Article(id=1292187298301497940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, issueId=1292187163098112845, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11693/hyhz20250400114, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1745683200000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-27, revisedDate=1752940800000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1786011059594, onlineDateStr=2026-08-06, pubDate=1780070400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1786011059594, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1786011059594, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1786011059594, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1292187163098112845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, year='2026', volume='57', issue='3', pageStart='579', pageEnd='830', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1780070400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1786011027358, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1786013993148, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1292199602611056777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, issueId=1292187163098112845, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1292199602611056778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, issueId=1292187163098112845, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=746, endPage=754, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1292187298473464405, articleId=1292187298301497940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, language=EN, title=THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS OF RED TIDE CAUSED BY DIATOM EUCAMPIA ZODIACUS AND ITS EFFECT ON OYSTER FEEDING SELECTIVITY IN THE NEARSHORE WATER OF RUSHAN, THE NORTHERN YELLOW SEA, IN FALL 2022, columnId=1292187198095384612, journalTitle=Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, columnName=ARTICLES, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the autumn of 2022, a red tide species Eucampia zodiacus bloomed in the nearshore water of Rushan, northern Yellow Sea, lasting for more than 40 days. This nearshore area is the main aquaculture domains for oyster Crassostrea gigas in China, and the important bait for oysters is phytoplankton. It has been shown that there are large seasonal variations of phytoplankton in this area, but there are fewer studies related to phytoplankton feeding by oysters, especially the effect of red tide outbreaks on their feeding selectivity. By analyzing the phytoplankton in water samples and oyster stomach contents, two complete blooming and recession periods of red tide were identified, with the second one having the longest duration (about 18 days) and the highest abundance (2.23×106 cells/L). At the peak of the red tide, the algae abundance in the stomach contents of oysters (2.11×104 cells/ind.) was significantly higher than that during the recession period of the red tide (1.44×103 cells/ind.). During the blooming period of E. zodiacus, oysters tended to randomly feed on this dominant species, and preferred to feed on 5 diatom genera such as Nitzschia and Coscinodiscus, etc., during the recession period of the red tide, the oyster's feeding selectivity index decreased for most of phytoplankton species, preferring only Pleurosigma sp. and shifting to avoid its previously preferred genera Navicula and Paralia sulcata. The study indicated that the oyster may have limited control over the outbreaks of the E. zodiacus because it is not a preferred bait for oysters, and the oysters’ feeding selectivity changed significantly before and after the outbreaks of E. zodiacus, which suggests that its outbreaks may have affected the subsequent feeding behavior of oysters.

, authors=Xiao-Lin ZHU1, Bo YIN1, Jing-Zhi SUN1, Guo-Dong SHANG2, Ai-Hua CHEN3, Xiao-Hong SUN1, , authorsList=Xiao-Lin ZHU, Bo YIN, Jing-Zhi SUN, Guo-Dong SHANG, Ai-Hua CHEN, Xiao-Hong SUN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiao-Hong SUN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1292187300981658204, articleId=1292187298301497940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, language=CN, title=2022年秋季黄海北部乳山近岸海域浮动弯角藻(Eucampia zodiacus)赤潮生消及其对牡蛎摄食选择性的影响, columnId=1292187198254768166, journalTitle=海洋与湖沼, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

2022年秋季, 黄海北部乳山近岸海域发生浮动弯角藻(Eucampia zodiacus)赤潮, 持续时间超过40 d。该海域是我国太平洋牡蛎的主要养殖区, 牡蛎的重要饵料是浮游植物。已有研究表明该海域浮游植物存在较大的季节变动, 但与牡蛎摄食浮游植物相关的研究较少, 特别是赤潮暴发对其摄食选择性影响的研究。通过分析水样及牡蛎胃含物的浮游植物, 发现了两个完整的赤潮生消过程, 其中第二次持续时间最长(约18 d)、丰度最高(2.23×106 cells/L)。赤潮高峰期牡蛎胃含物藻类丰度(2.11×104 cells/ind.)显著高于赤潮消退期(1.44×103 cells/ind.)。赤潮高峰期牡蛎倾向随机摄食优势种浮动弯角藻(Eucampia zodiacus), 偏好菱形藻(Nitzschia)和圆筛藻(Coscinodiscus)等5种藻类, 赤潮消退期牡蛎对大多数浮游植物的摄食选择性指数降低, 仅喜好摄食斜纹藻(Pleurosigma sp.), 而对舟形藻(Navicula)、具帕拉藻(Paralia sulcata)由喜好转为避食。研究表明浮动弯角藻并非牡蛎喜好摄食的饵料, 因此牡蛎可能对其暴发的控制能力有限; 赤潮暴发前后牡蛎的摄食选择性发生较大改变, 推测浮动弯角藻赤潮可能影响了牡蛎后续的摄食行为。

, authors=朱笑林1, 尹博1, 孙经芝1, 尚国栋2, 陈爱华3, 孙晓红1, , authorsList=朱笑林, 尹博, 孙经芝, 尚国栋, 陈爱华, 孙晓红, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=孙晓红, authorNote=

朱笑林, 硕士研究生, E-mail:

尹博, E-mail:

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孙晓红, 博士生导师, 副教授, E-mail:
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Plankton and Benthos Research, 6(4): 195-205., articleTitle=Long-term variation in the wintertime diatom community structure in Tokyo Bay, Japan (1981-2000), refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1292187301199762013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187298301497940, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1292187301208150622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187298301497940, companyId=1292187301199762013, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1292187301216539231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187298301497940, companyId=1292187301199762013, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1山东大学海洋学院 山东威海 264209)]), AuthorCompany(id=1292187301287842400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187298301497940, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1292187301296231009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187298301497940, companyId=1292187301287842400, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Rushan City Ocean and Fishery Safety Emergency Command and Guarantee Center, Rushan 264500, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1292187301300425314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187298301497940, companyId=1292187301287842400, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2乳山市海洋与渔业安全应急指挥保障中心 山东乳山 264500)]), AuthorCompany(id=1292187301359145571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187298301497940, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1292187301367534180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187298301497940, companyId=1292187301359145571, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Rushan Marine Development Bureau, Rushan 264500, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1292187301371728485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187298301497940, companyId=1292187301359145571, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3乳山市海洋发展局 山东乳山 264500)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1292187309844222609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187298301497940, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Study area and location of water sampling stations (S1~S5) and oyster sampling stations (S1, S3, S5) in the nearshore water of Rushan, Northern Yellow Sea, figureFileSmall=gjuwngEpuoz7FjTezUPNAQ==, figureFileBig=g7iT2Nvmvg7fW64Bs69sYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1292187309907137170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187298301497940, language=CN, label=图1, caption=北黄海乳山近岸海域调查站位(S1~S5)及牡蛎采样站位(S1、S3、S5), figureFileSmall=gjuwngEpuoz7FjTezUPNAQ==, figureFileBig=g7iT2Nvmvg7fW64Bs69sYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1292187310183961235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187298301497940, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Variation in abundances of total phytoplankton and E. zodiacus during study period, figureFileSmall=Od5eM7JssIP2X3c2L0ZlUQ==, figureFileBig=8ZJOD0YHRTKqG34hfKj1kA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1292187310238487188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187298301497940, language=CN, label=图2, caption=调查期间浮游植物总丰度及浮动弯角藻丰度的变化, figureFileSmall=Od5eM7JssIP2X3c2L0ZlUQ==, figureFileBig=8ZJOD0YHRTKqG34hfKj1kA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1292187310293013141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187298301497940, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Phytoplankton abundances in water samples and stomach contents of C. gigas during the blooming and recession periods of red tide, figureFileSmall=ZhLuHeYRuemBtx3z3MN+Cg==, figureFileBig=Y678S7oFOAZg2TyznwV3yg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1292187310360122006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187298301497940, language=CN, label=图3, caption=赤潮高峰期和消退期水样和牡蛎胃含物内的浮游植物丰度, figureFileSmall=ZhLuHeYRuemBtx3z3MN+Cg==, figureFileBig=Y678S7oFOAZg2TyznwV3yg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1292187310423036567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187298301497940, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Dominant genera and species of phytoplankton and their dominance (Y) in water samples and stomach contents of C. gigas

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
拉丁文名优势度(Y)
赤潮高峰期赤潮消退期
水体胃含物水体胃含物
弯角藻属浮动弯角藻Eucampia zodiacus0.977 70.923 40.148 1
舟形藻属舟形藻sp.Navicula sp.0.146 8
角毛藻属角毛藻sp.Chaetoceros sp.0.162 0
骨条藻属中肋骨条藻Skeletonema costatum//0.215 3/
菱形藻属菱形藻sp.Nitzschia sp.0.084 10.067 7
圆筛藻属圆筛藻sp.Coscinodiscus sp.0.032 4
帕拉藻属具槽帕拉藻Paralia sulcata0.021 6/
斜纹藻属斜纹藻sp.Pleurosigma sp.0.356 2
海洋斜纹藻Pleurosigma pelagicum//0.151 9
), ArticleFig(id=1292187310515311256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187298301497940, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

赤潮高峰期和消退期水样及牡蛎胃含物中浮游植物优势属种及其优势度(Y)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
拉丁文名优势度(Y)
赤潮高峰期赤潮消退期
水体胃含物水体胃含物
弯角藻属浮动弯角藻Eucampia zodiacus0.977 70.923 40.148 1
舟形藻属舟形藻sp.Navicula sp.0.146 8
角毛藻属角毛藻sp.Chaetoceros sp.0.162 0
骨条藻属中肋骨条藻Skeletonema costatum//0.215 3/
菱形藻属菱形藻sp.Nitzschia sp.0.084 10.067 7
圆筛藻属圆筛藻sp.Coscinodiscus sp.0.032 4
帕拉藻属具槽帕拉藻Paralia sulcata0.021 6/
斜纹藻属斜纹藻sp.Pleurosigma sp.0.356 2
海洋斜纹藻Pleurosigma pelagicum//0.151 9
), ArticleFig(id=1292187310590808729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187298301497940, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Selectivity index (E) of C. gigas for the dominant phytoplankton genera* in the water column

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
牡蛎摄食选择性指数E
赤潮高峰期赤潮消退期
硅藻门弯角藻属Eucampia-0.028 6-0.755 8
舟形藻属Navicula0.539 8-0.903 6
角毛藻属Chaetoceros-0.125 2-0.923 6
骨条藻属Skeletonema-1.000 0
菱形藻属Nitzschia0.838 60.146 2
圆筛藻属Coscinodiscus0.734 40.214 7
帕拉藻属Paralia0.421 9-1.000 0
斜纹藻属Pleurosigma0.381 30.899 5
), ArticleFig(id=1292187310670500506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187298301497940, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

太平洋牡蛎对水体中浮游植物优势属*的摄食选择性指数(E)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
牡蛎摄食选择性指数E
赤潮高峰期赤潮消退期
硅藻门弯角藻属Eucampia-0.028 6-0.755 8
舟形藻属Navicula0.539 8-0.903 6
角毛藻属Chaetoceros-0.125 2-0.923 6
骨条藻属Skeletonema-1.000 0
菱形藻属Nitzschia0.838 60.146 2
圆筛藻属Coscinodiscus0.734 40.214 7
帕拉藻属Paralia0.421 9-1.000 0
斜纹藻属Pleurosigma0.381 30.899 5
), ArticleFig(id=1292187310733415067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187298301497940, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

