Article(id=1292187228474728740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, issueId=1292187163098112845, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11693/hyhz20250300091, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1743350400000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-31, revisedDate=1752422400000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1786011042945, onlineDateStr=2026-08-06, pubDate=1780070400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1786011042945, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1786011042945, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1786011042945, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1292187163098112845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, year='2026', volume='57', issue='3', pageStart='579', pageEnd='830', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1780070400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1786011027358, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1786013993148, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1292199602611056777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, issueId=1292187163098112845, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1292199602611056778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, issueId=1292187163098112845, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=683, endPage=696, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1292187229414252837, articleId=1292187228474728740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, language=EN, title=SPATIOTEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION OF PHYTOPLANKTON COMMUNITY COMPOSITION IN SANGGOU BAY AND THE DRIVING FACTORS FOR ITS LONG-TERM EVOLUTION, columnId=1292187198095384612, journalTitle=Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, columnName=ARTICLES, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Tracking and understanding the historical variations in phytoplankton community composition in Sanggou Bay hold significant implications for eutrophication management, environmental quality regulation in aquaculture waters, and provides basic materials and scientific basis for carrying capacity. Based on previous investigations of phytoplankton in Sanggou Bay, we summerized four decades of historical data to analyze the long-term variation trends in community structure and identify the key drivers on the current state. Results show that chlorophyll a (chl a) in surface water increased from inner to outer bay in spring but decreased in autumn and winter, showing notable compositional shifts. Nano-phytoplankton dominated chl a in spring (53%) and summer (71%), while micro-phytoplankton prevailed in autumn (52%) and winter (71%). A total of 57 phytoplankton species (including varieties and forms) from 33 genera were identified, mainly diatoms (40 species) and dinoflagellates (14 species), and diatoms remained the dominant group. Cell abundance of phytoplankton was the highest in summer (276×103 cells/L) and lowest in winter (6.4×103 cells/L). Species diversity indices had no significant seasonal variation. Over the past four decades, chl a dynamics in Sanggou Bay exhibited two distinct phases: a peak in the 1990s followed by a decline after the 2000s due to the shifts in aquaculture practices, stabilizing post-2000 until 2024. Prolonged large-scale raft aquaculture resulted in the decreases in the number of phytoplankton and diatom species and a notable transition toward smaller-sized diatom dominance. The type and density of culture species and culture modes may be the key factors on the community structure and seasonal variation of phytoplankton.

, authors=Rui-Huan LI1, Zeng-Jie JIANG1, 2, , Fan LIN1, Yi-Tao ZHANG3, Wei-Wei LI1, Shu-Jie CHANG1, Ming-Jun YUAN1, Lin-Jie WANG1, Ya-Zhou SHI1, Pei-Long LI1, Zi-Bing HAO1, authorsList=Rui-Huan LI, Zeng-Jie JIANG, Fan LIN, Yi-Tao ZHANG, Wei-Wei LI, Shu-Jie CHANG, Ming-Jun YUAN, Lin-Jie WANG, Ya-Zhou SHI, Pei-Long LI, Zi-Bing HAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zeng-Jie JIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1292187234183176505, articleId=1292187228474728740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, language=CN, title=桑沟湾浮游植物群落组成时空分布及长期演变驱动因素分析, columnId=1292187198254768166, journalTitle=海洋与湖沼, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

追踪和了解桑沟湾浮游植物群落组成和历史变化, 不仅对养殖水域富营养化和环境质量监管具有重要意义, 也为养殖容量评估提供基础资料和科学依据。该研究延续桑沟湾浮游植物的现状调查, 整理40年历史资料, 分析浮游植物群落组成演变趋势, 探讨影响浮游植物群落组成现状的主要影响因素。结果显示, 桑沟湾表层叶绿素a (chl a)春季由湾内至湾外整体呈逐渐升高、秋季及冬季则逐渐降低的趋势, 但其组成存在较大差异; 春季、夏季chl a微型浮游植物(53%、71%)是主要贡献者, 秋季、冬季则以小型浮游植物(52%、71%)为主。调查期间共鉴定出浮游植物33属57种(含变种和变型), 主要由硅藻类(40种)和甲藻类(14种)组成。现今硅藻仍是绝对优势类群。浮游植物细胞丰度夏季最高(276×103 cells/L), 冬季最低(6.4×103 cells/L)。但物种多样性指数季节变化不显著。近40年桑沟湾chl a变化大致分为2段, 1990年代增加到最高峰, 2000年代后海湾养殖模式逐渐发生改变, chl a浓度随之下降, 之后至2024年处于相对稳定状态。经过40年的大面积筏式养殖活动, 浮游植物及硅藻种类数呈降低趋势, 且硅藻主要优势种已逐渐发生演变, 浮游植物群落组成有向小型化演变的迹象。湾内养殖种类、密度及养殖模式的变化、营养盐结构改变可能是影响浮游植物群落组成及其季节变化的重要因素。

, authors=李瑞环1, 蒋增杰1, 2, , 蔺凡1, 张义涛3, 李伟伟1, 常淑杰1, 袁明军1, 王林杰1, 石亚洲1, 李沛隆1, 郝紫冰1, authorsList=李瑞环, 蒋增杰, 蔺凡, 张义涛, 李伟伟, 常淑杰, 袁明军, 王林杰, 石亚洲, 李沛隆, 郝紫冰, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=蒋增杰, authorNote=

李瑞环, 助理研究员, E-mail:

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蒋增杰, 研究员, E-mail:
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注: 箱体上下边缘为浓度范围的75%、25%分位线, 箱体中间线为平均值线。上、下短线为平均值±SD的范围。a、b表示组间存在显著性差异

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注: micro: 小型浮游植物; nano: 微型浮游植物; pico: 微微型浮游植物; chl a: 叶绿素a; SPM: 悬浮颗粒物; POM: 颗粒有机物; DO: 溶解氧; Sal.: 盐度; T: 温度; DSi: 溶解态硅; DIP: 溶解无机磷; NO3: 硝酸盐; NO2: 亚硝酸盐; NH4+: 铵盐; DIN: 溶解无机氮

, figureFileSmall=DtJdTVCcHdAaj5/zdsc2cg==, figureFileBig=u7NjUfni9Tj7WlhzuqNtMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1292187243968487827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187228474728740, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Historical variations in chl a concentration in Sanggou Bay, figureFileSmall=xlW/t8TLZvohG8S7uK0mLQ==, figureFileBig=90CgX6NrbdJQLWYyc0u4Gg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1292187244043985300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187228474728740, language=CN, label=图7, caption=桑沟湾叶绿素a历史变化

注: 误差线为±SD. (Mao etal, 2006; 国家海洋局第一海洋研究所, 1988; 吕瑞华等, 1999; 张朝晖, 2007; 郝林华等, 2012; 龚信宝, 2014; 李凤雪等, 2020)

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注: 文献引用(国家海洋局第一海洋研究所, 1988; 宋洪军等, 2007; 郝林华等, 2012; 王晓敏, 2017; 本研究)

, figureFileSmall=x390HGUWfcuvueNq7ese7w==, figureFileBig=cZuh1365jIzRCkBc49HvSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1292187244408889753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187228474728740, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

The contribution of different sized particle to chl a in spring, summer, autumn, and winter

