层的微生物群落在分类组成上差异巨大, 但其功能基因类别的丰度分布却高度一致, 构成了一个保守的“核心功能集”, 为碳、氮等关键生物地球化学循环提供了稳健的代谢支撑(Sunagawa et al, 2015)。随后, Louca等(2016)进一步提出应将“功能结构”与“分类结构”解耦来看待全球海洋微生物群落。通过对数万种微生物的代谢功能归类, 他们发现环境条件主要决定了功能组合的分布, 而具体由哪些物种来承担这些功能则相对不固定(Louca et al, 2016, 2018)。例如, 尽管真菌与原核生物的群落结构随水深剧烈变化, 但负责降解有机物的关键酶(如肽酶和CAZymes), 其基因丰度却保持相对稳定, 有力证明了微生物群落结果与功能结构的差异(Baltar et al, 2021; Zhao et al, 2024)。
多种典型和极端海洋环境中原位环境监测也为微生物功能冗余提供了实证支持。在大西洋中脊North Pond深部含水层的研究中, 尽管循环流体中优势类群在两年间发生了显著更替, 但其代谢潜力几乎未受影响, 包括硫、氢的化能自养碳固定和异养代谢等功能依然保持稳定。这表明功能冗余能够有效缓冲群落演替对生态过程的潜在干扰(Tully et al, 2018)。针对北极和南极的极地海洋微生物群落的调查研究发现, 两地物种组成重叠度极低, 超过70%的操作分类单元(operational taxonomic units, OTUs)为区域特有, 但功能基因谱系的差异却小得多, 表明趋同进化塑造了功能相似但物种迥异的群落(Cao et al, 2020)。在深海热液喷口环境的研究中发现, 多种细菌可参与相同的代谢途径, 形成以功能冗余为核心的适应策略, 以应对剧烈的化学梯度波动, 保障生态系统在动态变化中的稳定(Pan et al, 2022; Zhou et al, 2022b)。此外, 跨生境的宏观网络分析显示, 执行相似功能的类群在不同环境中反复出现, 揭示了功能冗余的普遍存在及其与基因组简化和功能互补性的关系(Puente-Sánchez et al, 2024)。上述研究案例表明, 功能冗余不仅是维持生态系统稳健性的关键机制, 还决定了群落在面对环境变化时的抗扰性和恢复力。通过结合宏基因组、多组学数据与实验验证, 可以更好地预测微生物群落在全球变化中的“临界点”和功能转变, 从而提升对生态系统可持续性的理解(Ramond et al, 2025)。
海洋微生物兼具灵敏快速的环境响应能力与稳定的生态功能, 是评估海洋生态系统健康状态的理想指标, 该特性已在多类环境扰动及生态事件中得到验证。这些案例不仅揭示了微生物对气候变化、化学环境波动及生物事件的即时反应, 更展现了其作为早期指标和生态预警工具的应用潜力。
极端气候事件和营养盐输入是微生物快速响应的典型场景。Brown等(2024) 在塔斯曼海的海洋热浪事件中发现, 微生物群落在数天内就迅速转变为耐高温的寡营养型群落(如原绿球藻), 比珊瑚白化、鱼类死亡等宏观生态灾害的显现提早了数周至数月, 构成了热浪影响的明确早期预警信号(Brown et al, 2024)。此外, 对沙尘沉积的模拟实验显示, 细菌异养生产在1 d内即可响应, 而浮游植物的初级生产响应则滞后2 d, 证明微生物能更快速地捕捉和转化外源输入(Pérez-Barrancos et al, 2022)。群落结构分析显示, Alphaproteobacteria纲的Hyphomonas属与Gammaproteobacteria纲的Alteromonas属在富尘处理中显著增多, 推动系统向异养主导方向发展。在珊瑚礁生态系统中, 海水微生物群落已被证明是高度灵敏且稳定的生态健康指标。研究发现, 海水微生物群落组成中超过一半的变异能够由环境因子解释, 且其对温度与营养状态(如叶绿素浓度和浊度)的预测精度显著高于宿主相关群落(Glasl et al, 2019)。