The main distribution areas worldwide, peak times and abundances of E. zodiacus

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究区域研究时间(年.月)峰值时间(月.日)峰值丰度/(cells/L)参考文献
日本濑户内海播磨滩1974~20081~4月3×105Nishikawa et al, 2011
2006.04~2009.0512月~4月上旬3×105Nishikawa et al, 2013
2022.04~2025.122月中旬~4月初3.6×105Nishikawa et al, 2007
日本有明海2012.02~2012.043月5日、3月19日3.5×106Ito et al, 2013
日本东京湾1981~20001~3月Yoshida et al, 2011
韩国光阳湾2010春季Baek et al, 2015
中国山东半岛胶州湾1999.066月13日1.32×106霍文毅等, 2001
中国山东乳山南部海域2022.09~2022.109月17日、9月25日2.23×106本文结果
), ArticleFig(id=1292187310800523932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187298301497940, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

浮动弯角藻在世界范围内的主要分布区域及其峰值时间和丰度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究区域研究时间(年.月)峰值时间(月.日)峰值丰度/(cells/L)参考文献
日本濑户内海播磨滩1974~20081~4月3×105Nishikawa et al, 2011
2006.04~2009.0512月~4月上旬3×105Nishikawa et al, 2013
2022.04~2025.122月中旬~4月初3.6×105Nishikawa et al, 2007
日本有明海2012.02~2012.043月5日、3月19日3.5×106Ito et al, 2013
日本东京湾1981~20001~3月Yoshida et al, 2011
韩国光阳湾2010春季Baek et al, 2015
中国山东半岛胶州湾1999.066月13日1.32×106霍文毅等, 2001
中国山东乳山南部海域2022.09~2022.109月17日、9月25日2.23×106本文结果
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2022年秋季黄海北部乳山近岸海域浮动弯角藻(Eucampia zodiacus)赤潮生消及其对牡蛎摄食选择性的影响
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朱笑林 1 , 尹博 1 , 孙经芝 1 , 尚国栋 2 , 陈爱华 3 , 孙晓红 1,
海洋与湖沼 | 研究论文 2026,57(3): 746-754
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海洋与湖沼 |研究论文 2026 , 57 (3) : 746 -754
2022年秋季黄海北部乳山近岸海域浮动弯角藻(Eucampia zodiacus)赤潮生消及其对牡蛎摄食选择性的影响
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朱笑林1 , 尹博1 , 孙经芝1, 尚国栋2, 陈爱华3, 孙晓红1,
作者信息
  • 1山东大学海洋学院 山东威海 264209
  • 2乳山市海洋与渔业安全应急指挥保障中心 山东乳山 264500
  • 3乳山市海洋发展局 山东乳山 264500
通讯作者:
孙晓红, 博士生导师, 副教授, E-mail:
作者简介:

朱笑林, 硕士研究生, E-mail:

THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS OF RED TIDE CAUSED BY DIATOM EUCAMPIA ZODIACUS AND ITS EFFECT ON OYSTER FEEDING SELECTIVITY IN THE NEARSHORE WATER OF RUSHAN, THE NORTHERN YELLOW SEA, IN FALL 2022
Xiao-Lin ZHU1 , Bo YIN1 , Jing-Zhi SUN1, Guo-Dong SHANG2, Ai-Hua CHEN3, Xiao-Hong SUN1,
Affiliations
  • 1Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
  • 2Rushan City Ocean and Fishery Safety Emergency Command and Guarantee Center, Rushan 264500, China
  • 3Rushan Marine Development Bureau, Rushan 264500, China
出版时间: 2026-05-30 doi: 10.11693/hyhz20250400114
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2022年秋季, 黄海北部乳山近岸海域发生浮动弯角藻(Eucampia zodiacus)赤潮, 持续时间超过40 d。该海域是我国太平洋牡蛎的主要养殖区, 牡蛎的重要饵料是浮游植物。已有研究表明该海域浮游植物存在较大的季节变动, 但与牡蛎摄食浮游植物相关的研究较少, 特别是赤潮暴发对其摄食选择性影响的研究。通过分析水样及牡蛎胃含物的浮游植物, 发现了两个完整的赤潮生消过程, 其中第二次持续时间最长(约18 d)、丰度最高(2.23×106 cells/L)。赤潮高峰期牡蛎胃含物藻类丰度(2.11×104 cells/ind.)显著高于赤潮消退期(1.44×103 cells/ind.)。赤潮高峰期牡蛎倾向随机摄食优势种浮动弯角藻(Eucampia zodiacus), 偏好菱形藻(Nitzschia)和圆筛藻(Coscinodiscus)等5种藻类, 赤潮消退期牡蛎对大多数浮游植物的摄食选择性指数降低, 仅喜好摄食斜纹藻(Pleurosigma sp.), 而对舟形藻(Navicula)、具帕拉藻(Paralia sulcata)由喜好转为避食。研究表明浮动弯角藻并非牡蛎喜好摄食的饵料, 因此牡蛎可能对其暴发的控制能力有限; 赤潮暴发前后牡蛎的摄食选择性发生较大改变, 推测浮动弯角藻赤潮可能影响了牡蛎后续的摄食行为。