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
季节粒径贡献率/%
小型微型微微型
春季23±2153±2023±21
夏季21±1471±147.8±8.4
秋季52±1626±1422±13
冬季71±1927±182.1±1.8
), ArticleFig(id=1292187244480192922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187228474728740, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同季节叶绿素a的粒径贡献率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
季节粒径贡献率/%
小型微型微微型
春季23±2153±2023±21
夏季21±1471±147.8±8.4
秋季52±1626±1422±13
冬季71±1927±182.1±1.8
), ArticleFig(id=1292187244547301787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187228474728740, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Indices of community structure of phytoplankton and cell abundance at surface water in Sanggou Bay

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
调查时间种类数硅藻细胞丰度甲藻细胞丰度均匀度指数多样性指数
秋季 2023年10月310.44~1.730~0.270.79~0.93 (0.89)2.24~2.99 (2.61)
冬季 2024年1月220.27~1.020~0.090.75~0.93 (0.85)1.67~2.54 (2.16)
春季 2024年5月220.71~4.490~0.040.30~0.93 (0.76)0.83~2.80 (2.11)
夏季 2024年8月336.58~42.20.66~3.270.59~0.93 (0.78)1.83~3.31 (2.68)
), ArticleFig(id=1292187244635382172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187228474728740, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

桑沟湾表层水体浮游植物群落结构指数及细胞丰度(单位: ×103 cells/L)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
调查时间种类数硅藻细胞丰度甲藻细胞丰度均匀度指数多样性指数
秋季 2023年10月310.44~1.730~0.270.79~0.93 (0.89)2.24~2.99 (2.61)
冬季 2024年1月220.27~1.020~0.090.75~0.93 (0.85)1.67~2.54 (2.16)
春季 2024年5月220.71~4.490~0.040.30~0.93 (0.76)0.83~2.80 (2.11)
夏季 2024年8月336.58~42.20.66~3.270.59~0.93 (0.78)1.83~3.31 (2.68)
), ArticleFig(id=1292187244706685341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187228474728740, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Long-term changes in the dominant species of phytoplankton in Sanggou Bay

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
调查时间优势种参考文献
19831~12骨条藻Skeletonema sp.、尖刺菱形藻Pseudo-nitzschia pungens、圆筛藻Coscinodiscus sp.、威氏圆筛藻Thalassiosira weissflogii、星脐圆筛藻Coscinodiscus asteromphalus、虹彩圆筛藻Coscinodiscus oculus-iridis、具边圆筛藻Coscinodiscus marginato-lineatus、扁面角毛藻Chaetoceros compressus、奇异菱形藻Nitzschia paradoxa、具槽帕拉藻Paralia sulcata、日本星杆藻Asterionella japonica、短楔形藻Licmophora abbreviata、窄隙角毛藻Chaetoceros affinis、冕孢角毛藻Chaetoceros diadema、三角角藻Ceratium tripos、拟弯角毛藻Chaetoceros、丹麦细柱藻Leptocylindrus danicus、洛氏角毛藻Chaetoceros lorenzianus、透明福轩藻Bacteriastrum hyalinum国家海洋局第一海洋研究所, 1988
2001~20021~12中肋骨条藻Skeletonema costatum、菱形藻Nitzschia paradoxa、圆筛藻Coscinodiscus sp.、角毛藻Chaetoceros spp.、海链藻Thalassiosira sp.、具槽帕拉藻Paralia sulcata、短楔形藻Licmophora abbreviata、地中海指管藻Raphidiopsis mediterranea、丹麦细柱藻Leptocylindrus danicus、太阳漂流藻Planktoniella sol、扭曲小环藻Cyclotella comta刘慧等, 2003
2006~20074、7、11、1具槽帕拉藻Paralia sulcata、中肋骨条藻Skeletonema costatum、奇异菱形藻Nitzschia paradoxa李超伦等, 2010
20153、5、8、11具槽帕拉藻Paralia sulcata、中肋骨条藻Skeletonema costatum、丹麦细柱藻Leptocylindrus danicus、菱形藻Nitzschia paradoxa、丹麦细柱藻Leptocylindrus danicus、针杆藻Synedra sp.、尖刺菱形藻Pseudo-nitzschia pungens、柔弱几内亚藻Guinardiadelicatula、柔弱拟菱形藻Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima、优美旭氏藻Schroederella delicatula、海链藻Thalassiosira sp.、布氏双尾藻Ditylumbrightwelii、双孢角毛藻Chaetoceros didymus、劳氏角毛藻Chaet‎ocero‎s laude‎ri王晓敏, 2017
2017~20184、7、11、1具槽帕拉藻Paralia sulcata、旋链角毛藻Chaetoceros curvisetus、奇异菱形藻Nitzschia paradoxa、扭链角毛藻Chaetocerostortissimus、柔弱几内亚藻Guinardiadelicatula、圆筛藻Coscinodiscus sp.、小环藻Cyclotella sp.、曲舟藻Pleurosigma sp.侯兴等, 2021
2023~202410、1、5、8具槽帕拉藻Paralia sulcata、菱形藻Nitzschia paradoxa、长菱形藻Nitzschia longissima、圆筛藻Coscinodiscus sp.等本研究
), ArticleFig(id=1292187244807348638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187228474728740, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

桑沟湾浮游植物优势种长期变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
调查时间优势种参考文献
19831~12骨条藻Skeletonema sp.、尖刺菱形藻Pseudo-nitzschia pungens、圆筛藻Coscinodiscus sp.、威氏圆筛藻Thalassiosira weissflogii、星脐圆筛藻Coscinodiscus asteromphalus、虹彩圆筛藻Coscinodiscus oculus-iridis、具边圆筛藻Coscinodiscus marginato-lineatus、扁面角毛藻Chaetoceros compressus、奇异菱形藻Nitzschia paradoxa、具槽帕拉藻Paralia sulcata、日本星杆藻Asterionella japonica、短楔形藻Licmophora abbreviata、窄隙角毛藻Chaetoceros affinis、冕孢角毛藻Chaetoceros diadema、三角角藻Ceratium tripos、拟弯角毛藻Chaetoceros、丹麦细柱藻Leptocylindrus danicus、洛氏角毛藻Chaetoceros lorenzianus、透明福轩藻Bacteriastrum hyalinum国家海洋局第一海洋研究所, 1988
2001~20021~12中肋骨条藻Skeletonema costatum、菱形藻Nitzschia paradoxa、圆筛藻Coscinodiscus sp.、角毛藻Chaetoceros spp.、海链藻Thalassiosira sp.、具槽帕拉藻Paralia sulcata、短楔形藻Licmophora abbreviata、地中海指管藻Raphidiopsis mediterranea、丹麦细柱藻Leptocylindrus danicus、太阳漂流藻Planktoniella sol、扭曲小环藻Cyclotella comta刘慧等, 2003
2006~20074、7、11、1具槽帕拉藻Paralia sulcata、中肋骨条藻Skeletonema costatum、奇异菱形藻Nitzschia paradoxa李超伦等, 2010
20153、5、8、11具槽帕拉藻Paralia sulcata、中肋骨条藻Skeletonema costatum、丹麦细柱藻Leptocylindrus danicus、菱形藻Nitzschia paradoxa、丹麦细柱藻Leptocylindrus danicus、针杆藻Synedra sp.、尖刺菱形藻Pseudo-nitzschia pungens、柔弱几内亚藻Guinardiadelicatula、柔弱拟菱形藻Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima、优美旭氏藻Schroederella delicatula、海链藻Thalassiosira sp.、布氏双尾藻Ditylumbrightwelii、双孢角毛藻Chaetoceros didymus、劳氏角毛藻Chaet‎ocero‎s laude‎ri王晓敏, 2017
2017~20184、7、11、1具槽帕拉藻Paralia sulcata、旋链角毛藻Chaetoceros curvisetus、奇异菱形藻Nitzschia paradoxa、扭链角毛藻Chaetocerostortissimus、柔弱几内亚藻Guinardiadelicatula、圆筛藻Coscinodiscus sp.、小环藻Cyclotella sp.、曲舟藻Pleurosigma sp.侯兴等, 2021
2023~202410、1、5、8具槽帕拉藻Paralia sulcata、菱形藻Nitzschia paradoxa、长菱形藻Nitzschia longissima、圆筛藻Coscinodiscus sp.等本研究
), ArticleFig(id=1292187244874457503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187228474728740, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Long-term changes in the number and composition of phytoplankton species in Sanggou Bay