在溶解氧波动和化学污染等场景中, 海洋微生物的快速响应为环境诊断和风险评估提供了关键依据。以缺氧区为例, 微生物不仅是低氧胁迫的灵敏指示器, 其代谢活动(如调节有机碳矿化效率)更直接决定了缺氧区究竟表现为“碳源”还是“碳汇”, 为预测缺氧的生态后果提供了重要线索(Chen et al, 2025)。在突发性污染事件中, 微生物群落的结构与功能演替能够精确响应环境扰动的全过程。以墨西哥湾“深水地平线”漏油事件为例, 其深海羽流中的微生物群落随原油组分的动态变化, 呈现出一场有序的、功能导向的快速演替: 从泄漏初期以烷烃降解菌为主, 随油气捕获和组分变化, 迅速更替为以芳香烃降解菌为优势类群; 即使在泄漏停止后, 甲烷氧化菌和负责降解复杂有机残体的异养菌仍持续活动, 导致了长期的异常耗氧, 清晰地揭示了污染物的归宿与生态效应。这一快速响应规律具有普适性。例如, 2021年南加州原油泄漏后, 细菌群落在事发约1周内出现最大幅度变化: 硫氧化菌与烃降解菌显著增加, 而光合细菌聚球藻异常下降; 功能基因丰度在第2周达到峰值, 为污染范围和自修复潜力提供了快速诊断(Brock et al, 2025)。类似地, 在香港近海的重金属污染梯度下, 硫酸盐还原微生物丰度能精确反映污染水平, 不同污染程度下的微生物功能图谱差异显著, 其指示精度可与传统水质指数相当(Chen et al, 2019)。此外, 在更为极端的化学环境转型中, 微生物群落展现出彻底的“功能重塑”。在热液喷口停止活动这一特殊场景中, 环境由富H₂S流体转变为固态硫化物矿物, 伴随的群落演替极为剧烈: 优势类群从利用流体环境的Campylobacteria纲与Aquificae相关类群, 更替为以Gammaproteobacteria纲为主的矿物氧化和异养群落, 功能也随之转型(Hou et al, 2020)。深海采矿活动可能严重破坏原有的脆弱深海生态系统。研究表明, 即使经过26年的采矿活动后, 采矿区域内的环境微生物活性依然较低, 数量减少, 且群落结构发生了显著变化(Vonnahme et al, 2020)。
在生物灾害和生态系统健康评估中, 微生物群落同样展现出重要的指示与预警作用。例如, 在水母暴发事件中, 特定弧菌(Vibrio)类群的丰度与海月水母(Aurelia aurita)的生命周期(变态、暴发、死亡分解)密切相关, 这些弧菌不仅可能促进水母种群扩张, 还在其死亡后加速碎屑降解, 使其成为水母暴发与生态灾害风险的潜在预警信号(明红霞等, 2025)。在有害藻华(HABs)的研究中, 预警能力已达到分子层面。研究发现, 细菌蛋白质组中的12个特征肽段生物标志物能够在藻华暴发前24 h以上稳定出现, 为实现HABs的精准预警提供了可靠的分子指标(Mudge et al, 2025)。长期的观测数据进一步揭示了微生物群落在预测层面的巨大潜力。一项长达11年的微生物组时间序列分析发现, 微生物类群表现出明显的季节性更替, 同时功能基因的丰度则呈现出“时钟般”的规律性变化。这一发现表明, 利用功能基因组的动态来长期预测和评估生态环境状态具有巨大的应用前景(Larkin et al, 2025)。
综合上述案例可见(表1), 在多种生态灾害与环境变化情境中, 海洋微生物群落均表现出高度灵敏的响应能力。它们常在天—周尺度上发生显著且可检测的变化, 而宏观生物群落的结构或功能调整则往往滞后数周甚至更久。由此, 微生物群落不仅是环境扰动的早期感知者, 更凭借功能层面的稳定性, 成为环境监测与生态风险预警中不可替代的“前哨指标”。如何将微生物的灵敏性有效转化为可操作的海洋生态健康评估指标体系, 已成为当前研究的前沿与关键。未来的研究体系将聚焦于从“现象观测”到“标准构建”的跨越, 核心在于对海洋微生物数据的全面采集、量化响应阈值、建立因果关联、发展多维度整合指标的面向海洋微生物的生态健康评估体系。
首先, 需要将微生物群落的快速响应参数化与标准化。这包括界定微生物群落结构(如特定类群相对丰度)和功能(如关键基因转录水平)发生显著变化的定量阈值。例如, 在热浪预警中需明确原绿球藻丰度增加多少百分比, 在有害藻华暴发中需明确细菌肽段标志物丰度达到多高时, 才构成可靠的早期预警信号。同时, 必须通过受控实验和长期观测, 严格区分由自然节律(如昼夜、季节)引起的波动与由人为扰动触发的异常变化, 从而确立具有诊断特异性的“微生物生物标志物”。正如Larkin等(2025)的研究所启示, 一个健全的指标体系不应局限于物种组成, 更应纳入功能基因组数据, 构建能够预测生态系统功能状态的“微生物功能时钟”。
其次, 成熟的指标体系必须整合微生物群落内部的不同响应模式与功能角色, 构建从瞬时预警到过程诊断的多维评估框架。例如, 可将对扰动立即响应的“先锋类群”(如污染事件中的烃降解菌)作为早期预警信号; 而将那些参与后续生态过程、其动态能指示系统恢复轨迹的“功能核心类群”(如驱动硫循环、甲烷循环的关键微生物)的演替状况, 作为评估生态系统功能恢复与稳态转移的依据(Brock et al, 2025)。通过解析微生物群落内部这种从快速感应到功能重建的连续动态, 并将其与关键环境驱动因子进行整合建模, 我们能够发展出一个基于微生物活动的、既能精准刻画现状又能预测生态趋势的强大工具, 为海洋生态健康监测提供不可替代的微观视角和决策支持。
