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Dissolved oxygen (DO) is fundamental to maintaining the balance and stability of marine ecosystems. Under the combined influence of climate warming and intensified human activities, hypoxia in coastal waters worldwide is increasing in severity and spatial extent, making deoxygenation a major threat to coastal ecosystem health. As a typical semi-enclosed sea, the Bohai Sea is subject to multiple environmental pressures, including ocean warming, eutrophication, and rapid socio-economic development. In recent years, varying degrees of hypoxia have been reported across multiple subregions of the Bohai Sea, with hypoxic centers primarily located northeast of the Yellow River estuary and southeast of Qinhuangdao (occurring ≥3 times). This study reviews domestic and international research on hypoxia in the Bohai Sea, characterizes the spatial distribution patterns of summer hypoxia over the past two decades, and summarizes the dominant controlling processes. It further outlines the long-term development trends and their influencing factors in the Bohai Sea and proposes key directions for future research on hypoxia in the region. The study aims to provide a scientific basis and decision-making support for ecological health assessment and marine resource management in the region.

, authors=Jian-Min ZHAO1, 2, 3, Wen-Jing ZHANG1, 3, Zhi-Jun DONG1, 2, 3, Qing WANG1, 2, 3, Chen ZHANG1, 3, , authorsList=Jian-Min ZHAO, Wen-Jing ZHANG, Zhi-Jun DONG, Qing WANG, Chen ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chen ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1292187207901671898, articleId=1292187205498335700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, language=CN, title=渤海低氧的研究现状与发展趋势, columnId=1292187164859716145, journalTitle=海洋与湖沼, columnName=研究综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

溶解氧(dissolved oxygen, DO)是维持海洋生态系统平衡和稳定的关键因子。受气候变暖和人类活动增强的双重驱动, 全球沿海水体的低氧程度持续加剧、影响范围不断扩大, 已成为威胁近海生态系统健康的突出环境问题。作为典型的半封闭海域, 渤海生态环境面临着海水暖化、富营养化与人口经济增长等多重压力, 近年来其多个区域相继出现不同程度的低氧现象, 低氧中心主要位于黄河口东北侧和秦皇岛东南部海域(频次≥3)。该文梳理了国内外学者在该海域低氧的相关研究, 刻画了近20年来渤海夏季低氧的空间分布格局, 综述了其主要控制过程; 总结了渤海低氧的长期发展趋势及其影响因素, 并对渤海低氧研究的重点方向提出了建议, 旨在为渤海生态健康评估和海洋资源管理提供科学依据与决策支持。

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赵建民, 研究员, E-mail:

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张晨, 高级工程师, E-mail:
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Marine Pollution Bulletin, 125(1/2): 103-114, doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul. 2017.07.029., articleTitle=Hypoxia off the Changjiang (Yangtze River) estuary and in the adjacent East China Sea: Quantitative approaches to estimating the tidal impact and nutrient regeneration, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1292187208123970011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187205498335700, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1292187208132358620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187205498335700, companyId=1292187208123970011, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1292187208140747229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187205498335700, companyId=1292187208123970011, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1中国科学院烟台海岸带研究所 牟平海岸带环境综合试验站 山东烟台 264003)]), AuthorCompany(id=1292187208207856094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187205498335700, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1292187208216244703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187205498335700, companyId=1292187208207856094, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1292187208224633312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187205498335700, companyId=1292187208207856094, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2青岛海洋科技中心 海洋生物学与生物技术功能实验室 山东青岛 266237)]), AuthorCompany(id=1292187208291742177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187205498335700, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1292187208300130786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187205498335700, companyId=1292187208291742177, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes and Ecological Security, Yantai 264003, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1292187208304325091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187205498335700, companyId=1292187208291742177, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3山东省海岸带环境过程与生态安全重点实验室 山东烟台 264003)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1292187211924009487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187205498335700, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Topography of the Bohai Sea, figureFileSmall=WRbBLnINDj4DrLP2Cx1r5A==, figureFileBig=4w5s/BcySeuCr2EDEyFGhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1292187211991118352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187205498335700, language=CN, label=图1, caption=渤海地形, figureFileSmall=WRbBLnINDj4DrLP2Cx1r5A==, figureFileBig=4w5s/BcySeuCr2EDEyFGhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1292187212196639249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187205498335700, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Recent spatial extent of dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations <3 mg/L and < 4 mg/L (contours) and centers of low pH (dots) in panels (a, c), and frequency distribution of hypoxia (unit: times) in panels (b, d), figureFileSmall=ALXCQLl9alFJfNO3X7Lrhw==, figureFileBig=lJjllyXddaRy5OR2by3tvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1292187212255359506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187205498335700, language=CN, label=图2, caption=渤海近年底层DO<3 mg/L和<4 mg/L发生的范围(曲线)、pH低值中心(点)(a、c)与低氧频次分布(b、d)

注: 图a、c低氧覆盖范围(曲线)和pH低值中心(点)来自表1中对应年份的参考文献, 2021a和2021b分别来自Chen等(2022b)唐景荣等(2025), 2021a和2021b来源相同; 图b、d的低氧频次分布分别为图a、c曲线叠加结果