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
调查时间/年浮游植物种类组成(包括变种)优势种种类数多样性指数细胞丰度/(×103cells/L)数据来源
总数属(种)硅藻甲藻其他
属(种)属(种)
1983~198449(181)40(145)7(34)2191.712.28国家海洋局第一海洋研究所, 1988
1989~199045(118)38(103)6(14)12.101.33宋洪军等, 2007
1999~200046(148)37(117)8(23)11.982.97宋洪军等, 2007
2001~200224刘慧等, 2003
2003~200532(72)29(60)3(12)00.63~3.401.83慕建东等, 2009
2006~2007(92)(74)(11)71.91~2.74李超伦等, 2010
2011~2012(80)(64)(13)31.17~1.78Yuan etal, 2014
2015~201651(97)36(72)13(22)3131.44~3.9559.5王晓敏, 2017
2017~201829(51)24(43)3(4)581.01侯兴等, 2021
2023~202432(57)20(40)10(14)3131.83~3.311.72本研究
), ArticleFig(id=1292187244945760672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187228474728740, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

桑沟湾浮游植物物种组成长期变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
调查时间/年浮游植物种类组成(包括变种)优势种种类数多样性指数细胞丰度/(×103cells/L)数据来源
总数属(种)硅藻甲藻其他
属(种)属(种)
1983~198449(181)40(145)7(34)2191.712.28国家海洋局第一海洋研究所, 1988
1989~199045(118)38(103)6(14)12.101.33宋洪军等, 2007
1999~200046(148)37(117)8(23)11.982.97宋洪军等, 2007
2001~200224刘慧等, 2003
2003~200532(72)29(60)3(12)00.63~3.401.83慕建东等, 2009
2006~2007(92)(74)(11)71.91~2.74李超伦等, 2010
2011~2012(80)(64)(13)31.17~1.78Yuan etal, 2014
2015~201651(97)36(72)13(22)3131.44~3.9559.5王晓敏, 2017
2017~201829(51)24(43)3(4)581.01侯兴等, 2021
2023~202432(57)20(40)10(14)3131.83~3.311.72本研究
), ArticleFig(id=1292187245012869537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187228474728740, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

The effect of bivalve filter-feeders on the community structure of phytoplankton

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
海域养殖种类chl a含量群落结构文献
胶州湾菲律宾蛤仔 Ruditapesphilippinarum减少90%对浮游植物较强的下行控制Han etal, 2017
枸杞岛紫贻贝 Mytilus edulis减少80%以上Lin etal, 2016
山东帘蛤 Mercenaria绿藻门、蓝藻门相对丰度降低, 硅藻门、裸藻门相对丰度增加Qiao etal, 2022
大亚湾牡蛎 Oyster降低60%小型浮游植物丰度(>20 μm)降低, 微微型浮游植物丰度增加Jiang etal, 2016
大平湾牡蛎 Oyster牡蛎收获后, chl a水平升高4倍由硅藻门主要优势种转为硅藻门、甲藻门、蓝藻门共同主导Huang etal, 2008
Skive Fjord estuary, Denmark贻贝 Mytilus sp.降低30%Timmermann etal, 2019
), ArticleFig(id=1292187245088367010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187228474728740, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

滤食性贝类对浮游植物群落结构的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
海域养殖种类chl a含量群落结构文献
胶州湾菲律宾蛤仔 Ruditapesphilippinarum减少90%对浮游植物较强的下行控制Han etal, 2017
枸杞岛紫贻贝 Mytilus edulis减少80%以上Lin etal, 2016
山东帘蛤 Mercenaria绿藻门、蓝藻门相对丰度降低, 硅藻门、裸藻门相对丰度增加Qiao etal, 2022
大亚湾牡蛎 Oyster降低60%小型浮游植物丰度(>20 μm)降低, 微微型浮游植物丰度增加Jiang etal, 2016
大平湾牡蛎 Oyster牡蛎收获后, chl a水平升高4倍由硅藻门主要优势种转为硅藻门、甲藻门、蓝藻门共同主导Huang etal, 2008
Skive Fjord estuary, Denmark贻贝 Mytilus sp.降低30%Timmermann etal, 2019
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桑沟湾浮游植物群落组成时空分布及长期演变驱动因素分析
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李瑞环 1 , 蒋增杰 1, 2, , 蔺凡 1 , 张义涛 3 , 李伟伟 1 , 常淑杰 1 , 袁明军 1 , 王林杰 1 , 石亚洲 1 , 李沛隆 1 , 郝紫冰 1
海洋与湖沼 | 研究论文 2026,57(3): 683-696
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海洋与湖沼 |研究论文 2026 , 57 (3) : 683 -696
桑沟湾浮游植物群落组成时空分布及长期演变驱动因素分析
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李瑞环1 , 蒋增杰1, 2, , 蔺凡1, 张义涛3, 李伟伟1, 常淑杰1, 袁明军1, 王林杰1, 石亚洲1, 李沛隆1, 郝紫冰1
作者信息
  • 1海水养殖生物育种与可持续产出全国重点实验室 中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所 山东青岛 266071
  • 2崂山实验室海洋渔业科学与食物产出过程功能实验室 山东青岛 266237
  • 3荣成楮岛水产有限公司 山东荣成 264312
通讯作者:
蒋增杰, 研究员, E-mail:
作者简介:

李瑞环, 助理研究员, E-mail:

SPATIOTEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION OF PHYTOPLANKTON COMMUNITY COMPOSITION IN SANGGOU BAY AND THE DRIVING FACTORS FOR ITS LONG-TERM EVOLUTION
Rui-Huan LI1 , Zeng-Jie JIANG1, 2, , Fan LIN1, Yi-Tao ZHANG3, Wei-Wei LI1, Shu-Jie CHANG1, Ming-Jun YUAN1, Lin-Jie WANG1, Ya-Zhou SHI1, Pei-Long LI1, Zi-Bing HAO1
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
  • 2Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China
  • 3Rongcheng Chudao Aquaculture Co., Ltd., Rongcheng 264312, China
出版时间: 2026-05-30 doi: 10.11693/hyhz20250300091
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追踪和了解桑沟湾浮游植物群落组成和历史变化, 不仅对养殖水域富营养化和环境质量监管具有重要意义, 也为养殖容量评估提供基础资料和科学依据。该研究延续桑沟湾浮游植物的现状调查, 整理40年历史资料, 分析浮游植物群落组成演变趋势, 探讨影响浮游植物群落组成现状的主要影响因素。结果显示, 桑沟湾表层叶绿素a (chl a)春季由湾内至湾外整体呈逐渐升高、秋季及冬季则逐渐降低的趋势, 但其组成存在较大差异; 春季、夏季chl a微型浮游植物(53%、71%)是主要贡献者, 秋季、冬季则以小型浮游植物(52%、71%)为主。调查期间共鉴定出浮游植物33属57种(含变种和变型), 主要由硅藻类(40种)和甲藻类(14种)组成。现今硅藻仍是绝对优势类群。浮游植物细胞丰度夏季最高(276×103 cells/L), 冬季最低(6.4×103 cells/L)。但物种多样性指数季节变化不显著。近40年桑沟湾chl a变化大致分为2段, 1990年代增加到最高峰, 2000年代后海湾养殖模式逐渐发生改变, chl a浓度随之下降, 之后至2024年处于相对稳定状态。经过40年的大面积筏式养殖活动, 浮游植物及硅藻种类数呈降低趋势, 且硅藻主要优势种已逐渐发生演变, 浮游植物群落组成有向小型化演变的迹象。湾内养殖种类、密度及养殖模式的变化、营养盐结构改变可能是影响浮游植物群落组成及其季节变化的重要因素。

