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Dissolved oxygen (DO) is fundamental to maintaining the balance and stability of marine ecosystems. Under the combined influence of climate warming and intensified human activities, hypoxia in coastal waters worldwide is increasing in severity and spatial extent, making deoxygenation a major threat to coastal ecosystem health. As a typical semi-enclosed sea, the Bohai Sea is subject to multiple environmental pressures, including ocean warming, eutrophication, and rapid socio-economic development. In recent years, varying degrees of hypoxia have been reported across multiple subregions of the Bohai Sea, with hypoxic centers primarily located northeast of the Yellow River estuary and southeast of Qinhuangdao (occurring ≥3 times). This study reviews domestic and international research on hypoxia in the Bohai Sea, characterizes the spatial distribution patterns of summer hypoxia over the past two decades, and summarizes the dominant controlling processes. It further outlines the long-term development trends and their influencing factors in the Bohai Sea and proposes key directions for future research on hypoxia in the region. The study aims to provide a scientific basis and decision-making support for ecological health assessment and marine resource management in the region.
, authors=Jian-Min ZHAO
1, 2, 3, Wen-Jing ZHANG
1, 3, Zhi-Jun DONG
1, 2, 3, Qing WANG
1, 2, 3, Chen ZHANG
1, 3, ①, authorsList=Jian-Min ZHAO, Wen-Jing ZHANG, Zhi-Jun DONG, Qing WANG, Chen ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chen ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1292187207901671898, articleId=1292187205498335700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, language=CN, title=渤海低氧的研究现状与发展趋势, columnId=1292187164859716145, journalTitle=海洋与湖沼, columnName=研究综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
溶解氧(dissolved oxygen, DO)是维持海洋生态系统平衡和稳定的关键因子。受气候变暖和人类活动增强的双重驱动, 全球沿海水体的低氧程度持续加剧、影响范围不断扩大, 已成为威胁近海生态系统健康的突出环境问题。作为典型的半封闭海域, 渤海生态环境面临着海水暖化、富营养化与人口经济增长等多重压力, 近年来其多个区域相继出现不同程度的低氧现象, 低氧中心主要位于黄河口东北侧和秦皇岛东南部海域(频次≥3)。该文梳理了国内外学者在该海域低氧的相关研究, 刻画了近20年来渤海夏季低氧的空间分布格局, 综述了其主要控制过程; 总结了渤海低氧的长期发展趋势及其影响因素, 并对渤海低氧研究的重点方向提出了建议, 旨在为渤海生态健康评估和海洋资源管理提供科学依据与决策支持。
, authors=赵建民
1, 2, 3, 张文静
1, 3, 董志军
1, 2, 3, 王清
1, 2, 3, 张晨
1, 3, ①, authorsList=赵建民, 张文静, 董志军, 王清, 张晨, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张晨, authorNote=
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1, 2, 3, address=
1Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
2Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China
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1中国科学院烟台海岸带研究所 牟平海岸带环境综合试验站 山东烟台 264003
2青岛海洋科技中心 海洋生物学与生物技术功能实验室 山东青岛 266237
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1, 3, address=
1Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
3Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes and Ecological Security, Yantai 264003, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1292187208744727024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187205498335700, authorId=1292187208623092204, language=CN, stringName=张文静, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
1, 3, address=
1中国科学院烟台海岸带研究所 牟平海岸带环境综合试验站 山东烟台 264003
3山东省海岸带环境过程与生态安全重点实验室 山东烟台 264003, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1292187208123970011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187205498335700, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1292187208132358620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187205498335700, companyId=1292187208123970011, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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1中国科学院烟台海岸带研究所 牟平海岸带环境综合试验站 山东烟台 264003)]), AuthorCompany(id=1292187208291742177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187205498335700, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1292187208300130786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187205498335700, companyId=1292187208291742177, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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1, 2, 3, address=
1Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
2Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China
3Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes and Ecological Security, Yantai 264003, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1292187209000579575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187205498335700, authorId=1292187208807641586, language=CN, stringName=董志军, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
1, 2, 3, address=
1中国科学院烟台海岸带研究所 牟平海岸带环境综合试验站 山东烟台 264003
2青岛海洋科技中心 海洋生物学与生物技术功能实验室 山东青岛 266237
3山东省海岸带环境过程与生态安全重点实验室 山东烟台 264003, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1292187208123970011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187205498335700, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1292187208132358620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187205498335700, companyId=1292187208123970011, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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1中国科学院烟台海岸带研究所 牟平海岸带环境综合试验站 山东烟台 264003)]), AuthorCompany(id=1292187208207856094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187205498335700, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1292187208216244703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187205498335700, companyId=1292187208207856094, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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1, 2, 3, address=
1Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
2Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China
3Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes and Ecological Security, Yantai 264003, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1292187209231266302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187205498335700, authorId=1292187209063494137, language=CN, stringName=王清, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
1, 2, 3, address=
1中国科学院烟台海岸带研究所 牟平海岸带环境综合试验站 山东烟台 264003
2青岛海洋科技中心 海洋生物学与生物技术功能实验室 山东青岛 266237
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Topography of the Bohai Sea, figureFileSmall=WRbBLnINDj4DrLP2Cx1r5A==, figureFileBig=4w5s/BcySeuCr2EDEyFGhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1292187211991118352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187205498335700, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
渤海地形, figureFileSmall=WRbBLnINDj4DrLP2Cx1r5A==, figureFileBig=4w5s/BcySeuCr2EDEyFGhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1292187212196639249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187205498335700, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Recent spatial extent of dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations <3 mg/L and < 4 mg/L (contours) and centers of low pH (dots) in panels (a, c), and frequency distribution of hypoxia (unit: times) in panels (b, d), figureFileSmall=ALXCQLl9alFJfNO3X7Lrhw==, figureFileBig=lJjllyXddaRy5OR2by3tvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1292187212255359506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187205498335700, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
渤海近年底层DO<3 mg/L和<4 mg/L发生的范围(曲线)、pH低值中心(点)(a、c)与低氧频次分布(b、d)注: 图a、c低氧覆盖范围(曲线)和pH低值中心(点)来自表1中对应年份的参考文献, 2021a和2021b分别来自Chen等(2022b)和唐景荣等(2025), 2021a和2021b来源相同; 图b、d的低氧频次分布分别为图a、c曲线叠加结果
, figureFileSmall=ALXCQLl9alFJfNO3X7Lrhw==, figureFileBig=lJjllyXddaRy5OR2by3tvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1292187212343439891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187205498335700, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=
Comparison of hypoxic characteristics in the Bohai Sea
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 年份 | 日期/(月.日) | 底层DO最小值(mg/L) | DO<3 mg/L面积/km2 | DO<4 mg/L面积/km2 | pH最小值 | 参考文献 |
|---|
| 2006 | 7.19~8.28 | 2.47W | 15 | 451 | — | Wei et al, 2019 |
| 2011 | 8.23~8.25 | 3.20W | — | 8 337.1 | 7.84P | Zhai et al, 2019 |
| 2012 | 8.23~8.27 | 3.84W | — | 89 | 7.9P | Zhai et al, 2019 |
| 2014 | 8.11~9.6 | 2.30C | 756 | 12 881 | 7.79 C | 张华等, 2016 |
| 2015 | 9.1~9.5 | 2.11W | 4 135 | 12 723 | 7.66P | Zhai et al, 2019 |
| 2017 | 8月 | 2.50C | — | — | 7.63C | Wu et al, 2022 |