, figureFileSmall=ALXCQLl9alFJfNO3X7Lrhw==, figureFileBig=lJjllyXddaRy5OR2by3tvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1292187212343439891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187205498335700, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Comparison of hypoxic characteristics in the Bohai Sea

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份日期/(月.日)底层DO最小值(mg/L)DO<3 mg/L面积/km2DO<4 mg/L面积/km2pH最小值参考文献
20067.19~8.282.47W15451Wei et al, 2019
20118.23~8.253.20W8 337.17.84PZhai et al, 2019
20128.23~8.273.84W897.9PZhai et al, 2019
20148.11~9.62.30C75612 8817.79 C张华等, 2016
20159.1~9.52.11W4 13512 7237.66PZhai et al, 2019
20178月2.50C7.63CWu et al, 2022
20188.21~9.34.00W897.73PZhao et al, 2021a
20197.29~8.12.85W7952 266Chen et al, 2022b
20208.14~8.292.21W8731 4397.77P曹婧等, 2023
20217.25~7.273.40W53Chen et al, 2022b
20219.2~9.52.18W683911 854唐景荣等, 2025
20228.29~9.42.92C542 009Guo et al, 2024
20248月2.10C7.71CWang et al, 2025
), ArticleFig(id=1292187212494434836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187205498335700, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

渤海低氧现象特征对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份日期/(月.日)底层DO最小值(mg/L)DO<3 mg/L面积/km2DO<4 mg/L面积/km2pH最小值参考文献
20067.19~8.282.47W15451Wei et al, 2019
20118.23~8.253.20W8 337.17.84PZhai et al, 2019
20128.23~8.273.84W897.9PZhai et al, 2019
20148.11~9.62.30C75612 8817.79 C张华等, 2016
20159.1~9.52.11W4 13512 7237.66PZhai et al, 2019
20178月2.50C7.63CWu et al, 2022
20188.21~9.34.00W897.73PZhao et al, 2021a
20197.29~8.12.85W7952 266Chen et al, 2022b
20208.14~8.292.21W8731 4397.77P曹婧等, 2023
20217.25~7.273.40W53Chen et al, 2022b
20219.2~9.52.18W683911 854唐景荣等, 2025
20228.29~9.42.92C542 009Guo et al, 2024
20248月2.10C7.71CWang et al, 2025
), ArticleFig(id=1292187212565738005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187205498335700, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison of hypoxia characteristics in different sea areas

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
低氧海域低氧水层厚度/m最大低氧面积/km2历史DO最小值/(mg/L)水体耗氧/[mmol O2/(m2∙d)]沉积物耗氧/[mmol O2/(m2∙d)]沉积物耗氧占比/%水体停留时间/d参考文献
渤海中部146 8392.182.346.32211 281Zhai et al, 2019; Song et al, 2020; Luo et al, 2021; Guo et al, 2024; 唐景荣等, 2025
切萨皮克湾151 100~0112011180Officer et al, 1984; Fennel et al, 2019
珠江口海域31 000~0.13566334Qian et al, 2018; Fennel et al, 2019; Zhao et al, 2021b
波罗的海12570 000~00.38173 100Conley et al, 2009; Fennel et al, 2019
长岛湾12550<1.09.619875Fennel et al, 2019; Duvall et al, 2024
圣劳伦斯湾1001 3001.120.059.764730Fennel et al, 2019; Jutras et al, 2023
墨西哥湾北部423 000<0.210203330Rabalais et al, 2001, 2007; Fennel et al, 2019
长江口海域2513 7000.342823311Li et al, 2002; Wang, 2009; Fennel et al, 2019
黑海西北部920 000~01.86.830150Mee, 2006; Zaitsev, 2006; Fennel et al, 2019
), ArticleFig(id=1292187212637041174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187205498335700, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

典型海域的低氧特征对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
低氧海域低氧水层厚度/m最大低氧面积/km2历史DO最小值/(mg/L)水体耗氧/[mmol O2/(m2∙d)]沉积物耗氧/[mmol O2/(m2∙d)]沉积物耗氧占比/%水体停留时间/d参考文献
渤海中部146 8392.182.346.32211 281Zhai et al, 2019; Song et al, 2020; Luo et al, 2021; Guo et al, 2024; 唐景荣等, 2025
切萨皮克湾151 100~0112011180Officer et al, 1984; Fennel et al, 2019
珠江口海域31 000~0.13566334Qian et al, 2018; Fennel et al, 2019; Zhao et al, 2021b
波罗的海12570 000~00.38173 100Conley et al, 2009; Fennel et al, 2019
长岛湾12550<1.09.619875Fennel et al, 2019; Duvall et al, 2024
圣劳伦斯湾1001 3001.120.059.764730Fennel et al, 2019; Jutras et al, 2023
墨西哥湾北部423 000<0.210203330Rabalais et al, 2001, 2007; Fennel et al, 2019
长江口海域2513 7000.342823311Li et al, 2002; Wang, 2009; Fennel et al, 2019
黑海西北部920 000~01.86.830150Mee, 2006; Zaitsev, 2006; Fennel et al, 2019
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渤海低氧的研究现状与发展趋势
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赵建民 1, 2, 3 , 张文静 1, 3 , 董志军 1, 2, 3 , 王清 1, 2, 3 , 张晨 1, 3,
海洋与湖沼 | 研究综述 2026,57(3): 649-659
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海洋与湖沼 |研究综述 2026 , 57 (3) : 649 -659
渤海低氧的研究现状与发展趋势
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赵建民1, 2, 3 , 张文静1, 3, 董志军1, 2, 3, 王清1, 2, 3, 张晨1, 3,
作者信息
  • 1中国科学院烟台海岸带研究所 牟平海岸带环境综合试验站 山东烟台 264003
  • 2青岛海洋科技中心 海洋生物学与生物技术功能实验室 山东青岛 266237
  • 3山东省海岸带环境过程与生态安全重点实验室 山东烟台 264003
通讯作者:
张晨, 高级工程师, E-mail:
作者简介:

赵建民, 研究员, E-mail:

HYPOXIA IN THE BOHAI SEA, CHINA: CURRENT STATUS AND PERSPECTIVE
Jian-Min ZHAO1, 2, 3 , Wen-Jing ZHANG1, 3, Zhi-Jun DONG1, 2, 3, Qing WANG1, 2, 3, Chen ZHANG1, 3,
Affiliations
  • 1Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
  • 2Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China
  • 3Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes and Ecological Security, Yantai 264003, China
出版时间: 2026-05-30 doi: 10.11693/hyhz20250900198
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溶解氧(dissolved oxygen, DO)是维持海洋生态系统平衡和稳定的关键因子。受气候变暖和人类活动增强的双重驱动, 全球沿海水体的低氧程度持续加剧、影响范围不断扩大, 已成为威胁近海生态系统健康的突出环境问题。作为典型的半封闭海域, 渤海生态环境面临着海水暖化、富营养化与人口经济增长等多重压力, 近年来其多个区域相继出现不同程度的低氧现象, 低氧中心主要位于黄河口东北侧和秦皇岛东南部海域(频次≥3)。该文梳理了国内外学者在该海域低氧的相关研究, 刻画了近20年来渤海夏季低氧的空间分布格局, 综述了其主要控制过程; 总结了渤海低氧的长期发展趋势及其影响因素, 并对渤海低氧研究的重点方向提出了建议, 旨在为渤海生态健康评估和海洋资源管理提供科学依据与决策支持。

渤海  /  溶解氧  /  低氧  /  气候变化

Dissolved oxygen (DO) is fundamental to maintaining the balance and stability of marine ecosystems. Under the combined influence of climate warming and intensified human activities, hypoxia in coastal waters worldwide is increasing in severity and spatial extent, making deoxygenation a major threat to coastal ecosystem health. As a typical semi-enclosed sea, the Bohai Sea is subject to multiple environmental pressures, including ocean warming, eutrophication, and rapid socio-economic development. In recent years, varying degrees of hypoxia have been reported across multiple subregions of the Bohai Sea, with hypoxic centers primarily located northeast of the Yellow River estuary and southeast of Qinhuangdao (occurring ≥3 times). This study reviews domestic and international research on hypoxia in the Bohai Sea, characterizes the spatial distribution patterns of summer hypoxia over the past two decades, and summarizes the dominant controlling processes. It further outlines the long-term development trends and their influencing factors in the Bohai Sea and proposes key directions for future research on hypoxia in the region. The study aims to provide a scientific basis and decision-making support for ecological health assessment and marine resource management in the region.