叶绿素a  /  浮游植物  /  群落结构  /  长期变化  /  桑沟湾

Tracking and understanding the historical variations in phytoplankton community composition in Sanggou Bay hold significant implications for eutrophication management, environmental quality regulation in aquaculture waters, and provides basic materials and scientific basis for carrying capacity. Based on previous investigations of phytoplankton in Sanggou Bay, we summerized four decades of historical data to analyze the long-term variation trends in community structure and identify the key drivers on the current state. Results show that chlorophyll a (chl a) in surface water increased from inner to outer bay in spring but decreased in autumn and winter, showing notable compositional shifts. Nano-phytoplankton dominated chl a in spring (53%) and summer (71%), while micro-phytoplankton prevailed in autumn (52%) and winter (71%). A total of 57 phytoplankton species (including varieties and forms) from 33 genera were identified, mainly diatoms (40 species) and dinoflagellates (14 species), and diatoms remained the dominant group. Cell abundance of phytoplankton was the highest in summer (276×103 cells/L) and lowest in winter (6.4×103 cells/L). Species diversity indices had no significant seasonal variation. Over the past four decades, chl a dynamics in Sanggou Bay exhibited two distinct phases: a peak in the 1990s followed by a decline after the 2000s due to the shifts in aquaculture practices, stabilizing post-2000 until 2024. Prolonged large-scale raft aquaculture resulted in the decreases in the number of phytoplankton and diatom species and a notable transition toward smaller-sized diatom dominance. The type and density of culture species and culture modes may be the key factors on the community structure and seasonal variation of phytoplankton.