牡蛎  /  浮游植物  /  赤潮  /  浮动弯角藻  /  摄食选择性

In the autumn of 2022, a red tide species Eucampia zodiacus bloomed in the nearshore water of Rushan, northern Yellow Sea, lasting for more than 40 days. This nearshore area is the main aquaculture domains for oyster Crassostrea gigas in China, and the important bait for oysters is phytoplankton. It has been shown that there are large seasonal variations of phytoplankton in this area, but there are fewer studies related to phytoplankton feeding by oysters, especially the effect of red tide outbreaks on their feeding selectivity. By analyzing the phytoplankton in water samples and oyster stomach contents, two complete blooming and recession periods of red tide were identified, with the second one having the longest duration (about 18 days) and the highest abundance (2.23×106 cells/L). At the peak of the red tide, the algae abundance in the stomach contents of oysters (2.11×104 cells/ind.) was significantly higher than that during the recession period of the red tide (1.44×103 cells/ind.). During the blooming period of E. zodiacus, oysters tended to randomly feed on this dominant species, and preferred to feed on 5 diatom genera such as Nitzschia and Coscinodiscus, etc., during the recession period of the red tide, the oyster's feeding selectivity index decreased for most of phytoplankton species, preferring only Pleurosigma sp. and shifting to avoid its previously preferred genera Navicula and Paralia sulcata. The study indicated that the oyster may have limited control over the outbreaks of the E. zodiacus because it is not a preferred bait for oysters, and the oysters’ feeding selectivity changed significantly before and after the outbreaks of E. zodiacus, which suggests that its outbreaks may have affected the subsequent feeding behavior of oysters.