制约海洋生态系统研究的最重要的瓶颈问题是海洋观测(孙晓霞等, 2025)。针对海洋微生物群落的监测, 已形成一个从宏观培养到微观分子, 再到原位功能的多层次技术体系。该体系以培养技术为功能验证的基石, 以高通量测序为群落解析的核心, 以光谱与质谱技术为代谢活动的直接探针, 共同推动海洋生态健康评估从现象描述迈向机制解析(表2)。
传统培养方法是微生物研究最早且最基础的技术路径。其核心思路是在实验室中模拟自然生境的关键环境因子, 为目标微生物创造适宜的生长条件, 从而实现分离与纯化(Dionisi et al, 2012)。凭借“可获得—可操控—可验证”的优势, 该技术长期用于分类鉴定、代谢通路解析、次级代谢产物挖掘及生态功能验证, 在微生物学与生态学研究中具不可替代的基础地位(Joint et al, 2010; Fulke et al, 2025)。然而, 海洋生态系统的复杂性为培养带来了先天挑战: 实验室难以再现高压、低氧、盐度梯度和微量营养等原位条件, 也难以维持群体感应和互利共生等群落互作; 同时, 许多个体处于“可存活但不可培养状态”(viable but non-culture, VBNC)或依赖互作而无法被分离, 这些因素共同导致培养偏倚(Liu et al, 2023)。为缩小“生态—实验”之间的差距, 研究者尝试优化培养条件和培养基成分, 并发展出共培养、原位与半原位培养等策略以促进难养类群的恢复(Hu et al, 2021; Jung et al, 2021; Salcher et al, 2025)。新兴的微囊包埋与微阵列单细胞分离技术能够避免快生菌对慢生菌的抑制, 显著提高分离成功率和功能筛查的通量和分辨率(Gao et al, 2013; Hu et al, 2020; Diao et al, 2023)。结合底物定向富集, 可获得具有特定代谢功能(如降解或转化能力)的目标菌群与相关酶, 为机制研究和监测指标构建提供功能导向的菌株资源(Gao et al, 2021; Sanz-Sáez et al, 2023)。此外, 将培养所得菌株与转录组、代谢组及酶学实验证据结合, 可进一步精准识别关键代谢酶与通路节点, 并为环境监测指标的选择与量化提供支撑(Ford, 2000; Gao et al, 2021)。
尽管上述方法在一定程度上缓解了传统培养的局限, 但仍难以全面覆盖不可培养成员及低丰度群落。以实时荧光定量PCR (quantitative PCR, qPCR)为代表的核酸扩增技术能够将特定基因或代谢通路的存在与丰度转化为可量化的分子信号, 从而降低对培养的依赖性。随着PCR技术的快速发展, 近年来我国研究人员研发了多种新型的PCR技术以实现对海洋微生物环境监测和预警的快速、准确响应。目前, qPCR和数字PCR (digital PCR, dPCR)作为核心手段, 依托特异性的引物或探针, 可实现对关键功能基因的绝对定量, 为时空监测中的阈值判定与风险预警提供可靠基准, 已广泛应用于水环境微生物监测领域。据报道, 一种新型双重dPCR技术(Tan et al, 2021)实现了同步检测有毒蓝藻 Raphidiopsis raciborskii 的数量(以rpoC1为丰度标记)及其产毒潜力(以cyrJ为产毒潜力标记)。与qPCR相比, 该方法在低丰度条件下表现出更高灵敏度: 在石兜水库样品中, dPCR检出率为86%, 显著高于qPCR的55%。此外, 基于环介导等温扩增技术(loop-mediated isothermal amplification, LAMP)和基于电润湿原理(electrowetting on dielectric, EWOD)的数字微流控技术, 实现了对海洋病原菌(副溶血弧菌)“样本进结果出”(sample-to-answer)式的现场快速检测。该技术检测时间仅需15 min, 灵敏度提升20倍(2 copies per reaction vs. 40 copies per reaction), 显著提高了病原检测的效率(赵宏宇, 2021)。近期, 新兴的微流控epicPCR 技术进一步拓展了单细胞水平的海洋功能微生物研究。通过在单个细胞中连接功能基因(mcrA)和系统发育基因(16S rRNA), 揭示了海洋冷泉区中甲烷代谢群落的新成员, 首次发现了超出已知ANME类群的甲烷古菌新成员(Shen et al, 2025), 该技术有望为功能导向的海洋微生物多样性调查提供了重要技术支撑。