chlorophyll a  /  phytoplankton  /  community composition  /  long-term variation  /  Sanggou Bay
李瑞环, 蒋增杰, 蔺凡, 张义涛, 李伟伟, 常淑杰, 袁明军, 王林杰, 石亚洲, 李沛隆, 郝紫冰. 桑沟湾浮游植物群落组成时空分布及长期演变驱动因素分析. 海洋与湖沼, 2026 , 57 (3) : 683 -696 . DOI: 10.11693/hyhz20250300091
Rui-Huan LI, Zeng-Jie JIANG, Fan LIN, Yi-Tao ZHANG, Wei-Wei LI, Shu-Jie CHANG, Ming-Jun YUAN, Lin-Jie WANG, Ya-Zhou SHI, Pei-Long LI, Zi-Bing HAO. SPATIOTEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION OF PHYTOPLANKTON COMMUNITY COMPOSITION IN SANGGOU BAY AND THE DRIVING FACTORS FOR ITS LONG-TERM EVOLUTION[J]. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, 2026 , 57 (3) : 683 -696 . DOI: 10.11693/hyhz20250300091
滤食性贝类作为我国贝类的主要养殖对象, 通过大量滤食水体中浮游植物和碎屑促进生长。由于无需投放饵料, 浮游植物是滤食性贝类的主要物质来源(Kang etal, 2006), 如胶州湾每年约有30%的浮游植物被贝类所消耗(Han etal, 2017), 浮游植物对胶州湾潮间带双壳贝类碳库的贡献高达86%~89% (Xu et al, 2007)。但贝类的滤食又具有选择性, 其中硅藻为滤食性贝类最重要的饵料来源(Pernet etal, 2012; Jiang etal, 2019)。贝类养殖影响水体浮游植物群落组成(Tan etal, 2024), 对浮游植物产生下行控制效应(Jacobs etal, 2015; Jiang etal, 2019), 影响生态系统稳定性。养殖水体生态系统稳定性的降低以及养殖环境恶化会对养殖业的可持续发展产生严重影响。浮游植物光合作用将二氧化碳(CO2)转化为颗粒有机物, 促使大气CO2向海洋转移, 参与调节大气CO2浓度, 对全球气候的变化起着重要作用。因此, 了解养殖系统浮游植物生态特征及长期演变, 查明海洋生态系统与养殖活动之间的相互作用, 对于认识养殖活动对海洋生态系统的影响, 建立合理的生态养殖模式十分重要。
桑沟湾是一个半封闭海湾(37°01′~37°09′N, 122°24′~122°35′E), 位于山东半岛东部沿海, 湾内面积144 km2。桑沟湾是我国最早开展海水养殖的海湾之一, 20世纪80年代初, 开始开展规模化的筏式养殖, 发展至今以海带、牡蛎养殖为主, 搭配扇贝、海参、鲍、龙须菜等, 已成为我国乃至全球代表性的多营养层次综合养殖海湾(integrated multi-trophic aquaculture, IMTA)(Fang etal, 2016; 毛玉泽等, 2018)。双壳贝类一直是桑沟湾开展养殖活动的主要养殖品种, 遍布湾底部和中部, 年产量80 000 t以上(干重)。但20世纪90年代, 为追求高产出、高产量, 养殖规模和密度不断加大, 最终引发海带腐烂、贝类死亡率升高、产量下降等一系列问题。不同的养殖模式、养殖品种均会引起叶绿素a (chl a)、浮游植物群落组成的改变。前期研究亦指出, 大面积筏式养殖开展前后, 桑沟湾浮游植物群落组成发生变化(张莉红等, 2005; 宋洪军等, 2007; 李超伦等, 2010), 可能与贝类的滤食活动有关。
为保证海湾养殖业的可持续发展, 桑沟湾养殖容量的相关研究持续开展(Ge etal, 2008; Lin etal, 2020; 方建光等, 1996; 赵俊等, 1996)。浮游植物为滤食性贝类的主要饵料来源, 容量评估中涉及饵料的关键参数均是基于chl a含量。研究特定养殖海域浮游植物群落、chl a分布, 对于准确评估及保证可持续发展具有重要价值。随着桑沟湾养殖模式和规模的变化, 桑沟湾浮游植物群落组成的现状如何、变化趋势是怎样的、与养殖活动的关联性有多大等科学问题亟待明确。因此, 本文依据2023~2024年不同季节浮游植物调查结果, 系统分析桑沟湾海域chl a、浮游植物粒径结构、浮游植物群落组成等生态特征, 并结合近40年历史资料分析浮游植物的长期变化特征, 探讨桑沟湾浮游植物群落变化的主控因素, 为掌握该湾生态环境状况、解析浮游植物群落对养殖活动的响应提供数据支撑, 进而为滤食性贝类养殖容量的评估、桑沟湾的适应性管理与适度开发提供基础性资料和科学依据。
于2023年10月、2024年1月、2024年5月和2024年8月在桑沟湾进行现场观测。共设置18个站位(图1), 覆盖湾内贝类养殖区、贝藻混养区、海带养殖区。平潮期4个断面同时采样, 以减少潮汐涨落引起的误差。使用有机玻璃采水器采集表层水样, 采样深度在0.5~1 m。使用便携式水质分析仪(YSI, Professional Plus, 美国)现场测定水体温度(T)、盐度(S)、pH、溶解氧(DO)等参数。现场采集水样后, 由聚乙烯水桶保存带回陆地实验室进行过滤。
水样分别经孔径0.45 μm乙酸纤维素膜、2.0 μm玻璃纤维膜、20 μm筛绢过滤后, 滤膜用铝箔纸包裹, –20 ℃避光冷冻保存, 用于不同粒径叶绿素a (chl a)的测定。滤膜带回实验室后, 采用荧光分光光度法测定chl a含量(Parsons etal, 1984)。滤膜放入15 mL离心管, 加入10 mL 90%丙酮溶液, 避光冷藏萃取14~24 h后测定。测定精密度<5%。
另有水样经0.45 μm乙酸纤维素膜过滤后, 盐酸溶液浸泡处理后的PE瓶收集滤液, 于–20 ℃冷冻保存用于溶解态营养盐分析。溶解无机态营养盐采用营养盐自动分析仪(Auto Analyzer 3, Seal, 德国)测定, 测定原理依据Hansen等(1999)测定。测定精密度<5%。溶解无机氮(dissolved inorganic nitrogen, DIN)浓度为硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐和铵盐浓度之和。
收集经200 μm筛绢过滤后水样1 L, 立即用鲁哥氏液固定, 带回实验室后进行种类鉴定和计数。实验室内水样按照Utermöhl方法进行分析(Utermöhl, 1958)。取25 mL浮游植物亚样品置于Hydro-bios的Utermöhl计数框内, 静置沉降24 h后, 显微镜下进行物种鉴定和细胞计数。
浮游植物物种的优势度根据其出现的频率及丰度来计算(孙儒泳, 1987), 公式为
Y= (ni/N)×fi ,
其中, Y为优势度, ni为第i种的丰度, N为样品的总丰度, fi为该种的站位出现频率。Y>0.02确定为优势种。
采用Shannon-Wiener(H′)多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数(J)分析浮游植物群落结构, 计算公式分别如下:
H'=-i=1SPilog2Pi
J= H′/log2S ,
其中, S为样品中的种类总数, Pi为第i种个体数与总个体数的比值。
作者阅读了经过同行评议及未评议的关于桑沟湾生态系统的文献资料, 并收集研究所需的相关数据。其中, 同行评议的文献资料通过Web of Science和中国知识基础设施工程(CNKI)平台收集。搜索文献的关键词包括营养盐、营养盐循环、营养盐通量、氮、磷、硅、营养盐收支、chl a、浮游植物、群落结构、贝类、牡蛎、滤食性贝类、栉孔扇贝、海带、桑沟湾等。
使用surfer13软件绘制站位图和水平分布图。利用SPSS 20.0软件进行ANOVA单因子显著性差异分析, P<0.05表示有显著性差异。使用Origin2024软件绘制理化因子相关关系图。