oyster  /  phytoplankton  /  red tide  /  Eucampia zodiacus  /  feeding selectivity
朱笑林, 尹博, 孙经芝, 尚国栋, 陈爱华, 孙晓红. 2022年秋季黄海北部乳山近岸海域浮动弯角藻(Eucampia zodiacus)赤潮生消及其对牡蛎摄食选择性的影响. 海洋与湖沼, 2026 , 57 (3) : 746 -754 . DOI: 10.11693/hyhz20250400114
Xiao-Lin ZHU, Bo YIN, Jing-Zhi SUN, Guo-Dong SHANG, Ai-Hua CHEN, Xiao-Hong SUN. THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS OF RED TIDE CAUSED BY DIATOM EUCAMPIA ZODIACUS AND ITS EFFECT ON OYSTER FEEDING SELECTIVITY IN THE NEARSHORE WATER OF RUSHAN, THE NORTHERN YELLOW SEA, IN FALL 2022[J]. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, 2026 , 57 (3) : 746 -754 . DOI: 10.11693/hyhz20250400114
浮游植物作为牡蛎的主要天然饵料, 其丰度、优势种及群落结构变动会对牡蛎的摄食行为产生直接影响,进而影响牡蛎的产量和品质。随着贝类摄食生理学的深入研究, 学者们认识到牡蛎对水体中的浮游植物并不是没有偏好, 而是表现出一定的选择性(刘旭平等, 2023), 靠滤水来选择质量、形态合适的饵料。事实上, 贝类的摄食选择性受到许多因素的影响, 其中包括水体中饵料的种类、浓度、粒径等(Pales Espinosa et al, 2016)。在以往的研究中, 有关双壳贝类的摄食选择性的研究多采用实验室培养的藻类组合, 证明了贝类能够基于食物的大小、形态、颗粒特性、浓度、活动性、毒性、营养价值和膜组成等因素, 对不同的藻种进行优先选择(Ward et al, 2004; Ren et al, 2006; Rosa et al, 2017)。然而, 这些实验通常局限于高密度的单一或混合藻种, 无法完全模拟不同野外生境下藻类的多样性及其群落结构变动, 因此难以全面反映贝类在自然环境中对不同门类及种属藻类的摄食选择规律(Shumway et al, 1985; Bougrier et al, 1997; Hégaret et al, 2007)。尽管已有研究探索了贝类对天然藻类群体中的粒径选择, 但结果差异显著, 且呈现出较大的地理特异性(Cognie et al, 2001; Naddafi et al, 2007; Safi et al, 2010)。因此, 了解牡蛎在不同海域、不同摄食环境下的摄食选择性对于其健康养殖十分重要。从另外一个角度, 在高密度的养殖环境中, 牡蛎对浮游植物类群的选择性摄食行为会改变水体中浮游植物的种群结构, 导致某些难以被滤食的藻类可能会成为水体中的优势物种甚至可能暴发赤潮, 进而对海洋生态系统的健康构成潜在威胁(Prins et al, 1995), 并可能反过来影响牡蛎的养殖。
我国北方牡蛎的主要养殖区有大连湾、烟台四十里湾和山东乳山等海域, 其中乳山海域养殖面积最大, 当前牡蛎养殖海域面积超过40 000 hm2, 被称为远近闻名的“牡蛎之乡”。太平洋牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)自20世纪80年代初被引进中国后, 逐渐成为我国海水养殖业的重要组成部分, 目前, 乳山牡蛎养殖区主要养殖品种为育种改良的三倍体太平洋牡蛎。乳山市位于山东半岛东南部, 毗邻黄海, 该区域主要受黄海沿岸流的影响, 是重要的经济贝类和鱼类养殖区。但近年来, 随着牡蛎养殖业的快速发展, 该海域生态环境发生了变化, 出现了牡蛎育肥困难的现象, 同时该海域也被报道在秋季浮游生物调查中, 浮动弯角藻丰度达到较高水平, 成为该季节的绝对优势(卢钰博, 2021; 常启歌, 2023)。
目前, 关于赤潮暴发对牡蛎摄食选择性影响的研究尚较为匮乏。本研究于2022年跟踪了一次乳山海域秋季的浮动弯角藻赤潮生消过程, 并深入探究了牡蛎的食物组成, 评估了牡蛎对该赤潮的下行调控作用及该赤潮暴发对牡蛎摄食选择性的影响。该结果可以为评估乳山近岸海域生态环境变动及赤潮暴发对牡蛎养殖的影响提供支持, 并从牡蛎对浮游植物的摄食选择特点入手为乳山近岸海域牡蛎养殖容量评估提供参考, 以期为水产养殖业的规划和管理提供科学指导。
2022年9月2日~10月19日, 在乳山近岸海域浮动弯角藻暴发期间, 在牡蛎养殖区布设了5个调查站位S1~S5 (121.51°~121.67°E, 36.71°~36.76°N) (图1)。其中S1、S3、S5是牡蛎养殖区, S2和S4是非养殖区。
水样采集: 共采集了9次, 取样时间分别为9月2日、9月8日、9月17日、9月21日、9月25日、9月29日、10月9日、10月14日及10月19日; 每次取样5个站点各取1瓶1 L的表层(0.5 m)水样。
牡蛎采集: 共采集两次, 取样时间是9月29日(赤潮暴发期)和10月9日(赤潮消退期); 每次在S1、S3、S5三个站点各采集6~7只太平洋牡蛎。
每个站点使用采水器采集1 L表层水置于聚乙烯瓶中,并加5%甲醛固定, 随后避光保存, 带回实验室进行显微镜镜检分析。利用Utermöhl方法(孙军等, 2002), 对浮游植物进行种类鉴别与数量统计。
将采集的牡蛎立即置于加冰块的低温保温箱中, 以保持其低生理活性, 返回实验室后立即测量牡蛎的壳长、称量其带壳质量及贝肉的湿重, 并进一步对牡蛎内脏进行解剖, 使用注射器(内含经过孔径0.45 μm滤膜过滤的海水)反复冲洗其胃部, 直至冲洗液变得澄清, 并将胃含物冲洗液添加相应比例的甲醛进行固定处理(终浓度5%)。采用上述浮游植物的计数方法, 取0.5 mL胃含物样品置于浮游植物计数框中, 进行胃含物的分类鉴定与计数, 每次取3个平行样进行分析并平均。鉴于胃含物中组织细胞等杂质增加了浮游植物鉴定的难度, 多数种类鉴定到属。