高通量测序技术已成为解析海洋微生物多样性与功能的核心工具, 是一种极具开创性的技术, 能够从未被培养的微生物中获取核酸信息, 从而无需对其进行培养。通过对环境样本中的DNA与RNA进行提取、建库和大规模并行测序, 结合质控、组装、分箱和功能注释, 可系统描绘群落组成、功能基因库及代谢通路图谱(Logares, 2024)。目前, 该体系已逐步形成由扩增子测序筛查、宏基因组解析到宏转录组活性检测的分层框架, 为微生物群落研究和生态健康评估提供了坚实的技术支撑。
在群落结构解析中, 16S/18S/ITS 扩增子测序利用特定引物探针表征核心类群和指示生物, 因低成本高通量而适合于大尺度监测(Buccheri et al, 2019)。然而, 该技术能获取的信息量有限, 无法解析基因功能和突变等信息, 且其分辨率与准确性受限于引物偏好性、PCR扩增循环数以及参考数据库的覆盖度和质量的制约(吴悦妮等, 2020)。相较之下, 宏基因组测序通过直接对样品总DNA进行鸟枪法测序, 能够重构高质量的宏基因组组装基因组(metagenome-assembled genomes, MAGs), 在近物种或未知物种水平上描绘群落的全景式功能潜力(Zhou et al, 2022a; Blanco-Míguez et al, 2023)。目前, 以全球海洋采样探险(Global Ocean Sampling Expedition, GOS, Rusch et al, 2007)、Tara Oceans (Sunagawa et al, 2015)和全球海洋微生物组数据库(Global Ocean Microbiome Genome Catalogue, GOMC, Chen et al, 2024)为代表的大型项目, 已构建了包含数亿个非冗余基因和数万个高质量宏基因组组装基因组(Metagenome-Assembled Genomes, MAGs)的全球海洋微生物基因组资源库, 为探索“未知”微生物多样性及其功能、构建“物种—功能”关联提供了坚实基础。宏基因组学还可结合环境理化因子, 揭示冗余功能基因和环境因子之间的关系, 并提出基因指征因子用于海洋生态评估(Terzin et al, 2025)。最新研究显示, 功能基因与环境因子的关联性较分类学特征更为稳定, 其稳定性高出约2倍, 凸显了功能基因作为海洋生态监测关键指标的潜力。然而, 当前宏基因组学仍面临三方面核心瓶颈: 其一, 大量基因缺乏功能注释, 数据生产速度远超赋予其生态意义的能力(Chen, 2025)。其二, 主流的第二代测序读长短导致基因组碎片化, 难以分辨近缘物种间的“微多样性”, 尤其在沉积物等复杂环境中尤为突出(Baker et al, 2021)。其三, 跨项目缺乏统一采样和元数据标准, 阻碍数据整合(Sunagawa et al, 2020)。值得关注的是, 我国科研人员针对微生物基因组特征开发了2bRAD-M(微生物组2bRAD测序, 一种简化宏基因组测序技术), 该方法仅测序约1%的宏基因组即可生成高分辨率的物种分类谱, 适用于低生物量样品(1 pg总DNA), 高宿主DNA污染或严重片段化样本(50 bp)中准确重建微生物图谱(Sun et al, 2022)。虽然目前尚未见应用于海洋微生物研究, 但其低成本、低生物量和适应低质量样本的优势, 显示出在未来海洋样本微生物多样性普查中的巨大潜力, 特别是在复杂海洋样本中。
随着测序技术的发展, 第三代测序凭借长读长和可直接检测修饰的优势, 克服了第二代测序在重复序列、基因簇完整性、结构变异与甲基化等方面的局限, 显著提升了海洋微生物群落功能响应研究的深度。研究表明, Nanopore测序在宏条形码分析中与 Illumina 测序具有相似的准确度, 能够快速解析物种丰富的群落, 并为整合分类学、功能与环境信息提供了新视角(Chang et al, 2024a)。通过三代测序揭示了海洋微生物群落的基因转移潜力与进化动态(Priest et al, 2025), 例如在对北极海洋微生物群落的季节性研究中, 发现环境选择压力在春季主要作用于功能水平, 而极夜则作用较弱或主要限于物种水平, 凸显了气候变化对极地生态系统的影响模式。在海洋病毒研究, 第三代测序通过解析病毒样颗粒(virus like particles, VLPs)和细胞外囊泡(extracellular vesicles, EVs)的遗传内容, 揭示了它们在基因水平转移中的不同作用(Warwick-Dugdale et al, 2024), 为理解海洋基因流动和进化提供了新工具与视角。总体而言, 三代测序可作为多种策略的“能力放大器”, 利用高分辨率、长读长和高灵敏度的优势, 不仅提升宏基因组组装与分箱质量, 改进宏转录组拼接, 还能增强单细胞基因组连续性, 并解析质粒、噬菌体等移动遗传元件的结构关联(Chang et al, 2024a; Stoeck et al, 2024)。这些优势为海洋微生物群落的功能分析、基因流动研究以及海洋生态健康评估提供了强有力的技术支撑。随着这些技术的不断发展, 预计将极大推动海洋生态学的研究, 尤其是对复杂海洋样本的快速检测与精确监测。