桑沟湾表层水体温度变化范围1.80~27.1 ℃, 存在显著的季节变化(P<0.05)。春季、夏季温度由西部湾底至湾口逐渐降低(图2), 秋季、冬季温度则由西南部湾底至湾口逐渐升高, 呈现典型的温带系统温度变化趋势。表层盐度变化范围为28.8~31.2, 季节变化不显著(P>0.05)。夏季调查时, 最大入湾河流沽河径流量最大仅有45.8 m3/s, 降雨量仅209 mm, 远低于历年同期, 可能是盐度变化不明显的原因。pH变化范围为7.81~8.42, 夏季最低, 冬季最高。溶解氧冬季最高[(11.1±1.40) mg/L]、秋季最低[(8.48±0.97) mg/L]。
秋季及夏季DIN呈现由西北部湾底至湾口逐渐降低的趋势, 平均浓度变化为秋季[(5.82±3.17) μmol/L]>冬季[(4.50±2.37) μmol/L]>春季[(2.48±0.33) μmol/L]>夏季[(1.98±1.68) μmol/L]。春季、夏季、秋季、冬季硝酸盐对DIN的贡献分别为88%±10%、42%±16%、58%±10%、92%±4%, 夏季铵盐对DIN的贡献为49%±16%。秋季及夏季溶解无机磷(dissolved inorganic phosphorus, DIP)均呈现由西北湾底至湾口逐渐降低的趋势, 冬季及春季则由西部湾底至湾口逐渐升高, 平均浓度变化为秋季[(0.37±0.16) μmol/L]>冬季[(0.20±0.16) μmol/L]>春季[(0.07±0.02) μmol/L]/夏季[(0.07±0.06) μmol/L]。秋季、春季及夏季, 溶解态硅(dissolved silicon, DSi)均呈现由湾底至湾口逐渐降低的趋势, 冬季则呈现相反的变化趋势, 平均浓度变化为夏季[(9.29±2.81) μmol/L]>秋季[(8.03±3.68) μmol/L]>冬季[(4.52±3.18) μmol/L]>春季[(2.98±1.00) μmol/L]。
Chl a年平均浓度为(2.50±1.98) μg/L (0.36~7.97 μg/L)。Chl a季节变化呈双峰型(图3)。季节变化趋势为冬季[(4.00±2.71) μg/L]>夏季[(3.03±1.64) μg/L]>秋季[(1.76±0.71) μg/L]>春季[(1.21±0.95) μg/L]。春季、秋季与冬季、夏季间存在显著差异(P<0.05), 春季与秋季、夏季与冬季间季节变化不显著(P>0.05)。水平分布(图4)来看, 春季表层水体chl a呈现由西部湾底至湾口逐渐降低的趋势, 桑干河入湾口外出现一个高值区。夏季, chl a湾内水平变化趋势不明显, 河流入湾口附近出现高值区。秋季, chl a呈现由西部湾底至湾口逐渐降低的趋势(图4)。冬季, 整体呈现由西部湾底至湾口逐渐降低的趋势。
桑沟湾春季、夏季微型浮游植物chl a浓度范围分别为0.10~2.87 μg/L [(0.69±0.71) μg/L]、1.11~6.25 μg/L [(2.47±1.39) μg/L], 对总chl a的贡献分别为53%、71%, 为浮游植物的主要组成部分, 其次为小型浮游植物(表1)。秋季、冬季小型浮游植物chl a浓度范围分别为0.28~2.62 μg/L [(0.99±0.67) μg/L]、0.53~6.89 μg/L [(2.98±2.38) μg/L], 对总chl a的贡献分别为52%、71%, 为浮游植物的主要组成部分, 其次为微型浮游植物。春季、夏季至秋季、冬季出现叶绿素粒径结构的变化, 可能与春季、夏季存在磷限制以及春季海带大量竞争吸收利用营养盐有关。
浮游植物细胞丰度水平分布趋势如图5所示。春季浮游植物细胞丰度范围为(0.76~4.49)×103 cells/L (平均值为1.72×103 cells/L), 西部湾底至湾口逐渐降低。夏季浮游植物细胞丰度范围为(4.70~43.4)×103 cells/L (平均值为17.6×103 cells/L), 西北部湾底至东南湾口逐渐降低。秋季浮游植物细胞丰度范围为(0.53~1.96)×103 cells/L (平均值为1.03×103 cells/L), 中部断面细胞丰度较高, 向南北两侧逐渐降低。冬季浮游植物细胞丰度范围为(0.36~1.02)×103 cells/L (平均值为0.64×103 cells/L), 整体呈现西部湾底至湾口逐渐降低的趋势。浮游植物细胞丰度有显著的季节变化, 呈单峰型, 高峰期出现在2024年8月(夏季), 2024年1月(冬季)丰度最低, 夏季细胞平均丰度约是冬季的27倍。夏季chl a含量低于冬季, 但细胞丰度显著高于冬季, 可能与浮游植物粒径构成有关。
研究期间共鉴定出浮游植物33属57种(含变种和变型), 其中硅藻20属40种, 甲藻10属14种、金藻2属2种及绿藻1属1种。硅藻和甲藻是调查区主要浮游植物功能群, 金藻、绿藻仅在夏季观测到。生态类型方面, 浮游植物物种以广布性种和温带近岸性种为主, 种类组成上存在季节性演替。菱形藻、具槽帕拉藻在湾内出现频率高, 春季、夏季、秋季、冬季均观测到, 菱形藻在4个季节均为优势种, 具槽帕拉藻在春季、夏季及冬季为主要优势种。虽然菱形藻出现频率稍高, 但其优势度低于具槽帕拉藻。
春季共鉴定出浮游植物22种(表2), 其中硅藻门20种, 甲藻门2种。不同站位浮游植物细胞丰度范围为(0.76~4.49)×103 cells/L, 硅藻所占比例为94.1%~100%, 硅藻为表层水体主要浮游植物功能群。硅藻中具槽帕拉藻(Y=0.33)、菱形藻(Y=0.08)、圆筛藻、浮动弯角藻为优势种(Y>0.02), 具槽帕拉藻为主要优势种, 丰度占浮游植物总丰度的46.9%。
夏季共鉴定出浮游植物33种, 其中硅藻门22种、甲藻门8种、金藻门2种、绿藻门1种。不同站位浮游植物细胞丰度范围为(4.70~43.4)×103 cells/L, 硅藻细胞丰度所占比例范围为70.6%~97.9%, 硅藻为表层水体主要浮游植物功能群, 甲藻所占比例范围为2.09%~29.4%。优势种(Y>0.02)为具槽帕拉藻(Y=0.71)、长菱形藻(Y=0.06)、尖刺伪菱形藻、菱形藻、太平海链藻、圆筛藻、旋链角毛藻、细弱圆筛藻。具槽帕拉藻为主要优势种, 总丰度占浮游植物总丰度的41.4%。有且仅有具槽帕拉藻在所有站位均被观测到。
秋季共鉴定出浮游植物31种, 其中硅藻门26种、甲藻门5种。不同站位浮游植物细胞丰度范围为(0.53~1.96)×103 cells/L, 硅藻所占比例范围为75%~100%, 硅藻门为湾内表层水体主要浮游植物功能群。菱形藻(Y=0.23)、宽角斜纹藻、裸甲藻、圆筛藻及角毛藻为优势种(Y>0.02), 菱形藻为主要优势种。
冬季共鉴定出浮游植物22种, 其中硅藻门17种、甲藻门5种。不同站位浮游植物细胞丰度范围为(0.36~1.02)×103 cells/L, 硅藻所占比例范围为75%~100%, 硅藻门依然为主要浮游植物功能群。仅在A1、A3、D2站位观测到甲藻。甲藻为裸甲藻、夜光藻, 均是形成赤潮的重要生物, A1、D2站位存在高氮磷比及磷限制(DIN:DIP>16, DIP<0.1 μmol/L)、潜在硅限制(DSi:DIN<1, DSi<2.0 μmol/L)等现象。甲藻对高氮磷比、磷限制(DIN:DIP>16)环境有更好的适应性(Li etal, 2024), 一般情况下, 高氮磷比与水体浮游植物甲藻比例高有一定关系。菱形藻(Y=0.17)、具槽帕拉藻(Y=0.15)、圆筛藻、长菱形藻、海链藻为优势种(Y>0.02), 菱形藻与具槽帕拉藻优势度相当, 但具槽帕拉藻丰度占比(30.3%)远高于菱形藻(16.6%)。
表层水体多样性指数有季节变化但不显著(P>0.05), 均匀度指数季节变化同样不显著(P>0.05)(表2)。从季节变化来看, 夏季(2.68)浮游植物多样性最高, 秋季多样性相当, 冬季、春季次之。均匀度指数与多样性指数季节变化一致。夏季、秋季、冬季多样性指数处于已有研究结果变化范围之内(慕建东等, 2009; 李超伦等, 2010), 说明该时期浮游植物处于较为稳定的状态。如以多样性指数小于1、均匀度指数<0.3作为多样性较差的标准进行评价(马建新等, 2002), 春季存在潜在浮游植物多样性退化的风险(表2)。