本项目中的温度、盐度及营养盐等环境监测数据均来自乳山市海洋与渔业安全应急指挥保障中心, 温度和盐度采用船载温盐深仪(CTD)进行现场测定。
营养盐的测定: 取250 mL表层水样经0.45 μm醋酸纤维膜过滤后, 置于聚乙烯瓶中, 存放在-20 °C冰箱中冷冻保存。磷酸盐采用磷钼蓝分光光度法测定; 亚硝酸盐采用盐酸萘乙二胺分光光度法测定; 硝酸盐采用锌镉还原法测定; 氨氮采用靛酚蓝分光光度法测定; 硅酸盐采用钼蓝分光光度法测定(GB 17378.4—2007)。
运用ArcGIS10.8绘制调查站位图, 运用Origin绘制折线图和柱状图。
对于浮游植物水样群落结构分析, 基于分类计数结果计算浮游植物优势度Y。浮游植物优势种根据优势度Y来确定, 一般将优势度Y≥0.02的物种定义为优势种, Y>0.1的物种定义为绝对优势种, 优势度计算公式如下:
Y=niN×fi
式中, N代表调查站位中所有物种的总个体数; ni代表第i种浮游植物的个体数, fi代表第i种浮游植物在各调查站位中出现的频率。
对于牡蛎胃含物样品, 基于浮游植物饵料的分类计数结果, 使用Ivlev的选择性指数(E) (Bardach, 1962)计算食物选择性。
E = (ri - pi) / (ri + pi),
式中, ri是牡蛎胃含物中第i种浮游植物的相对丰度(即该类群占胃含物中所有浮游植物的比例), pi是水体中第i种浮游植物的相对丰度(即水体中该类群占水体中所有浮游植物的比例)。E将内脏中的浮游植物成分和水中的浮游植物成分连接起来。E值的范围为-1~1, 正值表示摄食该浮游植物, 值越大, 表示摄食喜好越明显; 负值表示避食该浮游植物, 值越小, 表示倾向于拒绝摄食; 接近0为对该浮游植物随机摄食。
乳山近岸海域10月份现场环境监测数据显示: 水温范围为16.8~27.5 ℃ (9~10月), 盐度22.61~28.76; 营养盐中, 磷酸盐为0.013 7~0.054 1 mg/L, 亚硝酸盐为0.008 84~0.036 8 mg/L, 硝酸盐为0.086 0~0.516 mg/L, 硅酸盐为0.184~1.60 mg/L。该结果为海域生态评估及相关研究提供基础数据。赤潮生消过程中(9~10月)总浮游植物细胞丰度的变化范围为3.76×103~2.25×106 cells/L, 如图2所示。该调查期间共出现3次峰值, 第2个周期的峰值最高, 出现在9月25日。本次赤潮是由浮动弯角藻(Eucampia zodiacus)引起的, 调查期间总浮游植物细胞密度的变化与浮动弯角藻密度的增减趋势一致。调查期间共出现两个完整的浮动弯角藻赤潮生消过程, 第一次持续时间约为13 d (9月8~21日), 第二次持续约18 d (9月21日~10月9日), 此次浮动弯角藻密度最高达2.25×106 cells/L, 第3次赤潮过程监测10 d, 丰度持续上升, 最后一次监测(10月19日)丰度达8.23×105 cells/L。由于天气原因, 后期未持续取样。
基于第二个完整的浮动弯角藻赤潮过程, 我们分别选取赤潮高峰期(9月29日)和赤潮消退期(10月9日)来对比水体和牡蛎胃含物中浮游植物的物种组成。这两次水样中共鉴定出浮游植物2门20属, 其中硅藻门18属, 甲藻门2属; 在牡蛎胃含物中共鉴定出浮游植物3门23属, 其中硅藻门19属, 甲藻门3属, 硅鞭藻门1属。
比较赤潮高峰期和赤潮消退期水体中浮游植物门类的丰度, 硅藻的丰度均最高, 分别占总浮游植物丰度的99.99%和96.77%, 甲藻仅占0.01%和3.23% (图3)。
牡蛎胃含物中, 硅藻丰度也为最高, 在赤潮高峰期和消退期分别占总浮游植物的99.93%和98.64%, 赤潮暴发期间, 牡蛎胃含物中还检出少量硅鞭藻。赤潮高峰期太平洋牡蛎胃含物中检测到的浮游植物总丰度平均为(2.11±1.30)×104 cells/ind.; 赤潮消退期牡蛎胃含物中检测到的浮游植物总细胞丰度平均为(1.44±1.40)×103 cells/ind.。对比两次牡蛎胃含物中浮游植物的丰度, 赤潮高峰期牡蛎胃含物中藻类的丰度显著高于消退期, 但甲藻丰度无显著变化。
在浮动弯角藻赤潮高峰期和消退期, 水样及牡蛎胃含物中浮游植物优势属种及其优势度指数Y表1所示。赤潮高峰期时, 浮动弯角藻在水样和胃含物中均占绝对优势, 且为唯一的优势种, 优势度均大于0.9。赤潮消退期时, 水样中检出7个优势属种, 其中绝对优势种4个, 分别为中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum) (Y= 0.215 3)、角毛藻(Chaetoceros) (Y=0.162 0)、浮动弯角藻(Y=0.148 1)和舟形藻(Navicula) (Y=0.146 8); 胃含物中检出3个优势种, 分别为斜纹藻(Pleurosigma sp.) (Y=0.356 2)、海洋斜纹藻(Pleurosigma pelagicum) (Y=0.151 9)和菱形藻(Nitzschia sp.) (Y=0.067 7); 对比赤潮消退期水体和胃含物的优势属种, 发现在消退期水体中占优势的中肋骨条藻和具槽帕拉藻在胃含物中均未检出, 仅菱形藻在水体和胃含物中都占优势。
选取赤潮高峰/消退期水样和胃含物中的优势物属种, 采用Ivlev的选择性指数(E) (Bardach, 1962)比较各藻类在水体和牡蛎胃含物中的占比差异, 分析牡蛎对浮游植物的摄食喜好。牡蛎对主要优势属种的平均选择性指数如表2所示(以属为分类单元)。
在浮动弯角藻赤潮高峰期, 牡蛎对菱形藻和圆筛藻的选择性指数较高, 均大于0.7, 表现为喜好摄食; 其次是舟形藻属和帕拉藻属, 分别为0.539 8和0.421 9; 对弯角藻属和角毛藻属的选择性指数接近0, 表现为对这两种藻类是随机摄食。