尽管宏基因组测序能够揭示环境功能基因的丰度, 但难以预测微生物群落在环境变化功能基因的表达与否及其表达水平。宏转录组学分析通过量化环境样本中基因的实际转录水平, 成为连接“基因目录”与“真实功能”的关键手段, 为理解环境微生物的生态功能开辟了新的研究路径。近年来, 宏基因组学与宏转录组学的结合被应用于海洋微生物对环境响应机制的研究(Salazar et al, 2019)。全球海洋微生物宏转录组和宏基因组数据结合分析显示, 海洋微生物群落的转录组组成在全球尺度上呈现出明显的生物地理格局, 其中温度是最主要的驱动因子。非极地海域的转录组差异更多由基因表达变化驱动, 而极地海域则主要由群落更替决定, 揭示了基因表达变化和群落更替在塑造海洋微生物群落转录组中的不同作用。这意味着在全球变暖背景下, 极地地区的微生物功能活动可能更依赖于群落组成的变化而非基因调控, 从而为预测和理解海洋生态系统对气候变化的响应提供了新的视角。
单细胞测序通过在菌株/细胞水平解析基因组与转录组, 有效克服了群落平均化所掩盖的异质性。借助微阵列芯片、微液滴、流式分拣或光镊等手段将目标个体分离并开展单细胞基因组测序(Zheng et al, 2022; Kim et al, 2025)、转录组测序(Ma et al, 2023; Xu et al, 2023; Pountain et al, 2025)和靶向扩增子测序(Lan et al, 2024), 从而为低丰度、未培养或关键互作成员建立功能归属, 精准揭示群落内部的生态位分化与代谢互补。宏基因组测序和单细胞基因组测序虽均可以在种水平上对微生物群落进行分析, 但由于其数据来源不同(单细胞组装基因组来源于单个细菌基因组扩增; 宏基因组组装基因组来源于数据计算)导致在群落结构和功能上的差异。研究人员比较了全球海洋微生物单扩增基因组 (Single-Cell Amplified Genomes, SAGs)和MAGs数据在群落物种组成及功能上的表现, 发现SAGs在代表海洋浮游细菌的分类组成方面表现更好, 更能准确反映海洋微生物群落的真实组成, 尤其是在高丰度分类群中; 而MAGs更能有效地恢复稀有微生物的基因组信息, 却系统性低估优势种并高估低丰度谱系(Chang et al, 2024b)。SAGs更有利于挖掘未知微生物信息, 并能将宿主基因组与质粒、噬菌体等移动遗传元件关联, 但其基因组完整性通常低于MAGs (Arikawa et al, 2023)。因此, 整合单细胞测序、宏基因组测序(PacBio HiFi、Hi-C、shotgun sequencing)、宏转录组测序分析微生物群落, 兼顾完整性与准确性, 可获得更高质量、更全面的微生物群落和功能全貌, 尤其在揭示极端环境中微生物适应性方面具有优势, 使得在极端环境中识别“功能枢纽”成为可能, 显著提高功能推断的精度与可解释性(Arikawa et al, 2023; Myeong et al, 2024)。
目前, 单细胞测序与宏基因组组装基因组及宏转录组互为补充, 不仅提升了功能推断的精度与可解释性, 还能更精准识别环境中的“功能枢纽”。多组学结合的方法已广泛应用关于海洋微生物群落研究。在海洋热液喷口中, 研究发现甲烷嗜热球菌属(Methanothermococcus)不同谱系虽具氮固定或成簇规律间隔短回文重复序列及其相关蛋白系统(CRISPR/CRISPR-associated systems, CRISPR/Cas)等辅助功能基因, 但其适应性更多取决于多重环境因子, 而非基因组差异(Hoffert et al, 2021)。类似的研究在加拿大北极Lost Hammer Spring揭示了硫氧化型Gammaproteobacteria与耐盐低温的ANME-1古菌的环境适应性, 提示火星等行星可能存在类生命形式(Magnuson et al, 2022)。新兴空间组学方法虽未应用于海洋研究, 但有望实现海洋微生物群落空间解析: GenomeFISH将单细胞基因组与全基因组杂交结合, 实现高灵敏度物种可视化, 信号强度提升27倍, 可区分平均核苷酸相似度(average nucleotide identity, ANI)高达99%的菌株(Engelberts et al, 2025); bacterial-MERFISH则在单个细菌内实现数千操纵子的空间分辨检测, 首次揭示大肠杆菌碳源转换的单细胞响应机制(Sarfatis et al, 2025)。