Chl a、不同粒级浮游植物和主要理化要素的线性回归分析结果如图6所示。结果显示, 春季、夏季及秋季chl a与各营养盐参数无相关关系, 说明桑沟湾春季、夏季虽存在磷限制及潜在硅限制现象, 但表层初级生产活动总体受营养盐限制不明显; 冬季, DIN、DIP、DSi与chl a呈显著负相关关系, 表明初级生产活动总体受营养盐限制, 也与海湾出现磷限制、硅限制相符。浮游植物的初级生产活动是营养盐时空分布的显著影响因素, 尤其是氮和硅; 在磷限制、硅限制同时存在的情况下, 可能硅限制对海湾初级生产活动的影响更明显。春季及秋季chl a与悬浮颗粒物(suspended particulate matter, SPM)呈正相关关系, 而冬季呈负相关关系, 可能冬季光照对浮游植物生长影响更为明显。
春季、秋季及冬季小型浮游植物(micro-)与总chl a存在正相关关系(图6), 表明小型浮游植物会对总chl a含量的变化产生影响。春季及夏季, 微型浮游植物与硅酸盐呈显著正相关关系, 表明DSi浓度与微型浮游植物变化过程相似。冬季, 小型浮游植物与硝酸盐、DIP及DSi呈负相关关系, 微型及微微型浮游植物与DSi、DIP及温度呈负相关关系, 表明高营养盐更利于小型浮游植物生长。除冬季外, 各个粒级结构浮游植物与营养盐相关性并不明显, 春季、夏季及秋季相对冬季, 养殖活动较为活跃, 海带养殖及贝类滤食活动可能是影响春季、夏季及秋季浮游植物粒级构成的重要因素。
根据桑沟湾牡蛎产量变化, 将大面积筏式养殖后时期分为4个时间段, 1980~2000年为牡蛎产量增长至峰值期, 2001~2005年为养殖密度快速提高导致产量降低时期, 2006~2010年为引入养殖容量养殖模式调整期, 该时间段牡蛎产量相对稳定, 2011~2024年为基于生态系统承载力优化牡蛎养殖时期, 该时期牡蛎产量较前一阶段产量有所提升, 也保持相对稳定(Sun etal, 2024)。不同时间段chl a浓度季节变化如图7所示。1980~2000年时间段内chl a浓度平均值为(2.28±2.28) μg/L (0.63~9.68 μg/L)。2000~2005年时间段内, chl a平均浓度(1.41±0.60) μg/L, 较牡蛎产量逐渐上升阶段有所降低。2006~2010年时间段内, chl a平均浓度升至(2.04±0.91) μg/L。2010年后, chl a平均浓度[(1.83±1.83) μg/L]较养殖模式调整期阶段(2006~2010年)变化不大。20世纪90年代, 为追求高产出, 桑沟湾养殖面积和养殖密度提高, 水质变差, 水体DIN含量显著升高(Li et al, 2016), 可能是导致该年代水体chl a平均浓度达到峰值的原因。而20世纪90年代高密度养殖, 最终导致养殖贝类病害发生而减产, 且整体较高的养殖密度和产量, 牡蛎高滤食性也会引起2000~2005年间水体chl a浓度降低。为了海湾养殖的健康可持续发展, 养殖容量相关研究相继开展。养殖密度、养殖面积、养殖种类等的调整, 使得chl a浓度有所回升。长时间季节尺度上, chl a浓度通常在夏季达到峰值(图7)。与其他养殖海湾相比, 桑沟湾chl a浓度可能仍处于较低的水平, 这可能与海湾内海带等大型藻类的养殖有关。
大面积筏式养殖开始后, 硅藻种类数呈逐渐降低趋势(P<0.01, 图8), 而甲藻种类数则相对稳定(P>0.05, 图8)。与1983~1984年观测数据相比, 浮游植物种类总数降低了约50%, 硅藻种类数下降了约65% (表3), 呈显著降低的趋势, 而甲藻种类数自20世纪90年代降低了约58%后则保持相对稳定的状态(图8)。大面积筏式养殖初始时, 硅藻种类数占比约80%, 现今占比降至约70%, 甲藻种类占比则由18.7%升至24.6%。硅藻优势种组成也存在较大差异。1983~1984年调查期间, 细胞个体相对较大的圆筛藻属(细胞直径>20 μm, 国家海洋局第一海洋研究所, 1988)可鉴定出19种, 其中威氏圆筛藻(直径>200 μm)、星脐圆筛藻(直径>200 μm)、虹彩圆筛藻(直径168~180 μm)、具边圆筛藻(直径29 μm)等为优势种, 而2023~2024年调查期间仅观测到圆筛藻属5种, 且仅有圆筛藻成为优势种。同样, 2015~2016年(王晓敏, 2017)及2017~2018年(侯兴等, 2021)调查期间(表3), 也未观测到直径较大的威氏圆筛藻、星脐圆筛藻、虹彩圆筛藻等成为优势种。同时, 1983~1984年调查期间种类最多的角毛藻属(35种), 细胞占比达45.6%, 2003~2005年调查期间角毛藻属降至9种(慕建东等, 2009), 而2023~2024年调查期间鉴别出角毛藻属仅有4种。虽然硅藻仍是桑沟湾优势种, 但整体占比已逐渐降低, 且直径较大的浮游硅藻种类占比明显减少。与1983~1984年观测数据相比, 硅藻减少了20属, 甲藻种类数虽然降低, 但属数并未降低(表4), 群落组成整体有小型化趋向。
从细胞丰度年平均变化趋势来看(表4, 图9), 大面积筏式养殖开始后, 除2015~2016年度调查期间细胞丰度出现异常高值外, 细胞丰度变化相对稳定(P>0.05, 图9)。1983~1984年调查期间, 大规模筏式养殖活动刚刚起步, 浮游植物种数数量最高, 细胞丰度季节变化范围为(0.60~10.0)×103 cells/L (国家海洋局第一海洋研究所, 1988), 呈单峰型季节变化, 秋季细胞丰度最高。2003~2005年调查期间, 细胞丰度季节变化范围为(0.005~3.42)×103 cells/L(慕建东等, 2009)。2006~2007年调查期间, 细胞丰度季节变化范围为(0.63~1.88)×103 cells/L(李超伦等, 2010), 依然呈单峰型季节变化, 冬季细胞丰度最高。虽然该研究调查期间浮游植物种类数显著降低, 但并未出现浮游植物细胞丰度[(0.50~43.4)×103 cells/L]的显著降低。Jiang等(2016)连续进行14个月观测结果表明, 桑沟湾养殖牡蛎喜好滤食小型(>20 μm)浮游植物, 不能有效截留微微型浮游植物, 促进微微型浮游植物丰度提升。在贝类摄食压力下, 并未出现浮游植物细胞丰度的显著降低, 说明桑沟湾浮游植物可能存在向小型化演替的现象。
浮游植物生长与光照、温度、营养盐水平等因子密切相关。光照、营养盐适宜的条件下, 粒径较大的浮游植物在浮游植物群落中往往更具有竞争优势(Cermeño etal, 2005); 而在光线较弱、营养盐相对匮乏的条件下, 粒径小的浮游植物因具有较大的比表面积而显现出竞争优势(Cermeño etal, 2005; 黄邦钦等, 2006)。桑沟湾海域chl a时空分布及粒径构成存在显著的季节变化。春季chl a含量最低, 且显著低于夏季(P<0.05), 与以往调查结果相同, 是多种因子共同作用结果。春季浮游植物粒径构成与王晓敏(2017)李凤雪等(2020)研究结果存在差异, 可能与调查时营养物质结构有关。桑沟湾属于内湾, 大面积筏式养殖以及口门外大面积海带养殖, 在一定程度上阻碍了桑沟湾内外水交换, 致使内外水交换减缓(Shi etal, 2011; Zeng etal, 2015)。春季调查期间, 河流径流量小(0~0.95 m3/s), 陆源营养盐输入量少, 与外海水交换成为营养盐的重要来源(Li etal, 2024)。外部海水向湾内输运的过程中, 经海带养殖区, 营养盐被海带大量吸收(石洪华等, 2011; Fan etal, 2019), 外部海水营养盐输送量被削弱(Li etal, 2024), 出现磷限制(DIN:DIP = 36.9±11.5, DIP<0.01 μmol/L)现象。同时海带养殖对水体光照强度也产生一定程度的影响。多种因素共同作用, 导致春季chl a水平较低, 也引起春季小型浮游植物粒径占比降低, 微型浮游植物占比升高。夏季调查期间, 降雨量升高(~209 mm), 河流径流量提升(0~45.8 m3/s), 陆源营养盐输入量增加(Li etal, 2016, 2024), 同时海水温度升高, 海带收获, 均对浮游植物生长有促进作用, 加快了磷酸盐的消耗, 同样存在磷酸盐限制(DIN:DIP=34.0±28.1, DIP<0.01 μmol/L), 微型浮游植物继续占优。此外, 贝类生理活动也是重要的控制因素。研究指出, 贝类滤食会对浮游植物产生下行控制效应, 贝类排泄释放的无机态氮、磷酸盐又成为重要的营养盐来源促进浮游植物生长(Li etal, 2024), 且夏季贝类新陈代谢达到顶峰(毛玉泽等, 2018), 共同作用促进了夏季chl a水平升高而微型浮游植物占优的特征。秋季、冬季调查期间温度降低可能引起浮游植物吸收消耗降低, 不存在磷酸盐限制现象(DIP>0.01 μmol/L), 可能是引起浮游植物结构向小型浮游植物占优转变的原因。冬季以小型浮游植物为主, 夏季以微型浮游植物为主, 且微微型浮游植物占比升高, 可能是冬季、夏季chl a含量不存在显著差异, 但夏季浮游植物细胞丰度显著升高的原因。另外, 该研究调查期间, 夏季DIN浓度较低[(1.98±1.68) μmol/L], 个别站位出现氮限制现象, 可能是引起冬季、夏季chl a平均浓度虽无显著差异但冬季稍高于夏季的原因。