在赤潮消退期, 牡蛎对骨条藻属、帕拉藻属的选择性指数为-1, 对角毛藻属和舟形藻属的摄食选择性指数也很低, 分别为-0.923 6和-0.903 6, 表明赤潮消退期牡蛎对这4种优势属种的浮游植物倾向于拒绝摄食; 牡蛎对菱形藻属和圆筛藻属的选择性指数接近0, 倾向于随机摄食。
对比赤潮高峰期和消退期牡蛎对各浮游植物的摄食选择性指数, 斜纹藻是两个期牡蛎倾向摄食的种类, 且该种是唯一在赤潮消退期摄食选择性指数升高的种类(0.381 3~0.899 5), 其余各饵料藻类的摄食选择性指数均有不同程度的降低, 表明牡蛎对多数藻类的摄食水平下降。其中对舟形藻、帕拉藻的选择性指数由正值变为负值, 即由较喜好摄食转变为避食; 对于菱形藻和圆筛藻, 摄食选择性指数由接近1变为接近0, 即由喜好摄食转变为随机摄食; 对浮动弯角藻和角毛藻的选择性指数降低至低于-0.7, 即由随机摄食转变为避食。
本文首次报道了乳山近岸海域的浮动弯角藻赤潮, 整个生消过程持续时间超过40 d。此次浮动弯角藻赤潮在采样期间共出现了两个完整的生消过程, 其中赤潮第一次暴发的小高峰峰值为5.89×105 cells/L, 第二次赤潮的峰值最高, 为2.23×106 cells/L, 降回低值之后浮动弯角藻丰度又第三次快速增长, 至监测的最后一天, 密度达8.23×105 cells/L。根据日本学者提出的赤潮标准, 这3个高峰值均已超过赤潮基准浓度(3×105 cells/L) (安達六郎, 1973)。
浮动弯角藻为沿岸广温性种, 除中国海域外, 该种在日本、韩国和加拿大芬迪湾等地也有分布, 在特定时期为优势物种(Martin et al, 2007; Yoshida et al, 2011; Baek et al, 2015), 且在日本的濑户内海播磨滩(Harima-Nada, the Seto Inland Sea, Japan)、有明海(Ariake Sea, Japan)和中国山东半岛的胶州湾曾报道过赤潮(霍文毅等, 2001; 张永山等, 2002; Nishikawa et al, 2007, 2011, 2013; Ito et al, 2013)。表3列出了世界范围内浮动弯角藻为优势种的主要地区、报道的最大丰度及时间。分析发现, 日本、韩国报道的浮动弯角藻主要在气温较低的冬季和春季形成优势, 而在中国的山东半岛, 浮动弯角藻在夏、秋季丰度普遍较高, 其中在胶州湾夏季(6月)的养殖水域发生过浮动弯角藻赤潮(霍文毅等, 2001; 张永山等, 2002)。在乳山牡蛎养殖区, 秋季(10月)发现浮动弯角藻是绝对唯一优势种(霍文毅等, 2001)。因此, 作为广温性的种类, 浮动弯角藻在各季节都有可能暴发。
有研究指出浮动弯角藻的最适盐度范围为26~28 (国家海洋局第三海洋研究所, 1993), 乳山近岸海域10月的盐度为22.61~28.76, 适合浮动弯角藻的大量繁殖。因此, 适宜的盐度可能为浮动弯角藻在该海域的暴发提供了条件。另外, 乳山近岸海域2022年秋季的营养盐(磷酸盐、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐)高于春夏两季(常启歌, 2023), 因此, 该海域较高水平的营养盐也可能为秋季浮动弯角藻的暴发提供了良好的条件。在日本濑户内海, 浮动弯角藻赤潮多发于气温较低的冬季和早春(Nishikawa et al, 2007, 2011, 2013), 且根据Nishikawa等(2009)的研究指出, 在低温条件下, 浮动弯角藻与其他藻类相比对氮的吸收效率较高, 能够在低水温下有效利用氮源。基于此, 乳山秋季温度的下降可能提高了浮动弯角藻对氮源的吸收, 从而利于其暴发。因此, 乳山海域适宜的温度、盐度和营养盐为该区域秋季浮动弯角藻赤潮的暴发提供了条件。
除了有利的温盐及营养盐条件, 乳山海域的大规模牡蛎养殖也是不可忽视的影响因素。目前, 乳山市牡蛎年总产量约50万t, 养殖规模在全国县级单位中名列第一位, 产量约占威海市的58.35%, 山东省的35.34%, 全国的6.62% (李宽, 2020)。Ito等(2013)研究指出, 浊度降低、水域光线增强会引起浮动弯角藻的大量繁殖, 而大量的牡蛎在水体中上层吊养, 滤取水中的颗粒物质会增加水体的透明度, 从而为浮动弯角藻暴发提供了有利的光照条件。此外, 潮汐的周期性也会影响海域浊度, 而高密度的牡蛎养殖减缓了潮汐动力, 也进一步降低了海水浊度。还有研究表明, 浮动弯角藻的大量繁殖和二氧化碳分压之间存在密切的关系(Trimborn et al, 2009), 由于浮动弯角藻具有高效的碳浓缩机制和调节能力, 相对于其他藻类, 在高二氧化碳条件下具有更高的生存能力和适应性以及强烈调节的碳浓缩机制。而乳山海域高密度的牡蛎养殖会导致呼吸率的升高, 从而影响水体的二氧化碳分压, 为浮动弯角藻赤潮的暴发提供了适合的环境。已有的在牡蛎养殖海域的调查结果也证明了在养殖旺季, 海水的二氧化碳分压显著大于养殖淡季(彭鹏飞等, 2022)。因此, 乳山海域高密度的牡蛎养殖可以从降低海水浊度及影响二氧化碳分压等角度间接导致浮动弯角藻赤潮的暴发。
此外, 养殖牡蛎对浮游植物群落存在自上而下的控制, 因此, 我们推测牡蛎摄食的下行调控对本次浮动弯角藻赤潮的异常生消过程也存在一定影响。Huang等(2008)比较了台湾西南部的太平湾海域去除牡蛎养殖筏架前后的浮游植物群落结构, 结果显示在养殖区内移除牡蛎后浮游植物叶绿素浓度显著增加, 证明了牡蛎摄食对浮游植物的下行调控作用。同时, 我们的研究发现浮动弯角藻赤潮丰度持续波动, 在一次小赤潮后, 出现了峰值更高的赤潮, 说明牡蛎对浮动弯角藻丰度的控制能力是有限的, 推测浮动弯角藻并不是牡蛎喜好摄食的饵料, 且赤潮可能反过来影响了牡蛎的摄食下行控制能力, 因此, 我们进一步讨论了浮动弯角藻赤潮生消过程中牡蛎的摄食选择性变动。