Bohai Sea  /  dissolved oxygen (DO)  /  hypoxia  /  climate change
赵建民, 张文静, 董志军, 王清, 张晨. 渤海低氧的研究现状与发展趋势. 海洋与湖沼, 2026 , 57 (3) : 649 -659 . DOI: 10.11693/hyhz20250900198
Jian-Min ZHAO, Wen-Jing ZHANG, Zhi-Jun DONG, Qing WANG, Chen ZHANG. HYPOXIA IN THE BOHAI SEA, CHINA: CURRENT STATUS AND PERSPECTIVE[J]. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, 2026 , 57 (3) : 649 -659 . DOI: 10.11693/hyhz20250900198
溶解氧(dissolved oxygen, DO)是维系海洋生态系统健康的关键理化因子, 直接影响海洋生物的生存与分布, 并对生态系统的结构与功能具有重要调控作用(Breitburg et al, 2018)。受气候变化与人类活动的双重影响, 近50年间全球海洋DO含量下降约2%, 而底层水体缺氧区域不断扩张, 迄今有记录的低氧区已超过700处(Schmidtko et al, 2017; IUCN, 2019; 周锋等, 2021)。低氧环境不仅导致海洋生物栖息地丧失、生物量下降和群落结构改变, 还深刻影响氮(N)、磷(P)、铁(Fe)等元素的生物地球化学循环; 此外, 低氧常与富营养化、海水暖化、酸化等过程耦合, 对海洋生态系统的稳定性与功能构成严重威胁(Breitburg et al, 2009, 2018; Wright et al, 2012)。
通常来说, 海水DO浓度低于2~3 mg/L (63~94 μmol/L)定义为低氧状态, 当浓度进一步降至0 mg/L(0 μmol/L)以下时, 则进入无氧状态(Vaquer-Sunyer et al, 2008; Diaz, 2016; Gobler et al, 2016)。研究发现, 近海低氧区的形成主要受海水富营养化与水体层结等因素共同影响(Diaz et al, 2008; Fennel et al, 2019)。一方面, 沿海人口增长与经济发展导致陆源营养盐输入的增加, 加剧了近海富营养化水平, 诱发藻华暴发和有机质增加, 底层水体及沉积物中有机质的矿化分解过程消耗了大量DO, 并伴随着局部水体的酸化现象; 另一方面, 强太阳辐射、大径流量、弱混合条件等因素促进了海水层化, 形成稳定的温、盐层结, 阻碍了上、下层水体间的物质交换与DO的垂向输送。上述过程共同作用导致底层DO持续亏损, 最终可能诱发低氧乃至无氧过程。此外, 海洋环流、地形、潮汐与风场等因素也对底层DO的时空分布具有重要的调控作用(Grantham et al, 2004; Wang, 2009)。
海洋低氧现象的最早记录可追溯至1917年(Sale et al, 1917)。近年来, 受人类活动增强的驱动, 全球低氧区数量呈指数级增长(Paulmier et al, 2009; Levin, 2018; Jurgensen et al, 2022), 且主要分布于人口密集、经济发达区域的河口与近岸海域(Gilbert et al, 2010; Carstensen et al, 2014; Du et al, 2016; Jutras et al, 2023; Duvall et al, 2024)。低氧依据其维持时间与强度的差异, 可归为四类:(1) 永久性低氧, 底层常年处于低氧甚至无氧状态, 约占全球低氧区总数量的8%, 典型代表为波罗的海; (2) 季节性低氧, 通常每年发生1次, 多在夏季, 约占低氧区数量的50%, 如墨西哥湾和长岛湾; (3) 周期性低氧, 持续数天至数周, 发生频率高但强度相对较弱, 占比约为25%; (4) 间歇性低氧, 年均发生频率<1次, 占比约为17%, 典型代表为东京湾(Diaz et al, 2008; 叶丰等, 2010)。据估算, 全球每年因低氧导致的海洋生物碳损失量高达34.3万~73.4万t (Diaz et al, 2008)。
我国近海同样面临严峻的低氧问题, 东海与南海海域均存在显著的季节性低氧现象, 多发生于夏季且常与酸化现象并存(Zhang et al, 2010; Wei et al, 2017; Zhu et al, 2017; Guo et al, 2023)。东海低氧区主要分布于长江口邻近海域, 最早记录可追溯至1959年全国海洋普查(顾宏堪, 1980), 2006年观测到的最大低氧面积超过20 000 km2 (Wang et al, 2012)。值得注意的是, 长江口近岸低氧中心的脱氧速率呈加速趋势:1997~2014年间的脱氧速率[-0.07 mg/(L∙a)]显著高于1975~1995年[-0.023 mg/(L∙a)](Ning et al, 2011; Liu et al, 2024)。南海低氧区主要分布于珠江口邻近海域, 相关研究始于20世纪七八十年代。1990~2014年, 珠江口夏季底层DO呈显著下降趋势[约-0.064 mg/(L∙a)], 但其低氧面积和强度总体低于长江口低氧区(钱伟, 2017)。