对桑沟湾海域历史资料比较分析可知, 经过40年大面积筏式养殖, 浮游植物优势种处于动态变化中, 出现优势种演替现象(表3)(国家海洋局第一海洋研究所, 1988; 刘慧等, 2003; 李超伦等, 2010; 王晓敏, 2017; 侯兴等, 2021), 优势种种类数也出现逐渐降低的现象(表4)。1983~1984年大面积筏式养殖初始时, 桑沟湾水体浮游植物种类组成与邻近海域黄海相似, 优势种类包括骨条藻、圆筛藻、尖刺菱形藻、角毛藻属等, 其中骨条藻全年平均占浮游植物总数量的27.1%, 夏季(7月)更高达浮游植物总量的95%, 具槽帕拉藻虽在全年均可观测到, 但其细胞丰度范围仅为(0.0001~0.7) ×103 cells/L (国家海洋局第一海洋研究所, 1988)。2001~2002年进行全年观测时, 中肋骨条藻成为绝对优势种, 4月底栖硅藻具槽帕拉藻在湾口区域成为优势种之一(刘慧等, 2003), 圆筛藻虽在多个月份观测到, 但仅在4月成为优势种。2006~2007年进行观测时发现, 之前占有绝对优势的中肋骨条藻只在夏季(7月)、冬季(1月)成为优势种, 而圆筛藻在7月已不能形成原有的优势, 底栖性的具槽帕拉藻和奇异菱形藻成为桑沟湾重要的优势类群。其后, 2015~2016年、2017~2018年、2023~2024年在桑沟湾进行的不同季节的大面观测, 具槽帕拉藻在不同季节均观测到且成为桑沟湾的主要优势种, 细胞平均丰度可达7.10×103 cells/L, 前期观测到的骨条藻、中肋骨条藻、圆筛藻属、角毛藻属等已不能形成原有的优势。桑沟湾筏式养殖早期以栉孔扇贝为主, 进入20世纪90年代, 为追求高产量、高效益, 养殖密度大幅提升导致水质变差贝类养殖产量降低, 贝类养殖逐渐转变为牡蛎养殖为主, 硅藻是牡蛎的主要食物来源(Jiang et al, 2019), 可能是硅藻优势种演替的一个因素。
1983~1989年, 栉孔扇贝养殖业在桑沟湾得到迅速发展(宋洪军等, 2007; 李超伦等, 2010)。张莉红等(2005)研究指出, 扇贝养殖会对甲藻生物量产生抑制效应, 引起浮游植物群落结构发生变化, 这可能是养殖前期甲藻种类降低较高的主因。滤食性双壳贝类养殖无需额外添加饵料(Tan et al, 2017), 贝类较强的滤食能力对叶绿素水平及浮游植物群落组会造成影响, 在很多养殖海域均观测到此现象(表5)(Huang etal, 2008; Jiang etal, 2016, 2019; Lin etal, 2016; Timmermann etal, 2019; Qiao etal, 2022)。如大亚湾牡蛎养殖区叶绿素含量比非养殖区低约60%(Jiang etal, 2016), 枸杞岛降低了约80%(Lin etal, 2016), 而养殖贝类生物量占总生物量63%的胶州湾, 贝类对浮游植物的消耗占整个生态系统浮游植物消耗总量的90%, 对浮游植物群落产生较强的下行效应(Jiang etal, 2019)。进入20世纪90年代后, 为了追求高产量、高产出, 桑沟湾养殖面积和养殖密度均大幅提升, 在此影响之下, 也引起扇贝养殖病害发生而最终导致栉孔扇贝养殖产量下降, 湾内贝类养殖由栉孔扇贝为主转为以牡蛎养殖为主(Zhang etal, 2009)。滤食性贝类对浮游植物的摄食又具有选择性(Tan etal, 2024), 如新西兰绿唇贻贝对粒径>2 μm的浮游植物具有较高的滤食率(Safi etal, 2010), 但对粒径<3 μm的细菌及微微型浮游植物的截留效率较低(Cranford etal, 2011)。浮游植物是牡蛎的主要饵料, 硅藻是其最重要的食物来源(Dupuy etal, 2000; Tan etal, 2024; Jacobs etal, 2015)。桑沟湾养殖牡蛎喜好滤食小型(>20 μm)浮游植物, 不能有效截留微微型浮游植物, 促进微微型浮游植物丰度提升(Jiang etal, 2016)。牡蛎滤食削弱了硅藻在浮游植物群落中的占比。此外, 贝类通过滤食颗粒物、排泄释放溶解态营养盐、收获移除及生物沉降影响氮、磷、硅循环, 对浮游植物产生上行效应(Cherif etal, 2016; Ray etal, 2020, 2021), 最终影响浮游群落结构。大面积筏式养殖开展后, 桑沟湾溶解无机氮水平大幅上升, 磷酸盐及硅酸盐浓度水平保持在相对稳定的状态, 导致桑沟湾出现潜在营养盐限制现象, 且近几年春季、夏季出现磷限制问题(Zhang etal, 2023; Li etal, 2016, 2024), 硅限制现象也已观测到(Li etal, 2024), 也会影响桑沟湾浮游植物群落结构组成。养殖业的快速发展及贝类养殖种类的改变, 可能是导致桑沟湾硅藻种类数量大幅降低的主要因素, 最终引起春季、夏季浮游植物多样性出现退化状态。
综上可知, 桑沟湾在大面积筏式养殖活动影响下, 浮游植物群落自然变化特征已发生改变, 不同种类养殖活动直接或间接地影响浮游植物时空分布, 而浮游植物群落变化将通过食物链影响整个生态系统, 为保证该湾养殖业的可持续产出并维持生态系统的稳定性, 亟须发展耦合水动力、养殖生物个体生长模型和生物地球化学模型的养殖容量动态评估方法, 实施基于生态系统水平的海水养殖管理, 实现经济、生态、社会效益的有机统一。
本研究基于现场调查和历史数据, 分析了桑沟湾养殖活动影响下浮游植物生态特征, 结果表明叶绿素a表现为冬季>夏季>秋季>春季的季节特征。微型浮游植物是春季、夏季浮游植物的主要贡献者, 小型浮游植物是秋季、冬季浮游植物的主要贡献者。硅藻仍是桑沟湾优势种群, 但浮游植物群落组成已发生显著改变, 硅藻种类数降低, 优势种出现演替, 底栖硅藻具槽帕拉藻、菱形藻成为主要优势种, 浮游植物群落组成有小型化趋势。因此, 需要基于养殖容量评估实施科学合理的养殖策略, 维持生态系统稳定性的同时, 保证桑沟湾海水养殖业的可持续发展。

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2026年第57卷第3期
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doi: 10.11693/hyhz20250300091
  • 接收时间:2025-03-31
  • 首发时间:2026-08-06
  • 出版时间:2026-05-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-31
  • 修回日期:2025-07-14
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    1海水养殖生物育种与可持续产出全国重点实验室 中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所 山东青岛 266071
    2崂山实验室海洋渔业科学与食物产出过程功能实验室 山东青岛 266237
    3荣成楮岛水产有限公司 山东荣成 264312

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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