硅藻被认为是贝类的主要饵料(张莉红等, 2008)。本研究表明, 硅藻、甲藻和硅鞭藻是秋季牡蛎的主要食物来源, 其中硅藻在牡蛎胃含物中占据绝对优势(图3)。本研究的牡蛎摄食选择性结果表明(表2), 在赤潮高峰期, 太平洋牡蛎对菱形藻和圆筛藻的选择性指数较高, 表现为喜好摄食, 其次是舟形藻属和帕拉藻属, 而这些藻类在赤潮高峰期的水体中并不是优势种(表1), 这也印证了牡蛎对这些饵料藻的下行控制。已有的渤黄海海域的牡蛎摄食研究也指出了牡蛎对圆筛藻、帕拉藻等几种硅藻类有较高的摄食率(潘绘竹, 2020; 丁任业等, 2023), 且喜好摄食的种类不受其在水体中优势度的影响。另外, 我们在乳山海域春夏季的牡蛎摄食研究结果也证明了牡蛎对圆筛藻、帕拉藻属、舟形藻等的摄食喜好及对骨条藻的避食倾向(朱笑林, 2024), 与表2中赤潮高峰期(前期)的摄食选择性一致, 但牡蛎对菱形藻的摄食喜好在各季节有较大变化, 还有待于进一步对该种与牡蛎摄食的关系进行研究(朱笑林, 2024)。
本研究结果显示, 在秋季浮动弯角藻赤潮高峰期(前期), 牡蛎对这一硅藻的摄食选择性指数为-0.028 6, 表现为随机摄食, 表明虽然该藻类暴发且在牡蛎胃含物中数量大(表1), 但该种可能并不是牡蛎喜好摄食的种类, 且赤潮消退期(后期)牡蛎对该种的摄食选择性也转为避食(E=-0.755 8)。进一步, 我们对水体浮游植物丰度的调查结果也显示乳山海域连续出现了3个浮动弯角藻赤潮峰值(图2), 且持续时间超过40 d, 这与该海域大规模、高密度的牡蛎养殖并不相符, 表明牡蛎可能对该藻类的下行调控能力有限。本次研究中, 牡蛎选择性摄食的藻类粒径介于4.7~148.2 μm之间, 其中圆筛藻的粒径相对较大且壳面平滑; 针杆藻的短边粒径最小呈长棍状; 斜纹藻粒径介于40~100 μm之间, 壳面呈现长棍形; 具槽帕拉藻单个细胞呈短圆柱形, 粒径介于6~10 μm之间, 相邻细胞之间以壳面连成直链状群体, 在本次牡蛎胃含物中检出的直链长度介于25~55 μm之间。与这些牡蛎喜好摄食的藻类形状相比, 浮动弯角藻单个细胞约30~50 μm, 其壳面中部凹下, 顶轴两端各生一短角, 相邻细胞以短脚相连呈螺旋状群体。基于此, 我们推测螺旋状结构的浮动弯角藻可能增加了牡蛎滤食的难度, 因此并不是牡蛎喜好摄食的饵料种类。该推测也将在后续的室内验证实验中重点进行对比分析。
另外, 我们的结果还发现, 与赤潮高峰期相比, 赤潮消退期(后期)牡蛎对水体中大多数优势属种的摄食选择性指数普遍下降(表2)。其中, 在赤潮消退后, 对前期喜好摄食的帕拉藻属的选择性指数为-1, 对舟形藻属的摄食选择性指数也很低(-0.903 6), 表明赤潮消退期牡蛎对这2种曾经喜好摄食的浮游植物转变为拒绝摄食; 另外, 牡蛎对圆筛藻属的摄食选择性指数由0.734 4变为0.216 7, 由喜好摄食转变为倾向随机摄食; 而对此前随机摄食的赤潮藻浮动弯角藻的摄食选择性指数也降低, 表现为避食, 对优势种中肋骨条藻则为不摄食, 即胃含物未检出(表1)。因此, 我们推测本次浮动弯角藻赤潮暴发后期, 牡蛎的摄食选择性受到了较大的负面影响。摄食选择性的改变可能进一步影响到牡蛎后期的生长发育, 限于我们专业水平, 并未进行同步的牡蛎摄食生理学层面的测定, 但其对于解释牡蛎摄食选择性有重要的指示作用。也有相似的摄食生态研究结果表明, 赤潮会对牡蛎的摄食喜好产生一定影响, 如2011年冬季在美国马里兰州切萨皮克湾暴发的异冒藻(Heterocapsa)赤潮期间, 牡蛎本该偏好摄食的甲藻并没有与别的时期一样出现在胃含物中(Weissberger et al, 2021)。此外在切萨皮克湾的另外一项研究表明有害藻华有可能减少牡蛎早期生活史阶段幼体的生存率, 从而减少牡蛎的补充, 导致自然种群及引入的新牡蛎物种自我恢复补充更加困难(Glibert et al, 2007)。而目前还未见浮动弯角藻赤潮对牡蛎生态毒理影响的相关研究, 虽然该种目前并未见有报道其为有毒藻类, 但该种赤潮对牡蛎的影响的研究有待于开展。基于以上推断, 后期我们也会持续对浮动弯角藻赤潮对牡蛎摄食、生长及死亡率的影响进行跟踪监测, 为生态毒理学研究提供更多证据。
本研究监测了2022年9月和10月乳山近岸海域浮动弯角藻赤潮藻暴发, 对比分析了赤潮高峰期与消退期海水浮游植物组成及赤潮对太平洋牡蛎的摄食选择性的影响。结果表明, 赤潮期间浮游植物丰度峰值高达2.25×106 cells/L, 出现两次完整的生消过程, 均达到赤潮标准。在牡蛎胃含物中硅藻、甲藻和硅鞭藻构成主要食物来源, 硅藻在食物组成中占据绝对主导地位。尽管赤潮高峰期牡蛎胃含物中浮动弯角藻丰度较高, 但摄食选择性指数表明其并非牡蛎的偏好饵料, 可能存在牡蛎对该赤潮的下行调控能力受限。此外, 赤潮消退后牡蛎对多数饵料藻的摄食选择性(斜纹藻除外)均降低, 推测浮动弯角藻赤潮可能影响了牡蛎后续的摄食倾向。值得注意的是, 本研究受人工识别能力制约, 存在部分浮游植物难以精准鉴定到种的问题, 未来研究需结合消化生理过程与假粪排放规律, 深入探究牡蛎的摄食选择机制, 并通过设计室内模拟实验量化环境因子对牡蛎摄食偏好的影响, 为乳山牡蛎养殖产业的生态风险管理提供理论依据。

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2026年第57卷第3期
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doi: 10.11693/hyhz20250400114
  • 接收时间:2025-04-27
  • 首发时间:2026-08-06
  • 出版时间:2026-05-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-27
  • 修回日期:2025-07-20
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    1山东大学海洋学院 山东威海 264209
    2乳山市海洋与渔业安全应急指挥保障中心 山东乳山 264500
    3乳山市海洋发展局 山东乳山 264500

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孙晓红, 博士生导师, 副教授, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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