近年来, 渤海中部海盆及北黄海近岸海域亦相继报道低氧现象的发生(张华等, 2016; Zhai et al, 2019; Sun et al, 2023)。2006年, 渤海海域首次观测到底层低氧现象(DO最低值2.47 mg/L), 低氧中心位于秦皇岛东部海域并呈现向辽东湾和渤海湾延伸的趋势(Wei et al, 2019, 2021)。随着渤海中部海域多次出现低氧现象, 有研究开始关注该海域的低氧特征和维持机制, 指出渤海低氧过程主要受到水体层化和海源有机质分解等因素共同作用(Chen et al, 2022b; Zhang et al, 2022)。目前, 多数研究仅针对渤海某次或某年的低氧过程, 缺少针对渤海低氧现状、发展趋势与影响因素的系统梳理工作(Zhai et al, 2019; Guo et al, 2024; 唐景荣等, 2025)。本文整理了近年来关于渤海低氧现象的研究成果, 系统概述了渤海夏季低氧的空间分布特征与关键控制过程, 总结了渤海低氧的长期发展趋势与重要影响因素, 并基于当前研究中的主要问题, 对未来研究重点提出了方向性建议, 以期为气候变化与人类活动影响下渤海低氧演变规律与生态风险的研究提供参考, 并为该海域的生态健康评估和海洋资源管理提供科学依据与决策支持。
渤海是我国唯一的半封闭性内海, 平均水深约18 m, 通过渤海海峡与黄海相连, 沿岸分布有湿地、海湾、河口等多种生态系统, 接纳黄河、海河等40余条河流注入(图1)。在环渤海区域经济快速发展和全球气候变化的双重压力下, 渤海生态系统长期处于“不健康”或“亚健康”状态, 面临富营养化、污染加剧、赤潮频发和低氧等一系列生态环境问题(陈楠生等, 2021; 张桂成等, 2023)。
2006~2024年渤海低氧现象出现9次, 低氧区主要分布于渤海中部浅滩南、北两侧的洼地(水深>20 m); 高频低氧中心主要有两个, 分别为黄河口东北侧(38.5°N, 119.3°E)和秦皇岛东南部海域(39.3°N, 119.8°E), 这两个区域出现低氧(DO<3 mg/L)年份均≥3次, 底层DO<4 mg/L年份>6次(图2, 表1)。
渤海低氧现象具有明显的季节特征, 集中发生于8月, 但其形成的物质与动力条件在春末即已显现。研究表明, 6月初渤海中部海域已出现强层结(浮力频率平方N2>10-3 s-2)、富营养化加剧(底层水体富营养化指数>3.92)和初级生产力升高[底层叶绿素a浓度约(1.5±1.6) μg/L]等现象, 低氧海域底层DO开始偏离饱和状态, 并以约为(-2.2±0.5) μmol O2/(L∙d)速率亏损; 7~8月DO浓度持续下降, 脱氧速率分别约为(-1.3±0.7) μmol O2/(L∙d)和(-1.2±1.1) μmol O2/(L∙d); 至8月, 底层水体常降至低氧水平; 9月上旬随着层结减弱, 底层DO浓度开始回升, 低氧区底层水体DO的增长速率约(3.1±1.1) μmol O2/(L∙d)(Song et al, 2020; Zhang et al, 2022; Guo et al, 2024)。同时, 渤海低氧区底层净耗氧速率达2.05~2.87 μmol O2/(L∙d), 低于长江口8月浮游生物的呼吸速率[(4.46±4.54) μmol O2/(L∙d)]。按此速率估算, 从DO饱和状态发展至低氧状态(约125 μmol O2/L), 约需44~61 d (Chen et al, 2006; Zhai et al, 2019)。
水体中有机质在微生物分解过程中不仅消耗DO, 还会释放大量CO2, 引起pH下降。因此, 低氧区常与酸化现象同时发生, 表现出明显的时空耦合特征。2011~2020年, 渤海低氧海域的pH低值中心与底层DO低值中心多次重合, 出现在黄河口东北侧海域和秦皇岛东南部海域(图2a)(Zhai et al, 2012; 曹婧等, 2023; 张文硕等, 2025)。分析发现, 渤海低氧区微生物代谢产生的CO2积累导致水体pH和文石饱和度降至维持贝类正常生长的临界水平(文石饱和度arag< 1.5), 而酸化与低氧的联合胁迫可能会对钙化生物造成严重影响(Zhai et al, 2019)。
海洋低氧环境直接威胁次表层和底栖生物的生存, 可能导致物种分布改变、群落结构演替及生态系统服务功能退化, 对海洋生物资源和生态系统健康构成严重冲击(Vaquer-Sunyer et al, 2008; Yang et al, 2025)。目前, 全球范围内关于低氧对不同类群海洋生物影响的研究(如生长发育、生理代谢、繁殖行为等)已较为丰富, 但针对渤海低氧的生态效应研究仍相对匮乏(Zhao et al, 2021a; Zhan et al, 2023)。现有研究表明, 渤海低氧过程已造成底层微生物与底栖生物群落显著更替。在渤海不同DO浓度水体中细菌群落结构有明显差异, 而颗粒附着态(particle attached)细菌群落对DO浓度变化更为敏感, 同时, 低氧区细菌群落多样性指数(Shannon指数)显著低于富氧区(Zhao et al, 2021a)。Guo等(2025)研究表明, 溶解氧和硝酸盐是影响渤海沉积物中古菌群落分布的关键环境因子, 同时, 低氧环境中古菌群落的多样性显著增加。渤海夏季低氧过程重塑了低氧区大型底栖生物的群落结构, 多毛类占比显著上升, 甲壳类与软体动物大幅减少, 尤其在近岸低氧区底栖生物的多样性指数显著下降(Wang et al, 2025)。此外, 渤海低氧常与酸化过程协同发生, 这种复合胁迫产生的耦合效应可能会造成更为严重的生态灾害(Zhai et al, 2019; 张桂成等, 2023)。然而, 目前对渤海关键生态类群在低氧和酸化复合胁迫下的耐受性、适应潜力及种群动态的研究仍十分欠缺。