| 2018 | 8.21~9.3 | 4.00W | — | 89 | 7.73P | Zhao et al, 2021a |
| 2019 | 7.29~8.1 | 2.85W | 795 | 2 266 | — | Chen et al, 2022b |
| 2020 | 8.14~8.29 | 2.21W | 873 | 1 439 | 7.77P | 曹婧等, 2023 |
| 2021 | 7.25~7.27 | 3.40W | — | 53 | — | Chen et al, 2022b |
| 2021 | 9.2~9.5 | 2.18W | 6839 | 11 854 | — | 唐景荣等, 2025 |
| 2022 | 8.29~9.4 | 2.92C | 54 | 2 009 | — | Guo et al, 2024 |
| 2024 | 8月 | 2.10C | — | — | 7.71C | Wang et al, 2025 |
), ArticleFig(id=1292187212494434836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187205498335700, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
渤海低氧现象特征对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 年份 | 日期/(月.日) | 底层DO最小值(mg/L) | DO<3 mg/L面积/km2 | DO<4 mg/L面积/km2 | pH最小值 | 参考文献 |
|---|
| 2006 | 7.19~8.28 | 2.47W | 15 | 451 | — | Wei et al, 2019 |
| 2011 | 8.23~8.25 | 3.20W | — | 8 337.1 | 7.84P | Zhai et al, 2019 |
| 2012 | 8.23~8.27 | 3.84W | — | 89 | 7.9P | Zhai et al, 2019 |
| 2014 | 8.11~9.6 | 2.30C | 756 | 12 881 | 7.79 C | 张华等, 2016 |
| 2015 | 9.1~9.5 | 2.11W | 4 135 | 12 723 | 7.66P | Zhai et al, 2019 |
| 2017 | 8月 | 2.50C | — | — | 7.63C | Wu et al, 2022 |
| 2018 | 8.21~9.3 | 4.00W | — | 89 | 7.73P | Zhao et al, 2021a |
| 2019 | 7.29~8.1 | 2.85W | 795 | 2 266 | — | Chen et al, 2022b |
| 2020 | 8.14~8.29 | 2.21W | 873 | 1 439 | 7.77P | 曹婧等, 2023 |
| 2021 | 7.25~7.27 | 3.40W | — | 53 | — | Chen et al, 2022b |
| 2021 | 9.2~9.5 | 2.18W | 6839 | 11 854 | — | 唐景荣等, 2025 |
| 2022 | 8.29~9.4 | 2.92C | 54 | 2 009 | — | Guo et al, 2024 |
| 2024 | 8月 | 2.10C | — | — | 7.71C | Wang et al, 2025 |
), ArticleFig(id=1292187212565738005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187205498335700, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=
Comparison of hypoxia characteristics in different sea areas
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 低氧海域 | 低氧水层厚度/m | 最大低氧面积/km2 | 历史DO最小值/(mg/L) | 水体耗氧/[mmol O2/(m2∙d)] | 沉积物耗氧/[mmol O2/(m2∙d)] | 沉积物耗氧占比/% | 水体停留时间/d | 参考文献 |
|---|
| 渤海中部 | 14 | 6 839 | 2.18 | 2.34 | 6.32 | 21 | 1 281 | Zhai et al, 2019; Song et al, 2020; Luo et al, 2021; Guo et al, 2024; 唐景荣等, 2025 |
| 切萨皮克湾 | 15 | 1 100 | ~0 | 11 | 20 | 11 | 180 | Officer et al, 1984; Fennel et al, 2019 |
| 珠江口海域 | 3 | 1 000 | ~0.1 | 35 | 66 | 33 | 4 | Qian et al, 2018; Fennel et al, 2019; Zhao et al, 2021b |
| 波罗的海 | 125 | 70 000 | ~0 | 0.3 | 8 | 17 | 3 100 | Conley et al, 2009; Fennel et al, 2019 |
| 长岛湾 | 12 | 550 | <1.0 | 9.6 | 19 | 8 | 75 | Fennel et al, 2019; Duvall et al, 2024 |
| 圣劳伦斯湾 | 100 | 1 300 | 1.12 | 0.05 | 9.7 | 64 | 730 | Fennel et al, 2019; Jutras et al, 2023 |
| 墨西哥湾北部 | 4 | 23 000 | <0.2 | 10 | 20 | 33 | 30 | Rabalais et al, 2001, 2007; Fennel et al, 2019 |
| 长江口海域 | 25 | 13 700 | 0.34 | 28 | 23 | 3 | 11 | Li et al, 2002; Wang, 2009; Fennel et al, 2019 |
| 黑海西北部 | 9 | 20 000 | ~0 | 1.8 | 6.8 | 30 | 150 | Mee, 2006; Zaitsev, 2006; Fennel et al, 2019 |
), ArticleFig(id=1292187212637041174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187205498335700, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
典型海域的低氧特征对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 低氧海域 | 低氧水层厚度/m | 最大低氧面积/km2 | 历史DO最小值/(mg/L) | 水体耗氧/[mmol O2/(m2∙d)] | 沉积物耗氧/[mmol O2/(m2∙d)] | 沉积物耗氧占比/% | 水体停留时间/d | 参考文献 |
|---|
| 渤海中部 | 14 | 6 839 | 2.18 | 2.34 | 6.32 | 21 | 1 281 | Zhai et al, 2019; Song et al, 2020; Luo et al, 2021; Guo et al, 2024; 唐景荣等, 2025 |
| 切萨皮克湾 | 15 | 1 100 | ~0 | 11 | 20 | 11 | 180 | Officer et al, 1984; Fennel et al, 2019 |
| 珠江口海域 | 3 | 1 000 | ~0.1 | 35 | 66 | 33 | 4 | Qian et al, 2018; Fennel et al, 2019; Zhao et al, 2021b |
| 波罗的海 | 125 | 70 000 | ~0 | 0.3 | 8 | 17 | 3 100 | Conley et al, 2009; Fennel et al, 2019 |
| 长岛湾 | 12 | 550 | <1.0 | 9.6 | 19 | 8 | 75 | Fennel et al, 2019; Duvall et al, 2024 |
| 圣劳伦斯湾 | 100 | 1 300 | 1.12 | 0.05 | 9.7 | 64 | 730 | Fennel et al, 2019; Jutras et al, 2023 |
| 墨西哥湾北部 | 4 | 23 000 | <0.2 | 10 | 20 | 33 | 30 | Rabalais et al, 2001, 2007; Fennel et al, 2019 |
| 长江口海域 | 25 | 13 700 | 0.34 | 28 | 23 | 3 | 11 | Li et al, 2002; Wang, 2009; Fennel et al, 2019 |
| 黑海西北部 | 9 | 20 000 | ~0 | 1.8 | 6.8 | 30 | 150 | Mee, 2006; Zaitsev, 2006; Fennel et al, 2019 |
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