总之, 高通量测序极大拓展了海洋微生物群落解析的广度与深度, 使结构和功能信息得以系统纳入生态健康评估框架。然而实际使用中仍需警惕由PCR扩增偏好、核酸提取方法的选择性、文库构建与读长筛选, 以及数据库覆盖度与注释准确性等因素引入的偏差(Hazen et al, 2013)。同时, 基因组学与转录组学信息虽能揭示物种的功能潜力和当前功能活动快照, 但唯有将分子指标与环境理化参数及培养学指标并行观测, 建立跨方法的关联关系, 才能将分子差异转化为可解释、可量化的生态学信息(Orel et al, 2022; Terzin et al, 2024)。
与基因组学揭示的功能潜力不同, 光谱与质谱技术通过直接检测代谢物和蛋白质, 为微生物功能活动提供了直观证据, 实现了从基因到功能的跨越。在群落功能解析方面, 质谱技术(mass spectrometry, MS)以高灵敏度和高分辨率为特征, 能够同时捕获上千种代谢物, 已成为宏蛋白质组学(metaproteomics)、宏代谢物组学(metabolomics)、宏脂质组学(metalipidomics)及稳定同位素标记研究的核心平台(Goulitquer et al, 2012; Sogin et al, 2019; Stuart et al, 2020; Thukral et al, 2023; Ding et al, 2024)。非靶向宏蛋白质组学揭示了与营养获取、碳固定等关键过程相关的功能蛋白质; 宏脂质组学则通过膜脂组成的指纹化特征, 解析群落对温度和压力等环境梯度的生理适应规律(Holm et al, 2022; Liu et al, 2025)。在快速物种鉴定层面, 基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry, MALDI-TOF MS)通过核糖体蛋白指纹在分钟尺度上完成菌株鉴定, 已用于病原体与产毒藻类的快速监测(王攀攀等, 2015; Moussa et al, 2021; Lozano et al, 2022)。此外, 稳定同位素探针(stable isotope probing, SIP)与质谱联用能够追踪特定底物在群落中的流向, 实现“谁在利用哪种资源”的直接证据链条, 并借助成像质谱扩展至空间维度, 揭示微生物与宿主、微环境间的化学互作格局(Moree et al, 2013)。然而, 质谱技术的性能高度依赖于数据库质量与样本前处理, 在海洋这种高多样性、强基质干扰的场景下, 谱库缺口与样品去盐/分离步骤使“直接鉴定与归属”成为主要限制(Popović et al, 2017)。扩展海洋特异性质谱数据库、改良样品前处理以适配复杂基质, 并引入更强的数据分析算法是推动质谱技术在海洋生态研究与监测中深化应用的关键方向(Mellmann et al, 2013)。
作为与质谱技术形成有效互补的分析手段, 拉曼光谱技术(Raman Spectroscopy)凭借其独特的分子指纹识别能力和无损、快速的检测方式, 在单细胞分析领域展现出显著优势(Cui et al, 2022; Zhang et al, 2024a)。其技术原理基于捕捉分子振动的非弹性散射, 从而获取细胞内物质的组成与含量信息, 进而直观反映细胞的生理状态、表型特征及代谢活动(Lee et al, 2021)。在实际应用中, 单细胞拉曼光谱技术(single-cell Raman Spectroscopy, SCRS)与机器学习的结合, 突破了传统培养依赖的限制, 已成功应用于病原菌、藻类等关键物种的快速鉴定(Liu et al, 2020; Cui et al, 2022; Yang et al, 2025); 同时, 该技术还能对细胞内多聚磷酸盐、脂滴、色素等储能物质或功能性成分进行定量表征(He et al, 2017; Wang et al, 2020, 2021; Bi et al, 2025)。若进一步结合同位素示踪技术将D₂O、13C、15N 等同位素引入分析体系, 则可将同位素掺入过程转化为反映代谢活力与底物利用效率的定量信号, 最终实现高通量的固碳群体、固氮群体或耐压持留活跃目标的高效识别与分选(刘聪, 2019; 林绍敏等, 2021; Caro et al, 2023; He et al, 2023; Yang et al, 2023)。