控制水体DO收支的因素复杂, 主要由生物化学耗氧与物理过程共同决定。DO的来源包括光合作用产氧、海-气界面复氧以及水体的平流/扩散输入; 耗氧过程主要涉及微生物呼吸、化能自养生物(如硝化细菌)耗氧、还原态无机物(如H₂S、NH₄⁺)氧化、水体的平流/扩散输出、沉积物耗氧以及脱气作用等过程。
物理因素(地形、潮汐、背景环流、风场、径流与层结等)通过调控渤海水动力环境, 影响水体交换能力、DO与营养物质的输运与分布, 从而决定低氧的范围、强度与持续时间。通常而言, 低氧现象更易发生在水体交换受限且营养物质丰富的海域(Qian et al, 2017; Chen et al, 2022b; Guo et al, 2024)。
夏季层结是渤海中部低氧形成和维持的核心物理机制, 渤海夏季以温度层结为主, 仅在近河口区域存在盐度层结(Zhao et al, 2017; 曹婧等, 2023; Guo et al, 2024)。Zhang等(2022)发现, 在地形、环流及河口冲淡水共同作用下, 渤海中部洼地5~6月即出现层结, 垂向交换减弱并持续至8~9月; 其中, 秦皇岛低氧海域和黄河口低氧海域的层结持续时间(约105 d和88 d)均长于渤海平均水平(约61 d)。层结持续30 d后, 底层DO饱和度降至约70% (~4 mg/L); 持续60 d后, DO饱和度降至40%以下(~3 mg/L), 并在黄河口和秦皇岛近海形成低氧中心, 且DO浓度持续下降直至层化结束。层结消失后10 d内, DO饱和度显著回升至88%±9%。
渤海半封闭的地理特征削弱了底层水体的水平输运, 使低氧水团在水平方向上相对孤立。Zhao等(2017)分析指出, 夏季渤海中西部低氧区底层水体(低温、低盐)与渤海中东部及北黄海底层水体(低温、高盐)性质的差异, 阻碍了东部高密度、富氧水的入侵。水体停留时间是量化水体交换能力和表征DO供应受限程度的关键指标(Fennel et al, 2019)。基于镭同位素模型估算, 渤海水体停留时间约为(1.7±0.8)年; 三维水动力模型模拟结果则显示平均停留时间约为3.43年, 其中中部海域(覆盖主要低氧区)达3.51年(Liu et al, 2017; Luo et al, 2021)。强风、潮流可通过改变流场特征, 增强水体交换和DO输运, 秦皇岛低氧区近底层潮流主导的DO平流输运约占沉积物耗氧的三分之一(Zhang et al, 2023)。Wu等(2024)对渤海水体交换的研究表明, 渤海底层水龄(Water Age)与地形深度显著相关, 其中, 中部海盆水龄(>20 d)显著高于浅水区(约2 d), 而夏季渤海底层低氧程度与水龄呈正相关, 高水龄区的空间分布特征也与低氧区基本一致。相较于其他典型低氧区(表2), 渤海水体交换能力较弱, 意味着即便耗氧强度较弱, 也更易发生低氧现象。此外, 渤海中部浅滩水深较浅、四周较深的地形分布特征有助于维持渤海中部椭圆状顺时针环流结构(姜贺等, 2024), 而反气旋环流及其伴随的下沉运动弱化了中部洼地南北低氧区连接区域的层结强度, 增强DO的向下输送, 阻断了低氧区间的连通性, 进而改变了中部浅滩南北两侧低氧中心的位置(Wei et al, 2019)。
台风等极端天气过程具有双重效应:一方面, 强风和混合作用可迅速补充底层DO, 中断低氧过程; 另一方面, 其带来的强降水和径流激增输入大量营养盐, 可能诱发藻华, 台风过后反而诱发甚至加剧底层缺氧(石强, 2016; Wang et al, 2017; Song et al, 2020; 李志成等, 2021)。
水体DO的生物化学消耗主要包括异养微生物与多细胞生物的好氧呼吸, 以及化能自养微生物对还原性无机物(多源于沉积物厌氧分解产物)的氧化作用。有机质是支撑好氧代谢和还原性产物氧化过程的关键物质, 也是驱动生物地球化学耗氧的核心因素。在典型近海低氧区, 常存在有机质的过量输入, 其来源包括陆源(如生活和工业污水排放)和富营养化引发的内源初级生产力激增, 均与人类活动密切相关。可见, 明确渤海低氧区有机质来源并量化其对耗氧的贡献, 是解析低氧机制和预测演变趋势的关键(Zhang et al, 2022)。
渤海中部低氧区的底层耗氧主要受有机物再矿化(呼吸作用)主导(Zhai et al, 2019), 而该海域耗氧有机质的碳同位素特征(δ13C=-19.47‰±1.85‰)与海洋硅藻(δ13C=-20.8‰±1.7‰)高度一致, 表明耗氧有机质几乎全部来源于浮游藻类, 同时大部分陆源有机质在河口沉积或分解, 对渤海夏季低氧形成的贡献微乎其微(Chen et al, 2022b)。我国其他典型低氧海域(长江口和珠江口海域)耗氧过程也以海源有机物矿化为主, 但珠江口陆源有机物的贡献(约35%±16%)不可忽视(Wang et al, 2016; Su et al, 2017)。渤海春季藻华及夏季叶绿素a的持续高值, 使海水表层和底层的颗粒有机碳(particulate organic matter, POC)在春、夏季维持在较高水平(12~65 μmol/L)(Zhai et al, 2019; Guo et al, 2024)。秦皇岛以东和黄河口以北海域常出现叶绿素a高值区(>6 μg/L), 该区域有机质的聚集、沉降与分解为渤海夏季低氧提供了关键物质基础, 并塑造了低氧的空间分布格局(Chen et al, 2022a, 2022b)。