SCRS检测设备的发展进一步增强了该技术在原位探测上的能力。拉曼激活细胞分选(Raman-activated cell sorting, RACS)将检测与微流控结合, 可实现高通量的功能细胞筛选, 速度达数千细胞/min(Wang et al, 2023b); 毫秒级拉曼成像则可以将拉曼定性、定量分析能力扩展至二维可视化, 实现群落原位物种组成和物质代谢的时空表征(Yang et al, 2025)。此外, 多型深海原位拉曼探测设备快速迭代: DOCARS、RiP-SERS、OUC-Raman等系统已完成长时间水下测试, 在海底、深海冷泉、热液等极端区域原位探测胡萝卜素、硫酸盐等分子, 为原位微生物物质循环提供直接证据(Zhang et al, 2017; 杜增丰等, 2020; 叶旺全等, 2020; Liu et al, 2021, 2024; 张鑫等, 2022; Wang et al, 2023a)。
SCRS以免培养鉴定与功能指纹识别为起点, 借助稳定同位素探针实现单细胞代谢活力量化, 并结合流式分选与光镊操作完成高通量筛选与单细胞导出。随着原位化观测装备的发展, 这一技术体系正在推动细胞级证据与海洋生态过程的时空耦合研究。然而, 由于拉曼信号微弱及峰位重叠等限制, SCRS在解析特定代谢物方面仍存在局限, 更适合用于表征物质总量与状态差异(Frempong et al, 2024)。尽管近年来数据分析算法的进展在一定程度上缓解了这一问题, 但以“高通量筛选—多组学联合验证”为核心的技术路径仍被认为是最佳实践路径。其中, 光镊导出技术可实现单细胞样品与基因组、转录组及质谱检测的无缝衔接, 构建起“拉曼—分选—测序/代谢物分析”的实验流程(Alcolombri et al, 2022; Jing et al, 2022; 刁志钿等, 2023; Schaible et al, 2025)。
海洋微生物是维持全球生物地球化学循环和生态系统平衡的关键。它们通过代谢与环境进行物质与能量交换来调控生物地球化学过程, 其代谢活动直接影响着海洋生态系统的健康稳定。尽管海洋微生物已被广泛证实在环境扰动响应、生态功能维持和生物地球化学循环中具有不可替代的作用, 但将其系统纳入健康评估体系仍面临多重挑战。首先, 微生物群落的背景变异高、受季节、昼夜、深度等多因素驱动, 不同区域、不同时间尺度之间缺乏统一且可比的“生态基线”, 导致现有研究在指标体系构建和阈值设定上高度分散。其次, 微生物响应中的敏感性、方向性与功能后果尚缺乏可量化的响应–功能关联机制, 难以直接用于健康等级判断。同时, 随着多组学、原位传感器及人工智能技术的快速发展, 微生物监测产生的数据类型愈加复杂, 但跨技术、跨机构的数据标准尚未建立, 数据难以实现互联互通。
因此, 要构建真正“以微生物为核心”的海洋生态健康评估体系, 未来亟需解决以下关键科学与技术问题: (1) 建立跨区域可比的微生物群落基准与背景范围; (2) 提出可量化、可转化为海洋生态健康等级的微生物指标体系; (3) 发展快速、高灵敏度且能反映生态功能的原位监测技术; (4) 构建能够整合多组学、原位传感器与生态过程模型的统一框架; (5) 推动数据标准化、数据库建设及监测网络的制度化发展。以下内容将围绕这些问题提出具体的实施路径与发展方向。
微生物群落监测要真正服务于海洋生态健康评估, 首先必须解决数据的批次效应问题。由于采样、保存、测序和数据处理方法差异显著, 不同研究之间往往缺乏横向可比性。未来的首要任务是建立并推广覆盖全流程的标准化体系。具体实施路径应包括:
(1) 制定国家层面的技术规范: 统一水体与沉积物的采集方法、保存条件和转运流程, 形成标准操作程序。
(2) 引入质量控制体系: 在监测网络中强制引入空白对照、标准品对照和多重平行样分析, 以识别并消除人为操作引入的系统误差; 严格把控实验室分析过程中的每个细节, 并通过原位观测加实验室模拟等质控手段, 确保实验数据的准确性。
(3) 推动数据库与分析的统一: 建立国家海洋微生物基因组数据库, 在生物信息学分析中推行统一的数据库版本、质控流程与分析流程, 确保结果的稳健性和可复现性。
这些标准化实践是构建通用微生物生态健康指数、实现数据跨区域、跨时间可比的前提, 不仅能够提升数据的科学价值, 也为政策制定和环境管理提供了可操作的参考, 确保不同研究成果之间能够进行有意义的比较。