结合观测与生物地球化学模型的定量分析显示, 渤海低氧期间水体呼吸耗氧(water column organic respiration, WR)和沉积物耗氧(sediment oxygen demand, SOD)的相对贡献存在显著差异(Zhang et al, 2023); 其中, WR对低氧形成的贡献率(>60%)显著高于SOD的贡献率(<40%), 且DO垂向扩散通量贡献极小(<1%)。具体而言, 跃层以下水体垂向积分的净耗氧率平均为(30.42±4.42) mmol/(m²∙d), 沉积物-水界面耗氧速率平均为(6.32±2.44) mmol/(m²∙d)(Song et al, 2020)。渤海SOD的贡献率相较于其他低氧海域更为突出(表2), 其主要原因可能在于渤海水深较浅(最大约31 m), 而浅水环境极大减少了有机质沉降到海底所需的距离和时间, 从而使SOD成为渤海底层重要的耗氧机制(Fennel et al, 2019)。
在渤海富营养化及营养盐结构改变的背景下, 初级生产力增加和藻华频发是加剧渤海低氧程度的关键因素。因此, 控制外源营养盐输入被认为是缓解渤海低氧的有效途径(Wang et al, 2016; Zhai et al, 2019)。
渤海目前处于间歇性低氧阶段, 低氧的发生频率与强度均低于永久性低氧和季节性低氧, 但这种间歇性低氧现象可能是生态系统转换并发展成为季节性低氧的先兆(Zhao et al, 2017; Zhai et al, 2019)。长期观测结果显示, 渤海夏季底层DO浓度变化范围为2.27~9.23 mg/L, 多年平均值为5.99 mg/L; 其中, 中部洼地附近的多年均值仅为5.69 mg/L(刘千等, 2022)。1978~2018年间, 渤海底层DO浓度呈显著下降趋势[-0.06 mg/(L∙a)], 尤以中部洼地区域的脱氧速率最高[-0.08 mg/(L∙a)], 略高于长江口近岸区[-0.07 mg/(L∙a)]和珠江口附近海域[-0.064 mg/(L∙a)](钱伟, 2017; 刘千等, 2022; Liu et al, 2024)。值得关注的是, 渤海脱氧进程呈现加快趋势, 2006~2018年渤海中部底层水体DO饱和度较1978~2005年下降了19% (约52 μmol/L), 而表观耗氧量(apparent oxygen utilization, AOU)增加约59 μmol/L(Wei et al, 2021)。因此, 在评估渤海低氧的未来趋势时, 有必要综合考虑由人类活动导致的环境变化与全球气候变化等多重驱动因素的长期作用。
营养盐是海洋初级生产者生长所必需的关键物质, 其浓度与结构直接影响浮游植物群落组成和生物量。在人类活动密集的近海海域, 富营养化已显著改变浮游植物的组成与丰度, 并引发赤潮和低氧等一系列生态问题(Ning et al, 2010; Wang et al, 2018; Xin et al, 2019)。在切萨皮克湾、波罗的海、珠江口等多个典型低氧海域, 均证实了富营养化在低氧形成与维持中具有显著的控制作用, 限制营养盐排放也已成为遏制低氧区扩展的国际共识(Rabalais et al, 2002; Vaquer-Sunyer et al, 2008; Breitburg et al, 2009; Qian et al, 2018)。
受人类活动影响, 渤海营养盐环境已发生了显著变化。自20世纪60年代以来, 溶解无机氮(dissolved inorganic nitrogen, DIN)浓度增长约7倍, 溶解磷酸盐(dissolved inorganic phosphate, DIP)和溶解硅酸盐(dissolved silicate, DSi)呈先降(1990年前)后升(1990年后)趋势, 营养盐限制状态由氮限制为主转变以磷限制为主, 部分海域表现为磷/硅联合限制。同期, 浮游植物生物量增加了约6倍, 优势类群从硅藻主导演变为硅藻与甲藻共同主导; 1990年以来, 渤海6~8月间赤潮发生频次显著增加, 且优势种呈现从硅藻向甲藻演替的趋势(Wang et al, 2019; Li et al, 2022b; Chen et al, 2024)。在渤海富营养化背景下, 一方面, 浮游植物的大量繁殖不仅为底层水体直接提供了大量有机质; 另一方面, 浮游植物由硅藻主导向甲藻主导的逐步演替过程, 引发浮游植物的小型化趋势, 导致水体中微型、微微型碎屑的滞留时间增加, 从而加剧水体呼吸耗氧和底层缺氧, 这一过程可能是渤海大范围低氧出现时间与富营养化过程不同步的重要原因(Wei et al, 2021; Zheng et al, 2024)。
近年来, 随着我国水环境综合治理的推进, 渤海营养盐浓度呈现一定的下降趋势, 但当前仍存在营养盐结构失衡与藻类群落结构演替的风险(Li et al, 2022a; 张桂成等, 2023)。但目前针对营养盐浓度与结构变化对渤海低氧现象影响的相关研究较少, 营养盐演变对渤海底层DO浓度的长期影响仍需进一步评估。
在全球气候变暖背景下, 海洋升温与层结增强正加速水体脱氧进程, 而我国近海升温速率显著高于全球平均水平(Irby et al, 2018; Wang et al, 2023)。自1978年以来, 渤海海域持续增温, 且2013年后表层升温明显加速。海水升温一方面直接降低DO溶解度, 另一方面增加表、底温差和温度层结强度, 阻碍上层富氧水体向下层输送, 从而增加夏季底层DO亏损及低氧发生的频率(石强, 2016; 郭世安, 2022; 刘千等, 2022)。郭世安(2022)研究指出, 自2013年以来, 渤海夏季海表温度升高约1.37 ℃, 导致跃层强度增强约17.5%, 进而使得底层DO浓度平均降低约0.42 mg/L, 氧亏损区域面积扩大约1.51×103 km2。根据政府间气候变化专门委员会(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC)预测, 在温室气体低排放情景(RCP2.6)和高排放情景(RCP8.5)下, 2031~2050年全球海洋表层平均温度较1985~2005年基准期将分别升高约0.64和0.95 ℃ (IPCC, 2019)。鉴于渤海对气候变化的高度敏感性, 亟需深入研究海水长期升温趋势及其对层结强度、持续时间和底层脱氧速率的精确影响。
在气候变化与高强度人类活动的双重驱动下, 中国近海(包括渤海)正经历着一系列相互关联的物理-生物地球化学过程的快速变化, 涵盖水文特征、营养盐结构、DO、酸碱度、初级生产力及生物多样性等多个方面(Cai et al, 2017; Wu et al, 2017; Wei et al, 2019; 栾青杉等, 2020; 孙晓霞等, 2025)。DO作为关键的生源要素和生态健康指示因子, 其变化能够深刻反映上述过程的复杂耦合与反馈机制。近年来, 渤海频繁出现的间歇性低氧现象, 已成为海水暖化与富营养化影响不断加深背景下, 渤海生态系统承受持续压力的重要信号。尽管当前渤海低氧的强度和空间范围相较于全球典型低氧区(如长江口、切萨皮克湾)仍处于较低水平, 但其脱氧速率显著加快、与酸化耦合所带来的复合生态风险, 以及向更严重低氧类型演变的潜在趋势, 均不容忽视。要科学应对这一挑战, 未来渤海的低氧研究建议重点关注以下几个方向:
(1) 综合监测与智能化诊断研究: 构建覆盖渤海低氧高发区域的综合监测网络, 持续获取DO、pH、营养盐、叶绿素a、水文参数以及生物群落结构等关键数据; 系统整理、质量控制并同化历史观测/监测数据(如气象数据、卫星遥感和开放共享航次数据等), 构建长时间序列数据集; 探索利用深度学习等智能算法处理多源异构的观测和模型数据, 识别低氧发生的早期预警信号、预测其时空动态, 并解析关键驱动因子的非线性关系与阈值效应。
(2) 深化多过程耦合机制研究: 发展和应用高分辨率、高复杂度的物理-生物地球化学耦合模型, 更精确地量化物理过程(层结、环流、极端事件)、关键界面(陆-海、海-气、沉积物-水界面)间的物质交换以及生物地球化学过程(有机质生产与降解、营养盐循环)对渤海低氧形成、维持与消退的相对贡献及其相互作用。
(3) 多胁迫因子生态效应研究: 深入研究低氧、酸化、暖化、环境污染和营养结构失衡等多重环境胁迫因子对渤海关键生态类群(涵盖不同生活史阶段、不同营养级生物类群)的协同或拮抗效应, 系统评估渤海低氧对渔业资源、生物多样性及生态系统服务(如碳汇功能)的影响及其潜在风险。
(4) 生态修复与环境保护措施探索: 基于对渤海海水暖化与营养盐结构改变的生态效应的深入理解, 评估现有的近海生态环境修复与环境保护措施的长期生态效应; 同时, 将气候与海洋环境变化纳入渤海长期环境管理和生态修复规划, 探索以污染物源头管控与生态环境风险评估为基础、以增强生态系统健康与韧性为核心的适应性的综合管理策略。

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2026年第57卷第3期
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doi: 10.11693/hyhz20250900198
  • 接收时间:2025-09-08
  • 首发时间:2026-08-06
  • 出版时间:2026-05-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-08
  • 修回日期:2026-01-12
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    1中国科学院烟台海岸带研究所 牟平海岸带环境综合试验站 山东烟台 264003
    2青岛海洋科技中心 海洋生物学与生物技术功能实验室 山东青岛 266237
    3山东省海岸带环境过程与生态安全重点实验室 山东烟台 264003

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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