未来的海洋生态监测必将走向多源数据的整合(刘晓收等, 2025)。单一技术往往只能提供片段化信息, 而将微生物群落的核酸、蛋白质和代谢物信息, 与环境参数结合, 可以形成更完整的生态画像; 同时, 流式细胞术/微流控芯片等技术通过结合单细胞测序和光谱分析, 可以实现更精确的样本收集和多组学分析。快速、高灵敏度且能反映功能的监控技术对于未来基于微生物的海洋生态评估与健康监测的重要性不言而喻, 在众多新兴技术中, 单细胞拉曼光谱(SCRS)因其快速、无损和无标记的优势, 被认为是未来最有潜力的原位监测工具。为实现此目标, 我们提出构建“拉曼光谱-基因-环境”动态耦合模型的技术路径。该模型框架包含3个层次:
(1) 拉曼光谱作为实时感知层: 拉曼光谱可提供单细胞水平的代谢特征和化学指纹, 实现即时检测, 能够快速、高通量地获取群落的代谢活性, 确定不同条件下微生物群落代谢表型状态, 并逐步构建海洋微生物生态拉曼代谢表型数据库。
(2) 多组学作为功能解析层: 基因与转录组信息可揭示群落的功能潜力与即时活性, 弥补拉曼光谱在特定代谢物高选择性解析上的局限性, 表征功能基因与代谢表型之间的关系。
(3) 环境参数作为驱动解释层: 将温度、营养盐等理化因子作为背景变量, 量化其对群落代谢模式变化的驱动效应。
通过深度学习算法将这三类信息深度融合, 最终目标是开发出仅凭拉曼光谱即可快速推断关键微生物功能(如硝化作用、烃降解能力)和环境状态(如富营养化、污染压力)的智能评估系统。这将突破传统监测手段的限制, 改变传统监测的滞后性, 实现海洋环境评估的实时化、智能化和预测化。此外, 随着数据的积累, 构建人工智能模型, 以识别多组学大数据中复杂的模式, 帮助我们理解微生物群落对环境变化的动态响应。这不仅能揭示微生物–环境–宿主之间的互作网络, 还能提升空间分辨率, 实现协同监测, 真正为海洋生态健康评估提供实时、动态的技术支撑。
为使微生物监测真正服务于国家海洋生态治理, 建议推动海洋生态监测体系向“包含微生物的多层监测网络”升级, 并构建完整的评估框架。
(1) 推动国家海洋微生物监测网络建设: 建议依托现有海洋观测站, 增设微生物常态化监测站点, 形成覆盖关键海域、兼顾梯度(从近岸到大洋)和热点(如河口、养殖区、珊瑚礁)的业务化监测网络。
(2) 建立“微生物–生态健康”关联评估框架: 将微生物指标(如特定功能基因丰度、关键类群比例、群落功能冗余度)与传统的化学、生物指标相结合, 开发综合健康指数。必须充分考虑全球微生物生物地理格局(如宏基因组分区、气候-基因组分区), 为不同海域设定差异化的健康基准和评估阈值, 从而能够精准甄别由人类活动引起的、偏离自然基准的“异常状态”。
(3) 实现监测、预警、评估的常态化运行: 通过上述标准化体系、智能模型和监测网络, 最终形成“实时监测–快速诊断–精准评估–风险预警”的业务化能力, 为国家海洋环境保护、生态灾害应对和蓝色经济发展提供实时、科学的决策支持。
综上所述, 未来的海洋生态健康评估应从“依赖宏体生物的缓慢指标”向“以微生物为核心的快速、敏感、可量化指标体系”转型。在标准化数据库、多源监测体系、人工智能风险判读和国家监测网络的支撑下, 微生物将成为海洋生态健康诊断的关键支柱。随着跨学科方法的发展, 我们有望建立真正可操作、可推广、具有全球可比性的微生物生态健康评估框架, 为海洋的精准管理、生态保护与可持续发展提供全新的科学范式与决策工具。

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2026年第57卷第3期
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doi: 10.11693/hyhz20251000219
  • 接收时间:2025-10-09
  • 首发时间:2026-08-06
  • 出版时间:2026-05-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-09
  • 修回日期:2025-12-03
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    1中国科学院青岛生物能源与过程研究所单细胞中心 山东青岛 266101
    2青岛新能源山东省实验室 山东青岛 266101
    3中国科学院大学生命科学学院 北京 101408
    4济南大学化学化工学院 山东济南 250022
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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